Informatikos ir kompiuterių įrangos žodynėlių terminijos skirtybės

6 8 D. Šilobritaitė | Differences in Terminology of Informatics and Computer Equipment Dictionary Differences in terminology of computer science and computer equipment dictionaries Diana ShilbritaIte Institute of Lithuanian Language The initial stage of the development of computational terminology can be considered whenlists of terms of 1963, 1966 and 1969 as thematic notebooks of technical terms. In 1969, A. Trečiokaitė’s Dictionary of Informatics computational technology were prepared, which released the gap from the second half of the last century1. Terms (1969) appeared, and in 1971, the Russian-Lithuanian-English Dictionary of Computing Technology Terms (1971), prepared by V. Kairys, A. Kaminskas, Z. Kudirka, R. Kundrotienė, M. Lipšicas, A. Mačernius, J. Nor kus, J. Riaubūnas, J. Stanaitis, B. Stulpinas. A little more than ten hundred years later, A. Trečiokaitė’s Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information Terms (1983) was published. In 1991, two small specialized dictionaries were published – English–Lithuanian mS-DOS term dictionary and Microsoft Excel for economists: an electronic spreadsheet with a database and business graphics for IBm PC aT personal computers. In 1993, A. Trečiokaitė's Information Terms Dictionary2 was published. In the same year Viktoras Dagys, Audronė Klupšaitė and Aidas Žandaris prepared a new English-Lithuanian explanatory dictionary of computer terms Informatika ir kompiuterinė įranga (1993). The aim of this dictionary is to “help IT professionals who want to clean up their language” (IKĮ 1993: 4), because, as the authors write in the preface, “the biggest problem is that many users of computer technology hardly think about how to name one or another computer device, program or action, and blindly repeat English words” (IKĮ 1993: 4). Just two years after the appearance of the aforementioned dictionary, the same group of authors published the second revised edition of the dictionary, Informatika ir kompiuterių įranga (1995). A. Kaulakienė wrote about the initial stage of computation (1975: 253–260; 2000: 23; 2006: 22). 2 This dictionary, as it is written in the preamble, “is a continuation of the previously started normative work on Lithuanian information terminology (the “Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information Terms” published in 1983)” (ITŽ 1993: 3). Terminology | 2010 | 17 6 9 Following their comments, the authors supplemented the dictionary with new terms, clarified some terms and definitions and hoped, “that gradually, pinch by pinch, it will be possible to standardize most of the terms of computer science and computer technology and get rid of many anglicisms that spoil the Lithuanian language” (IKĮ 1995: 4). The aim of this article is to compare the terminology of the aforementioned dictionaries of computer science and computer equipment and to show how it was standardized “pinch by pinch” by discussing the differences of terms and cases of synonymous expression in both dictionaries. DIFFERENCES IN TERMS 11 (14.9 % of all found alternatives) of the single-word terms in these dictionaries differed from each other. 6 Lithuanian terms have been substantially changed, and 5 – only partially3: message4: teiktis IKĮ 1993 41 – pranešimas IKĮ 1995 53. In the second edition, the concept is broader, with two meanings: "1) A block of data presented to the user as an indivisible unit. 2) In object-oriented programming – transmission of information between separate objects” IKĮ 1995 53 (only the first value is given in the first edition); port: port "The point of connection of an external device to the internal microprocessor bus; The application can send data to or receive data from ports” IKĮ 1993 47 – Connector “1) The point of intersection of the device and the computer. <...>. 2) The point of interaction of two processes. 