Terminas prie termino. VI

144 J. Klimavičius | Term to Term. VI Deadline after deadline. VI JONaS klIMavIČIUS Núokana, OR cikutà Botanists have known for more than a hundred years that nokana is a new creation of Laurynas Ivinskis. The abundance of novelties in Ivinski’s dictionaries was noted and demonstrated half a century ago by Jonas Kruopas (Kroopas 1998: 193, 195–196). And I myself, while working on the Lithuanian language dictionary, noticed Ivinskis as a consistent Lithuanianizer of foreign and international words and even a reckless exotisms changer. Through the dissertation articles of Albina Auksoriūtė (Auksoriūtė A. 1995: 58–65; 1997, 33–39; 2000, 48–57; 2001, 95–111; 2002, 95–102; 2003, 135–142, 2004, 127– 149, 2007, 72–91; 2008, 132–141), having become more familiar with the ambitions and results of Ivinskis’s new work (even with a very large number of completely individual and difficult to perceive or not at all perceptible motivations), with the certain success of that new work, as well as with the efforts to establish his more suitable manuscript new works, one wonders: such a courageous, hopeful work, such a living, refreshing source in times of oppression of the Lithuanian language and such a drought, drought now – in the years of freedom… This tiny step of mine, apart from the truly theoretical aim – to prove that nokana is a novelty of Ivinskis, and to show its method of production, semantic motivation, and partly etymology – has also a practical one – to complete the establishment of nokana in all areas of Lithuanian language use (not only in the nomenclature of botany), because this has not yet been achieved, perhaps even not taken care of. I came to the nook not through the man who made it, Ivinskis, but by accident. It was in 1981 – Juozas Glinskis’s drama Cikuta – Socrates. It has long been known that the Athenian court sentenced Socrates to death in a special, albeit milder way – not by throwing him off a rock, but by drinking poison. Here – to drink some cicuta. What is a cicuta? Hardly explained the writer. And there is no shortage of indications of what kind of poison Socrates drank, e.g. : In the time of Socrates, Terminology | 2010 | 17 145 говоренныйксмертивназначенноевремявыпивалчашурастертой The poisonous cicuta (bolicephala) Nersesjan 1977: 139. "The 1992–1993 NHL Draft: 12th Round Picks". <…>, in our time Socrates should not drink m a u d o s s u l č i ų, <…> Ruso 1979: 30. "The Death of the N u k a n o s n u d u s cup" Averintsev 1989: 188. And this is not only the case of Socrates, for example. : Of course, it is much safer for a wrapped shoemaker to shoe than to drink wine mixed with poison from a golden cup for health – poisonous cloak and shoe Lukianas 1975: 89. Which statement is true? Cicuta and Conium (gr. koneion) are relatively similar plants of the same umbrella family (now – celery family), both poisonous, but Cicuta (species of poisonous cicuta – Cicuta virosa) not all, but only its roots, Conium – all (especially the fruits); The habitats are also different: the shorelines of water bodies, ducks, wet meadows, deserts, farmlands, hedges. Some of these languages have similar names, e.g. Schierling – white, Wa s s e r schierling (but also Wüterich) – nude, p o i s o n-hemlock – white, w a t e r-hemlock (but also cowbane) – nude. Russians try to distinguish: nuokana – вех (Polish: wiechon), цикýта, mauda – болиголóв, омéг. Thus, the botanical difference is clear, and what Socrates actually drank should be clarified by classical philology specialists. Here it is important to say only that cicūta is not only a poison, but also a poison (LoLieŽ 2007). Therefore, the Nersesian cicuta (болиголов) may not mean synonyms: cicuta – poison, and болиголов – the specification: bath. On the other