„Baltijos šalių floros“ lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų vedyba

The derivation of Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names in the flora of the Baltic countries SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language KEYWORDS: plant genus names, word formation, suffix derivatives, ending derivatives, prefix derivatives The source for the study in this article is the three-volume publication Flora of the Baltic Countries (Flora of the Baltic Countries, 1993–2003), prepared by teams of authors from universities and academies of sciences in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. It describes plants growing in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia—spore-bearing and seed-bearing vascular plants (excluding mosses). All taxa—division, class, order, family, genus, species, and subspecies—are given in Latin, whereas only plant genus and species names are given in Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, and Russian. This article continues an article published in issue 17 of the journal Terminologija, which examined compound Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names. It aims to discuss three further important groups of derivatives in Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names—suffixal, ending, and prefixal derivatives—and to identify their similarities and differences. The flora of the Baltic countries lists approximately 430 Lithuanian and nearly 460 Latvian plant genus names in total. In terms of word formation, 74% of Lithuanian and 67% of Latvian plant genus names are segmentable1. The compound Lithuanian plant genus names discussed in the previously published article make up 37% of all Lithuanian derivatives, while the Latvian compounds account for 68% of all Latvian derivatives. When giving examples, the Latin plant genus name is presented first, followed by the Lithuanian or Latvian name. Roman numerals indicate the volume of Flora of the Baltic Countries, and Arabic numerals indicate the page from which the term was taken. SUFFIX DERIVATIVES “Derivation comprises three types of morphological word formation, distinguished according to the nature of the derivational formant: suffixation, 1 Primary (morphologically indivisible) plant genus names are considerably fewer in the source under examination: 26% of Lithuanian names and 33% of Latvian names. 66 S. Labanauskienė │ Baltijos šalių floros lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų vedyba galūnių darybą (paradigmaciją) ir priešdėlių darybą (prefiksaciją)“ (Keinys 1999: 22). Lietuvių botanikos nomenklatūroje, kaip ir kitų mokslų terminijoje, vyrauja priesagų darybos žodžiai. Šio darybos būdo terminai gausumu toli pralenkia galūnių ir priešdėlių vedinius (Gaivenis 1985: 170). Pastebėtina, kad dūryba yra antrasis pagal produktyvumą lietuviškų augalų genčių vardų darybos būdas. Compared with Lithuanian, Latvian word-formation tendencies differ somewhat. In Latvian,2 compounding is the most productive word-formation method, discussed in the previous article. Suffix derivatives are also used frequently to name plants in Latvian (see Ēdelmane 1972: 97). The source under examination contains 82 Latvian and 160 Lithuanian plant genus names formed with suffixes. Terminologist Kazimieras Gaivenis, in the article Names of Plant Genera and Species in Lithuania, examined the Lithuanian plant genus names presented in Flora of the Lithuanian SSR (1959–1980) and established that “there are more derivatives formed solely with the suffix -en- than there are derivatives formed with endings and prefixes taken together” (Gaivenis 1985: 170). The flora of the Baltic countries likewise contains the greatest number of Lithuanian plant genus names (34) formed with the suffix -enis, -enė. Their bases are most often nouns, for example:3 Latin Abutilon – Lithuanian galenis (: galas) II 184; Latin Aira – Lithuanian smilgenė (: smilga) III 273; Latin Ballota – Lithuanian akenis (: akis) II 296; Latin Blysmus – Lithuanian viksvenis (: viksva) III 327; Latin Coronilla – Lithuanian raženis (: ražas) II 138; Latin Corydalis – Lithuanian rutenis (: ruta) I 297; Latin Hottonia – Lithuanian griovenė (: griovys) II 246; Latin Leersia – Lithuanian ravenė (: ravas “ditch”) III 236; Latin Najas – Lithuanian plukenis (: plukė) III 210; Latin Pycreus – Lithuanian saidrenis (: saidras “sedge”) III 334; Latin Sagina – Lithuanian žemenė (: žemė) I 243; Latin Sium – Lithuanian drėgmenė (: drėgmė) II 219; Latin Valerianella – Lithuanian sultenė (: sultys) II 355. Less common are derivatives with the suffix -enis, -enė formed from adjectives (a) and verbs (b), for example: a) Latin Alyssum – Lithuanian laibenis (: laibas) I 319; Latin Cardamine – Lithuanian kartenė (: kartus) I 311; I thank my colleagues Dr. Iveta Pūtele, Linda Kurmina, and Dr. Daiva Murmulaitytė for their assistance in examining the formation of Latvian plant genus names.2 The number of derivatives found is given in parentheses.3 Terminologija | 2011 | 18 67 b) Latin Bupleurum – Lithuanian gaivenis (: gaivinti) II 223; Latin Utricularia – Lithuanian skendenis (: skęsti) II 345. Among Lithuanian plant genus names derived from nouns with the suffix discussed, in the flora of the Baltic countries there are incomparably more (31) than those derived from verbs (3). There are 21 masculine derivatives and 13 feminine ones. Latvian plant genus names formed with suffixes also characteristically use the suffix -enis, -ene (37); their base words are usually nouns (a), and less often adjectives (b) and verbs (c), for example: a) Latin Angelica – Latvian zirdzene (: zirgs) II 226; Latin Cotoneaster – Latvian klintene (: klints) II 105; Latin Geranium – Latvian gandrene (: gandrs) II 163; Latin Hesperis – Latvian vakarene (: vakars) I 318; Latin Limosella – Latvian dūnene (: dūnas) II 314; Latin Lunaria – Latvian mēnesene (cf. mēness) I 319; Latin Lysimachia – Latvian zeltene (cf. zelts) II 246; Latin Mercurialis – Latvian kaņepene (cf. kaņepe) II 170; Latin Ononis – Latvian blaktene (cf. blakts) II 140; Latin Polygonum – Latvian sūrene (cf. sūrs) I 197; Latin Sagittaria – Latvian bultene (cf. bulta) III 190; Latin Scutellaria – Latvian ķiverene (cf. ķivere) II 289; Latin Sisymbrium – Latvian žodzene (cf. žogs) I 301; Latin Utricularia – Latvian pūslene (cf. pūslis) II 345; b) Latin Erica – Latvian sārtene (cf. sārts) II 239; Latin Stachys – Latvian sārmene (cf. sārms) II 297; c) Latin Convolvulus – Latvian tītenis (cf. tīties) II 271. Unlike Lithuanian names, Latvian plant genus names formed with the suffix -enis, -ene are mostly feminine (with the exception of deverbal derivatives). The 24 Lithuanian and 37 Latvian plant genus names found are derivatives with diminutive suffixes. Most Lithuanian derivatives are formed with the diminutive suffixes -utis, -utė (a), -aitė (b), -ytė (c), -(i)ukas, -(i)ukė (d), and -ikė (e), e.g.: a) Latin Arabis – Lithuanian vaistutis (cf. vaistas) I 316; Latin Convallaria – Lithuanian pakalnutė (cf. pakalnė) III 220; Latin Erodium – Lithuanian dalgutis (cf. dalgis) II 168; Latin Fritillaria – Lithuanian margutė (cf. margas) III 216; Latin Helichrysum – Lithuanian šlamutis (cf. šlamėti) III 152; Lithuanian Hydrilla – Lithuanian ežerutė (cf. ežeras) III 195; Latin Mianthenum – Lithuanian medutė (cf. medus) III 220; Latin Vaccaria – Lithuanian braškutė (cf. braškėti) I 260; 68 S. Labanauskienė | Baltijos šalių floros lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų vedyba b) Latin Berteroa – Lithuanian miltinaitė (cf. miltinas) I 321; Latin Catabrosa – Lithuanian smilgaitė (cf. smilga) III 311; Latin Cypripedium – Lithuanian klumpaitė (cf. klumpė) III 367; c) Latin Chrysosplenium – Lithuanian bluẓnytė (cf. bluẓnis) II 31; Latin Setaria – Lithuanian šerytė (cf. šerys) III 241; Latin Turritis – Lithuanian bokštytė (cf. bokštas) I 315; d) Latin Goodyera – Lithuanian sidabriukė (cf. sidabras) III 371; Latin Lycopodiella – Lithuanian pataisiukas (cf. pataisas) I 131; Latin Phleum – Lithuanian motiejukas (cf. Motiejus) III 293; e) Latin Trientalis – Lithuanian septy nikė (cf. septyni) II 247. Considerably fewer Baltic countries’ flora names of Lithuanian plant genera formed with the diminutive suffixes –elis, –elė (a) and –ėlis (b) were found, for example: a) Lat. Erigeron – Lith. šiušelė (: šiušti) III 157; Lat. Gladiolus – Lith. kardelis (: kardas) III 225; b) Lat. Origanum – Lith. raudonėlis (: raudonas) II 303. In K. Gaivenis’s view, some plant genus names are transparent derivatives, but they entered the terminology of plant systematics as borrowings from the vernacular; in other words, in terminology they are no longer derivatives (Gaivenis 1985: 167). The latter include Lat. Aconitum – Lith. kurpelė I 269; Lat. Briza – Lith. ašarėlės III 315; Lat. Campanula – Lith. katilėlis III 23. Among the plant genus names found in the flora of the Baltic countries are Latvian names formed with the diminutive suffixes –ītis, –īte (a), –iņš, –iņa (b), –ulis, –ule (c), –tiņa (d), for example: a) Lat. Agrimonia – Latv. ancītis (: Ancis) II 64; Lat. Aquilegia – Latv. ozolīte (: ozols) I 289; Lat. Astrantia – Latv. zvaigznīte (: zvaigzne) II 214; Lat. Bidens – Latv. sunītis (: suns) III 184; Lat. Callitriche – Latv. ūdenīte (: ūdens) II 284; Lat. Erodium – Latv. grābeklīte (: grābeklis) II 168; Lat. Hepatica – Latv. vizbulīte (: vizbulis) I 272; Lat. Orthilia – Latv. palēcīte (: palēkties) II 235; Lat. Polemonium – Latv. kāp nīte (: kā pnes) II 269; Lat. Rapistrum – Latv. rācenītis (: rācenis) I 331; b) Latin Ajuga – Latvian cekulīņš (: cekuls) II 287; Latin Capsella – Latvian plikstiņš (: plikstēt) I 339; Latin Centaurium – Latvian augstiņš (: augsts) II 252; Latin Linum – Latvian lininš (: lini) II 169; Latin Melilotus – Latvian amoliņš (: amols) II 044; Latin Sedum – Latvian laimiņš (: laime) II 27; Terminologija | 2011 | 18 69 c) Latin Myosotis – Latvian neaizmirstule (: neaizmirst) II 280; Latin Rhinanthus – Latvian zvagulis (: zvadzēt) II 337; Latin Thlaspi – Latvian naudulis (: nauda) I 339; Latin Pinguicula – Latvian kreimule (: kreims4) II 344; d) -tiņa: Latin Lathyrus – Latvian dedestiņa (: dedesas5) II 151; Latin Lychnis – Latvian guntiņa (: guns (fire)) I 250. These derivatives are formed from nominal words, primarily nouns. Less frequently, they are formed from adjectives and verbs. It has been observed that Latvian plant genus names are often formed with two suffixes as well: -el- + -iņš; -el- + -īte or -en- + -īte: Latin Aphanes – Latvian skrēteliņš (: skrētes) II 96; Latin Arenaria – Latvian smiltenīte (: smiltis) I 234; Latin Aster – Latvian miķelīte (: Miks) III 160; Latin Gentianella – Latvian drudzenīte (: drudzis) II 254; Latin Polygala – Latvian ziepenīte (: ziepes) II 174; Latin Radiola – Latvian starenīte (: stars) II 169; Latin Sanicula – Latvian dziedenīte (: dziedēt) II 214. Derivatives of this type are formed from a common noun, a personal name, or a verb. Several Lithuanian plant genus names in the flora of the Baltic countries were found with the suffixes -ūnas, -ūnė (12) (a) and -uolis, -uolė (9) (b). Almost all these derivatives are formed from nouns or adjectives: a) Latin Alliaria – Lithuanian česnakūnė (: česnakas) I 300; Latin Atriplex – Lithuanian balandūnė (: balanda) I 213; Latin Calamagrostis – Lithuanian lendrūnas (: lendrė) III 277; Latin Filago – Lithuanian pūkūnė (: pūkai) III 154; Latin Lavatera – Lithuanian rožūnė (: rožė) II 183; Latin Mimulus – Lithuanian puikūnas (: puikus) II 315; Latin Pleurospermum – Lithuanian skudrūnas (: skudrus “growing well, luxuriant”) II 222; Latin Radiola – Lithuanian žarotūnė (: žarotas “having embers”) II 169; Latin Sanicula – Lithuanian girūnė (: giria) II 214; Latin Torilis – Lithuanian dygūnė (from: dygus, ‘thorny’) II 232; Latin Vincetoxicum – Lithuanian kregždūnė (from: kregždė, ‘swallow’) II 258; b) Latin Agrimonia – Lithuanian dirvuolė (from: dirva, ‘field’) II 64; Latin Aphanes – Lithuanian mažuolė (from: mažas, ‘small’) II 96; Latin Aristolochia – Lithuanian kartuolė (from: kartus, ‘bitter’) I 190; 4K. Karulis indicates that Latvian kreimule is derived from the noun kreims ‘cream’ (Lithuanian grietinė) (see Karulis 2001: 421). 