3) Address of fields used for communication with devices” IKĮ 1995 64; sort: sorting IKĮ 1993 56 – sorting IKĮ 1995 76. According to G. Grigas, the arrangement of objects in a row is called sorting, the division of objects into groups is called sorting (Grigas 2008: 34). The definitions of both dictionaries are the same: “arrangement of a set of objects according to a specified order relationship” 1993 56, IKĮ 1995 76. Two cases were found where Lithuanian monosyllabic terms were replaced by non-Lithuanian monosyllabic terms: route: kelias IKĮ 1993 54 – trasa 1995 72, style: tvarkinys IKĮ 1993 58 – stilius IKĮ 1995 79. It should be noted that in the second edition, the term orderly is also given, but next to another English term: format – 3. orderly “is stored in the memory of the text 3 In dividing the variables into essential and partial, the classification of A. umbrasas is used (umbrasas 2010: 218–219). 4 English terms are written once in the article because they coincide in both editions. 7 0 D. Šilobritaitė | „Description of the difference element, i.e. symbol, paragraph or part of document“ IKĮ 1995 37 (cf. style – „set of orders of a text element, i.e. symbol, paragraph or part of document, stored in memory“ IKĮ 1995 79). In one case, a non-Lithuanian one-word term is replaced by a Lithuanian one-word term: consistency: korektiškumas IKĮ 1993 17 – neprieštaringumas IKĮ 1995 22. The same root is retained for the partly modified terms, only the affixes are changed: failure: failure IKĮ 1993 26 – fault IKĮ 1995 34, layer: layer IKĮ 1993 36 – level IKĮ 1995 47, overflow: overflow IKĮ 1993 45 – overflow IKĮ 1995 60. In one case, the base word of the term is changed: layerlisting: form IKĮ 1993 37 – form IKĮ 1995 48, in another – the base word of the first compound term’s end (the second ends coincide): flag: vyksmaženklis IKĮ 1993 27 – Verb in IKÄ 1995 36. 2. Differences between the two-word terms 34 (45.9 % of all found substitutes) were found for two-word computing terms with a noun as the main focus. They differ in one of the elements of the term: secondary or primary. The 16 cases of change of the subordinate term are essential, i.e., a formally unrelated word was chosen as a substitute. Often the Lithuanian secondary term focus is replaced by another Lithuanian (7 cases): application domain: subject field IKĮ 1993 9 – application field IKĮ 1995 10, output data: final data IKĮ 1993 45 – output data IKĮ 1995 60, cache memory: fast memory IKĮ 1993 14 – backup memory IKĮ 1995 16, escape key: output key IKĮ 1993 25 – exit key IKĮ 1995 33, volatile memory: volatile memory IKĮ 1993 62 – tertiary memory IKĮ 1995 85, expanded memory (emS): additional memory IKĮ 1993 25 – extended memory IKĮ 1995 33, read-only memory (rOm): permanent memory IKĮ 1993 52 – read-only memory IKĮ 1995 70. there are cases when a Lithuanian sub-term element is replaced by a hybrid or international (a), when a hybrid sub-term element is replaced by a Lithuanian (b) and when one non-Lithuanian sub-term element is replaced by another non-Lithuanian (c): (a) analog computer: continuous computer IKĮ 1993 9 – analog computer IKĮ 1995 9, time-division multiplexing: time-division multiplexing IKĮ 1993 60 – chronological multiplexing IKĮ 1995 81, routing: route selection IKĮ 1993 54 – route selection IKĮ 1995 72; (b) digital computer: diskretis kompiuteris IKĮ 1993 21 – digital computer IKĮ Terminology | 2010 | 17 7 1 1995 27, raster display: television display IKĮ 1993 52 – dot display IKĮ 1995 69; c) computer word: processor word IKĮ 1993 17 – computer word IKĮ 1995 21, computer language: processor language 1993 16 – computer language IKĮ 1995 21, hardware: computer equipment IKĮ 1993 29 – technical equipment IKĮ 1995 39. It is worth mentioning the case when the English comma is replaced by the Lithuanian one: while statement: while cycle 1993 62 – condition cycle IKĮ 1995 85. There are 11 two-word terms with a modified secondary accent. These include: bar code: bar code IKĮ 1993 12 – bar code IKĮ 1995 13, executive address: execution address IKĮ 1993 25 – execution address IKĮ 1995 33, restart: restart IKĮ 1993 53 – restart IKĮ 1995 72, break key: break key IKĮ 1993 13 – break key IKĮ 1995 15, desktop system: work system IKĮ 1993 20 – desktop system IKĮ 1995 27, failure access: failure call IKĮ 1993 26 – fault call IKĮ 1995 34, interactive environment: dialog mode IKĮ 1993 33 – dialog mode IKĮ 1995 44, keyword parameter: key parameter IKĮ 1993 35 – keyword parameter IKĮ 1995 47, distribution kit: installation kit IKĮ 1993 22 – installation kit IKĮ 1995 29, extended memory (XmS): extended memory IKĮ 1993 25 – extended memory IKĮ 1995 34. One prepositional construction is replaced by the term of the incompatible certificate: error message: error message IKĮ 1993 25 – error message IKĮ 1995 33. 7 biword terms differ in their main elements (5 terms replaced in substance (a) and 2 in part (b)): a) data integrity: data correctness IKĮ 1993 19 – data integrity IKĮ 1995 25, merge sort: merge sorting IKĮ 1993 41 – merge sorting IKĮ 1995 53, communication port: communication port IKĮ 1993 15 – communication interface IKĮ 1995 19, cf. previously discussed terms port IKĮ 1993 47 and interface IKĮ 1995 64, sorting IKĮ 1993 56 and sorting IKĮ 1995 76, interface: interface device IKĮ 1993 33 – interface device IKĮ 1995 45, text processing: text preparation IKĮ 1993 60 – text preparation IKĮ 1995 81, b) justified alignment5: mutual alignment IKĮ 1993 35 – mutual alignment IKĮ 1995 46, network layer: network level IKĮ 1993 42 – network level IKĮ 1995 56, cf. also level IKĮ 1993 36 and level IKĮ 1995 47. As can be seen, in one case (the first) the hybrid term is replaced by a Lithuanian term, in other cases – a Lithuanian term is replaced by another Lithuanian term. 5 The first edition differs in the spelling of the English term: alignement IKĮ 1993 35. 7 2 D. Šilobritaitė | Differences in Terminology of Informatics and Computer Equipment Dictionary 3. Differences between three-word terms There were 11 three-word terms substitutes found (14.9 % of all found substitutes). Three-word terms, like two-word terms, differ in one or more elements (main or secondary (or two secondary)). There are 2 three-word terms that differ in basic elements: dump: memory content printout IKĮ 1993 22 – presentation of memory content IKĮ 1995 30, open systems interconnection: interface of open systems IKĮ 1993 44 – combination of open systems IKĮ 1995 59. These are cases of fundamental change. 5 cases were identified where the terms differed in one minor aspect (4 cases are amendments (a), one is a substantial amendment (b)): a) double-negation law: double-negation law IKĮ 1993 22 – double-negation law IKĮ 1995 30, network layer protocol: network (level) protocol IKĮ 1993 42 – network layer protocol IKĮ 1995 56, cf. also level IKĮ 1993 36 and layer IKĮ 1995 47, restart point: restart point IKĮ 1993 53 – restart point IKĮ 1995 72, return key: end of line key IKĮ 1993 54 – end of line key IKĮ 1995 72, b) user interface: user interaction means IKĮ 1993 61 – user interface means IKĮ 1995 83. Cases where the two sub-elements of the three-word term differ, were found 4: input-output controller: external device controller IKĮ 1993 32 – input and output controller IKĮ 1995 43, warm restart: reboot from memory IKĮ 1993 62 – partial reboot IKĮ 1995 85, last in first out (LIFO): tray processing order IKĮ 1993 36 – reverse order IKĮ 1995 47, session (layer) protocol: session (level) protocol IKĮ 1993 55 – session (level) protocol IKĮ 1995 75, see also network (level) protocol IKĮ 1993 42 and network layer protocol IKĮ 1995 56, see also level IKĮ 1993 36 and layer IKĮ 1995 47. 4. Alternates with unequal number of threads A comparison of the terminology of the 1993 and 1995 IPCs shows that the authors of the 1995 IPCs wanted to clarify some of the terms (18 cases, i.e. 24.3% of all changes). The following terms have more specific elements (12 cases): hard disk: disk IKĮ 1993 29 – kietasis diskas IKĮ 1995 39, latency: latency IKĮ 1993 36 – latency time IKĮ 1995 47, simulation: simulation IKĮ 1993 56 – development simulation IKĮ 1995 76, style sheet: style sheet IKĮ 1993 58 – IKĮ 1995 79, object-oriented language: object language IKĮ 1993 43 – object programming language IKĮ 1995 58, output format: data format Terminology | 2010 | 17 7 3 IKĮ 1993 45 – output data format IKĮ 1995 60, process image: process state IKĮ 1993 48 – image of process state IKĮ 1995 66, linker: composition program IKĮ 1993 37 – connection editor IKĮ 1995 48, for statement: for cycle IKĮ 1993 27 – cycle of known number of iterations IKĮ 1995 37, gatewey server: switching station IKĮ 1993 29 – network interface station IKĮ 1995 38. IKĮ 1995 corrected a couple of terms that were not included in IKĮ 1993: footer: footer IKĮ 1993 27 – bottom page header IKĮ 1995 36, header: top column IKĮ 1993 30 – top page header IKĮ 1995 40. there are also opposite cases – some IKĮ 1993 terms in IKĮ 1995 have fewer elements to be corrected: bootstrap loader: initial upload program IKĮ 1993 13 – upload program IKĮ 1995 15, work station: (computerized) workplace IKĮ 1993 63 – work station IKĮ 1995 86, artificial intelligence: computer intelligence IKĮ 1993 10 – intelligence IKĮ 1995 11, bootstrap: initial upload IKĮ 1993 13 – upload IKĮ 1995 15, borrow: borrowing transfer IKĮ 1993 13 – borrowing IKĮ 1995 15. Apparently, in both cases, the authors' efforts to standardize terms can be seen. Computer science: Computer science IKĮ 1993 16 – Informatika IKĮ 1995 21. In the first edition of the dictionary, the term computer science is not considered a synonym of informatics and is defined as follows: Computer science "the general name of a group of disciplines that study various aspects of computer application and development: programming, applied mathematics, programming languages and operating systems, computational intelligence" IKĮ 1993 16–17, cf. informatics "the science of information, its transmission, accumulation, storage and processing. This term is mainly used in European countries and is mostly associated with theoretical aspects – in this it differs from the term “computer science”, which most often envisages applied aspects” ICS 1993 32. In the second edition of the glossary, the terms computer science and informatics are considered synonymous: computer science: informatics "the science that studies information, its transmission, collection, storage and processing. The term "computer science" is more common in English-speaking countries and is a synonym for the term "informatics"" IKĮ 1995 21; informatics: informatika "the science that studies information, its transmission, collection, storage and processing. The term "informatics" is most commonly used in European countries and is a synonym for the term "computer science" IKĮ 1995 42. 7 4 D. Šilobritaitė | Differences in Terminology of Informatics and Computer Equipment Dictionary Synonyms of Terms In the ICS 1993 and ICS 1995, both single-word and compound synonyms were found, which can be examined in synonym lines. They are separated by a comma in the dictionaries. The first edition of the dictionary contains synonyms that differ in the number of points. 1. Synonymy of single-word terms Single-word synonymous terms in IKĮ 1993 account for 24.2 %, IKĮ 1995 – 46.7 % of all found synonyms. In the article they are divided into synonyms of Lithuanian and various origins. 1.1. Synonyms of Lithuanian origin In IKĮ 1993 were found 4 lines of binary synonyms of Lithuanian terms: account: paskyra, prieskyra IKĮ 1993 7, call: kreipinys, iškvieta IKĮ 1993 14, file: byla, rinkmena IKĮ 1993 26, overlay: perdanga, sanklota IKĮ 1993 45. In the second edition of the dictionary, only one of the aforementioned synonym lines file, file IKĮ 1995 35, was left. There are no other synonymous lines in the second edition. It is only provided account IKĮ 1995 7, reference IKĮ 1995 16, overlap IKĮ 1995 60. This would also show the authors of the dictionary's desire to standardize the computer terms. 1.2. Synonyms of different origins The ICC 1995 contains more synonyms of different origins than the ICC 1993. In both dictionaries, some of the binary synonym lines coincide: equivalence IKĮ 1993 24, IKĮ 1995 32, operation IKĮ 1993 45, IKĮ 1995 59, range IKĮ 1993 51 (in the second edition the Lithuanian term range IKĮ 1995 69 is given first). In the 1995 ICS there are three new binary synonym strings: character: sign, symbol ICS 1995 17, cf. symbol ICS 1993 15, display: display, monitor ICS 1995 29, cf. display ICS 1993 22, modem: converter, modem ICS 1995 54, pg. motor IKĮ 1993 41. Synonyms string in attribute: characteristic, attribute, which is given in ICS 1993 11, is not in the second edition. It contains only the Lithuanian term characteristic 1995. pp. 12. Terminology | 2010 | 17 7 5 2. Synonymy of compound terms The first edition of the dictionary contains more compound synonyms than the second edition. They account for 60.6% (i.e. 20 synonym lines) of all synonym lines found (in the second edition – 53.3% (i.e. 8 synonym lines)). Synonymous terms found are divided into two-word and three-word. 2.1. Synonyms of two-word terms 17 (51.5% of all found synonyms) two-word synonyms lines were found in the 1993 ICS, and 6 (40% of all found synonyms) in the 1995 ICS. There are also synonyms that differ in both secondary and primary elements. The synonymous secondary elements of two-word terms are twofold: in some cases both secondary elements are Lithuanian, in others one element is Lithuanian, the other is hybrid. Contrary to IKĮ 1993, e.g.: absoliute pathname: whole name, full name IKĮ 1993 7, aND element: coincidence element, Ir element IKĮ 1993 9, Or element: assembly element, arBa element IKĮ 1993 45, output primitive: drawing element, image element IKĮ 1993 45, write statement: writing sentence, printing sentence IKĮ 1993 63, synonyms differing by secondary Lithuanian elements IKĮ 1995 were not found. Only one of the synonyms is left: the full name IKĮ 1995 7, the element Y IKĮ 1995 9, orBa element IKĮ 1995 60, the image element IKĮ 1995 60, the writing sentence IKĮ 1995 87. The binary synonyms of other composite terms in both IKĮ 1993 and IKĮ 1995 differ in the secondary elements, which are of various origins: associative law: the law of conjunction, the law of associativeness IKĮ 1993 11, IKĮ 1995 12, commutative law: the law of repositionability, the law of commutability IKĮ 1993 15, IKĮ 1995 19, distributive law: the law of distribubility, the law of distributiveness IKĮ 1993 22, IKĮ 1995 29, global variable: the global variable, the global variable IKĮ 1993 29, IKĮ 1995 38, local variable: the local variable, the local variable IKĮ 1993 38, and IKĮ 1995 49 is the first term with a Lithuanian secondary element: local variable: the local variable, the local variable. This group is distinguished by the second edition binary synonym line online mode: direct mode, non-autonomous mode IKĮ 1995 58, which is not in the first edition, because this concept is not recorded in it at all. In 1995, there were no such two-word binary synonym strings with synonymous sub-elements of various origins: dinamic program loading: 7 6 D. Šilobritaitė | Dynamical origin of the differences in terminology of computer science and computer equipment dictionaries IKĮ 1993 23, pg. IEC 1995 30 dynamic rise; dynamic relocation: dynamic alignment, acid alignment IKĮ 1993 23, precedence rule: priorities of actions, priorities of operations IKĮ 1993 47, cf. 1995 65 uses the term "priority rule" to describe this concept. Biword terms, where the main elements are used synonymously, were found only in IKĮ 1993: active file: open file, open file IKĮ 1993 7, data link: data chain, data channel IKĮ 1993 19, token: special signal, special sign IKĮ 1993 60. 2.2. Synonyms of three-word terms Cases of synonymy of three-word terms were found both in ICS 1993 (3 cases, i.e. 9.1% of all synonyms found) and in ICS 1995 (2 cases, i.e. 13.3% of all synonyms found). In 1993, the term was replaced by the more commonly used terms, archive and archives. In addition to the two-word terms mentioned above, the IKĮ 1993 also includes three-word terms: random file: direct selection file, direct selection file IKĮ 1993 51, file extension: file (name) extension, file (name) extension IKĮ 1993 27, file server: file service station, file service station IKĮ 1993 27. The synonymous sub-elements of the three-word terms presented in IKĮ 1995 are of various origins (one Lithuanian, the other hybrid): relational database: relational database, relational data base IKĮ 1995 71, relational data model: relational data model, relational data model IKĮ 1995 71. In 1993, there were no such terms in the IAS 1993. 3. Synonyms with different number of threads Only in the first edition of the dictionary were found synonyms that differ in the number of elements (5 cases, i.e. 15.2 % of all found synonyms): chip: integrated circuit, chip IKĮ 1993 15, NOT element: inverter, Ne element IKĮ 1993 43, loader: lifter, lift program IKĮ 1993 38, spreadsheet: calculator, dynamic table IKĮ 1993 57, relocatable loader: relocatable lifter, relocatable lift program IKĮ 1993 53. In the second edition, synonyms are no longer present, only one of the synonyms is left: chip: chip IKĮ 1995 18, non-element IKĮ 1995 57, lift program IKĮ 1995 49, calculator IKĮ 1995 77 and the terms harmonizing lift, harmonizing lift program IKĮ 1993 53 are no longer used.