hand, it can, but not necessarily: “cicuta was the name given by the Romans to the poisonous plant Conium maculatum” LBŽ 1938 (therefore in the Latin dictionary cicūta – 1) болиголов, цикута Дворецкий 1986), only the mo k sl i- “mauda” and “nuda” – and the general meaning – “poison” – are irreplaceable facts, only one must be careful not to shake them. What Socrates really drank (and why the poison he drank is called the late word of Horatius, Pliny the Elder – l ot y n i šk u) should be nė j e botanikos nomenklatūroje – priešingai. Ta žodžio cicuta priešybė – investigated by classical philology specialists. For Laurynas Ivinskis, the time and the environment in which he lived – both near and far (without Vilnius University, and later with the ban on the press) – were very unfavorable to him, to Lithuanianness and the Lithuanian language, to its very vitality: there was a dawn, but it was the dawn of a long night… But he did not lack grateful and caring descendants of his work. Not one new work by Ivinski 146 J. Klimavičius | Term to term. VI was taken over from a short-lived oblivion and was included in Povilas Matulionis’ work Žolynas (1906–1907), when Vincas Kudirka’s Tautiška giesmė (National Song) and Maironis’ Jaunoji Lietuva (Young Lithuania) were already playing after dawn. Among them is the colloquial word: Cicuta L. – nuokana Iv[inskis] – veхъ – szalej, cykuta Matulionis 1906– 1907. It was already clear to Matulioni that this was Ivinsky's remake. We can only confirm that before Ivinskis, nokana (LKŽ VIII 1970) was not known in any Lithuanian language source – neither in dialects nor in writings. When and in which of Ivinskis’s numerous works was the first use of the name “nokana” – this joy of discovery is left to the Ivinskis scholars, now we know only that as early as 1858, in Genaveite’s translation, Ivinskis uses the word “cikutas” and presents it as a botanical term in a footnote: Cikutas marinamasis. The name is derived from the 1924 novel by J. R. R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. The species Cicuta virosa Lin. named by the prefix Jac[oby]. The Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary was compiled and published by the Commission for the Botanical Dictionary in 1938. Part I provides Cicuta virosa L. – giftiger Wesserschierling – вех ядовитый – szalej jadowity – velnrutks the normative Lithuanian name poisonous witch hazel, as well as regional synonyms and unfamiliar new words – karokelės Seinai, morkiukai Tauragė, mirštamukai K. Grinius, smertkvynis J.–A. Emphasizes, water maudas J.–A. 1851) 1851 – J. Fiedorowicz, Lithuanian agricultural scientist (b. The terminology of botany was finally completed – the capital flora of Lithuania (vol. 6), the 1998 Dictionary of Botanical Names, encyclopedias had no trouble here. It was different with the dictionaries of international words. TŽZ 1936 mainly “used the best dictionaries of its kind in French, German, Russian, Polish and English” (5–6), so Polish could easily enter the editors’ scope. cykuta, rus. цикута, and not nokana (until LBŽ 1938 it was still 2 years)… Thus it is presented: cikuta (lat.) – „very poisonous plant of the umbrella family“. The translated TŽŽ in 1951 and 1969 took half a step forward, half a step aside: cikutà – nu o d i n g o j i n u o k a n a (hereinafter interpretation), so do like a dictionary: use cikuta, know that it is a poisonous smell; but to whom is it, if it is given cikuta? Tik DŽ 1972 rasi: nuokana – bot. „skėtinių šeimos vaistinis augalas“ (cicuta): nuodingojinuokana (Cicutavirosa). Nothing more normative than DŽ 1993, DŽ 2000, or TŽŽ 1985, TŽŽ I 1999. Only TŽŽ 2001 cikutà (Latin cicuta – name of poisonous plant) etc., nukana – "<…>". Terminology | 2010 | 17 147 Therefore, two tasks remain – to eliminate the cikut entirely through normative lexicography and other means, and to make this easier – to explain the making and motivation of the nokan. Wife. I should have known about the torture from the very beginning of my studies – probably from the then popular humorous story in verse attributed to Laurynas Ivinskis Smetonas: Nebibusiu asz tajp smajłus, kad tajp n u k a n o j a, / Pasikłausidama dwases kada tajp nuotwoja LLIchrest 1957: 406 (I will not be so sharp, that I am so n u k a n o j o Ivinskis R 1995: 36). 406), all books in the Dictionary: nukanoti – nukamuoti, nuplakti, sumušti. This is not the only case of Ivins' use of the word, for example. : The wolf ran without looking back, <…>, afraid that the kid with his family would not defend himself, and if he caught it, that it would not kill him Ivinskis R 1995: 23. The connection of the words torture and torment in LKŽ V 1959 became clear to me maybe a couple of years ago, but now, when I was preparing to write, I found out a much earlier article by Bernd Gliwa on a similar topic (Gliwa 2002). The poisonous (and, by the way, medicinal – homeopathic) plant nokana is neither a word “of quite ancient origin” nor a “new creation” of unknown botanists (Gliwa 2002), but a derivative of the limb of Laurynas Ivinskis from nukanóti, zem. 1. tr. ‘cut; kill, kill" (cf. kanóti, zem. note 1. “to destroy, to kill; "Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse: The Man Who Wasn't There, Part 1". "Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse: The Man Who Wasn't There, Part 1". “exterminate, kill” Shates, “kill” Kuliai); vak. dz. and a.m. height. kanóti 2. intr. „merdėti, leistis, mirti“ Punskas, Lazdijai, nukanóti 2. „die“ Būdvietis (Lazdijų r.), Antalieptė. Thus, kânóti and nukãnóti are not only a word of one dialect, but also of chrestomatic ancient literature – not without reason Danutė Petkevičiūtė – together with nutvoti, švaistyti – describes it as the figurative verb of Ivinskis’s original poetry (Petkevičiūtė 1988: 205). The etymology is not necessary for the origin of the new word, but the clarity of the motivation of the noun could be increased with kanoti 3. (Rumšiškės) clearly relative high. 1cant “hungry, little to eat; prastai vilktis, save sužeisti (turint)“: our dog can, can all day Salamis. my parents did not sin: Rich had a good meal. The pigs were tired, they were not fed twice Dusmenys (although 1nukanėti "finished" Palanga is Žemaičių), kanybà scom nothing. “a dry man or animal” Jonas Jablonskis (Veliuona), 148 J. Klimavičius | Term to term. VI kanypà: Kanypa is a lean little wife. A. Juška’s dictionary, as well as nukankoti “to behead, kill” Joniškėlis, kanýkoti “to torture, destroy” Pašvitinys, Linkuva (LKŽ V 1959). Kãnóti and kanti different prepositions – not only nukãnóti, nukanti (also nukankoti), but also izkànóti, zakànoti, iškanti (also iškanýkoti) – speak most against the possibility of Gliwo’s second version – nuokana: nūukuti „tortured, plagued” Viekšniai, Lazdynų Pelėda (LKŽ VIII 1970) – not to mention the great phonetic difficulties. And the first – true – version of the origin is supported not only by Gliwo’s mention of the Polish. Konat "to die" (and not "to be dying!"), Russian до-конать "to finish, defeat", but also к о н-ец "end" (etymologists explain that it is related to н а-ч а-ло "beginning"). Thus, a very accurate interpretation of torture is to defeat (Ivinskis R 1995, Dictionary). The most important thing is that nokana is a derivative of the ending from nukanoti, not from kanoti and the suffix from- (as Gliwa writes). It is always said that the verb must not be confused with the word composition, but it is always confused. The analogy of Nuokanas would suggest that nuõdas is rather not from give 13. „nunuodyti“ only A. Juška dictionary (LKŽ II2 1969), although from apduoti 2. ‘poisoned’ means apdavaa 2. "poison" Vajasiškis, and from given 2. ‖ „to charm (with some herbs)“: I sit like a dressed Karsakiškis (LKŽ II2 1969) – dressed 1. “various herbs, means by which something is given, stirring; 1962) and the 1968 2nd edition of the "Dictionary of the World's Languages" (1968). The poison is rather from the 9. „to kill, to kill“ ‖ refl. „nustipti, išdvėti“: Two piglets grow well, and one of them is Karsakiškis (LKŽ II2 1969). CONCLUSIONS Laurynas Ivinskis’s reworked nomenclature entered the scientific nomenclature of botany through Povilas Matulionis’s Herbarium in 1906–1907 and was finally established in the Lithuanian botany dictionary in 1938. In classical Latin, cicuta is a plant that is poisonous and in general poisonful, and in scientific botany, although similar, but different, it is called nuokana. In the 2001 edition of the International Dictionary of Words, cikuta is marked as ntk. (unpresentable), and replaced by nuokana. In translations, cikuta still occurs, Socrates is said to have drunk either poison or cikutos, and in Lithuanian – maudos or nuokanos. Why did the Greek Socrates drink Latin cicus (plural! Terminology | 2010 | 17 149 cf. chamomile) and in general what is actually cicuta or cicuta, it should be clear that the name of the plant cicuta kintis klasikinės filologijos specialistai, o ne botanikos terminologai. O (cicuta) is easier to establish everywhere, it is useful to explain its making and motivation. Nukana by the Samogitian Ivinsky is made from nukanoti “to kill” (kanoti – “to destroy; torture", cf. also torture ‘end’). LITTERACY AND SOURCES Auksoriūtė A. 1995: L. Ivinskio "Prigimtumenės" taxonomic names. – Terminologija 2, 58–65. Auksoriūtė A. 1997: Categories of Laurynas Ivinskis’s “Natural” systematics. – Laurynas Ivinskis calendar 150th anniversary. Articles and documents, Vilnius, 33–39. Auksoriūtė A. 2000: L. Ivinskio mycological terms. – Terminologija 7, 48–57. Auksoriūtė A. 2001: L. Ivinskio mineraloginiai atnaujinimai. – Terminologija 8, 95–111. Auksoriūtė A. 2002: Several names of plants by L. Ivinskis. – Terminologija 9, 95–102. Auksoriūtė A. 2003: Individual names of plants in L. Ivinskio Polish-Žemaičių language dictionary and Prigimtumenės. – Terminologija 10, 135–142. Auksoriūtė A. 2004: Prigimtumenės new words of L. Ivinskis's uncertain work. – History of terminology and current problems, Vilnius, 127–149. Auksoriūtė A. 2007: Terms of Laurynas Ivinskis's quadrilingual dictionary. – Terminologija 14, 72–91. Auksoriūtė A. 2008: Several revived names of Laurynas Ivinskis plants. – Terminologija 15, 132–141. 1989: A review of the NT – Catholic calendar guide 1989. Translation by Mr. Kimbrys. 1972: Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language, Vilnius. 1993: Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language, Vilnius. 2000: Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language, Vilnius. Gliwa 2002: Names of poisonous plants núokana ‘cicuta virosa L.’ and núokanis ‘such fungus Lactarius mollis Weinm.’ in Lithuanian language. – OnomasiologyOnline 3 (2002) a linguistic journal edited by Joachim Grzega, Alfred Bammesberger and Marion Schöner, ISSN 1616–9484. Ivinskis L. R. 1995: Rašymai. Compiled by R. Mikšytė, edited by V. Vanagas and V. Vitkauskas, Vilnius. 1998: The Lexicographical Works of L. Ivinskis. – Selected Writings, Vilnius, 191–198. 1993: The Remembrance of Socrates. Translated by V. Kazanskienė, Vilnius. LBŽ 1938: Lithuanian dictionary of botany. Part I. Compiled by the Botanical Dictionary Commission, led by Dr. L. Vailionis, edited by Dr. J. Dagys, Kaunas. LKŽ I2 1968: Lithuanian Language Dictionary 1, Vilnius. 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