5Konstantinas Karulis gives this derivation of the Latvian plant genus name (see Karulis 2001: 206). 70 S. Labanauskienė | Baltijos šalių floros lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų vedyba Latin Berula – Lithuanian drėgnuolė (from: drėgnas, ‘moist’) II 220; Latin Consolida – Lithuanian raguolis (from: ragas, ‘horn’) I 270; Latin Liparis – Lithuanian purvuolis (from: purvas, ‘bog’) III 386; Latin Neottia – Lithuanian lizduolė (from: lizdas, ‘nest’) III 370; Latin Oxycoccus – Lithuanian spanguolė6 (from: spangas ‘squint-eyed, blind’) II 240; Latin Thelypteris – Lithuanian papartuolis (from: papartis, ‘fern’) I 141. The only derivative with the suffix -ūnė, šimtūnė (Latin Centutunculus), is formed from the numeral šimtas (‘one hundred’). Besides the derivatives with the suffixes discussed above, Baltijos šalių florojė lists another 44 Lithuanian plant genus names formed with 30 other suffixes: -ainis, -ainė: Latin Knautia – Lithuanian buožainė (from: buožė, ‘club’) II 359; Latin Polystichum – Lithuanian spygliainis (: spygl ys) I 146; Latin Poterium – Lithuanian galvainis (: galva) II 65; Latin Silybum – Lithuanian margainis (: margas) III 32; -oklis, -oklė: Latin Convolvulus – Lithuanian vijoklis (: vijotis “to wrap”) II 271; Latin Saponaria – Lithuanian putoklis (: putoti) I 260; Latin Lythrum – Lithuanian raudoklė (: raudas) II 200; Latin Calystegia – Lithuanian vynioklė (: vyniotis) II 270; -ekšnis: Latin Euonymus – Lithuanian ožekšnis (: ožys) II 178; Latin Frangula – Lithuanian šalt ekšnis (: cold) II 179; -okas, -okė: Latin Chaenorrhinum – Lithuanian linokė (: linas) II 318; Latin Scutellaria – Lithuanian kalpokė (: kalpokas) I 289; Latin Sedum – Lithuanian šilokas (: šilas) II 27; -eklė: Latin Scorzonera – Lithuanian gelteklė (: geltas) III 147; Latin Orobanche – Lithuanian džioveklė (: to dry) II 341; -yvis, -yvė: Latin Erophila – Lithuanian ankstyvė (: early) I 323; Latin Colchicum – Lithuanian vėlyvis (: late) III 213; -uoklė: Latin Hepatica – Lithuanian žibuoklė (‘violet’) (: žibėti ‘to glow’) I 272; Latin Myrrhis – Lithuanian garduoklė (‘sweet herb’) (: gardus ‘tasty’) II 218; -uonė: Latin Hippuris – Lithuanian uodeguonė (‘tail plant’) (: uodega ‘tail’) II 210; Latin Nymphoides – Lithuanian plaumonė (: plaumuo) II 257; -uotė: Latin Digitaria – Lithuanian pirštuotė (: pirštas ‘finger’) III 239; Latin Polycnemum – Lithuanian nariuotė (: narys ‘member, joint’) I 205; -einis: Latin Echium – Lithuanian ežeinis (: ežys ‘hedgehog’) II 275; -ena: Latin Lychnis – Lithuanian gaisrena (: gaisras ‘fire’) I 250; -erškis: Latin Berberis – Lithuanian raugerškis (: raugas ‘sourness, acidity’) I 294; -ylas: Latin Inula – Lithuanian debesylas (: debesis ‘cloud’) III 150; -inas: Latin Adoxa – Lithuanian ūksminas (: ūksmė ‘shade’) II 354; -ynas: Latin Corylus – Lithuanian lazdynas (: lazda ‘stick’) I 180; 6Lithuanian linguists relate the plant name spanguolė not only to the adjective spangas, but also to the verb spingsėti ‘to glimmer’ (see Skardžius 1996: 191, Būga 1959: 310). Terminologija | 2011 | 18 71 –ius: Lat. Oxytropis – Lith. drugišius (: drugys) II 127; –otis: Lat. Plantago – Lith. gyslotis (: gysla) II 346; –uva: Lat. Andromeda – Lith. balžuva (: balža) II 238; –ynė: Lat. Rumex – Lith. rūgštynė (: rūgštus) I 190; –iena: Lat. Caltha – Lith. puriena (: purus) I 269; –inys: Lat. Lappula – Lith. žiaudrinys (: žiaudrus “rough, hard”) II 283; –ylis: Lat. Picris – Lith. kartylis (: kartus) III 147; –unė: Lat. Matricaria – Lith. ramunė (: ramus) III 174; –alė: Lat. Leontodon – Lith. snaudalė (: snausti) III 145; –yčia: Lat. Sinapis – Lith. garstyčia (: garsti) I 328; –inė: Lat. Capsella – Lith. žvaginė (: žvagėti) I 339; –lė: Lat. Pinguicula – Lith. tuklė (: tukti) II 344; –okšlė: Lat. Polygala – Lith. putokšlė (: putoti) II 174; –tukas: Lat. Odontites – Lith. skėstukas (: skėsti) II 334; –vė: Lat. Puccinellia – Lith. žalvė (: žalti, žalias) III 312. About half of the plant genus names in this group formed with suffixes are derived from nouns, and nearly a quarter each from adjectives and verbs. There are far fewer Latvian plant genus names formed with suffixes other than those mentioned in the flora of the Baltic countriesBaltijos šalių flor oje: only 6 derivatives formed with 5 suffixes were found. Their bases are nouns (a) or verbs (b): a) –aine: Lat. Senecio – Latv. krustaine (: krusts) III 176; Lat. Vincetoxicum – Latv. indaine (: inde) II 258; b) –are: Lat. Liparis – Latv. lipare (: lipt) III 386; –eknis: Lat. Lycopodium – Latv. staipeknis (: staipīt) I 130; –ksnis: Lat. Carduus – Latv. dzelksnis (: dzelt) III 36; –onis: Lat. Swida – Latv. grimonis (: grimt) II 211. Hybrid suffix derivatives are characteristic of neither language. A pair of plant genus names formed from an international root and a Lithuanian suffix was found (a), while only one with a Latvian suffix was found (b): a) Lat. Barbarea – Lith. barborytė (: Barbora) I 306; Lat. Gentianella – Lith. gencijonėlė (: gencijonas) II 254; b) Lat. Viola – Latv. vijolīte (: vijole) II 189. The derivation of some Lithuanian plant genus names given in the Flora of the Baltic Countries is unclear, for example: Lat. Callitriche – Lith. praujenė II 284; Lat. Hedera – Lith. gebene II 212; Lat. Sherardia – Lith. artvenis II 259. 72 S. Labanauskienė │ Baltijos šalių floros lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų vedyba Indeed, according to K. Gaivenis, the base word of some of these plant genus names can no longer be identified, while others can be associated with several words. For example, the word gebenė may be considered to derive from the noun geba ‘broom’ or from the verb gebti/glėbti ‘to embrace, clasp; to wrap’ (see Gaivenis 1985: 170–171). Some neologisms coined by Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža, Laurynas Rokas Ivinskis, and Povilas Matulionis that have entered current nomenclature are also unclear, for example: Lat. Aldrovanda – Lith. aldrūnė I 344; Lat. Erysimum – Lith. tuertikas I 304; Lat. Gratiola – Lith. raitinytė II 314; Lat. Gypsophila – Lith. guboja I 258; Lat. Cakile – Lith. stoklė I 329; Lat. Cephalanthera – Lith. garbenis III 367; Lat. Montia – Lith. menúva I 233; Lat. Oenanthe – Lith. išnė II 221. For most of these names, a derivational formative could be identified, but it is no longer possible to find words from which they might have been derived. The examples of Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names formed with prefixes show that such derivatives are generally made from nouns and, less often, from adjectives and verbs. In Flora of the Baltic Countries, Lithuanian names formed with prefixes account for 79% of all Lithuanian derivatives, while Latvian names formed with prefixes account for 83% of all Latvian derivatives. Derivatives with the prefix -enis, -enė make up 21% of all Lithuanian plant genus names formed with prefixes; in Latvian, derivatives with the prefix -enis, -ene account for 47%. In Flora of the Baltic Countries, Lithuanian plant genus names formed with diminutive prefixes make up 16% of all prefixal derivatives, while Latvian ones account for 45%; of the latter, 8.5% of the names are formed with two prefixes: -el- + -inš; -el- + -īte; -en- + -īte. The Lithuanian prefixes -ūnas, -ūnė (7.5%) and -uolis, -uolė (6%) are also productive. Thirty less productive Lithuanian prefixes each form one or several Lithuanian plant genus names (27.5% of all prefixal derivatives); five minimally productive prefixes are used to name Latvian plants (7% of all prefixal derivatives). Hybrid prefixal derivatives account for 1% in each language. The formation of 21% of Lithuanian genus names is unclear. D E R I V A T I V E S W I T H E N D I N G S Derivation by means of endings is the third most productive method of forming Lithuanian plant genus names (as mentioned at the beginning of the article, the second is compounding— Terminologija | 2011 | 18 73 34 Lithuanian derivatives formed with endings were found in Flora of the Baltic Countries. Such plant genus names are generally formed from nouns, adjectives, and verbs: –a: lot. Draba – liet. anksta (: ankstus) I 321; –as: Lat. Lycopodium – Lith. pataisas (: pataisyti) I 130; –ė: Lat. Acinos – Lith. žvirgždė (: žvirgždas) II 302; Lat. Agrostemma – Lith. raugė (: raugti) I 251; Lat. Arenaria – Lith. smiltė (: smiltis) I 234; Lat. Borago – Lith. agurklė (: agurklas “cucumber”) II 279; Lat. Cystopteris – Lith. sprakšė (: sprakšėti) I 144; Lat. Dracocephalum – Lith. žiomenė (: žiomenys) II 300; Lat. Galeopsis – Lith. aklė (: aklas) II 291; Lat. Hieracium – Lith. vanagė (: vanagas) III 103; Lat. Impatiens – Lith. sprigė (: sprigti) II 177; Lat. Lunaria – Lith. blizgė (: blizgėti) I 319; Lat. Lysimachia – Lithuanian šilingė (: šilingas) II 246; Lat. Pedicularis – Lithuanian glindė (: glinda) II 335; Lat. Poa – Lithuanian miglė (: migla) III 306; Lat. Pulmonaria – Lithuanian plautė (: plaučiai) II 276; Lat. Salsola – Lithuanian druskė (: druska) I 225; Lat. Senecio – Lithuanian žilė (: žilas) III 176; Lat. Serratula – Lithuanian geltė (: geltas) III 38; Lat. Sonchus – Lithuanian pienė (: pienas) III 77; Lat. Spirodela – Lithuanian maurė (: mauras) III 319; Lat. Stellaria – Lithuanian žliūgė (: žliūgas) I 237; Lat. Symphytum – Lithuanian taukė (: taukai) II 277; Lat. Trisetum – Lithuanian visgė (: visgeti) III 269; Lat. Vinca – Lithuanian žiemė (: žiema) I 258; –is: Lat. Chaerophyllum – Lithuanian gurgždžis (: gurgždėti) II 215; Lat. Artemisia – Lithuanian kietis (: kietas) III 164; Lat. Petasites – Lithuanian šaukštis (: šaukštas) III 180; Lat. Sparganium – Lith. šiurpis (: šiurpti) III 320; Lat. Juncus – Lith. vikšris (: vikšras) III 226; –ys: Lat. Pteridium – Lith. šakys (: šaka) I 141; –(i)us: Lat. Delphinium – Lith. pentinius (: pentinas) I 270. According to K. Gaivenis, several plant genus names derived with suffixes have unclear formations: Lat. Lolium – Lith. svidrė III 304 – the base word is probably the verb svidruoti “to sway” or the noun svidras “rush”; Lat. Cnidium – Lith. guostė II 224 – should probably be linked to the word guostas “bunch, tuft” (see Gaivenis 1985: 173). 74 S. Labanauskienė │ Baltijos šalių floros lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų vedyba Suffixation is the least characteristic way of forming Latvian plant genus names. Only four Latvian plant genus names formed with suffixes were found in the flora of the Baltic countries—these are derivatives with the suffixes -e (a) and -is (b): a) -ane: Lat. Impatiens – Latv. sprigane (: sprigans) II 177; Raphanus – Latv. pērkone (: pērkons7) I 329; Lat. Eriophorum – Latv. spilve (: spilva) III 328; b) Lat. Galeopsis – Latv. aklis (: akls) II 291. The base words of these suffixal derivatives are nouns and an adjective. In the flora of the Baltic countries, suffixal derivatives among Lithuanian names account for 17% of all Lithuanian derivatives, whereas only 3% of Latvian names with suffixes were found. Most Lithuanian names have the suffix -ė, formed from nouns, adjectives, and verbs, while Latvian names most often have the suffix -e, formed from nouns and an adjective. PREFIXAL DERIVATIVES Prefixation is not a productive word-formation method in either language. Few Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names formed with prefixes were found in the flora of the Baltic countries: Lithuanian (a) — 6, Latvian (b) — 13: a) Lat. Anagallis – Lith. progailis (: gailis) II 247; Lat. Epipogium – Lith. antbardzė (: barzda) III 371; Lat. Eragrostis – Lith. posmilgė (: smilga) III 245; Lat. Genista – Lith. prožirnis (: žirnis) II 124; Lat. Laserpitium – Lith. begalis (: galas) II 231; Lat. Spergularia – Lith. posmiltė (: smiltis) I 248; b) Lat. Agropyron – Latv. pavārpata (: vārpata) III 260; Lat. Anagallis – Latv. pavirza (: virza) II 247; Lat. Digitaria – Latv. pasāre (: sāre) III 239; Lat. Eleocharis – Latv. pamel d rs (: meldrs) III 331; Lat. Erucastrum – Latv. pazvēre (: zvērs) I 325; Lat. Huperzia – Latv. apdzira (: dzira) I 132; Lat. Lamium – Latv. panātre (: nātre) II 293; Lat. Laserpitium – Latv. bezgale (: gals) II 231; Lat. Nymphoides – Latv. palēpe (: lēpe) II 257; Lat. Oenanthe – Latv. padille (: dille) II 221; Lat. Pilosella – Latv. pamauraga (: mauraga) III 79; Lat. Rorippa – Latv. pakērsa (: kērsa) I 307; Lat. Spergularia – Latv. pagaurs (: gauri) I 248. 