Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara

109Terminologija | 2011 | 18 Manuscript Dictionary of Legal Terms (1920) ALVYDAS UMBRASAS esMInIAI žoDZIAI: terminography, legal terms, dictionary of legal terms, manuscript The first dictionary of legal terms in Lithuania was published in 1954 (TŽ), but attempts at legal terminology have been made before. The need for Lithuanian legal terminology in Lithuania arose only in 1918, when the country’s independence was declared and Lithuanian became the state language and the language of law for the first time. Since until then legal affairs were handled in Russian for a long time, the hunger for Lithuanian legal terminology and the legal chaos after the declaration of independence left many Russian laws in force, so buvo neišvengiamas, kartu teko susitaikyti ir su tuo, kad siekiant išvengit was not possible to move away from the Russian language quickly. In order to facilitate the translation of these legal acts into Lithuanian, it was necessary to have a dictionary of legal language. Its preparation took place quite quickly. On November 3, 1919, in the section “Valdžios žinios” of the newspaper Lietuva, it was reported that the Second Department of the Ministry of Justice was preparing for the press “a dictionary of legal terms and words most commonly used by judges, investigators, notaries, etc.” (DJTŽ: 2). These people are invited to respond and send in a relatively short time (by 20 November) “1) a list of terms they already use; 2) a list of terms and phrases in Russian which they need to translate into Lithuanian, and 3) how those terms and phrases should be translated into Lithuanian in their opinion” (ibid.; language not corrected). As can be seen, the aim was to seek the assistance of interested parties and to help them solve their terminological difficulties. The report was signed by the Director of the Department Al. Milchinsky and the manager of affairs Konstantin Jablonsky (son of the famous linguist). It is very likely that the latter person in the ministry was the main editor of the dictionary. 110 A. Umbrasas | Structure of the manuscript dictionary of legal terms (1920) The remaining documents show that the draft dictionary1 was prepared quite quickly – already in the autumn of 1920 the dictionary was sent in separate sheets by the Ministry of Justice to Jan Jablonski for his knowledge (two sheets each sent three times). In the first letter sent together with the dictionary bows (1 September, No. 6257), signed by the Minister of Justice Vincas Karoblis himself, the linguist was asked to indicate, in his opinion, the legal terms that should be translated into Lithuanian but are not in the draft, to submit proposals on how to translate the terms presented in the draft but not translated into Lithuanian and how to express the already translated terms more accurately in Lithuanian. The letter also promises to hold a consultation of lawyers and linguists to finalise the deadlines. Later letters (September 21, No. 6662; October 1, No. 7134), signed by the Director of the First Department, only informed about the sending of bows. It is likely that J. Jablonski was sent the same individual sheets of the dictionary as can be found in the K. Jablonski Fund of the Manuscripts Department of the Vrublevskių Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (F 256-551). The manuscript, entitled Draft Dictionary of Legal Terms and Other Words Required by the Courts, was probably distributed in hectographed form, and more than one copy has survived. The bound dictionary has the lawyer Prof. Dr. Vytautas Andriulis (judging by the initials on the back and the stamp on the front page, the dictionary belonged to Kazis Šalkauskas), two copies (loose bows) – V. Vaidelys. In the copied manuscript, neither the year of preparation nor the author is indicated. The authorship of the dictionary can be determined from the fact that a draft of the dictionary (F 256-550) has survived in K. Jablonski’s manuscripts, as well as finely annoted sheets of various sizes (F 256-546, 547, 552), which show how the dictionary was prepared. It is possible that K. Jablonskis also had helpers, among whom might have been A. Kriščiukaitis, the chairman of the Supreme Tribunal, who at the time took care of the good legal language. Moreover, another variant of the copied manuscript dictionary in question has survived with his grandson V. Vaidelis – the original written by the other hand (handwriting like K. Jablonskis’s). It is not known how this dictionary was discussed at the time2, how it was evaluated (and whether it was evaluated at all) by J. Jablonskis and why it remained unfinished 1 The documents are in the possession of the grandson of the famous lawyer of the time Antanas Kriščiukaitis (Aišbė). Vytautas Vaidelys. These documents and the draft of the dictionary itself were already presented to the readers of Terminology a decade ago (see Umbrasas 2001: 77–80), and some of them are recalled here. 2 The fact that there were considerations or proposals is shown by numerous entries of terms with names in one of the copies in Vaidelio possession; notes are also in the copy of V. Andriulis, but it is not clear when they appeared. 111Terminologija | 2011 | 18 edited and unreleased. Since, as far as we know, this is the first attempt of legal terminology in Lithuania, it is worth considering it in more detail. In this article, the dictionary is mainly looked at from a terminographic point of view – its structure is analyzed. The dictionary was prepared according to the needs of the time, therefore it is translated into Russian and Lithuanian languages. Taking into account the circumstances and duration of the preparation, the project is quite large – 120 pages (slightly larger than A4 format). The structure of the dictionary is mixed – terms (including other lexical and syntactical units) are presented both as nests and as individual articles not included in nests3. Terms in the headings of individual articles and nests are written with capital letter 4, inside the nest – with lowercase. The heading terms are sorted in alphabetical order (although there are some sort inaccuracies), the sorting inside the nests is disorderly (the alphabet is sometimes followed, sometimes not). The material provided is diverse – there are both terms and other words or their combinations that were necessary in the legal language of the time. The grammatical expression of the data also varies – there are nouns, adjectives, verbs and other parts of speech, grammatically different combinations. The diversity is evident from the very beginning of the dictionary (see Figure 1). A little more than half of the Russian dictionary terms are presented one by one in separate articles. There are 2,152 such articles in total. As one might expect, the most common articles are nouns and noun combinations (1640), usually just one Russian noun (1318), e.g.: актъ – act (15); amnesty – amnesty (1); арендаторъ – tenant (2); бабка – grandmother (2); bagaż – luggage, cargo, wagons, cargo items (3); браковщикъ – authenticator (6); firewall – firewall (6); буйство – fighting, fighting (6); substance – dalykas, daiktas (8); blameability – pakaltinamumas (9); vojyk – leader (10); выдѣлъ – separation, allocation of part, separation, use, exclusive (14); высылка – exile (15); граница – border, boundary (18); доверенность – power of attorney (20); decay – senumas (22); The article here is considered a certain lexical or syntactic unit of the Russian language presented in the dictionary with an equivalent or equivalents in the Lithuanian language (an equivalent may not exist; it includes synonyms and other data presented next to it), and the nest is considered a graphically separated combination of two or more articles (the first article is the heading of the nest). In the nest, articles are also usually separated graphically. In other works, nest and article are sometimes identified, e.g. 2005: 21–22. 4 In the article, examples are given in lowercase. 5 The page of the dictionary is indicated in parentheses next to the terms (or next to the slots in the following article), and elsewhere the frequency of the phenomenon, i.e. the number of subjects covered, is indicated. 112 A. Umbrasas | Structure of the Manuscript Dictionary of Legal Terms (1920) kas, iesniedzējs (23); залогодатель – guarantor, pledgeholder (27); malicious – piktadarys (30); искажение – distortion, distortion (33); кварталъ – district (36); kompanon – accomplice (37); konfliktъ – conflict, collision, misunderstanding (38); лечебница – hospital, curehouse (41); любострастiе – passion (42); мошенничество – fraud, deception, deceit (44); dress – skyra (47); nevinnost – innocence (48); о го - воръ – gossip, gossip, slander (56); pari – betting (64); пеня – fine, fine (65); podrostk – adolescent (72); почеркъ – handwriting (77); принужденiе – force, coercion (83); разногласие – disagreement; divergence of opinions (90); резолюцiя – Fig. 1 top of first page of the manuscript dictionary (V. Andriulis’ copy) 113Terminology | 2011 | 18 resolution (93); сводничество – concubinage (96); смута – confusion, rebellion, incitement (99); tetanus – stabas (105); Detective – spy (108); увѣчье – fragility (111); укрывательство – hiding, concealment (112); усмотрѣнiе – judgment, discretion (114); цѣломудрiе – virginity; chastity, shamelessness (117); чертежъ – sketch, drawing (118); юристъ – lawyer (120). The number of compound nouns with two words is significantly lower (302). For example, the following terms are excluded from the slots: авторское право – copyright (1); арестный домъ – areštinė (2); благовидная сдѣлка – decent contract, contract for the eye (5); бредовые идеи – delusional images, delusional thoughts (6); воспитательный домъ – educational home (12); вы ѣздная сессiя – incoming sessions (15); го р н а я п о д ат ь – mining tax, quarry tax (17); длящееся преступленiе – a continuing offence, a continuing offence (19); достаточное основанiе – sufficient grounds (21); завѣщанное имущество – property left by will, estate (25); закрытое засѣдание – closed session (26); изгнанiе плода – expulsion of the embryo, expulsion of the fetus (31); k р ѣ п к и е н а п и т к и: intoxicating beverages (40); недовольство рѣшениемъ – dissatisfaction with the decision (49); manufacturing industry – dirbamoji pramonė (54); o b r o č n a s t a t y ь y – a matter of profit (55); o ch i - стильная присяга – oath of innocence (64); повивальная бабка – receptionist, nurse (68); porѣзанная рана – cut wound (75); просительный пунктъ – the substance of the request (87); распространительное толкованiе – interpretation (92); частичная плата – partial fee (117). There are not many combinations of separately presented nouns with more than one suffix (only 20, of which 17 are three-word, 2 are four-word and 1 is five-word), e.g.: воспитательно-исправительное заведение – educational-disciplinary institution (12); комплектъ присяжныхъ засѣдателей – a full jury (37); н е о т д ѣ л е н н ы е ч л е н ы с е - мьи: unseparated, non-expulsed family members (50); переходъ права собственности – transfer of ownership (67); поглощенiе приговора другимъ приговоромъ – the incorporation of a judgment into another judgment (69); разлученiе отъ стола и ложа – separation of table and bed (90); совершение преступного дѣянiя – the commission of a criminal act (101). 114 A. Umbrasas | Structure of the manuscript dictionary of legal terms (1920) The dictionary of Russian verbs with individual articles contains 227, e.g.: арендовать – rent (2); возмѣщать – compensate (11); вымогать – to force, to bribe, to pull out (14); заприходовать – įrašyruoti – establish (38); нанять – to hire, to tiįpajamas(28); инкриминировать– pakaltinti(33); констатиrent (47); оклеветать – to slander (57); опредѣлять – to mark, to mark out, to define (58); отрицать – to deny, to dispute (62); поощрять – encourage, encourage (68); shame – žeminti (72); препровождать – to send, transport (81); разсрочить – to split into terms, to divide (90); ручаться – guarantee (94); состояться – take place (103); уполномочить – authorize (113); экспроприровать – to expropriate (119). There is also the case of мать должность – to hold a position, a position (27) presented separately; лишить наслѣдства – not to give inheritance (48); осуществлять право – to exercise the right (60); перевершать дѣло – to decide rusiškų veiksmažodžių junginių. Dauguma jų dvižodžiai (26), pvz.: заниthe case, the matter again; to decide the case anew (65); подобрать ключъ – to pick a key (71); exceed the estimate – exceed the estimate (78); учинить платежъ – to make a payment (115), but there are also ones with more elements (8 three-word, 4 four-word and 1 five-word), e.g.: входить съ прошениемъ – to make a request (13); изъять изъ владѣнiя – to take away from control, from possession (32); b) to be referred to the courts (68); п р и с ы - лать отъ себя по вѣ рного – to send a representative, a lawyer (84); списать со счета – write off from the account, delete from the account (104); укрѣпиться по праву давности владѣнiя – to establish the right of perpetual possession6 (112); устоять на торгахъ – to stand in the auction, to win the auction (114). In total, 266 verbs and their combinations are presented in the dictionary in separate articles. In addition to the verb dictionary, there are also articles for the words signifying a characteristic, which are usually used in terms. There are 229 adjectives and participles in total, e.g.: арендный – rental, renting (2); безграмотный – unable to write correctly (3); беременная – neščia (5); временный – temporary, in the meantime (12); one-time – vieno karto (23); z а р а з и т е л ь - ный – infectious (28); electoral – renkamasis (31); малолѣтнiй – minor, young (42); the supposedly deceased, 6 Should be right. 115Terminology | 2011 | 18 presumed dead (43); наглый – insolent (45); неосновательный – unfounded, unmeasured (50); inherent – neatimamas (50); о б о - юдный – reciprocal, mutual (54); convicted – nusmerktas (60); suspicious – įtartinas (71); подозрѣваемый – suspected (71); правительственный – government, governmental (77); пристрастный – biased (84); present – esąs, dalyvaująs (84); сверхсмѣтный – exceeding the estimate (96); слабоумный – sick-minded, low-minded (98); тождественный – the same, equal (109); холостой – single (117); экстренный – acute, sudden, urgent (119). Only three combinations of adjectives and participles are given: законно-состоявшiйся – legally occurred, done (26); legally entitled to act (32); прикосновенный къ дѣлу – touched by the case (83). These figures do not include adjectives and participles, which are presented in the dictionary only in the noun meaning, i.e. законнуюправоспособностькъсовершенюактовъ – in conjugated form (e.g.: бѣдный – tired, poor man (7); главнокомандующiй – commander-in-chief (16); главноуправляющiй – chief manager (16); глухонѣмой – deaf and dumb (17); завѣдывающiй – supervisor, caretaker, manager (24); заключенный – prisoner, detainee (26); законнорожденный – legal child (26); ком миссiон ныя – commission money, commission fee, brokerage fee (37); кормовые – feed money (39); accused – kaltinamasis (53); subject – valdinys (70); defendant – trial judge (72); служащiй – employee (99); старшiй – senior (105); тяжущiйся – a party to the proceedings (110); умершiй – the dead (113)), although some of them can also be used as adjectives; as well as those that are given in two meanings (e.g.: безвѣстно-от сутствую щiй – missing, naked, unknown where (3); полицейскiй – policeman, policeman (73); пострадавшiй – injured, injured, victim (76); потерпѣвшiй – the victim (77); пропавшiй безъ вѣсти – lost, lost (87)). The latter are also conditionally included in the group of nouns and their compounds. It should be mentioned that the dictionary also contains 12 Russian adverbs in separate articles (вк л ю ч ит е ль н о – in adjective (9); задѣльно – for work (25); заимообразно – to borrow (25); легкомысленно – without thinking, windily (41); forcibly – smurtu, prievarta, varu (47); incommensurable – pernelig (50); openly – atvirai (61); personally – himself (95); s o v e r e m e n t o – laiku (96); 100 mg/dL 116 A. Umbrasas | Structure of the Manuscript Dictionary of Legal Terms (1920) но – secret (97); совокупно – all together (101); устно – orally (114)) and a couple of word constructions (принимая во вниманiе – since (83); собственноручность подписи удостовѣряю – I verify my own handwritten signature (101)). How many and what data are presented in the dictionary one by one in separate articles can be seen in Table 1. Table 1. Po vieną atskirais straipsniais pateikti rusiški terminai ir kiti leksiniai ar sintaksiniai vienetai Žodžių Daiktavar-Veiksmažo-Būdvardžiai, Prie-Kons-Iš viso skaičius džiai ir jų džiai ir jų dalyviai ir jų veikstrukjunginiai junginiai junginiai miai cijos 1 1319 226 229 12 01786 2302 26 1 00329 3 17 8 1 02 28 424 0 0 0 6 51 1 0 002 60 0 1001 Total 1641 265 232 12 2 2152 A relatively small fiber consists of Russian terms presented in individual articles, with synonyms (or terms of very close meaning) or variants (these articles are not included in Table 1) added next to them. There are 17 articles with synonyms. With the exception of the one article with verb combinations (х о д и т ь п о д ѣ л а м ъ, п о с у д а м ъ – to testify in court, to advocate (116)), the other articles contain nouns and their combinations: буреломъ, буреломный лѣсъ – windbreak, cliff (6); valežnik, валежный лѣсъ – a forest (7); fit condition – tinkamumas (17); дарственный актъ, дарственная запись – gift deed, gift letter; gifted deed, gift letter (19); movable property, immovable property – movable property, movable thing (19); заказникъ, заказное мѣсто – reserved place (25); commissariat, commissariat office – komendantūra (37); круговая порука, отвѣтственность – joint responsibility, guarantee of all, responsibility (40); подушный сборъ, подушное – pillow (72); поклажеприниматель, поклажехранитель – pallet acceptor, pallet holder (73); разбирательство, разборъ дѣла – hearing, trial (89); Search and rescue 117Terminologija | 2011 | 18 зыскъ – search, investigation (94); s e m e y s t v o, s e m ь y – šeima (97); формулярный списокъ, формуляръ – service letter (116); черновая, черновка – draft (118). As you can see, synonyms are separated by a comma (the repetitive point of the term is sometimes omitted), otherwise for some reason (perhaps by mistake) only one article is written – крайность – крайняя необходимость – final matter, inevitable matter, necessity (39). The designation of variants is somewhat more problematic. To their group here are included Russian terms with parentheses. It is not always clear whether the parentheses represent an optional point, i.e. the article presents the short and long versions of the term, or whether they provide some explanation of the term. By the way, the allocation of optional term elements and explanatory words also poses difficulties when it is necessary to structure data nowadays by uploading term dictionaries to databases, term banks. Sometimes the best solution is to simply ask the authors of the dictionary for an explanation, because the descriptions of the dictionaries structure often do not reveal all the nuances of the structure. With this in mind (even in the absence of a description of the structure), the articles of the dictionary are not further divided according to the function of the Russian words presented in parentheses and are conditionally assigned to the variants. There are 21 individual articles in total. Only one of them contains verbs (прижить (дѣтей) – to live together (82)), the others contain nouns and their combinations: быкъ (моста) – bridge supports, bridge legs (7); dѣятель (общественный) – a social worker (23); закрытие (дверей) – closure (of the meeting) (26); игра (карточная) – gambling (31); kalancha (пожарная) – fire brigade, fire intelligence (35); prizes (money) – atolygis (45); priest (of a church) – klebonas (48); обозначенiе (цѣны) – (price) label (54); canvas (ground) – pilimas (74); протокъ (воды) – water source (88); рѣзчикъ (печатей) – cutter (94); s i d ė l k a ( p r i b o l j - nomъ) – nurse (97); стороны (въ дѣлѣ) – participants, parties (105); manager (name) – ūkvaizdis (113); font (graphic type) – spaudmens (119); экономiя (помѣщичье) – estate, estates (119). There are four articles with variants that do not have Lithuanian equivalents (empty space left after the hyphen): курьерскiя (лошад и ) (40); обложение (податное) (54); перемѣнныя (лошади)(66);устой(береговой)(114). Almost half of the terms (or other lexical or syntactic units) in the dictionary are presented in nests. There are 749 slots in total, which include 124 A. Umbrasas | The structure of the manuscript Dictionary of Legal Terms (1920) in the Trinariniai lizdai Dictionary is 189. The title article usually provides a single Russian word (167 articles), sometimes a two-word (20) or three-word (2) compound. In the other articles, two-word compounds (265) predominate, and there are also one-word (6), three-word (76), four-word (23), five-word (7) and six-word (1) compounds. Most often, two two-word combinations (1+2+2) are provided next to the title single-word term or other word – this is a typical structure of the trinar nest (90 slots), e.g.: данная – acquired script; / данная крѣпость – affirmative acquired writing; / данное дѣяние – this act (18); дѣйствовать – to work, to have power; / дѣйствующее законодательство – laws in force; existing laws, powerful laws; / дѣйствующая армiя – warring army (23); malicious – piktavalis; / злонамѣрный банкротъ – bankruptcy of malicious intent; / злонамѣренная шайка – gang of evildoers (30); correct – taisyti; / correct position – eiti pareigumą, tarnybą; / исправить актъ – to correct an act (34). Less frequently, two-word and three-word combinations (1+2+3 or 1+3+2) are provided in the slot (33 slots), e.g.: взыскание – penalty, recovery, recovery; / the punishment for poisoning – kuopa; / мѣры взысканiя – punitive measures (8); долгъ – debt, obligation; / человѣкъ долга – the man of duty; / length of мнѣ – my debt, I owe (21); заявлять – to declare, to record; / заявлять искъ – to file a claim, to give a claim; / заявлять свои права – to declare your rights (30); only three-word compounds (1+3+3) (15 slots), e.g.: освидѣтельствованiе – examination, inspection, inspection; / osvidѣтельствованiе мертвого тѣла – examination of a dead body; / актъ освидѣтельствованiя работъ – report on the inspection of works (59); straža – guard; / взять подъ стражу – to arrest; / находится подъ стражею – is in custody (106); two-word and four-word compounds (1+2+4 or 1+4+2) (10 slots), e.g.: doznannie – quota, quotation, quoting; / upon notification – bekvočiant; / doznanie черезъ окольныхъ людей – knowledge, knowledge gained through surrounding people, inhabitants (20); прибавка – supplement (81); / личная прибавка к жалованiю – personal salary supplement; / прибавка жалованiя – salary increase (82). There are also 15 slots, all of which are biwords (2+2+2), e.g.: безденежный вексель – empty bill of exchange; / безденежный документъ – document without money 125Terminology | 2011 | 18 nigas payment; безденежное пользование – free use (3); налагать опеку – to impose guardianship; / налагать наказание – to impose punishment; / наложить печать – to put a stamp, stamps are different, e.g.: вступленiе – joining; / вступленiе третьяго лица въ дѣло – duoti(46). Likę 26 trinariai lizdai pagal dėmenų skaičių didesnių grupių entry of a third party into the case; / вступленiе третьего лица въ права кредитора – the entry of a third party into the rights of a creditor (13); в ы д а т ь – to give, to give up; / выдать за свое – give for your own; / выдать себя за другое лицо – declared himself to be another person (14); pass on – perduoti; / to transfer the case to the competent court – (neišversta); / передать дѣ ло на распоряженiе суда – to refer the case to the court (65); вить дѣло безъ ходденiя – not allow the case; / have a good deхожденiеподѣлу– rūpinimasisbyla,bylosžiūrėjimas; /остан и е – to enter circulation10 (117). Looking at the parts of speech, the most frequently used (83 slots) are nouns and noun combinations (dk+dk+dk), e.g.: бредъ – delusion; бредъ величiя – delusion of greatness, delusion of excellence; bredъ pres lѣdo v анiя – the delusion of persecution (6); pr е дъяв ление – presentation, showing, giving; / предъявленiе иска – the filing of a claim; / вексель с платежомъ по предъяв ленiю – bill of exchange, paid upon demand (80); p р о м ы с л о в ы й й н а - loгъ – business deposit, more expensive; / промышленное свидетельство – business certificate; / commercial animal – verslinis gyvulys (87); явка (въ судъ) – appearance, arrival; / явка (договоровъ) – there is a record; / явка с повинною – coming to confess guilt (120); In addition to nouns, a verb combination (dk+dk+v or dk+v+dk) is sometimes added to the nest (14 nests), e.g.: возобновленiе – renewal11; / возобновить дѣло – to resume a case, to restart a case; / возобновленiе дѣла – reopening of the case (11); гласность – publicity, publicity; / гласность процесса – openness of proceedings, openness of trial; / получить гласность – to become famous, to rise up (17). A relatively considerable fiber (44 articles) consists of noun compound nests, 10 Should be in circulation. There are more instances in the manuscript where e is written as ė instead of e for some reason. Error 11 – There should be an update. 126 A. Umbrasas | Structure of a manuscript dictionary of legal terms (1920) with adjectives or participles (b/d+dk+dk) on the written slot, e.g.: внѣбрачный – unmarried; / внѣбрачный ребенокъ – out-of-wedlock child, out-of-wedlock baby; / внѣбрачное сожительство – cohabitation without marriage (10); imaginary – tariamas; / мнимая смерть – supposed death; / мнимая претензiя – the supposed claim (43); exculpatory – išteisinamas; / оправдательный приговоръ – acquittal; / оправдательный документъ – justifying document (58). There are also 20 nests, which consist only of verbs and their combinations (v+v+v), e.g.: наряжать – to designate; / наряжать комиссию – to appoint a commission; / наряжать на работы – for work, for work (47); повредить – to injure, harm, damage; / повредить здоровье – to damage health; / повредить печать – to break the stamp (69). The other 28 slots cover various combinations of parts of speech. Next to the title noun are given compounds of verbs, adjectives, prepositions, predicative constructions, e.g.: аренда – rent; o t d a v a t ė v ė v ė r e n d u – to rent; s a j u š t i v i v a r e n d u – the lessor (2); власть – power, control; / власть надъ дѣтьми – control over children; / былъ подъ моею властью – was under my authority (9); основание – foundation; / on the basis of that – einant tuo; / на о б щемъ осно в анiи – on ordinary grounds (59); Father... редь – row; / внести дѣло въ очередь – to put a case in a queue; / исключить дѣло изъ очереди – to remove a case from a row (64). There are also similar different slots with heading adjectives or participants, for example: выморочный – outbreak; / выморочное наслѣдство – inheritance of outbreaks; / наслѣдовать по выморочному праву – to inherit the right of the outlaws12 (14); недѣйствительный – non-existent, invalid, untrue; / n e d e j s t v i t e l y n y y d o g o v o v o r ъ – invalid transaction; / признать недействительнымъ – to recognize false, to recognize invalid (49); корыстный – profitable; / корыстное побужденiе – (untranslated); / с корыстною цѣлью – in order to gain (39); genuine – originalinis; / подлинный актъ – the original act, the original of the act; / с подлиннымъ вѣрно – agrees with the original, equals the original (71); тайный – secret; t a y n o – secret; / тайное завѣщанiе – secret will 12 Should be right. 127Terminologija | 2011 | 18 (108). One more structure-wise interesting nest can be mentioned, whose title article contains a verb or adverb, e.g.: заподозрѣвать – to suspect; / заподозрѣвать актъ въ подлинности – to suspect the originality of the act; / заподозренный въ банкрот ствѣ – suspected bankrupt (28); subject to – (untranslated); / подлежитъ удовлетворению – is satisfactory; / подлежитъ болѣе строгой отвѣтственности – is severely punished (71); arbitrarily – sava valia; самовольное поль зова ние нiе правомъ – use of the right13; / самовольное пребывание – unauthorized, unpermitted stay (94). There are significantly fewer quaternary nests in the dictionary under consideration than trinomials – 75. Their heading article usually provides one Russian word (67 slots), there are also 7 slots with two-word heading compounds and 1 with three-word. In the nests the most common are two-word combinations (141), fewer are three-word (56), four-word (17), five-word (2), six-word (2) combinations, 7 single-word terms are also included in the nests. Here are some examples of nests with different number of segments: б р а к ъ – marriage, courtship; / недействительный бракъ – false marriage; / состоять въ бра кѣ – to be married; / дитя, рожденное нѣ брака – child born out of wedlock (6); заводъ – workshop, factory, working device; / горный заводъ – mining plant; / водный заводъ – vodka distillery, vodka brewery; / конскiй заводъ – horse breeding, breeding stable (24); лишенъ законного основанiя – has no legal basis, has no legal basis; / можетъ быть навсегда лишенъ права – can be forever deprived of rights; / лишить ви новного права – to deprive the perpetrator of the right; / лишиться – to lose, to stop, to lose (41); обратить внимание – to draw attention; / обратить взыскание на недвижимость – to recover from real estate; / обратить приговоръ къ испол ненiю – to issue a judgment for enforcement (54); / обратить въ поль зу казны – to take for the benefit of the government (55); свободный – free, loose, performed; / свободное время – spent, predictable time; / free disposition – (neišversta); / часть имущества, находящагося въ свободномъ распоряженiи – Here are some rare examples of a more diverse structure: повинная – statement; / явка с повинною – appearing to plead guilty; / явился с повинною – came to plead guilty (68); / принести повинную – to declare guilty (69); 13 Should be right. 128 A. Umbrasas | Manuscript Dictionary of Legal Terms (1920) structure part of property that can be treated as appropriate (96); скрѣплять – to confirm; / stitch (by printing) – antspauduoti; / скрѣплять (по листамъ) – to mark; / stamped – antspauduotas (98). In the heading articles of the quaternion nests, the most commonly given articles are nouns or their combinations (34 nests), less frequently adjectives, participles or their combinations (22 nests), verbs or their combinations (19 nests). In the non-title articles, nouns and their compounds predominate (141), there are a lot of verbs and their compounds (73), but only a compound of 1 participant. Also included are 4 predicative constructions (e.g., всѣ отвѣчаютъ солидарно (102)), 5 prepositional constructions (e.g., во вредъ правосудию (12)) and 1 compound verb (явочнымъ порядкомъ (120)). Typical articles are threefold: only nouns and their compounds are given (e.g., kamera – room, kamera; / арестантская камера – jail, jailhouse; / судебная камера – courtroom; / обвинительная камера – indictment chamber; камера защиты государства (35)), only verbs and their combinations are provided (e.g. заключать договоръ – to make a deal; / заключать въ тюрьму – put in prison, close prison14; / заключать въ оковы – put in chains, tie; / заключать заемъ – to borrow (26)), the title article is given by an adjective or a participle, and the nest by a combination of nouns (e.g., насильственный – violent; / насильственное дѣйствие – violent act; / насильственное за владѣ нiе недвижимымъ умуществомъ – violent seizure of immovable property; / violent death – (neišversta) (47)). солидарный – united, solidary; / солидарная отвѣтственность – joint and several responsibility; / всѣ отвѣчаютъ солидарно – all answer together; / солидарное поручительство – joint and several guarantee (102); счетъ – account; / на счету долга – on account of debt; in debt – borrowing; on my account – mano galvon (107); яви - ся – to appear; / являться въ судъ – to appear in court; / 14 Should be in prison. 129Terminologija | 2011 | 18 i v i l i s y k o m n ė – I came to you; / я в и т ь с я с ъ п о в и н - ною – came to speak, to confess guilt (120); явочный – recorded; / явочный актъ – a recorded act; / явочный листокъ – a note to be recorded; / явочнымъ порядкомъ – by notification (120). A similar variety of nest structures is maintained in the larger nests, which are 48 in total in the dictionary. Among them, there are mainly pentagonal nests (28), others are more rare: six-sided – 6, seven-sided – 5, eight-sided – 6, ten-sided – 1, ten-sided – 2. Looking at all of them together, it can be seen that the title articles most often contain a single Russian word (41), rarely a two-word (5) or three-word (2) combination. The most frequently drawn to the nests are biword (163), less often triword (53) compounds; There are also four-word (13), five-word (5), six-word (1) combinations, as well as single-word terms or other words (5). In the heading articles of the nests, nouns and their combinations are given more frequently (28), but there are also a lot of adjectives (15), as well as verbs and their combinations (5). The nests themselves are dominated by combinations of nouns and verbs (respectively 189 and 34), with a couple of nouns mentioned (дѣло – case, reikalas (23) nest д ѣ л а – affairs; канцелярскiй – clerical, office (35) in the slot канцелярскiя – clerical money, expenses) and one verb (прекращать – to end (80) in the slot п р е к р а щ а т ь с я – to end). As in smaller nests, there are predicative constructions (7), e.g.: я возбудилъ противъ него дѣло – I brought a case against him (22), пытался на меня – attempted on me (73), срокъ истекъ – the term has passed (104), prepositional constructions (5), e.g.: въ отсутствiи – in absence (63), на пятилѣтнiй срокъ – for a period of five years (104); the noun is given in the verb (надписью – by entering, entering, heading (45)) and the adverb (with the synonym – частью, отчасти – in part (118)). Examples of nests of different sizes and structures can be given: дѣйствiе – action; / оскорбленiе дѣйствiемъ – insult by action; / неправильные дѣйствiя по службѣ – incorrect actions during service; / дѣйствiе закона – the force of the law; / dѣйствiе закона распространяется на Х – the law applies to X; / to bring into effect – (not translated); / вступать въ дѣйствiе – (untranslated) (22); законный – lawful, legal; / законный отецъ – the legal father; / законные дѣти – children of law; / законный наслѣдникъ – legal heir, legal successor; / законный срокъ – statutory term; / legal 130 A. Umbrasas | Structure of the Manuscript Dictionary of Legal Terms (1920) порядокъ – legal, legal path; / законное препятствие – legal obstacle; / законная сила – legal force; / законная сила рѣшенiя – the legal force of a court decision; / законное мѣсто сель – bill of exchange, return bill of exchange; жительство15 – teisėtagyvenamojivieta(26); обратныйвек- / обратная сила закона – reverse force of the law; / обратная от вѣтствен ность – compensatory liability; / обратное требование – a claim for compensation; / право обратного требованiя – the right to demand compensation; / return receipt – (untranslated) (55); leave without consequences – (neišversta); / оставить безъ удовлетворения – to be dissatisfied, to be left dissatisfied, to be left without satisfaction; / оставлять службу – to leave service; / leave for a thing – paliktas daiktas (60); pravo – law; / права со стоя нiя – rights of social status, civil status rights; / собоюправо– pasiliktiteisės,pasilaikytiteisės; /оставленная право застройки – the right to build houses; / права по имуществу – property rights; / право бѣдности – the right of poverty; / право собственности – the right of ownership; / по праву – by law, legally; / быть въ правѣ – to have rights; / считать себя въ правѣ – to consider oneself to have rights (78); слѣдственный – interrogation, questioning; / слѣдственные акты – interrogation acts; / слѣдственная тюрьма – remand prison; / слѣдственное производство – investigative proceedings, investigative case; / слѣдственное дѣйствие – the action of interrogation (99); составъ – composition; / личный составъ учреждения – employees of the institution, composition of employees of the institution; / составъ судей – the composition of judges; / составъ преступленiя, преступного дѣянiя – the essence, the composition of the crime, the criminal act; the criminal object; / за отсутствиемъ состава преступленiя д ѣ л о п р е к е к р а т и т ь – in the absence of the criminal matter to close the case; / химическiй составъ – chemical composition; / в ъ п о л н о м ъ с о - ставѣ – in full, in full composition (103). It can be seen that both structurally and grammatically the vocabulary slots are very heterogeneous. Some of the terms that could be included in the nests are presented in separate articles, and those to be grouped into nests are also selected on more than one basis. Most of the nests (466 out of 749) have the title 15 There should be резиденции. 131Terminologija | 2011 | 18 a noun or its compound is given, but also quite often an adjective, participle, verb (or their compounds) is given as a heading. Such a structure of the dictionary could lead to the repetition of compound terms, but nevertheless in different slots or separately presented articles the terms usually differ, only half a dozen are repeated – 51 Russian terms are presented twice, 2 terms – three times. True, perhaps due to the incompetence or mutual inconsistency of the editors, the articles of two-thirds of the repeated Russian terms have differences. The articles of 20, i.e. about a third, of the repeated Russian terms coincide and are translated the same on different pages: вознаграждение за находку – находки (11, 48); городская управа – city council (17, 113); заслуживающiй снисхожденiя – worthy of mercy (29, 100); личное задержанiе – arrest (25, 41); personal hire – samda (41, 46); наслѣдственная доля – share of the inheritance (21, 48); оптовый подрядчикъ – wholesale contractor (59, 72); to force – prievarta atvesdinti (70, 82); послѣднее слово обвиняемого – the last word of the accused (76, 98); присяжный засѣдатель – sworn judge (29, 85); customs duty – muitas (77, 108); товарищество на паяхъ – shareholders’ company (64, 108); употреблять во зло – piktam vartoti (30, 113). This includes the following cases, which are not essentially different: опровергать возраженiе – to overturn objections (11); 2000-2001 estimates вергать возраженiя – to overthrow objections (59); искать (суд о м ъ ) – to seek through a court16 (33); искать судомъ – to seek through the court (107); тѣлесное повреждение – bodily injury (110); tѣлесное повреждение – bodily injury (69); тяжкое преступленiе – serious crime; sin17 (81); тяжкое преступленiе – serious crime, sin (110). Three terms are repeated but not translated in both places: возражение и опровержение (11, 59), генеральное границеванiе (16, 43); mental разстройство (22, 91). As mentioned above, the data of most articles for repeated Russian terms do not match – most often all Lithuanian equivalents are different, and their number does not necessarily match. There are 17 such terms: возбужденiе судебного преслѣдованiя – initiation of court proceedings (10) plg. возбужденiе судебного преслѣдованiя – initiation of court proceedings (106); доход16 Article removed from the slot искать (на судѣ) – to seek court; (судомъ) seek through the court (30). 17 The semicolon instead of the comma here is apparently written by mistake. 132 A. Umbrasas | Structure of the manuscript dictionary of legal terms (1920) ная статья – subject of profit (22) cf. доходная статья – subject of income (105); злой умыселъ – evil intention, desire (30) plg. злой умыселъ – wiles (113); инвентарная опись – inventory list, inventory; inventory of the composition of assets, description (32) cf. инвентарная опись – i n v e n t o r i a u s a p r a š a s (58); казнить – to punish by killing, to punish by death (35) cf. казнить – to kill (99); канцелярскiй служитель – clerk (35) plg. канцелярскiй служитель – clerk (99); кража со взломомъ – theft by break-in (8) cf. кража со взломомъ – theft by break-in (39) (note also the difference in the Russian prefix); мировая сдѣлка – conciliation agreement, peace treaty (43) plg. мировая сдѣлка – settlement, conciliation, agreement (97); обвинительная камера – accusation chamber; valstybės gynėjo kamera (35) cf. обвинительная камера – accusation chamber, valstybės gynėjo kamera (53); одностороннее обязательство – unilateral obligation (56) plg. одностороннее обязательство – unilateral obligation (57); оскорбленiе святыни – insult of sanctity, desecration (59) cf. оскорбленiе святыни – insult of sanctity (96); охотничiй участокъ – hunting plot, hunted plot (63) in conjunction with охотничiй участокъ – hunting area (115); производить судъ – to do the truth (86) plg. производить судъ – to judge (107); Rural сходъ – vyrija, kaimo sueiga (97) plg. сельскiй сходъ – kaimo vyrija (107); третейская запись – third-party settlement (28) cf. третейская запись – third-party settlement document (109); forensic medical examination – medicinos tyrimo tyrimas (12) plg. forensic medical examination – medicinos tyrimo tyrimas18 lavono piaustymas (106); явка с повинною – coming to plead guilty (68) plg. явка с повинною – coming to plead guilty (120). There are also 13 terms with different number of Lithuanian equivalents in their articles, but at least one corresponds: вѣчное владѣнiе – eternal possession (9) plg. вѣчное владѣнiе – possession forever, eternal possession (16); очень тяжкое тѣлесное повреждение – very serious bodily injury (69, 110) see very тяжкое тѣлесное 18 In the text error – should be investigative. 133Terminologija | 2011 | 18 damage – l a b a i s u n k i k ū n o ž a l a, s u ž a l o j i m a s (110); воинские чины – military ranks (11) plg. воинские чины – military ranks, soldiers (118); докладная записка – reporting note, exposition note (20) cf. докладная записка – reporting note (28); купчая (крѣпость) – purchase agreement (40) plg. купчая крѣпость – purchase agreement; confirmation of purchase agreement (40) (note also the different presentation of Russian terms); обвинительный приговоръ – conviction (53) plg. обвинительный приговоръ – conviction (82); особое мнѣнiе – separate opinion (44) plg. особое мнѣнiе – separate opinion (60); право бѣдности – n e t u r to, the right of incapacity (7) plg. право бѣдности – the right of incapacity (78); привлечь к ответственности – to be called to justice, to be held accountable (61) plg. привлечь к ответственности – to be called to justice, to be held accountable (82); принудительное отчужденiе – forcible expropriation (63) plg. принудительное отчужденiе – forcible takeover, expropriation (83); приспособленiе – tool, device; adjustment; means (84) cf. приспособленiе – adjustment (84); publication of the search – i e š k o m a s i s s k e l b i m a s, s k e l b i m a s s u s e k t i (88) plg. publikacja o syskæ – i e š k o m a s i s s k e l b i m a s (108); тяжкое телесное повреждение – sunkioji kūno žala (69, 110) plg. тяжкое телесное повреждение – serious bodily injury (110). Only one case can be distinguished, where one of the two Lithuanian equivalents presented in different places differs: товарищество на вѣрѣ – в с и т и к и м о ж и б е н д р о в ė, firmos bendrovė (16) plg. товарищество на вѣрѣ – p a s i t i k i m o j i b e n d r o v ė, firmos bendrovė (108). A couple of Russian terms are presented with their equivalents in one place, and without them in another: обратная расписка (55), оставить безъ послѣдствiй (60) is not translated in the pages indicated, but elsewhere it can be found – обратная расписка – return receipt (91), оставить безъ послѣдствiй – leave unsatisfactory (76). The structure of the dictionary shows that searching for terms is inconvenient – the same compound term sometimes has to be searched by different elements. Some species terms may be presented in the nest of the main point, others in the nest of the secondary point, and others separately in alphabetical order. In addition, the heading terms of the slots sometimes also represent composite terms. For example, засѣдание – meeting (29) is presented separately without specific terms, according to the alphabet separately 140 A. Umbrasas | The structure of the manuscript dictionary of legal terms (1920) is numerous – only 53 (some of them have different Lithuanian equivalents). 6.The structure of the dictionary articles, both those included in the nests and those provided separately, is straightforward – the Russian term and its Lithuanian equivalent are separated by a hyphen. The Russian term is rarely attributed to synonyms, and Lithuanian synonymous equivalents are quite common. They are usually separated by commas. Sometimes the articles are used in parentheses. They usually indicate a word or part of a word that can be omitted, show conjugation with a pronoun in brackets, or add a noble ending in brackets, i.e. show conjugation. Some Russian terms (285 articles) have been left untranslated in the draft dictionary, but overall the dictionary data is abundant – nearly 3900 different articles with Lithuanian equivalents are presented. 8.The vocabulary of both macrostructure and microfracture is not well thought out, prepared, apparently, without a clear structure concept. Obviously, this is just a draft, the structure of which would have had to be revised during the press preparation. It is not excluded that the dictionary was not published because of its shortcomings. However, it should be borne in mind that it was prepared at a time when Lithuanian terminology had no traditions and barely showed the first seeds, so it would have been much more important not so much the structural, as the subjective and linguistic arrangement of the data. LITerATŪrA DJTŽ: Del juridinių terminų žodyno. – Lietuva, 1919, lapkričio 3, 2. Jakaitienė E. 2005: Leksikografija, Vilnius. LST ISO 1087-1: 2005 Terminologijosdarbas.Aiškinamasisžodynas. 1 dalis. Teorijairtaikymas(tapatus ISO 1087-1:2000). TŽ: Teisiniųterminųžodynas. Sudarė A. Žiurlys, Vilnius, 1954. Umbrasas A. 2001: Teisės terminijos padėtis Lietuvoje 1918–1940 metais. – Terminologija 8, 76–94. THe sTrUcTUre oF MAnUscrIPT dIcTIonAry oF LAw TerMs (1920) The article deals with the terminographical aspect of the first Lithuanian dictionary of law compiled in Lithuania – manuscript Teisėsterminųirkitųreikalingųteismams žodžiųžodynėlioprojektas(Draft dictionary of law terms and other words necessary for courts) (1920). The dictionary was prepared by the Ministry of Justice; its main compiler was, most likely, Konstantinas Jablonskis. A number of copies of this manuscript were made, therefore a few of them have survived. This is quite a large translative Russian–Lithuanian dictionary comprising 120 pages. It has a mixed structure – terms (including other lexical and syntactic units) are presented either in separate entries or grouped into a single entry according to some common feature. The dictionary presents diverse material – terms, words and their combinations used in the language 141Terminologija | 2011 | 18 of law at that time. Grammatical expression of the data also varies – nouns, adjectives, verbs and other parts of speech are included. Some Russian terms (285 entries) were not translated, though in general the data is rich – there are nearly 3900 different entries with Lithuanian equivalents. The article describes the macro and microstructure of the dictionary, the grammatical and structural types of the data. The dictionary is not particularly well thoughtout, neither is it systematically arranged and some repetition of the data can be found. Still it has to be taken into consideration that it was compiled at a time when there was no terminographical tradition in Lithuania (there were few dictionaries of terms published); therefore its faults shouldn’t be judged strictly. This dictionary is a valuable object for the history of Lithuanian terminography. Retrieved 2011-12-05 Alvydas Umbrasas Institute of Lithuanian Language P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected]