Sudurtinių lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų darybos ypatumai

Formation Patterns of Compound Lithuanian and Latvian Plant Genus Names SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Trijų tomų leidinyje Baltijos šalių flora (Flora of the Baltic Countries (1993–2003)) (toliau – Flora), išleistame Tartu, aprašomi Lietuvoje, Latvijoje ir Estijoje augantys augalai – sporiniai ir sėkliniai induočiai (išskyrus samanas). Lotynų kalba pateikiami visi taksonai – skyrius, klasė, eilė, šeima, gentis, rūšis, porūšis, o lietuvių, latvių, estų ir rusų kalbomis – tik augalų genčių ir rūšių vardai. Po nomenklatūrinės dalies Floroje kiekvienam taksonui duodama trumpa biologinė ir morfologinė charakteristika (augalo augimo vieta, matmenys, žydėjimo laikas, paaiškinimai). Flora – pirmas toks augalų vardų sąvadas, kuriame augalų vardai pateikiami lietuvių, latvių ir estų kalbomis. Since 1979, teams of authors from universities and academies of sciences in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia have been preparing the Flora. Lithuanian plant names for the Flora were provided by Živilė Lazdauskaitė (Vilnius Pedagogical University), Domas Smaliukas (Vilnius Pedagogical University), Algirdas Stankevičius (Environmental Protection Agency), Ramunėlė Jankevičienė (Institute of Botany), Jūratė Balevičienė (Institute of Botany), and others. Latvian plant names were proposed by botanists Edgaras Vimba (Edgars Vimba) (University of Latvia), Alfredas Rasinis (Alfrēds Rasiņš) (Latvian Plant Protection Research Centre), Laima Tabaka (Institute of Biology), Irena Fatare (Irēna Fatare) (Institute of Biology), and others (see Flora 1993: 9). The Flora contains more than 500 Latin plant genus names, but not every plant genus name has a Lithuanian or Latvian equivalent. In total, approximately 430 Lithuanian and nearly 460 Latvian plant genus names are listed. The aim of this article is to examine compound Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names by formation type, compare Lithuanian and Latvian compounds, and identify their similarities and differences. The subject of the study comprises 118 Lithuanian and 209 Latvian compound plant genus names. Lithuanian 54 S. Labanauskienė | Sudurtinių lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų... The terminologist Kazimieras Gaivenis, in his article Names of Plant Genera and Species in Lithuania, analyzed all the plant names, including compounds, listed in the Flora of the Lithuanian SSR (1959–1980). The present article also draws on his work. When examples are presented in the article, the Latin plant genus name is given first, followed by the Lithuanian and Latvian names. Roman numerals indicate the volume of the Flora, and Arabic numerals indicate the page from which the term was taken. In cases where the Lithuanian or Latvian plant name does not correspond to the claim under discussion, the reference cf. is given. A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN BOTANY At the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, the first botanical works written in Latin and Polish appeared in Lithuania and beyond its borders, describing the flora of Lithuania as well. Notable figures of this period include the French physician and botanist Jean Emanuel Gilibert (Jean Emanuel Gilibert) (his work Flora Lituanica inchoata, Grodnae, 1781; Vilnae, 1782), Stanisław Bonifacy Jundzilł, a prominent researcher of the Lithuanian flora and creator of botanical nomenclature in Polish, who described Lithuania’s vegetation in his book Opisanie roslin litewskich (Wilno, 1811), and his nephew Józef Jundzilł, who also wrote a botanical work, Opisanie roslin w Litwie, na Wołyniu, Podolu i Ukrainie... (Wilno, 1830). The works of other scholars—the German naturalist Johan Georg Adam Forster and the Polish botanist and zoologist Stanisław Batys Górski—also had a major influence on botanical systematics. It was only from the beginning of the 19th century that works written in Lithuanian began to appear, describing Lithuania’s flora and presenting Lithuanian plant names (Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža, Juozapas Fedoravičius, Laurynas Rokas Ivinskis). Worth noting is the Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas, published in 1938, compiled by the Botanical Dictionary Commission headed by Liudas Vailionis and edited by botanist and plant physiologist Jonas Dagys. Later, research on Lithuania’s flora was brought together in the six-volume work Lietuvos TSR flora (1959–1980). In 1998, the Institute of Botany published another important work, approved by the Botanical Dictionary Commission, Botanikos vardų žodynas, compiled by Ramunėlė Jankevičienė. The organization of Latvian botanical terminology is considered to have begun at the end of the 19th century. The first figure to note is Jānis Ilsters, an organizer of Latvian botanical terminology Terminologija | 2010 | 17 5 5 (Jānis Ilsters), who compiled the first botanical textbook in Latvian in 1883, Botanika, skirta tautinėms mokykloms ir savarankiškam mokymuisi (Botāni-ka tautas skolām un pašmācībai). Two books written in German are also important for the flora of Latvia: Johan Klinge’s (Johans Klinge) Flora von Est-, Liv und Kurland (Reval, 1882) and Eduards Lēmanis’s (Eduards Lēmanis) Flora von Polnisch-Livland (Dorpat, 1895). After the First World War, Pauls Galenieks (Pauls Galenieks) became involved in terminology work; the Botanikos žodynas (Botāniskā vārdnīca) he compiled was published in 1950. From 1953 to 1959, a team of authors led by P. Galenieks prepared and published the four-volume Latvijos TSR florą (Latvijas PSR flora). Botanical research continued in the 21st century: in 2003, Inese Ēdelmane (Inese Ēdelmane) and Ārija Ozola (Ārija Ozola) published Latvių kalbos augalų vardai (Latviešu valodas augu nosaukumi) (for more, see Pietė 2008: 46–51). COMMONALITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN COMPOUND LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN PLANT GENUS NAMES In Lithuanian terminology, suffixation is the most productive word-formation method (see Keinys 2005: 21), while compounding ranks second in terms of the number of formations in use (see Keinys 2005: 129). In Lithuanian, compounds are formed either with or without a linking vowel. Among the compound Lithuanian plant genus names listed in Floroje, 65 have a linking vowel and 54 do not. The components of compounds are joined by the vowels -a, -ia, -ė, -o, -io, -i. Latvių terminijoje dūryba yra vyraujantis darybos būdas (žr. Skujinā 2002: 88). Latvių kalboje du žodžiai gali būti jungiami dviem būdais: sintaksiniu ir sintaksiniu morfologiniu būdu. Suduriant žodžius sintaksiniu būdu, pirmuoju sandu gali eiti vardininko linksnis arba visa vienaskaitos ar daugiskaitos kilmininko forma, antrojo sando galūnė išlieka nepakitusi. Prie sintaksinės morfologinės (arba derivacinės) sudurtinių žodžių darybos būdo priskiriami tokie atvejai, kai pirmuoju sandu paprastai eina žodžio kamienas1, o antrasis sandas gauna naują darybos galūnę arba visą žodžio pabaigą (priesagą ir galūnę) (žr. MLLVG 1959: 198–199; Skujinā 2002: 92–94). In Lithuanian, compounds are usually based on two words. In Latvian, compounds are formed by joining two or more roots or stems (which 1 V. Skujinā has analyzed terminology in the technical sciences and found that more than 94% of compounds have a word part without an ending as their first component, while only about 6% of compounds retain an ending in their first component (see Skujinā 2002: 92). 56 S. Labanauskienė | Sudurtinių lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų... sudaro šaknis ir afiksas) (MLLVG 1959: 84). Dūriniai nagrinėjami pagal tai, iš kurios kalbos dalies yra jų pirmasis ir antrasis sandai. Floroje pateikti sudurtiniai lietuviški ir latviški augalų genčių vardai yra šešių tipų (žr. lentelę): 1) dūriniai su daiktavardiniais sandais, 2) dūriniai su būdvardiniu ir daiktavardiniu sandais, 3) dūriniai su daiktavardiniu ir būdvardiniu sandais, 4) dūriniai su skaitvardiniu ir daiktavardiniu sandais, 5) dūriniai su prieveiksm iniu ir daiktavardiniu sandais, 6) dūriniai su daiktavardiniu ir veiksmažodiniu sandais. Table. Word-formation types of compound Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names Components of compounds Lithuanian plant genus names Latvian plant genus names Noun + noun 83 149 Adjective + noun 15 52 Numeral + noun 2 5 Adverb + noun – 1 Noun + verb 10 – Noun + adjective 1 – Unclear formation 7 2 All Floroje Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names found are subordinative compounds. These are compounds in which one component defines the other, narrowing its meaning (see Kvašytė 2005: 31). Usually, one component of such compounds is the head. No coordinate compounds, whose two components are independent, were found. Compound words with nominal constituents The largest group consists of nominal compounds whose bases are common nouns. In the flora, 83 Lithuanian and 149 Latvian compound plant genus names were found in which both constituents are nouns, for example: Lat. Bolboschoenus – Lith. liūnmeldis (: liūnas, meldas) – Latv. gumumeldrs (: gums “lump, tuber,” meldrs “reed”) III 326; Lat. Cichorium – Lith. trūkažolė (: trūkis “a disease of this kind,” žolė), cf. Latv. cigoriņš III 42; Terminologija | 2010 | 17 57 Lat. Corispermum – Lith. drugialaišis (: drugys, laišis) – Latv. kamielžāle (: kamielis “camel, zāle ‘grass’) I 220; Lat. Euphorbia – Lith. karpažolė (: karpa, žolė) – Latv. dievkrēsliņš (: Dievs “God,” krēsliņš “little chair”) II 171; Lat. Fumaria – Lith. žvirbliarūtė (: žvirblis, rūta) – Latv. matuzāle (: mats “tuft,” zāle “grass”) I 299; Lat. Glaux – Lith. pienžolė (: pienas, žolė) – Latv. pienzāle (: piens “milk,” zāle “grass”) II 247; Lat. Onopordum – Lith. kardažolė (: kardas, žolė), cf. Latv. baltdadzis (: balts “white,” dad zis “thistle”) III 31; Lat. Leymus – Lith. rug aveaide (: rugys, veidas “appearance”) – Latv. kāpukviesis (: kāpa “heap,” kviesis “wheat”) III 257; Lat. Leonurus – Lith. sukatžolė (: sukatos “consumption, tuberculosis,” žolė), cf. Latv. mātere II 295; Lat. Salsola – Latv. sālszāle (: sāls “salt,” zāle “grass”), cf. Lith. druskė I 225; Lat. Sambucus – Lith. šeivamedis (: šeiva, medis) – Latv. plūškoks (: pluškis² “ragged fellow,” koks “tree”) II 350; Lat. Scirpus – Lith. viksvameldis (: viksva, meldas), cf. Latv. meldrs III 325; Lat. Solanum – Lith. karklavijas³ (: karklas, vija), cf. Latv. naktene II 311; Latin Taxus – Lithuanian kukmedis (: kukas, medis), cf. Latvian īve I 156; Latin Triglochin – Lithuanian narytžolė (: naryčia “a certain udder disease,” žolė), cf. Latvian āžloks (: āzis “goat,” loks “bow”) III 196; Latin Zostera – Latvian jūraszāle (: jūra “sea,” zāle “grass”), cf. Lithuanian andras III 209. It should be noted that a shared second component is characteristic of some compound Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names grass (Latvian zāle): there are 24 Lithuanian names with this component (about 30%) and 14 Latvian names (about 10%). In many cases, plant genus names made up of two nouns are not original, but rather calques from classical languages (see Gaivenis 1985: 169), for example: Latin Cynoglossum (Greek kyon, kynos “dog,” glossa “tongue”) – Lithuanian šunliele (: šuo, lielis “tongue”) – Latvian sunmēle (: suns “dog,” mēle “tongue”) II 283; Latin Ophioglossum (Greek ophis, ophios “snake,” glossa “tongue”) – Lithuanian driežlie­lė (: driežas, lielis “tongue”) – Latvian čūskmēlite (: čūska “snake,” mēlite “little tongue”) I 138. In the Flora, several plant genus names were found whose first component is a proper noun. Two Lithuanian plant genus names are formed with the name Jonas; in seven Latvian compounds, the first component is the proper name Jānis or the Latvian mythological name Māra: 2Related to Indo-European *pleus– “to (com)card; carded wool, plucked feathers, a lock of hair” (Karulis 2001: 705). 3 Kazimieras Būga, discussing two-stem compound nouns with the singular nominative endings -as and -a, cites the plant name karklavijos: karklas + *vija “stipes” – Sanskrit vaya “Zweig” (German “twig”) (see Būga 1958: 212). 58 S. Labanauskienė | Sudurtinių lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų... Latin Hypericum – Lithuanian jonažolė (: Jonas, žolė), cf. Latvian asinszāle (: asins “blood”, zāle “grass”) II 187; Latin Matteuccia – Lithuanian jonpapartis (: Jonas, papartis), cf. Latvian strauspaparde (: strauss “ostrich”, paparde “fern”) I 145; Latin Ribes – Latvian jānoga (: Jānis “Jonas”, oga “berry”), cf. Lithuanian serbentas II 32; Latin Pedicularis – Latvian jāņeglīte (: Jānis “Jonas”, eglīte “spruce”), cf. Lithuanian glindė II 335; Latin Armoracia – Latvian mārutks (: Māra, rutks “radish”), cf. Lithuanian krienas I 310; Latin Thymus – Latvian mārsils (: Māra, sils “pine forest”), cf. Lithuanian čiobrelis II 303; Latin Bellis – Latvian mārpuķīte (: Māra, puķīte “little flower”), cf. Lithuanian saulutė III 157; Latin Silybum – Latvian mārdadzis (: Māra, dadzis “thistle”), cf. Lithuanian marginis III 32; Latin Hierochloe – Latvian mārsmilga (: Māra, smilga “bent grass”), cf. Lithuanian stumbražolė (: stumbras, žolė) III 273. The second component of all the compound Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names mentioned above denotes some kind of plant (fern, thistle, bent grass, etc.). Quite often, the second component of Latvian nominal compounds consists of a noun with a diminutive suffix (see Ēdelmane 1978: 101 for more detail); there are 44 such compounds, making up about 30% of all Latvian compound plant genus names that are nouns, e.g.: Latin Echinocystis – Latvian dzelongurķītis (: dzelonis “thorn, sting”, gurķis “cucumber” + –ītis), cf. Lithuanian virkštenis II 199; Latin Kochia – Latvian vasareglīte (: vasara “summer”, egle “spruce” + –īte), cf. Lithuanian kochija I 219; Latin Sparganium – Latvian ezgalvīte (: ezis “hedgehog”, galva “head” + –īte), cf. Lithuanian šiurpis III 320; Latin Gnaphalium – Latvian zaķpēdiņa (: zaķis “hare”, pēda “foot” + –iņa), cf. Lithuanian pūkelis III 153; Latin Moneses – Latvian sūnactiņa (: sūnas “moss”, aca “eye” + –iņa), cf. Lithuanian žemoklė II 236; Latin Lythrum – Latvian vējmiētiņš (: vējš “wind”, miets “stake” + –iņš), cf. Lithuanian raudoklė II 200; Latin Tanacetum – Latvian biškresliņš (bite ‘bee’, krēsls ‘chair’ + –iņš), cf. Lithuanian bitkreslė (bitė, krėslas), skais­tenis III 163; Latin Thalictrum – Latvian saulkresliņš (saule ‘sun’, krēsls ‘chair’ + –iņš), cf. Lithuanian vingiris I 290. No Lithuanian compounds whose second component has a diminutive suffix were found in the Flo-ra; Lithuanian generally uses unsuffixed base words. When new words are formed again from the same base word, so-called word-formation fans arise (Gaivenis 2002: 48; see also Kvašytė 2005: 23). There is no equivalent for this term in Latvian terminology, but Terminologija | 2010 | 17 59 this word-formation feature has been identified by the Latvian linguist Ojārs Bušs (see Bušs 2008: 255). Word-formation fans of words formed from two nouns occur in both languages, but a larger group of them was found in Latvian botanical nomenclature, for example: Latin Aethusa – Lithuanian šunpetre (dog, Peter) – Latvian sunpētersīlis (suns ‘dog’, pētersīlis ‘parsley’) II 222; Latin Dactylis – Lithuanian šunažolė (dog, grass), cf. Latvian kamolzāle (kamols ‘ball’, zāle ‘grass’) III 314; Latin Rhamnus – Lithuanian šunobelė (dog, apple tree), cf. Latvian pabērzs II 179; Latin Tripleurospermum – Lithuanian šunramunis (dog, chamomile) – Latvian sunkumelīte (suns ‘dog’, kumelīte ‘chamomile’) III 174; Latin Conium – Latvian sunstobrs (suns ‘dog’, stobrs ‘tube’), cf. Lithuanian mauda II 222; Latin Antennaria – Lithuanian katpėdė (cat, foot) – Latvian kaķpēdiņa (kaķis ‘cat’, pēdiņa ‘little foot’) III 152; Latin Nepeta – Lithuanian katžolė (cat, grass) – Latvian kaķumētra (kaķis ‘cat’, mētra ‘mint; berry-bearing plants’) II 299; Latin Amaranthus – Latvian kaķaste (kaķis ‘cat’, aste ‘tail’), cf. Lithuanian burnotis I 228; Latin Lathyrus – Lithuanian pelėžirnis (mouse, pea), cf. Latvian dedestiņa II 151; Latin Fallopia – Lithuanian pelėvirkštis (mouse, vine), cf. Latvian vējagriķi (vējš ‘wind’, grikis ‘buckwheat’) I 204; Latin Epilobium – Lithuanian ožkarožė (goat, rose) – Latvian kazroze (kaza ‘goat’, roze ‘rose’) II 205; lot. Pimpinella – liet. ožiažolė (: ožys, žolė), plg. latv. noraga II 218; Latin Libanotis – Latvian briežsakne (: briedis “deer,” sakne “root”), cf. Lithuanian skarenis II 220; Latin Hirschfeldia – no Lithuanian name given – Latvian briežzvēre (: briedis “deer,” zvēre “wild mustard”) I 327; lot. Thesium – liet. linlapis (: linai, lapas) – latv. linlape (: lins „linas“, lapa „lapas“) I 187; lot. Linaria – liet. linažolė (: linai, žolė), plg. latv. vīrcele II 318; Latin Ammophila – Lithuanian smiltlendrė (: smiltis, lendrė “common reed”) – Latvian kāpuniedre (: kāpa “dune,” niedre “reed”) III 281; Latin Ammocalamagrostis – Lithuanian smiltlendrūnė (: smiltis, lendrūnas “grass-family plant”) – Latvian kapuciesa (: kāpa “dune,” ciesa “reed grass”) III 281; lot. Pulsatilla – liet. šిలagėlė (: šilas, gėlė) – latv. silpurene (: sils „šilas“, purene „puriena“) I 273; lot. Vaccinium – liet. šილauogė (: šilas, uoga), plg. latv. brūklene II 241; 60 S. Labanauskienė | Sudurtinių lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų... Latin Coronopus – Latvian vārnaspēda (: vārna “crow,” pēda “foot”) – Lithuanian varnakoje (: varna, koja) I 335; Latin Comarum – Latvian vārnkāja (: vārna “crow,” kāja “leg”), cf. Lithuanian sūdрас II 67; Latin Myosoton – Latvian ūdensvirza (: ūdens “water,” virza “chickweed”), cf. Lithuanian pastenis I 243; Latin Nymphaea – Latvian ūdensroze (: ūdens “water,” roze “rose”), cf. Lithuanian vandens lelija I 264; Latin Lemna – Latvian ūdenzieds (: ūdens “water,” zieds “flower”), cf. Lithuanian plūdena III 318. The first element of a Lithuanian and Latvian compound, which is common to the word-formation pair, is most often an animal name: Lithuanian katė – Latvian kaķis, Lithuanian šuo – Latvian suns, Lithuanian pelė – Latvian pele, Lithuanian ožka – Latvian kaza, Lithuanian varna – Latvian vārna, and so on. As the examples show, among the names of twelve plant genera the first or second elements coincide in Lithuanian and Latvian, while in seven names both elements coincide. Compounds with adjectival and nominal constituents In Flora, 15 Lithuanian and 52 Latvian plant genus names were found whose first constituent is an adjective and whose second is a noun. The first constituent of these compounds denotes external characteristics of the plant’s root, stem, leaf, or flower (colour, size, shape, etc.), e.g.: Latin Cenolophium – Lithuanian pūstabbriaunė (: pūstas, briauna) – Latvian dobspārne (: dobs “hollow, sunken, cavernous,” spārns “wing”) II 225; Latin Consolida – Latvian zilau sis (: zils “blue,” auss “ear”), cf. Lithuanian raguolis I 270; Latin Gymnocarpium – Lithuanian tikrapapartis (: tikras, papartis) – Latvian kailpaparde (: kails “bare,” paparde “fern”) I 150; Latin Hippophae – Lithuanian šaltalankis (: šaltas, lankas “bark”), cf. Latvian smiltsērkšķis (: smilts “sand,” ērkšķis “thorn”) II 186; Latin Asplenium – Latvian sīkpaparde (: sīks “small, tiny,” paparde “fern”), cf. Lithuanian kalnarūtė (: kalnas, rūta) I 143; Latin Leucanthemum – Lithuanian baltagalvė (: balta, galva), cf. Latvian pīpene III 173; Latin Odontites – Latvian sārtžibulītis (: sārts “bright red,” žibulīte “eyebright”), cf. Lithuanian skėstukas II 334; Latin Orobanche – Latvian brūnkāte (: brūns “brown,” kāts “stem”), cf. Lithuanian džioveklė II 341; Latin Polygonatum – Lithuanian baltašaknė (: white, root), cf. Latvian mugurene III 221; Latin Poterium – Latvian zaļvālīte (: green “green,” vālīte “bubble”), cf. Lithuanian galvainis II 65; Terminologija | 2010 | 17 6 1 Latin Scorzonera – Latvian raudupė (: red “red,” upe “river”), cf. Lithuanian gelteklė III 147; Latin Schoenus – Latvian mel(n)cere (: black “black,” cers “bush, clump”), cf. Lithuanian vikšrenis III 335. Lithuanian and Latvian compounds of the type mentioned have few commonalities. The first component of these compounds most often denotes the plant’s color: in Lithuanian, white, black, gray, while the Latvian color palette is broader – balts “white,” melns “black,” brūns “brown,” rauds “red,” sārts “bright red,” zaļš “green,” zils “blue.” Only one compound was found in which the first and second components are the same in both languages: Latin Crassula – Lithuanian storlapis (: thick, leaf) – Latvian bezlapīte (: biezs “thick,” lapa “leaf” + -īte) II 26. Word-formation guides are also characteristic of the formation type under discussion, especially in Latvian plant genus names, for example: Latin Actaea – Lithuanian juodžolė (: black, grass), cf. Latvian krauklene I 268; Latin Prunella – Lithuanian juodgalvė (: black, head) – Latvian brūngalvīte (: brūns “brown,” galviņa “little head”) II 301; Latin Cynosurus – Lithuanian kietavarpė (: hard, spike), cf. Latvian sekstaine III 315; Latin Lithospermum – Lithuanian kietagrūdis (: hard, grain) – Latvian cietsēkle (: ciets “hard,” sēkla “seed”) II 274; Latin Crepis – Latvian cietpiene (: ciets “hard,” piens “milk”), cf. Lithuanian kreisvē III 43; Latin Lepidium – Latvian cietķērsa (: ciets “hard,” ķērsa “cress”), cf. Lithuanian pipirnė I 332; Latin Polystichum – Latvian cietpaparde (: ciets “hard,” paparde “fern”), cf. Lithuanian spyglainis I 146; Latin Arabidopsis – Latvian sīkplikstiņš (: sīks “small, tiny,” plikstiņš “whitlow-grass, bladderpod”), cf. Lithuanian vėirenis I 315; Latin Centunculus – Latvian sīkauzdīte (: sīks “small, tiny,” audze “grove, small wood” + –īte), cf. Lithuanian šimtūnė II 248; Latin Conyza – Latvian sīkjanītis (: sīks “small, tiny,” Jānītis “Johnny”), cf. Lithuanian konyza III 163; Latin Elatine – Latvian sīkeglīte (: sīks “small, tiny,” eglīte “little fir”), cf. Lithuanian vandenė II 198; Latin Galinsoga – Latvian sīkgalvīte (: sīks “small, tiny,” galva “head”), cf. Lithuanian galinsoga III 183. It should be noted that, unlike compounds with two nominal components, the Lithuanian and Latvian components of derivatives formed from an adjective and a noun differ. Only one compound plant genus name was found (Latin Lithospermum), whose first component is the same in both languages: Lithuanian kietas – Latvian ciets. In addition, it should be noted that the same plant (Latin 62 S. Labanauskienė | Sudurtinių lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų... Prunella) is named in both languages using as its first component adjectives denoting different colors; cf. Lithuanian juoda – Latvian brūns “brown.” Only one Lithuanian compound formed by reversed compounding merits separate mention; its first component is a noun and the second an adjective: Latin Orchis – Lithuanian gegužraibė (: gegužė, raiba), cf. Latvian d z e g u ž p u k e (: d z e g u z e “cuckoo,” puķe “flower”) III 376. No Latvian plant genus names of this compound type were found. Compounds with a numeral and a noun as components The Flora contains 2 Lithuanian and 5 Latvian compound plant genus names whose first component is a numeral and second a noun: Latin Danthonia – Lithuanian tridantė (: trys, dantis), cf. Latvian dantonija III 246; Latin Listera – Lithuanian dviguonė (: dvi, guonia “head”) – Latvian divlape (: divi “two,” lapa “leaf”) III 370; Latin Diplotaxis – Latvian divsēkle4 (: divi “two,” sēkla “seed”), cf. Lithuanian šatreinis I 324; Latin Trientalis – Latvian septiņstarīte (: septiņi “seven,” stara5 “ray” + –ite), cf. Lithuanian septynikė II 247; Latin Phyteuma – Latvian septiņvīre (: septiņi “seven,” vīrs “man”), cf. Lithuanian glaudenė III 25. Latvian compounds consisting of more than two words merit separate mention. However, such compounds are essentially made up of two components, each of which, considered separately, may itself be a compound word (Kabelka 1969: 16; cf. also Urbutis 2009: 334). The Flora contains only one Latvian compound plant genus name consisting of three components—one is a numeral, the other a compound of two nouns: Latin Verbascum – Latvian deviņvīruspeks (: deviņi “nine,” vīrs “man,” spēks “strength”), cf. Lithuanian tūbė II 315. One further Latvian compound, formed from an adverb and a noun, should be distinguished: Latin Myriophyllum – Latvian daudzlape6 (: daudz “much,” lapa “leaf”), cf. Lithuanian plunksnalapė (: plunksna, lapas) II 209. As the material in the Flora shows, compound plant genus names formed from an adverb and a noun are entirely uncharacteristic of Lithuanian botanical nomenclature⁷. 4 This compound may be regarded as a calque from classical languages; cf. Latin Diplotaxis (: Greek diplos “double”) – Latvian divsēkle (: divi “two”). 5 The grammar of modern Latvian specifies the following formation of the plant name (see MLLVG 1959: 213). 6 The compound may be regarded as a calque; cf. Latin Myriophyllum (Greek myrios “countless,” phyllon “leaf”) – Latvian daudzlape (: daudz “many”). 7 K. Gaivenis, who studied the flora of the Lithuanian SSR, Lietuvos TSR florą, does not mention compounds formed with an adverb. Terminologija | 2010 | 17 63 Compounds with a noun and a verb as their components Ten Lithuanian plant genus names were found in which the first component of the compound is a noun and the second is a verb: Latin Ajuga – Lithuanian vaisgina (: vaisius, ginti), cf. Latvian cekuļiņš II 287; Latin Chamaenerion – Lithuanian gaurometis (: gaurai, mesti), cf. Latvian ugunspuke (: uguns “fire,” puķe “flower”) II 204; Latin Erucastrum – Lithuanian šungarstė (: šuo, garsti “to become bitter”), cf. Latvian pazvēre I 325; Latin Euphrasia – Lithuanian akišveitė (: akis, šveisti), cf. Latvian žibulītis II 330; Latin Helianthus – Lithuanian saulėgraža (: saulė, gręžti(s)) – Latvian saulgrieze (: saule “sun,” griezties “to turn”) III 182; Latin Moehringia – Lithuanian smiltagraibė (: smiltis, graibyti), cf. Latvian mēringija I 236; Latin Nonea – Lithuanian vilkžvelgė (: vilkas, žvelgti), cf. Latvian mūkuzāle (: mūks “monk,” zāle “grass”) II 277; Latin Sanguisorba – Lithuanian kraujalakė (: kraujas, lakti), cf. Latvian brunvalīte (: brūna “brown,” vālīte “little pod”) II 65; Latin Saxifraga – Lithuanian uolaskėlė (: uola, skelti), cf. Latvian akmeņlauzīte (: akmens “stone,” lauzt “to break” + –ite) II 30; Latin Thladiantha – Lithuanian siendariekiė (: siena, driektis), cf. Latvian tladia nta II 200. No Latvian compounds containing a nominal and a verbal constituent were found in the Floroje, so it can be said that they are not characteristic of Latvian plant genus names. Compound plant genus names whose first constituent is a noun and whose second is a verb, as K. Gaivenis has noted, are often calques from other languages; cf. Latin Sanguisorba (Latin sanguis ‘blood’, sorbere ‘to suck’) – Lithuanian kraujalakė, Latin Saxifraga (Latin saxum ‘stone, rock’, frangare ‘to break, shatter’) – Lithuanian uolaskėlė (see Gaivenis 1985: 169). Compounds of Unclear Formation Several so-called pseudo-compounds (with an unclear constituent, which is interpreted as a constituent) were found in the Floroje (7 Lithuanian and 2 Latvian), although there is some doubt as to whether words whose first or second constituent is unclear should be considered compounds (see Urbutis 2009: 143): Latin Arctium – Lithuanian varnalėša (: varna, leša(s) ‘leaf?’), cf. Latvian diždadzis (: dižs ‘great’, dadzis ‘thistle’) III 29; Latin Filipendula – Latvian vīgrieze8 (: vīt (?) ‘to wind’, griezt ‘to turn; drill; direct’), cf. Lithuanian vingiorykštė (: vingis, rykštė) II 37; Latin Hypochaeris – Latvian pelūde (?), cf. Lithuanian džiugūnė III 146. 8 Latvian linguist Konstantīns Karulis regards the plant name meadowsweet as a pseudo-compound: vīgr- > *vingr- (see Karulis 2001: 1162). 64 S. Labanauskienė | Sudurtinių lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų... K. Gaivenis considers Lithuanian compounds with the second constituent –sargis or –sargė to be compounds of unclear formation (see Gaivenis 1985: 169). In the Flora several such compounds were found: krūmsargė (Cucubalus), kalnasargis (Selinum), liūnsargė (Scheuchzeria), vandensargė (Zannichellia). The plant names vandenplūkis (Hydrocharis) and vynvytis (Parthenocissus) are also considered unclear (see Gaivenis 1985: 170). CONCLUSIONS 1. Of the approximately 430 Lithuanian and nearly 460 Latvian plant genus names given in the Flora, 118 Lithuanian names and 209 Latvian names are compounds. All except one Latvian compound, deviņvīruspeks, consist of two constituents. According to the parts of speech of their first and second constituents, Lithuanian and Latvian compound plant genus names fall into six types: 1) compounds with nominal constituents, 2) compounds with an adjectival and a nominal constituent, 3) compounds with a nominal and an adjectival constituent, 4) compounds with a numeral and a nominal constituent, 5) compounds with an adverbial and a nominal constituent, and 6) compounds with a nominal and a verbal constituent. 2. Compounds with two nominal constituents make up the largest group of Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names. There are 83 Lithuanian compounds and 149 Latvian ones. About 30% of Lithuanian and nearly 10% of Latvian plant genus names of this type share the second constituent žolė (Latvian zāle). In about 30% of all Latvian plant genus names formed from two nouns, the second constituent of the compound is a noun with a diminutive suffix (ežgalvīte, kaķpēdiņa). Compounds of this structure are not characteristic of Lithuanian plant genus names. In two Lithuanian and seven Latvian plant genus names, the first constituent is a proper noun (Lithuanian Jonas, Latvian Jānis, Māra), while the second constituent denotes a plant of some kind (papartis, usnis, smilga, etc.). 3. Fifteen Lithuanian compounds formed from an adjective and a noun were found, compared with 52 Latvian ones. Lithuanian and Latvian compounds of this type have little in common; their first constituent most often denotes the plant’s color: Lithuanian baltas, juodas, žilas; Latvian balts ‘white’, melns ‘black’, brūns ‘brown’, zaļš ‘green’, zils ‘blue’, sārts ‘bright red’. 4. Both languages have word-formation paradigms consisting of two nouns or of an adjective and a noun. In compounds formed from two nouns, the first constituent of the Lithuanian and Latvian compound, which is Terminologija | 2010 | 17 65 a general word-formation pattern, most often consisting of an animal’s name (Lith. katė – Latv. kaķis, Lith. šuo – Latv. suns, Lith. pelė – Latv. pele, Lith. ožka – Latv. kaza, Lith. varna – Latv. vārna, etc.). More word-formation patterns made up of an adjective and a noun were found in the analysis of Latvian plant genus names. 5. In the Flora, 2 Lithuanian and 5 Latvian plant genus names are listed whose first constituent is a numeral and whose second is a noun. 6. Ten Lithuanian plant genus names are formed from a noun and a verb. This type of compound is not characteristic of Latvian plant genus names. 7. As the material in the Flora shows, compounding is a less productive word-formation method in Lithuanian botanical nomenclature than in Latvian botanical nomenclature—this accords with the word-formation tendencies of terms in both Lithuanian and Latvian. ŠALTINIAI Flora – Flora of the Baltic Countries. Ompendium of Vascular Plants/Editors: L. Lasimer, V. Kuusk, L. Tabaka, A. Lekavičius, Tartu, 1993–2003. LITERATŪRA Būga K. 1958: Dvikamieniai sudėtiniai daiktavardžiai galūnėmis -as ir -a vienaskaitos vardininke. – Rinktiniai raštai I, Vilnius, 207–227. Bušs O. 2008: Dažas mūsdienu salikteņdarināšanas iezīmes. – No ģermānismiem līdz superlatīvam, Rīga, 255–258. Ēdelmane I. 1978: Augu nosaukumu darināšanas veidi latviešu valodā. – Latviešu valodas kultūras jautājumi 14, Rīga, 97–103. Gaivenis K. 1985: Lietuvos augalų genčių ir rūšių pavadinimai. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai. Mokslo kalbos kultūros ir terminologijos problemos 24, Vilnius, 165–178. Gaivenis K. 2002: Lietuvių terminologija: teorijos ir tvarkybos metmenys, Vilnius. Kabelka J. 1969: Latvių kalba. I sąsiuvinis. Mokymo priemonė, Vilnius. Karulis K. 2001: Latviešu etimoloģijas vārdnīca, Rīga. Keinys St. 2005: Dabartinė lietuvių terminologija, Vilnius. Kvašytė R. 2005: Mokomasis terminologijos žodynėlis, Šiauliai. MLLVG 1959: Mūsdienu latviešu literārās valodas gramatika I, Rīga. Piete L. 2008: Pārmaiņas botānikas terminu darināšanā 19. gs. beigų un 20. gs. publikācijās. – Letonikas otrais kongress. Valodniecības raksti – 2, Rīga, 46–55. Skujiņa V. 2002: Latviešu terminoloģijas izstrādes principi, Rīga. Urbutis V. 2009: Žodžių darybos teorija, Vilnius. PECULIARITIES OF COMPOUND PLANT GENERA NAMES’ FORMATION IN LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN LANGUAGES Three volume publication Flora of the Baltic Countries (1993–2003), published in Tartu, describes plants, growing in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia – cryptogams and phanerogams (excluding the moss). This article aims to explore compound plant genera names in Lithuanian and Latvian languages according to their word formation 66 S. Labanauskienė | Sudurtinių lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų... type, to compare Lithuanian and Latvian compounds and to determine their common traits and differences. The study includes 118 Lithuanian and 209 Latvian compound plant genera names as the object of research. All compound words, except one Latvian compound word deviņvīruspēks, are composed of two components. There are six types of compound plant genera names in Lithuanian and Latvian languages, in accordance with the part of speech of their first and second component: 1) compound words with substantive components, 2) compound words with adjective and noun, 3) compound words with noun and adjective, 4) compound words with numeral and noun, 5) compound words with adverb and noun, 6) compound words with noun and verb. Compound words with two substantive components constitute the largest group of plant genera names in Lithuanian and Latvian languages. Plant genera names of this type in Lithuanian and Latvian languages often have the second common component – Lith. žolė and Latv. zāle (grass). Compound words that consist of the first adjectival component and the second substantive component constitute the second largest group of compounds. Lithuanian and Latvian compounds of this type don’t have many similarities. First component quite often means colour: Lith. baltas (white), juodas (black), žilas (grey, white), Latv. balts (white), melns (black), brūns (brown), zaļš (green), zils (blue), sārts (scarlet). Most word formation processes are very similar in both languages, where compound is made up of two nouns. The first component of compound in Lithuanian and Latvian which is found in a few compounds usually contains the name of an animal (Lith. katė – Latv. kaķis (cat), Lith. šuo – Latv. suns (dog), Lith. pelė – Latv. pele (mouse), Lith. ožka – Latv. kaza (goat), Lith. varna – Latv. vārna (crow), etc.). Compound words that contain an adjective and a noun are particularly characteristic for Latvian plant genera names. Lithuanian and Latvian plant names formed from a numeral and noun are rare. Adverb-noun compounds are comparatively rare in Lithuanian botany nomenclature. Compound words composed of a noun and adjective and noun-verb compounds are untypical for plant genera names in Latvian language. Research into plant genera names in Flora of the Baltic Countries leads to the conclusion that compounding is less productive word-formation strategy in Lithuanian botany nomenclature than in Latvian and it corresponds to the tendencies of term formation in both Lithuanian and Latvian languages. Gauta 2010-11-12 Solvita Labanauskienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] Terminologija | 2010 | 17 67