7Thunder (Latv. pērkons) is associated with fertility and fecundity; cf. pērkones – a fertile grass (see Karulis 2001: 673). Terminologija | 2011 | 18 75 In the source under examination, prefixal derivatives of Lithuanian names make up 3% of all Lithuanian derivatives, while Latvian prefixal names account for 13% of all Latvian derivatives. The examples show that the most productive Lithuanian prefixes are po-, pro-, and the Latvian prefix is pa-. Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names with prefixes are formed only from nouns. CONCLUSIONS 1. Most Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names included in the flora of the Baltic countries are derivatives. Word-formation tendencies in plant genus names differ somewhat between the two languages. Lithuanian plant genus names are most often formed with suffixes—160 were found in the source under examination (or 50% of all derivatives). In Latvian botanical nomenclature, suffixation is the second most productive word-formation method: 82 Latvian plant genus names are derived with suffixes (or 27% of all derivatives). The bases of the most frequent Lithuanian and Latvian suffixal plant genus name derivatives are nouns, and less often adjectives and verbs. Two Lithuanian plant genus names formed with suffixes were found to be derived from numerals. 3. Most plant genus names in both languages are formed with the same suffix—Lithuanian -enis, -enė (21% of suffixal derivatives), and Latvian -enis, -ene (47% of suffixal derivatives). 4. A greater variety of suffixal derivatives is observed in Lithuanian than in Latvian botanical nomenclature. The fairly productive Lithuanian suffixes -ūnas, -ūnė (7.5% of suffixal derivatives) and -uolis, -uolė (6% of suffixal derivatives) are fairly productive. Only one or a few derivatives are formed using the less productive Lithuanian suffixes (30 were counted): -ainis (-ainė), -alė, -einis, -eklė, -ekšnis, -ena, -erškis, -yčia, -iena, -ylas, -ylis, -inas, -inė, -ynas, -ynė, -inys, -išius, -yvė (-yovis), -lė, -okas (-okė), -oklis (-oklė), -okšlė, -otis, -tukas, -unė, -uoklė, -uonė, -uotė, -uva, -vė. Fewer suffixes are used to form Latvian plant genus names: derivatives of only five less common suffixes were found: -aine, -ane, -are, -ksnis, -onis. 5. Latvian plant genus names are characterized by formation with diminutive suffixes (-ītis, -īte, -iņš, -iņa, -tiņa, -ulis, -ule); such derivatives make up 45% of all suffixal derivatives, whereas Lithuanian plant genus names with diminutive suffixes (-utis, -utė, -aitė, -ytė, -(i)ukas, -(i)ukė, -ikė) constitute only 16% of all suffixal derivatives. It was observed that, unlike Lithuanian names, Latvian plant genus names are also formed with two suffixes: -el- + -iņš; -el- + -īte or -en- + -īte (8.5% of derivatives with diminutive suffixes). 76 S. Labanauskienė | Baltijos šalių floros lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų vedyba 6. Hybrid suffixal derivatives are characteristic of neither language; a couple of such derivatives, formed from an international root and a Lithuanian suffix, were found, and one with a Latvian suffix. 7. Suffixation is the third most productive method of forming Lithuanian plant genus names; in Latvian, it is the least productive method. There are 34 Lithuanian plant genus names in the -a, -as, -ė, -is, -ys, -(i)us endings derived in the flora of the Baltic Countries (11% of all derivatives). They are usually formed from nouns, adjectives, and verbs. There are only 4 Latvian suffixal derivatives (1% of all derivatives), whose base word is a noun or an adjective. 8. Prefixal Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names are not numerous in the source under examination. Six Lithuanian names derived with prefixes were found (2% of all derivatives), and 13 Latvian ones (4% of all derivatives). Lithuanian names are formed with the prefixes ant-, be-, po-, pro-, and Latvian names with the prefixes ap-, bez-, and pa-. In both languages, plant genus names with prefixes are formed only from nouns. The most productive Lithuanian prefixes are po- and pro-, while the most productive Latvian prefix is pa-. SOURCE Flora – Flora of the Baltic Countries. Compendium of Vascular Plants/Editors: L. Lasimer, V. Kuusk, L. Tabaka, A. Lekavičius, Tartu, 1993–2003. LITERATŪRA Būga K. 1959: Priedėlis etimologijos žodynui. – Rinktiniai raštai II, Vilnius, 293–328. Ēdelmane I. 1978: Augu nosaukumu darināšanas veidi latviešu valodā. – Latviešu valodas kultūras jautājumi 14, Rīga, 97–103. Gaivenis K. 1985: Lietuvos augalų genčių ir rūšių pavadinimai. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai: Mokslo kalbos kultūros ir terminologijos problemos 24, Vilnius, 165–178. Karulis K. 2001: Latviešu etimoloģijas vārdnīca, Rīga. Keinys St. 1999: Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Šiauliai. Skardžius Pr. 1996: Rinktiniai raštai, Vilnius. DERIVATION OF LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN PLANT GENERA NAMES IN FLORA OF THE BALTIC COUNTRIES This article is a continuation of the article published in the 17th issue of Terminologija. It aims to discuss three groups of derivates naming Lithuanian and Latvian plant genera – suffixal derivates, ending derivates and prefixal derivates – and to establish their similarities and differences. Research source was three volume publication Flora of the Baltic Countries (1993–2003), prepared by teams of authors from Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian universities and academies of science. It describes plants growing in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia – cryptogams and phanerogams (excluding moss). Terminologija | 2011 | 18 77 Most of Lithuanian and Latvian plant genera names listed in Flora of the Baltic Countries are derivates. The tendencies of plant genera name-formation in the two languages are somewhat different. Compounding is the most productive way of name formation in Latvian, but the second most productive way in Lithuanian. Lithuanian plant genera names are usually made with suffixes. Such names make up 50% of all formations found. In Latvian botanical nomenclature suffixal derivation is the second most productive way of name formation. 27% of derivates naming Latvian plant genera were suffixal derivates. The most frequent underlying words of Lithuanian and Latvian plant genera names with suffixes are nouns; adjectives and verbs are less frequent. The largest number of plant genera names in the two languages was made with the same suffix – Lithuanian -enis, -enė and Latvian -enis, -ene. In both languages there are plant genera names made with diminutive suffixes: -ītis, -īte, -iņš, -iņa, -tiņa, -ulis, -ule in Latvian and -utis, -utė, -aitė, -ytė, -(i)ukas, -(i)ukė, -ikė in Lithuanian. Such suffixes are more common in Latvian. A specific characteristic of Latvian suffixation is the usage of two suffixes: -el- + -iņš, -el + -īte or -en- + -īte. Lithuanian botanical nomenclature has a greater variety of suffix derivatives than Latvian. Thirty less productive Lithuanian suffixes and only five Latvian were used to form only one or a few derivates. Hybrid suffix derivates are not characteristic to either language. A couple of hybrid derivates consisting of international root and Lithuanian suffix and only one similar derivate with Latvian suffix were found. Ending derivation is the third most productive way of deriving plant genera names in Lithuanian. 11% of derived Lithuanian names were made with endings -a, -as, -ė, -is, -ys or -(i)us using nouns, adjectives and verbs. Such derivates make up only 1% of derived Latvian plant genera names. Their underlying words are nouns or adjectives. Lithuanian and Latvian plant genera names with prefixes in the analysed source are rare (2% of all Lithuanian derived names and 4% of Latvian). Lithuanian plant genera names are prefixed with ant-, be-, po- or pro- and Latvian names have prefixes ap-, bez- or pa-. Plant genera names with prefixes in both languages are made only from nouns. Gauta 2011-12-12 Solvita Labanauskienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected]