Petro Vileišio aritmetikos vadovėlio „Keturi svarbiausiejie veikalai aritmētikos“ terminai

Terms in Petro Vileišis’s arithmetic textbook Keturi svarbiausieji veikalai aritmetikos DIANA ŠILOBRITAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEYWORDS: mathematical terminology, origins of mathematical terms, formation of mathematical terms On the 160th anniversary of Petro Vileišis’s birth Petras Vileišis (1851–1926) – lietuvių visuomenės veikėjas, prisidėjęs prie draudžiamosios lietuviškos spaudos leidimo ir platinimo. Jis parašė ar išvertė nemažai mokslo populiarinimo knygelių (apie 100) ir aritmetikos, fizikos, geometrijos, istorijos vadovėlių. P. Vileišis buvo atkaklus kovotojas už lietuviškos spaudos laisvę ir prisidėjo prie įvairių sričių, tarp jų ir matematikos, terminijos kūrimo. Jo Rinktinių raštų pratarmėje rašoma, kad „Jis dirbo didžiulį šviečiamąjį darbą – savo triūsu ir 154 D. Šilobritaitė | Petro Vileišio aritmetikos vadovėlio Keturi svarbiausieji veikalai aritmetikos terminai provided his compatriots with a universal popular library at his own expense and fostered the beginnings of national entrepreneurship. P. Vileišis was a patron of Lithuanian cultural activity who revived Lithuanian identity in Vilnius and turned the city into a center of Lithuanian identity. He was also the originator, publisher, and editor of the first Lithuanian daily newspaper, Vilniaus žinios” (Vileišis 2004: 11). In 1886, P. Vileišis’s (who signed under the pseudonym Petras Nėris) Keturi svarbiausieji veikalai aritmetikos appeared in Tilsit—a short arithmetic textbook (50 pages). According to the mathematician Petras Rumšas, P. Vileišis created original and interesting arithmetic terms when writing this textbook (Rumšas 1978: 58). It should be noted that this was the second printed Lithuanian work on arithmetic. The first printed Lithuanian arithmetic problem book, Užduotinas, tai ira Rankius užduocziu Aritmetikos arba Rokundos mokslo, was published in Tilsit in 1885. It was a problem book by Jonas Spudulis (1860–1920), a prominent Lithuanian public figure of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and a “self-taught physician and linguist” (Sabaliauskas 1979: 177). A copy of the manuscript of this problem book is held at the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (Aritmetikos uždavinynas iš kurio mokė kunigas Katelė. Gauta pas Paliepio gyventoją Šinkūnienę) (for further discussion, see Šilobritaitė 2009: 186–197). P. Vileišis’s textbook under consideration not only presents exercises, as J. Spudulis’s problem book does, but also explains some arithmetic terms, for example: Sumetimu1 (“addition”) is the method by which, from several numbers of the same kind, one obtains a number called the sum, which contains as many units as there were in all the numbers being added2 Vlš 10; Atitraukimas (“subtraction”) is an operation by which, knowing the sum of two numbers of the same kind and one of those numbers, one seeks the other Vlš 16. It is important to note that the textbook gives definitions of mathematics and two of its branches: Mathematics is the science whose purpose is measuring and comparing quantities with one another Vlš 3; Arithmetic is the science of numbers Vlš 4; Numeration is the science of pronouncing and writing all kinds of numbers Vlš 4. The aim of this article is to examine the origins, methods and means of formation, and synonymous expression of the arithmetic terms used in P. Vileišis’s textbook. Approximately 150 terms were collected for the study. 1 The meaning of the term given in quotation marks was determined by the author of the article. 2 Examples are presented in their authentic form. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 155 1. ONE-WORD TERMS P. Vileišis’s textbook contains 62 one-word terms (42.2% of all the terms found). In terms of origin, they are divided into terms of Lithuanian origin, non-Lithuanian origin, and hybrid terms. 1.1. Origin of one-word terms 1.1.1. TERMS OF LITHUANIAN ORIGIN Most (47 terms, i.e., 75.8% of the one-word mathematical terms found in the textbook) are of Lithuanian origin, for example: apskriedimas “definition” Vlš 10, derėjimas: Tas visas vienok galima parašyti pasigaunant minėtomis rokūtinėmis ir atsimenant ant szių trijų derėjimu Vlš 7, dalis: Aiszku, jog skaitlei sumetami pažymėti, budami ne kuriomis dalimis jieszkomosios sumos, tur būti ir tos paczios veislės, nės dalis visuomet yra tos paczios gymės, kaip ir labas, prie kurio ji prigul Vlš 10, daugumas: Daugumu vadinasi kožnas didumas, galimas būti padalytas į keliatą daliu Vlš 3, didumas: Del nusklempimo didumo nekurio daugumo reikia jį palyginti su kitu tos paczios veislės daugumu, kurio didumas per visus yra nutartas ir kurs vienybe vadinasi Vlš 3, gymė: Skaitlius paeina nū susidėjimo vienybiu, arba ju daliu, ir tai vienos ir paczios gymės Vlš 4, įpatybė: Tas atsitikimas atsiremia ant szių įpatybiu: 1. Liekana pasididina ant nekurio daugumo, padidinant didesnį skaitlių ant to paties daugumo, ir atliekant skaitlių mažesnį be atmainos Vlš 18, lavinimas “exercise” Vlš 10, palyginimas “comparison” Vlš 3, parodymas: Parodymu vadina išteisinimą nekurios apreiškztos teisybės Vlš 14, pasigavimas: pasigavimas sumetimo; pasigavimas atitraukimo; pasigavimas padauginimo Vlš 46, priegimtis: Kožnoje rokund oje isz pradžios yra žinoma priegimtis jieszkomojo labo, reikia tiktai jo skaitlių atrasti <...> Vlš 4, rėžis: Rėžiu vadiname kožną susidėjimą vienybiu, deszimcziu ir suimtu paskui sekancziu Vlš 7, rodyklė: Yra nutarta rasyti tiktai vieną isz lygiu vaisiaus dirbėju, statant virszumi jo truputį į deszinę pusę smulkią rokūtinę, rodykle vadinamą, kuri rodo skaitlių lygiu dirbėju, arba žingi jieszkomosios galybės Vlš 32, skyrius: Yra du skyrei vienybiu: vienybė veislinė, kaip tai: vienas žmogus, ir vienybė matematikine Vlš 3, svarbumas: Drauge su tūmi kaip kuri norint isz sziu rokūtin iu persikelia per vieną eilę į kairę pusę, ji aptur svarbumą deszimtį kartu didesnį Vlš 7, teisybė: Parodymu vadina išteisinimą nekurios apreiškztos teisybės Vlš 14, veislė: Vienybė tada yra nutartas ir neatsimainąs daugumas pasi- 156 D. Šilobritaitė Petro Vileišio aritmetikos vadovėlio Keturi svarbiausieji veikalai aritmetikos terminai gaunąs dėl mėravimo daugumu tos pačios veislės Vlš 3, žingis: Iš teisybės, dėl apturėjimo galybės nekurio žingio dúto skaitliaus užtenka szį skaitlių padauginti per jį patį tiek kartu, kiek yra vienybiu be vienos žingyje galybės Vlš 32, žymė “sign” Vlš 11. Most of the Lithuanian-origin terms in the source under discussion are no longer used in mathematics, or they have a different meaning. P. Vileišis used the term veikalas Vlš 14 for the mathematical concept veiksmas “basic mathematical operation.” Išzteisinimu nekurio veíkalo vadina kitą veikalą, kuriúmi pasigauna dėl atradimo, ar labas dútas per pirmutinį veikalą yra kitoks Vlš 14. Incidentally, the author of the first Lithuanian mathematics problem book, J. Spudulis, designated this concept with the term veikmė. It should be noted that all the names of the basic arithmetic operations given in P. Vileišis’s textbook are now obsolete: sumetimas “addition” Vlš 4, atitraukimas “subtraction” Vlš 4, padauginimas “multiplication” Vlš 4, dalijimas “division” Vlš 4. In the aforementioned problem book by J. Spudulis, the names of the operations are designated respectively by the terms sudėjimas, atėmimas, dauginimas, dalijimas. According to mathematician Zigmas Žemaitis, “in other languages, the name of the mathematical operation itself is usually not distinguished from the name of the process of carrying it out in practice, whereas logically they ought to be distinguished. Therefore, it was later agreed to call the operations sudėtis, atimtis, daugyba, dalyba, while the terms previously used, dauginimas, dalijimas, were retained to denote the carrying out of operations (e.g., trupmeninių skaičių dauginimas)” (Žemaitis 1966: 196). It should be mentioned that the Lithuanian terms naming the numbers on which arithmetic operations are performed also did not enter usage: liekana “difference” Vlš 16, padalys “dividend” Vlš 35, dal ytojas “divisor” Vlš 35, padalė “quotient” Vlš 35, padaugintinis “multiplicand” Vlš 22, padaugintojas “multiplier” Vlš 22, vaisius “product” Vlš 223. The term labas Vlš 5 is also noteworthy; it did not take hold with the meaning of the result of an arithmetic operation: Labas deszimties deszimcziu tapė pavadintas szimtu Vlš 5. Pagal tą, kas pasakyta, galima sumesti sieksnius su sieksneis, svarus su svarais, etc., norint apturėti labą pažymėtą; bet nėra galima sumesti rublius su úlektėmis, stalus su namais, etc., jeigut mes tiktai neįsieszkosime labo bevardžio Vlš 10–11. The term labas is not recorded in this sense either in LKŽe or in contemporary mathematical works. 3 Two-word terms also did not survive: didesnis skaitlius “minuend” Vlš 16, mažesnis skaitlius “subtrahend” Vlš 16, sumetamas skaitlius “addend” Vlš 11. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 157 The term ištaisininimas Vlš 14 is also not used in mathematical terminology; in the source examined, it denotes checking the performance of the basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division). Other obsolete arithmetic terms include, for example: dirbėjas4: The number resulting from multiplying two factors is equal to the sum of those factors, or that sum minus one unit Vlš 32, galybė “power”: The power of a certain number is called the product of multiplying that number by itself several times Vlš 32, kertūtis “square” (the second power of a number): The power of 2 degrees is called a square <…>. Vlš 32, sanarys “term”: The greater number and the lesser number are called the two terms of the remainder Vlš 16, vienybė “unit”: There are two kinds of units: a concrete unit, as in one person, and a mathematical unit, as in one fathom Vlš 3. 1.1.2. TERMS OF NON-LITHUANIAN ORIGIN Few terms of non-Lithuanian origin were found in the textbook (13 terms, i.e., 21% of all the one-word terms identified). Some of them are no longer used in mathematical terminology. These are borrowings from Slavic languages5: ližma “number” Vlš 6, mėris “measure” Vlš 3, and rokunda “calculation” Vlš 4. The international terms aritmētika Vlš 4, klasa Vlš 6, kubas Vlš 32, lyni-ja Vlš 12, matēmātika Vlš 3, minus Vlš 16, numeracija Vlš 4, plius Vlš 11, suma Vlš 10, and teorēma Vlš 28 are still in use today (only the spelling of some terms differs). 1.1.3. HYBRID TERMS Two hybrid terms were found in the source under discussion (a Lithuanian suffix added to a non-Lithuanian term stem): mėravimas Vlš 3, rokūtinė6 Vlš 7. They make up 3.2% of all the one-word terms identified. According to P. Rumšas, the term rokūtinė is the oldest term used to denote the concept “digit.” This term occurs in J. Veisas’s primer and in the dictionaries of P. Ruigys, K. Milkus, and F. G. H. Nesselmanno (see Rumšas 1978: 54 for more). Only arithmetic textbooks published in 1915–1916 contain the term skaitmuo, which was judged preferable to the other terms for expressing this concept (Rumšas 1979: 54). 4 Dirbėjais P. Vileišis calls the multiplicand “the number to be multiplied” and the multiplier “the number by which it is multiplied.” 5 The etymology of terms is determined with reference to LKŽe and E. Fraenkel’s dictionaries. 6 The textbook also uses a variant of this term, rakūtinė Vlš 32. 158 D. Šilobritaitė Petro Vileišio aritmetikos vadovėlio Keturi svarbiausieji veikalai aritmetikos terminai 1.2. Formation of One-Word Terms One-word mathematical terms used in P. Vileišis’s textbook are divided into primary and secondary terms. 1.2.1. PRIMARY WORDS Only two one-word mathematical terms formed from primary words were found (they make up only 4.1% of the one-word terms found)7: labas Vlš 5 and spūgas Vlš 22. P. Vileišis used the term spūgas for the multiplication sign: To indicate the multiplication of two numbers, we write the multiplier to the right of the multiplicand and separate them with a horizontal cross (X), or a dot (.) Vlš 22. 1.2.2. SECONDARY WORDS Most of the mathematical terms found are derived forms8 (95.9% of the one-word terms found). They are divided into prefix-derived words, suffix-derived words, and compounds. 1.2.2.1. Suffix-derived words. P. Vileišis’s textbook contains mostly verbal abstracts with the suffixes -imas (-ymas): apskréidimas Vlš 10, atitraukimas Vlš 4, dalijimas Vlš 4, derėjimas Vlš 7, išteisininimas Vlš 14, lavinimas Vlš 10, mėravimas Vlš 3, padauginimas Vlš 4, palyginimas Vlš 3, parodymas Vlš 14, pasigavimas Vlš 46, pažymėjimas Vlš 3, skaitliavimas Vlš 4, sudėjimas9 Vlš 3, sumetimas Vlš 4. A slightly smaller number of suffix-derived terms are formed with other suffixes: -umas: daugumas Vlš 3, didumas Vlš 3, ilgumas Vlš 15, svarbumas Vlš 7 (these terms are derived from nominal words and denote qualities); -ybė: galybė Vlš 32, įpatybė Vlš 18, lygybė Vlš 11, teisybė Vlš 14, vienybė Vlš 3; -uotis: kertūtis Vlš 32; -tis: priegtimtis Vlš 4; -tojas: dalytojas Vlš 35, padaugintojas Vlš 22. It should be noted that P. Vileišis uses derivatives with the suffix -tojas not for persons, but to name the numbers on which mathematical operations are performed. Only one example was found for each of the other suffixes: -alas: veikalas Vlš 14; -ana: liekana Vlš 16; -ėjas: dirbėjas Vlš 22; -yklė: rodyklė Vlš 32; -lė: veislė Vlš 3; -tinė: rokūtinė Vlš 7; -tinis: padaugintinis Vlš 22. 7 Terms of non-Lithuanian origin are not included in this number. 8The methods and means of term formation are determined with reference to the works of S. Ambrazas (1993; 2000), St. Keinys (1999; 2005), P. Skardžius (1943), and V. Urbutis (2009). 9Addition P. Vileišis names addition and multiplication: for the addition of numbers, two methods are used: combining and multiplying Vlš 4. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 159 A derivative with the suffix -lius, skaitlius “number,” Vlš 3, deserves separate mention. It became established around the middle of the 19th century, although it is already found in 16th-century Lithuanian writings (Mažvydas’s catechism, the Wolfenbüttel Postil, Vilentas’s Gospels, and Bretkūnas’s Bible and Postil) (Rumšas 1978: 52–54). It is important to note that the current term skaičius is found in primers from the beginning of the 19th century, but was later abandoned. In Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryboje, P. Skardžius writes that skaitlius is characteristic of Samogitians and Lithuanians of East Prussia, while Aukštaitians generally used the term skaičius (Skardžius 1943: 170). In mathematics textbooks published from 1906 onward, the term skaitlius was replaced by skaičius, although the term skaitmuo also occurs, albeit rarely, in the periodical press of the time. 1.2.2.2. Suffixal derivatives. P. Vileišis’s textbook also contains derivatives formed with endings: -is (-ys): dalis Vlš 10, padalys Vlš 35, rėžis Vlš 7, sąnarys Vlš 11, žingis Vlš 32; -ė: gymė Vlš 4, padalė Vlš 35, žymė Vlš 11; -(i)us: skyrius Vlš 3, vaisius Vlš 22. All these ending-derived forms are formed from verbs. 1.2.2.3. Compounds. Only one compound was found in the textbook, stalveikslis Vlš 50: Virszumi padėtas stalveikslis užtur savępi vaisius vienos rokūtinės Vlš 50. This term is not recorded in LKŽe; one can only speculate that it might mean “table” (cf. stalveikslis padauginimo “multiplication table,” Vlš 50 (see figure)). Fig. Multiplication table 160 D. Šilobritaitė │ Petro Vileišio aritmetikos vadovėlio Keturi svarbiausieji veikalai aritmetikos terminai 2. COMPOUND TERMS The compound terms found in P. Vileišis’s textbook are divided into two-word and three-word terms. They account for 57.8% of all the terms found. 2.1. Two-word terms In this article, two-word terms are classified by form into adjective-noun combinations with agreeing and non-agreeing modifiers. Most consist of two elements of Lithuanian origin. Only a few two-word terms were found in which one element is of non-Lithuanian origin: apturėjimas sumos Vlš 11, czelas skaitlius Vlš 11, gulsčias kryžius Vlš 22, rokūtinė svarbi Vlš 7, skaitlius czelas Vlš 5, status kryžius Vlš 11, vardas klasos Vlš, vienybė matematikinė Vlš 3. The agreeing-modifier combinations used in the textbook are of two types. One group consists of terms in which the agreeing modifier precedes the term’s head element, while the other comprises terms in which the modifier follows the head element. In the textbook, agreeing modifiers preceding the modified word are expressed by adjectives (bevardė padalė Vlš 36, dalinis padalys Vlš 40, didesnis skaitlius Vlš 16, mažesnis skaitlius Vlš 16, pirmutinis skaitlius Vlš 5, prasta vienybė Vlš 26, visūmetinis svarbumas Vlš 7) and active or passive participles (apreikšta teisybė Vlš 14, atsakanti rokūtinė Vlš 8, atsimainantis svarbumas Vlš 7, neatsimainantis svarbumas Vlš 7, neatsimainąs daugumas Vlš 3, nutartas daugumas Vlš 3). It is important to note that P. Vileišis’s textbook also uses pronominal forms of modifiers (adjectives and participles): augščiausiasis režis Vlš 8, jieszkomaſis labas Vlš 12, jieszkomaſis skaitlius Vlš 16, jieszkomaſis vaisius Vlš 24, norimasis labas Vlš 4, padūtas skaitlius Vlš 4, sumestieji skaitlei Vlš 20, sumetamasis skaitlius Vlš 11. A fairly large group consists of two-word terms whose agreeing modifier follows the modified element. The modifiers in these terms are likewise expressed by adjectives (dalijimas paprastinis Vlš 41, labas bevardis Vlš 11, padalė teisinga Vlš 41, skaitlius bevardis Vlš 4, skaitlius dalinis Vlš 3, vaisius dalinis Vlš 27, vaisius visūtinas Vlš 27, vienybė veislinė Vlš 3) and passive participles (labas pažymėtas Vlš 10, skaitliavimas kalbėtas Vlš 5, skaitliavimas raszytas Vlš 6, skaitlius maiszytas Vlš 3, skaitlius pažymėtas Vlš 4). Almost all non-agreeing modifiers are expressed by the genitive singular or plural. Most such terms use a word order that is unusual today: augimas skaitliu Vlš 4, izsguldymas režo Vlš 7, izstarimas Terminologija | 2011 | 18 161 number Vlš 9, abbreviation of magnitude Vlš 3, comparison by multiplicity Vlš 3, taking away by subtraction Vlš 46, taking away by division Vlš 47, taking away by multiplication Vlš 46, taking away by addition Vlš 46, adding unity Vlš 4, component of the dividend Vlš 35, unit digit Vlš 3, multiplication table Vlš 50, addition of units Vlš 4, kind of dividend Vlš 35, subtraction sign Vlš 16, division sign Vlš 35, equality sign Vlš 11, multiplication sign Vlš 22, addition sign Vlš 11, power step Vlš 32. Worth noting is the two-word term with a prepositional non-agreeing modifier be – rokūtinė be svarbumo “zero” Vlš 7. The textbook also contains two-word terms with non-agreeing modifiers in the usual form, in which the modifier precedes the modified word: skaitliu izskirimas Vlš 4, skaitliu kilimas Vlš 4, skaitliu sumetimas Vlš 4, skaitliaus skyrei Vlš 3. 2.2. Three-word terms All the components of three-word arithmetic terms are of Lithuanian origin, and almost all are formed with the term vienybė (which names classes of units). The head component of these terms has a non-agreeing modifier together with its agreeing modifier, both of which follow the head component: vienybė antros eilės Vlš 5, vienybė asžuntos eilės Vlš 6, vienybė deszimtos eilės Vlš 6, vienybė devintos eilės Vlš 6, vienybė dvyliktos eilės Vlš 6, vienybė ketvirtos eilės Vlš 6, vienybė penktos eilės Vlš 6, vienybė pirmutinės eilės Vlš 5, vienybė septintos eilės Vlš 6, vienybė szestos eilės Vlš 6, vienybė trecziosios eilės Vlš 5, vienybė vienuoliktos eilės Vlš 6. Other three-word terms of this type are prigimtis jieszkomojo labo Vlš 4, vaisius keliato dirbėjų Vlš 28. The terms antras sąnarys lygybės Vlš 11 and pirmutinis sąnarys lygybės Vlš 11 are expressed differently—with an agreeing and a non-agreeing modifier. It should also be noted that the word order in these two terms is unusual. The textbook contains a three-word term whose modified word has two agreeing modifiers: du rūžai lygatstogei Vlš 11. 3. SYNONYMOUS EXPRESSION OF TERMS There are few instances of synonymous expression in P. Vileišis’s textbook. Synonyms are written in parentheses, joined by a comma or by the conjunction or. The following two-member synonym series were found (minus (less) Vlš 16, constant or continuous quantity Vlš 7, ordinary unity or unity of the first order Vlš 5, origin, or kind Vlš 36, counting (numeration) Vlš 4, upright cross, plus Vlš 11) and a three-member synonym series (zero without significance, or zero (zero) Vlš 7). 162 D. Šilobritaitė Petro Vileišio aritmetikos vadovėlio Keturi svarbiausieji veikalai aritmetikos terminai CONCLUSIONS Petras Vileišis was a prominent Lithuanian public figure who contributed to the development of terminology in various fields, including mathematics. His textbook Keturi svarbiausiejie veikalai aritmētikos (1886) is important and interesting for the history of terminology, as it is one of the first printed Lithuanian arithmetic textbooks, and the author therefore had to coin many new terms. It is important that the author provides definitions of some mathematical terms in the textbook. A characteristic feature of the textbook under study is its use of Lithuanian terminology. Single-word terms of Lithuanian origin that serve as the basis for compound terms account for as much as 75.8% of all terms identified. Most of these terms are no longer used in arithmetic today, for example: išteisininimas, padaugintinis, vaisius. Terms of non-Lithuanian origin account for 21%, and hybrid terms for 3.2%. Only 2 (4.1%) single-word terms functioning as primary words were found in the textbook: labas, spūgas. Derived words (formed with suffixes or endings, and one compound) make up the vast majority of secondary words—95.9% of all single-word terms. Suffixal derivatives predominate; the largest group consists of derivatives with the suffix -imas (-ymas). A somewhat smaller number of suffixal derivatives are terms formed with other suffixes: -umas, -ybė, -uotis, -tis, -tojas, -alas, -ana, -ėjas, -yklė, -lė, -tinė, -tinis. Ending-based derivatives are formed with the endings -is (-ys), -ė, -(i)us. In P. Vileišis’s textbook, compound terms account for 57.8% of all terms identified. These are two-word and three-word terms that can be classified as phrases with agreeing or non-agreeing attributes. Most of the terms examined are recorded in the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, but some terms or meanings are not included in that dictionary, for example: stalveikslis, padaugintinis, labas. PRIMARY SOURCE Vlš – P. Vileišis Keturi svarbiausiejie veikalai aritmētikos (written by Petro Nėris), Tilžė, 1886. LITERATURE AND ADDITIONAL SOURCES Ambrazas S. 1993: Daiktavardžių darybos raida, Vilnius. Ambrazas S. 2000: Daiktavardžių darybos raida II, Vilnius. Fraenkel E. 1955: Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 1. A – priviekuoti, Heidelberg. Fraenkel E. 1962: Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 2. Privykėti – žvolgai, Göttingen. Keinys St. 1999: Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius. Keinys St. 2005: Dabartinė lietuvių terminologija, Vilnius. LKŽe: Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (electronic edition), Vilnius. Rumšas P. 1978: Lietuvių aritmetikos terminai XIX amžiuje. – Kalbotyra XXIX(1), 52–60. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 163 Rumsas P. 1979: Prie matematikos terminijos ištakų. – Zigmas Žemaitis, 52–58, Vilnius. Sabaliauskas A. 1979: Lietuvių kalbos tyrinėjimo istorija, Vilnius. Skardžius P. 1943: Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius. Urbutis V. 2009: Žodžių darybos teorija, Vilnius. Šilobritaitė 2009: Pirmojo lietuviško aritmetikos uždavinyno terminai. – Terminologija 16, 186–197. Vileišis P. 2004: Rinktiniai raštai, Vilnius. Žemaitis Z. 1966: Lietuviškos matematinės terminologijos istorijai. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 8, 195–201. TERMS OF PETRAS VILEIŠIS’ TEXTBOOK OF ARITHMETICS Petras Vileišis was a famous Lithuanian public figure who made a significant contribution to the creation of Lithuanian terminology of various fields, including mathematics. His textbook Keturi svarbiausieji veikalai aritmetikos (Four main arithmetical operations) (1886) is important for the history of terminology, because it was one of the first published textbook of arithmetics and its author had to create some new terms. It is also important that in this textbook Vileišis presented definitions of some terms of mathematics. The characteristic feature of this textbook is the abundance of Lithuanian terms. One-word terms of the Lithuanian origin, which are the main element of complex terms, make up 75.8% of all terms found. The majority of these terms are no longer used. Only three terms took root in the usage. Terms of non-Lithuanian origin make up 21%, hybrid terms – 3.2%. There are only two one-word terms which are not formations – labas (result) and spūgas (multiplication sign). The absolute majority (95.9%) of one-word terms are formations (suffixal or ending derivatives and one compound). Suffixal derivatives are most common. Among them, the largest group comprises derivatives with the suffix -imas (-ymas), -umas, -ybė, -uotis, -tis, -tojas, -alas, -ana, -ėjas, -yklė, -lė, -tinė and -tinis. The others are less frequent. Ending derivatives are formed with the endings -is (-ys), -ė and -(i)us. Complex terms used in Vileišis’ textbook make up 57.8% of all terms found. They are two- and three-word terms, which can be classified into word-combinations with attributes in concord and with attributes not in concord. The majority of researched terms can be found in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language), but there were some terms or their meanings which were not included, for instance stalveikslis (multiplication table), padaugintinis (multiplicand), labas (result of operation). Received 2011-12-12 Diana Šilobritaitė Lithuanian Language Institute P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius Email [email protected] 164 D. Šilobritaitė Petro Vileišio aritmetikos vadovėlio Keturi svarbiausieji veikalai aritmetikos terminai