„Keleivio“ straipsnių apie sveikatą terminai

9 2 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Terms of traveler articles on health Terms of Passenger Health Articles PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language esMInIAI žodžiai: medicine, health, medical term INTRODUCTION In the first half of the 19th century, the situation of the Lithuanian language in Lesser Lithuania was better than in Greater Lithuania. The Lithuanian language flourished here – it was purified, its norms improved, etc. The first Lithuanian newspapers (Zinkevičius 1990: 225) were also published in Lithuania Minor, and in them the embryos of terminology in various scientific fields can be found. One of the publications was the weekly newspaper Keleivis iß Karaliaucʒiaus Broliams Lietuwininkams ėinês parneßąs (hereinafter referred to as Keleivis), which was published in Karaliaučius from 1849 to 1880. Its editor and publisher was Frydrichas Kuršaitis (1806–1884). In addition to religious sermons, political and other important news from Prussia, Germany and other countries, the newspaper published popularizing articles from various fields of science – astronomy, botany, physics1, geography, history, medicine, meteorology, technology, veterinary medicine, zoology, etc. From 1853 to 1879, nineteen articles in the field of medicine were published in Keleivis2. It should be noted that the articles are not written by doctors, except for one article about trichines („Saugokitẽs nů Trichynû!“), which at the end is written – Kreiſpſyſikus Dr. Pinkus. He has published 11 books on various topics. Kuršaitis3. He wrote about the effects of tobacco on human health in the article “Is it safe to smoke tobacco?”, and Angelė Kaulakienė has studied the terminology of Keleivio’s popularizing physics articles on the meaning of rest1 (see Kaulakienė 1991). 2 Sources of material for the article are collected from the publication Lietuvos bibliografija. Series C. Lithuanian periodical publications 1832-1890. 2004, pp. 471–472. 3 In fact, the author of most of the articles is not identified in the newspaper, only a couple of articles are signed with the pseudonym K. The following articles are attributed to Fr. Kuršaitis, based on the publication mentioned in the second footnote. 9 3Terminologija | 2011 | 18 mę Health published the article "Atmink, idant Dieną ßwentą ßwęſ tumbei!". Four articles are about infectious diseases and their prevention: “Lessons about Cholera”, “Lessons about Cholera”, “Trichinella Disease”, “About Plague”. Fr. Kuršaitis has also written about cremation in the time of medical nurses and other medical-related issues. Be darbą, medicininės pagalbos suteikimą sužeistiems Prūsijos kariams, paFr. Kuršaitis, in the newspaper about the operation of the fingers and toes, esophageal cancer, the beginning of the plague in Russia, the press worker Adam Einaras4 (1842–1906). The authors of six articles are not listed, although some of them are signed with pseudonyms..n., -w-, one with the symbol †. About the harmfulness of the poppy decoction for babies is written in the article “Mothers on the Admonition bey the Sorrow”, about herbs a continuation article “Namû Aptẽka” was printed, about symptoms and treatment is written in the article “Per wienôs Muſẽlês Įgẽlimą”, and about the vaccines invented by E. Jenner against smallpox – in the article “Raupliû or Kropjû baiſngaijei Ligai”; about plague, cholera and its spread in Klaipeda, Tilžė, Karaliaučius and other cities is written in the articles “Maro Ligos” and “Kolerôs Liga”. In addition to the above mentioned articles, words and word combinations related to health and treatment can be found in the sections “All news”, “All short news”, which often also contain medical information, for example, brief reports on diseases that have appeared in certain areas, the spread of diseases (mostly infectious – smallpox, cholera, cold, measles, fever, etc.) and other matters related to medicine, e.g.: „Piktoji Liga Cholera jau dabar ir Karaliaucʒiuje paſrodʒiuſ ir cʒe jau 10 Dußiû ſaiga paſmauguſ“ Kel5 1852, Sept. 8 (Nr. 37), p. 148; „Kolera Karaliaucʒiuje dar wis ėmones ſkaudingay achtawina, o ta jau dabar ir Klaipēdoj bey Gumbinēj is paſrodʒiuſ“ Kel 1866, Sept. 11 (No. 37), p. 147; ‘Sʒicʒion Karaliaucʒiuje Dien iß Dienos daugſinas Skaitlus Ligoniû, ypacʒey Karßtlige, Sʒlapdrugiu bey Duſlu ſergancʒiûjû <...>’ Kel 1870, mercą 15 (Nr. 11), p. 44; „Sʒicʒion Karaliaucʒiuje yra, kaip paſkalbėta, ßen ir ten jodoſes Rauplēs paſrodʒiuſios“ Kel 1862, jun. 24 (Nr. 25), p. 104. 4 articles signed with the pseudonyms a-e-, e-. 5 The article uses the abbreviation of the name of the newspaper as it appears in the Lithuanian language dictionary. 9 4 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Terms in the traveler’s articles about health Thus, the object of this article consists of over 250 medical terms6 (including variants), selected from the aforementioned traveler’s articles and short messages about health. The article aims to discuss the origin and semantics of these terms, the issues of synonymy and variation, to compare them with the medical terms used today, to consider the reasons for the non-existence of some of the examined terms in the current language of medical science. 1. ORIGIN OF MEDICAL TERMS 1.1. Terms of Lithuanian origin In terms of origin, the majority of medical terms consist of words and word combinations of Lithuanian origin (185 terms), e.g.: Akys7 Kel 1865 05 16 (Nr. 20) 78, Galwôs Skaudējims Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Kel 1876 02 15 (No. 7) 25, Love acc.sg. Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Gydimas Kel 1855 01 17 (No. 3) 11 / Treatment Kel 1876 02 15 (No. 7) 26, Karßtis Kel 1874 08 18 (No. 33) 131, Kretimo gen.sg. Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Ku nas Kel 1853 04 20 (Nr. 16) 62, Kel 1855 01 17 (Nr. 3) 10, Kel 1865 05 16 (Nr. 20) 78, Kel 1866 08 21 (Nr. 34) 135, Kel 1872 04 30 (Nr. 18) 69, Kel 1873 09 16 (Nr. 37) 146, Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, Kel 1879 02 4 (Nr. 5) 19, Liga Kel 1852 09 8 (Nr. 37) 148, Kel 1852 11 17 (Nr. 47) 188, Kel 1853 10 5 (Nr. 40) 160, Kel 1857 09 24 (Nr. 38) 151, Kel 1862 02 11 (Nr. 6) 24, Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Kel 1865 05 9 (Nr. 19) 74, Kel 1866 02 13 (Nr. 7) 27, Kel 1866 07 31 (Nr. 31) 124, Kel 1866 08 21 (Nr. 34) 135, Kel 1866 10 30 (Nr. 44) 175, Kel 1867 04 2 (Nr. 14) 56, Kel 1871 03 14 (Nr. 21) 43, Kel 1871 08 8 (Nr. 42) 130, Kel 1871 09 5 (Nr. 46) 145, Kel 1871 10 17 (Nr. 42) 169, Kel 1872 04 30 (Nr. 18) 69, Kel 1873 01 14 (Nr. 2) 8, Kel 1873 08 5 (Nr. 31) 124, Kel 1873 11 4 (Nr. 44) 176, Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 24) 90, Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 25, Kel 1879 02 4 (Nr. 5) 18, Kel 1879 02 25 (Nr. 8) 30, Suputimas Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 6 It should be said that the term “term” is used in this article in a broad sense, because only a part of the medical terms considered can be considered as clear terms, the terminology of which does not raise any doubt, e.g.: eye, cough, disease, sick. However, many of the terms discussed are probably only words or combinations of words that were used in the folk language at the time and could possibly be treated as names, e.g. inflammation, diarrhea, so they cannot yet be considered as true terms. 7 In the article, medical terms are presented in the original characters and in the spelling as they are used in the source. 9 5Terminology | 2011 | 18 131, Sʒaßais or Kramais (1 kramas 1. "shash, pimples" LKŽe) instr.pl. Kel 1879 02 4 (Nr. 5) 19, Sʒiurpulius acc.pl. 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, UÜ kimmas Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, UÜzidegimą acc.sg. Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, Wēmimas Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106. 1.2. Debt 1.2.1. BORROWS FROM SLAVIC LANGUAGES Among the borrowings (35 terms (including variants), of which 17 are single-word terms, and 24 borrowings are main or secondary elements of compound terms) there are mostly Slavisms (17 terms), e.g. : Aptieka Kel 1868 10 20 (Nr. 42) 168 "pharmacy" from Polish apteka Skar 32, Beʒdů ěiedů ſe Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87 (see 2 xbezdas (l. bezd, bez) 2. ‘sheivamedis’ LKŽe), Liekorius Kel 1853 04 20 (Nr. 16) 62, Kel 1855 01 17 (Nr. 3) 10, Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Kel 1866 08 21 (Nr. 34) 135, Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Kel 1874 06 16 (Nr. 24) 96 from Belarusian ljekarь or Polish lekarz FrW I 364, cf. liekorius ‘physician, surgeon’ from Belarusian лa карь or Polish lekarz Skar 120, Liekarſtwa Kel 1855 01 17 (Nr. 3) 11, Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 89, Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 26 from Belarusian or Polish lekarstwo FrW I 364, cf. liekarstva ‘medicine’ from Belarusian лѣкaрство or Polish lekarstwo Skar 120, Namû Aptēka Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 86, Namû Liekarſtwa Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Pawietra Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 149, Kel 1879 01 28 (Nr. 4) 15, Kel 1879 02 4 (Nr. 5) 18, Kel 1879 02 25 (Nr. 8) 30 "plague, epidemic" from Belarusian povattrьje or Polish powietrze FrW I 557, cf. pawietra "plague" from Belarusian повоттрье or Polish powietrze Skar 164, Roną acc.sg. Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131 "wound" from Belarusian рuна or Polish rana Skar 191, Smertis Kel 1866 02 13 (Nr. 7) 27, Kel 1879 02 25 (No. 8) 30 "death" from Belarusian smertь FrW II 844, cf. smertis "death" from Belarusian смерть Skar 202. 1.2.2. BORROWS FROM THE GERMAN LANGUAGE Germanisms found 7 terms, e.g. : Bandwurmas Kel 1874 06 16 (Nr. 24) 96 from German Bandwurm – tapeworm, solitary DVLKŽ I 129, Blywote rio (wokißkay: Bleiwaſſer) gen.sg. Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, cf. German Blei – lead DVLKZ I 188 and Wasser – water DVLKZ II 524, Locaritû gen.pl. Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, cf. liocorite "Lazarett" from lǫtseret 9 6 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Terms of the traveler’s articles about health „Lazarett“ Alm 80, Meßkôs Cukorius Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90 (see 2 xcukorius see xcukaras (German Zucker) „sugar“ LKŽe), raudoni Plakai Kel 1879 05 4 (Nr. 5) 19 (see plakas „dirt stain“ from East Prussian plak „stain“ FrW I 601, cf. plakas „stain“ Alm 101), ſalduſis jů da ſys Lakricas8 Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Tiję iß Lepôs ėiedû Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87 (see tija ‘tea’ Alm 141). Most of the Slavisms and Germanisms are no longer used, except for the old borrowed oils (cʒyſtytaſis Linſēmeniû Alējus Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131), mint (tikroſios Mētos Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 89), soap (laaliaſ ſyilaſ Muilas Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131) and tobacco (Tabako Sywû Kel 1874 08 18 (No. 33) 131). 1.2.3. BORROWERS FROM THE GREEKS AND LATINS There are 14 languages spoken in the island (see list). : Akiû Klyniks Kel 1877 04 17 (Nr. 16) 63 (Klyniks from Greek χλυχή from χλίυη "bed, bed" Fasmer 1967: 251), cf. klynikė "clinic" Alm 68, Cholera Kel 1866 08 21 (Nr. 34) 135, Kel 1866 09 11 (Nr. 37) 147, Kel 1871 08 8 (Nr. 42) 130, Kel 1871 09 5 (Nr. 46) 145, Kel 1873 01 14 (Nr. 2) 8 from Greek χόλέρα from χόλος "bile" Fasmer 1973: 254, Trichynai nom.pl. Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Kel 1866 02 13 (Nr. 7) 27 from gr. trichinos – hair-like TŽŽ 2005 756, Trikynû Liga Kel 1877 04 17 (Nr. 16) 63, and Latin (4 terms), e.g. : Daktars Kel 1866 02 13 (Nr. 7) 27, Kel 1866 08 21 (Nr. 34) 135, Kel 1870 08 16 (Nr. 34) 130, Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Kel 1874 06 16 (Nr. 24) 96, Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131 from lat. doctor – teacher TŽZ 2005 143, Liekorius Atestata apie Sweiką Kel 1870 08 16 (Nr. 34) 130 from lat. attestatus – attested TŽZ 2005 75, Nerwû gen.pl. 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 26 from Latin nervus "tendon, muscle, nerve" Фасмер 1971: 64, Opijumo gen.sg. Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 26 iš lot. Opium from Greek ὄπιου from ὀπός "juice of the plant" Fasmer 1971: 144, cf. opijums "opium" from opijumm "opium" Alm 93, borrowed from languages, most of which are still used in the current language of medical science, although some of them are spelled slightly differently. Since the Lithuanian language in Lithuania Minor was more influenced by German, the Greekisms and Latinisms in Keleivio’s articles have probably come from German writings. 8 According to Max Fasmer, the word лакрица "liquorice root" came into Russian through German – Lakritze from Latin liquirita from Greek ελλχκύρριζα "sweet root" (Фасмер 1967: 453). Slapyraide –wthe author who signed his article "Namû Aptẽka" with the word licorice, cf. lakrica 1. “liquorice roots” in LKŽ, also probably taken from German sources. 9 7Terminology | 2011 | 18 1.2.4. BORROWERS FROM LATVIAN LANGUAGE Aptiktas vienas iš latvių kalbos kilęs terminas: MagunûGalwû Kel 1876 05 15 (Nr. 7) 26, Magunû Stēbukû Kel 1876 05 15 (Nr. 7) 26, see maguna see magnolia (from Latin magnolia). 1.2.5. DEBT OF DIFFERENT ORIGIN There is a couple of borrowed words of different origins (Latin and Slavic, German and Latin), e.g. : Daktar=Pharmacist gen.sg. Kel 1866 08 21 (Nr. 34) 135, Salmiak=Sʒpyrtus (verdůnnten Salmiakſpiri tus) Kel 1874 08 18 (No. 33) 131. 1.3. Hybrids A few hybrids have been found (11 terms, 5 hybrids follow the main elements of compound terms), e.g. : Aptēkininko gen.sg. 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 86, Cʒiepyjimas Kel 1867 04 2 (Nr. 14) 56, Namû Aptekēle Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Rurelę acc.sg. „such ein Gerät“ Kel 1880 02 10 (Nr. 6) 23: „Prafeſeris Dr. Schönborns pragreēe him tiesog ën Pilwą Holę and now becomes him Walgei pro wieną Rurelę9 tieſg ën Skilwą pilami“, Smertel nyſt nom.sg. ‘mortality’ Kel 1870 03 15 (Nr. 11) 44. 1.4. Compound terms with elements of different origin As can be seen from some of the examples given above, the articles under investigation contain compound terms, the origins of which are not uniform. 37 terms with elements of different origin were detected: Lithuanian and borrowed, e.g. : Gydymo Remeſlo „medicina?“ Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, jůdaſis Smertis Kel 1879 01 28 (Nr. 4) 15, Kel 1879 02 4 (Nr. 5) 18, Kuno Liekorius Kel 1853 04 20 (Nr. 16) 62, Liekoriaus Atſheta apie Sweikatą Kel 1870 08 16 (Nr. 34) 130, raudoni Plakai Kel 1879 05 4 (Nr. 5) 19, or Lithuanian and hybrid, e.g. : Raupliû Cʒēpijimas Kel 1864 06 28 (Nr. 26) 104, Raupliû ėcʒiepijimo Kel 1872 04 30 (Nr. 18) 69. 2. SEMANTICS OF MEDICAL TERMS Traveler's articles on health terms refer to various medical concepts. They can be divided into several semantic groups. First of all, these are names of parts of the human body, organs and fluids produced by them, for example: Akys Kel 1865 05 16 (Nr. 20) 78, Burnoj loc.sg. Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 89, 9 In this and other illustrative sentences the terms are written in thin letters by the author of this article. 9 8 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Terms of traveler articles on health Gyſlas acc.pl. Kel 1855 01 17 (Nr. 3) 10, Gomurio gen.sg. Kel 1865 05 16 (No. 20) 78, Neck Kel 1874 06 9 (No. 23) 90, Kel 1879 02 4 (No. 5) 19, Bones Kel 1879 02 4 (No. 5) 19, Legs nom.pl. Kel 1864 06 28 (Nr. 26) 104, Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Kraujas Kel 1853 04 20 (Nr. 16) 62, Kel 1855 01 17 (Nr. 3) 10, Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, Krutinês gen.sg. 1865 05 16 (Nr. 20) 78, Lieuwuwjo gen.sg. Kel 1865 05 16 (Nr. 20) 78, Nerwû gen.pl. Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 26, Paŭaʒʒû gen.pl. Kel 1879 02 4 (No. 5) 19, Pilwą acc.sg. Kel 1866 08 21 (Nr. 34) 135, Kel 1880 02 10 (No. 6) 23, Pirßtus acc.pl. Kel 1879 10 14 (Nr. 41) 168, Prakaitą acc.sg. 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Rankôs gen.sg. Kel 1879 10 14 (Nr. 41) 168, Stemplēje loc.sg. 1880 02 10 (Nr. 6) 23, Sʒirdŭ acc.sg. Kel 1855 01 17 (Nr. 3) 10, Widuriei Kel 1871 09 5 (Nr. 46) 145. Most of these words are old-fashioned nomenclatural names of human anatomy in current usage. Only a few words of the semantic group under consideration or their meanings have not been adopted in current medical terminology. For example, instead of the established term skin, A. Einar used a variant close to the current term Ůda Kel 1879 02 4 (Nr. 5) 19 in an article about plague. However, he named the muscles, slėpnas and paslėpnes with other Lithuanian words – Mieſ Kel 1879 02 4 (Nr. 5) 19, see mė sa 2. ‘muscles’ in LKŽ and Tußtimůſ loc.pl. Kel 1879 02 4 (Nr. 5) 19, see blanks 1. „slepsnos, paslėpsnės“ in LKŽe. In the article "Mothers on the Admonition bey the Grief" instead of the term brains was used the variant Smaginiû gen.pl. Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 26. In the article about cholera Fr. Kuršaitis called the stomach a ventricle – Skilwij loc.sg. Kel 1866 08 21 (Nr. 34) 135, see box 3. "stomach, abdomen" in LKŽ. Dr. Pinkus, writing about trichines, called the cheeks the term Weidai Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, see face 2. „skrūstas“ LKŽe, and joints – limbs (term Skaudējims Nariû Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, see 1 member 1. „sąnarys” in LKŽ, but in the same article of this author we will find the current term joints – Sanarius acc.pl. Kel 1864 07 5 (No. 27) 106. From Fr. The context of Kuršaitis' article "Atmink, idant Dieną ßwentą ßwęſtumbei!" is not quite clear about the meaning of the term syvai: "kunui per Miegą Dalykas ſuwartotoſiôs Sylôs wēl atgryßta, o ir Sywai ek ſawo tikraſes Gyſlutes wēl pradeda tekėti" Kel 1853 04 20 (Nr. 16) 62. The LKŽ gives two medical meanings of this word – “stomach juice” and “liquid from the mouth of a rotting sink”, but as can be seen from the quoted sentence, neither of them is appropriate. In this case, it can only be hypothesized that the term juices could be used here to refer to other fluids produced by organs, such as blood, lymph, etc. 9 9Terminology | 2011 | 18 Thus, from what has been said, it is clear that most of the nomenclatural names of human anatomy have remained unchanged to this day (only the spelling of some words has changed) and have become established in the current scientific medical terminology. A significant part of the terminology of Keleivio articles on health is composed of clinical terms, i.e. words and word combinations designating diseases and their symptoms, e.g. : Second instr.sg. Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 149, Duſelu instr.sg. Kel 1870 03 15 (Nr. 11) 44, Galwôs Swaigimas Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Koſelys Kel 1862 02 11 (Nr. 6) 24, Kel 1871 03 14 (Nr. 21) 43, Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Pasirodymai arba Paūymjei tos Ligos Kel 1879 02 25 (Nr. 8) 30, Lung „snore“ nom.sg. Kel 1862 02 11 (Nr. 6) 24, Putmeniû gen.pl. Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Sanariû Gēlimą Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, ſmarkaus Nēeiejimo Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, Sukatą10 acc.sg. Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 26, Sʒurpuli acc.sg. Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 25, Sʒlapdrugiu instr.sg. Kel 1870 03 15 (Nr. 11) 44, Uėkimimas Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Walgio Nenorėjomas Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Weido Suputimas Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Widuriû Kirmeles Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Widuriû Suſkydimą Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Widu rû Karßtlige Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 150, Wirpējimą acc.sg. 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, ammoniû Raupliû Kel 1872 04 30 (Nr. 18) 69. The texts examined contained mainly names of infectious diseases. These diseases are named only in Lithuanian – kimbancʒiôs Ligôs Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, limpancʒioji Liga Kel 1879 02 4 (Nr. 5) 18, limpanti Liga Kel 1879 01 28 (Nr. 4) 15. It has been noted that the term "infectious disease" has the meaning of plague disease in the article "Plague Diseases" by the author signed with the pseudonym..n., published in the Passenger on August 20, 1878, which describes such infectious diseases as plague, spotted fever, cholera, smallpox, etc. By the way, the compound term with the singular verb form of the main subject disease – Mar disease Kel 1879 01 28 (Nr. 4) 15, Kel 1879 02 4 (No. 5) 18 – means only "plague". Typical compound names with the main focus on the disease, e.g. : Ißbalējimo Ligą Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Wiejo Ligą Kel 1880 02 10 (Nr. 6) 23, Wandens Liga Kel 1864 06 28 (Nr. 26) 104, Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, půlamoj Ligoj Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, ŭywato Liga Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 150. In the context of the article "Mothers on the Admonition bey Torment", the term is rotated from rotate 30. “yellowing, hurting (e.g. stomach, joints)” could mean “diarrhea”, cf. 1 rounded 3. “medium release” in LKŽ. 100 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Passenger articles about health terms corresponding, e.g. : karßcʒeis instr.pl. Kel 1865 05 9 (Nr. 19) 74 ir KarßcʒiûLiga Kel 1868 05 27 (Nr. 18) 72, Tynēei Kel 1862 02 11 (Nr. 6) 24 ir TynēiûLiga „tymai“ Kel 1862 12 9 (Nr. 49) 199, Trichynai nom.pl. Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Kel 1866 02 13 (Nr. 7) 27 ir TrichynųLiga Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Kel 1866 02 13 (Nr. 7) 26 / TrikynûLiga Kel 1877 04 17 Nr. 16) 63, Rauplēs nom.pl. Kel 1854 03 15 (Nr. 11) 44, Kel 1862 06 24 (Nr. 25) 104, Kel 1864 06 28 (Nr. 26) 104, Kel 1867 04 2 (Nr. 14) 56 ir RaupliûLiga Kel 1860 04 24 (Nr. 17) 68, Kel 1861 02 19 (Nr. 8) 31, Kel 1862 12 9 (Nr. 49) 199, Kel 1867 04 2 (Nr. 14) 56, Kel 1871 03 14 (Nr. 21) 43, Kel 1872 11 5 (Nr. 45) 182, Kolera Kel 1866 08 21 (Nr. 34) 135, Kel 1866 09 11 (Nr. 37) 147, Kel 1871 08 8 (Nr. 42) 130, Kel 1871 09 5 (Nr. 46) 145, Kel 1873 01 14 (Nr. 2) 8 ir Kolerôs Liga Kel 1852 11 17 (Nr. 47) 188, Kel 1853 10 5 (Nr. 40) 160, Kel 1856 10 8 (Nr. 41) 164, Kel 1857 09 24 (Nr. 38) 151, Kel 1859 10 18 (Nr. 42) 167, Kel 1866 02 13 (Nr. 7) 27, Kel 1866 07 31 (Nr. 31) 124, Kel 1866 08 21 (Nr. 34) 135, Kel 1866 10 30 (Nr. 44) 175, Kel 1871 08 1 (Nr. 41) 124, Kel 1871 08 8 (Nr. 42) 130, Kel 1871 09 5 (Nr. 46) 145, Kel 1871 10 17 (Nr. 42) 169, Kel 1873 01 14 (Nr. 2) 8, Kel 1873 07 15 (Nr. 28) 111, Kel 1873 08 5 (Nr. 31) 124, Kel 1873 09 16 (Nr. 37) 146, Kel 1873 11 4 (No. 44) 176, Kel 1878 08 20 (No. 34) 149, Kropes acc.pl. Kel 1872 04 30 (Nr. 18) 69 (see kropė „rauplės“ LKŽe) and Kropjû Liga Kel 1872 04 30 (Nr. 18) 69 / Kropû Liga Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 149, Maras Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 149, Kel 1879 01 28 (Nr. 4) 15, Kel 1879 02 4 (Nr. 5) 18, Kel 1879 02 25 (Nr. 8) 30 and Maro Liga Kel 1879 01 28 (Nr. 4) 15, Kel 1879 02 4 (No. 5) 18. It must be said that this semantic group is one of the most problematic in terms of naming medical concepts. Often it is difficult to determine the meaning of one or another disease name from the context of the article, and even more so to find its exact current equivalent, because often more about the disease, its symptoms are not written, it is only mentioned. For example, the three terms used side by side in the text öywato Liga (Krauliga, Neprietwara) Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 150 could refer to “dysentery” or perhaps just some “severe diarrhea”. On the other hand, the question arises whether these terms can be considered synonyms, see krauligė „blovinoji?“, cf. kruvinoji 1. ‘dysentery’, 2. “severe diarrhea”, but neietvaras11 only “diarrhea” in LKŽe. It is also unclear from the context whether the word combination Widurû and Wemimo Liga Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 11 The feminine gender word neprietvara is not recorded in LKŽ. 107Terminologija | 2011 | 18 Pinkus. Beware of our Trichynû! [Bubbles] / Kreiſpſyſikus Dr. Pinkus. - Passenger. 1864, Jul. 5 (Nr. 27), Priẽmimo 106–107. Dawadas on Diakoniſiû Urẽdo Diakoniſiû ättaiſime Mielaßirdingyſtês Ligonbutije Karaliaucʒe. Aut. not specified. - Passenger. 1858, Dec. 29 (No. 52), 206; 1859, Jan. 5 (No. 1), 2–3. "Prie muſû Karaliaucʒiuje... Raupliû Liga bais didey praſiplatinuſi..." – (Wiſkia ääninia). - Passenger. 1871, March 14 (No. 21), 43. „Rauplẽs ßh Metą muſû Prowincoje ßen and there are paſrodʒiuſos, butent ßicʒion in the Kingdom, around Tilë, and around Iſruti...“ – (Wiſkia ienine). - Passenger. 1854, mercé 15 (No. 11), 44. Leprosy or Croup's terrible disease. – †. - Passenger. 1872, Apr. 30 (No. 18), 69–70. Be careful! – Aut. not specified. - Passenger. 1871, Sept. 5 (No. 43), 145. "Sʒicʒion Karaliaucʒiuje Dien iß Dienos daugsïnas Skaitlus Ligoniû, ypacʒey Karßtlige, Sʒlapdrugiu bey Duſlu ſergancʒiûjû..." – (Wiſkia höninia). - Passenger. 1870, mercé 15 (No. 11), 44. "In Sʒicʒion Karaliaucʒi, there are, as it is said, ßen and there jodoſes Rauplēs paſrodʒiuſos". – (Wiſkia ienine). – Passenger. 1862, June 24 (No. 25), 104. „In Sʒicʒion Karaliaucʒiu there is a new royal Akiû Klyniks or Eye Clinic, which has been repaired and opened on 1 April...“ – (Wiſkia ieninia). - Passenger. 1877, Apr. 17 (No. 16), 63. „In Sʒicʒion Karaliaucʒiu there is among the people the name Cʒēſe Tynēėiû Liga labay praſiplatinuſi, and it is said that the Raupliû Liga ßicʒion paſroditi pradējuſi...”. – (Wiſkia äänine). - Passenger. 1862, Dec. 9 (No. 49), 199. „In the Sʒicʒion Kingdom Cholera's Disease has begun a few weeks ago...“. – (Wiſkia äänine). - Passenger. 1857, Sept. 24 (No. 38), 151. „In Sʒicʒion Karaliaucʒi, and as we hear elsewhere, there is a Rape League praſplatinuſ...” (Wisokia äänine). - Passenger. 1862, Apr. 2 (No. 14), 56. „Sʒe Pawaſar, as far as we know, so near to us in Karaliaucʒi, so also wiſr arounduy Prowincoje many ömmoniû labay Karßcʒeys ſerga...“. – (A lot of sheep). - Passenger. 1865, May 9 (No. 19), 74. „Tillês Ceitungos, o ir iß Sʒilo-Karcʒiamos Kampo ßen atējuſios Gromatos paſkoj...“ – (Wiſkia ënine). – Passenger. 1862, Feb. 11 (No. 6), 24. AUXILIARY SOURCES Alm 1931: Alminauskis K. The Germanisms of Lithuanian 1. The German Borrowings in Lithuanian. Kaunas. 2006: Križinauskas J., Smagurauskas S. The Great German-Lithuanian Dictionary 1-2. Vilnius. FrW: Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary by Ernst Fraenkel, I–II, Heidelberg, Göttingen, 1955–1962. KLL 1920: [D-ras med. P. Avižonis]. Fighting lymphatic diseases. Raseiniai. Dictionary of Lithuanian Language. – www.lkz.lt MedŽ 1980: Astrauskas V., Biziulevičius S., Pavilonis S., Vaitilavičius A., Vileišis A. Dictionary of Medical Terms, Vilnius. NG 1924: [D-ras A. Vileišis]. A brief description of the most common diseases and their treatment. Second revised edition. Kaunas. PirmP 1903: [Antanas Vileišis] Dr. Fr. Esmarch. First aid in accidents. Translated by daktaras A. V. Tilžė. Skar 1931: Skardžius Pr. The Slavic loanwords in Old Lithuanian. – The people and the word 7. ŠLL 1901: [Antanas Vileišis] Trumpi talks about contagious diseases and how to protect yourself from them. Written by Dr. V. A. In Tilsit. TŽŽ 2005: Dictionary of International Words, Vilnius. Фасмер М. 1967, 1971, 1973: Этимологическийсловарьрусскогоязыка 2–4, Москва. LITTERATUR Kaulakienė A. 1991: Scientific language in the "Traveler". – Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics XXIX: Problems of Lithuanian Lexicon and Terminology. London: 80–91. Bibliography of Lithuania. Series C. Publications of Lithuanian periodicals 1832–1890. Vilnius, 2004. Palionis J. 1995: History of Lithuanian Written Language, Vilnius. Zinkevičius Z. 1990: History of Lithuanian Language 4: Lithuanian Language in the 18th–19th Centuries, Vilnius. In KELEIVIS newspaper Keleiwis iß Karaliaucʒiaus Broliams Lietuwininkams ėinês parneßąs (Traveller from Königsberg Bringing News for Lithuanian Brothers) published in Konigsberg The paper deals with terminology in articles on health in the Lithuanian weekly from 1849–1880. During the period of 1853–1879 there were nineteen articles on various health issues and their treatment published. These articles on health are important when searching for the beginning of the Lithuanian medical terminology. Medical terms used in these articles are mainly of the Lithuanian origin. Undoubtedly this choice was influenced by the editor of the weekly Frydrichas Kuršaitis (Friedrich Kurschat), who had a good command of Lithuanian and wrote many articles himself. These articles contain some borrowings mainly from Slavic, as well as from German, Greek, Latin and other languages. Many borrowings of Slavic origin, such as liekarstva (drug),liekorius(doctor),rona (wound) were widely used in spoken language. The majority of Slavisms and Germanisms of these articles are no longer used, except for some old Slavic borrowings which took root in the Lithuanian language a long time ago. Borrowings from Greek and Latin most likely made their way into these articles from German sources. A lot of terms, mainly those naming the parts of the body (akis (eye), koja (leg), širdis (heart), etc.), as well as diseases (drugys (fever), kosulys (cough), maras (plague), etc.) and other medical concepts (gydymas (healing), lavonas (corpse), ligonis (patient), etc.) are old Lithuanian words of this field, which can be found in old writings and are still being used in modern language of medical science and practice. In the middle of the 19th century Lithuanian orthography varied a lot, therefore it is natural that orthographic variants of medical terms in these articles are numerous. Synonyms are also common, especially of clinical terms, except in the group of anatomy nomenclature. Such variations probably are caused by the fact that the majority of articles were not written by specialists of medicine and also because there was a lack of knowledge about some diseases. Thus, the lack of precise naming and abundance of synonymy are understandable. Descriptive terms and folk names were also used. Some articles have features of scientific text – specific concepts were named using definite adjectives or definite participles, some terms came with other language (mainly German) equivalents. Retrieved 2011-12-01 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Institute of Lithuanian Language P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected]