Morfologiniai anatomijos terminų variantai XVII–XVIII a. lietuvių leksikografijoje

105Terminologija | 2012 | 19 Morfologiniai anatomijos terminų variantai Lithuanian lexicography in the 17th–18th centuries PALMIRA ZEMLEvIčIūTė Institute of Lithuanian Language KEY WORDS: medicine, anatomy term, variant, morphological variant, dictionary INTRODUCTION Words and combinations of words related to medicine can be found in the first Lithuanian written sources – general translation bilingual (mostly German-Lithuanian and Lithuanian-German) dictionaries, which were of great importance not only for the development of the Lithuanian written language and lexicography, but also for the creation of Lithuanian medical terminology. The well-known Lithuanian physician anatomist and anthropologist Professor Gintautas Jurgis Česnys (1940–2009), who has studied the history of the Lithuanian anatomy dictionary, considers Konstantinas Sirvydas’ trilingual (Polish–Latin–Lithuanian) dictionary as its origins. A considerable part of the words in this dictionary have become anatomy terms and are still used today, for example, elbow, mouth, head, palate, neck, liver, groin, mommy, occiput, finger, hand, chin, brain, heart, etc. (Česnys 2002: 56). These and other words denoting the main parts of the body and organs, as well as the fluids produced by them, can be found in later dictionaries written in Lithuania Minor. Thus, the sources of the article are the following 17th-18th century dictionaries of Greater and Lesser Lithuania (hereinafter – DL and ML): Dictionarium trium linguarum, In usum Studiosae Iuventus, Avctore […] Constantino Szyrwid (hereinafter – SD), Clavis Germanico–Lithvana (hereinafter – C), Lexicon Lithuanicum (hereinafter – Lex), Lexicon Germanico=Lithvanicvm et Lithvanico=Germanicvm, darinnen [...] von Iacobo Brodowskij, Praecentore Trempensi (hereinafter – B), Vocabvlarivm litthvanico–germanicvm, et germanico–litthvanicvm [...] von Friederich Wilhelm Haack (hereinafter – H), Littauiſch=Deutſches und Deutſches=Littauiſes Lexicon, [...] von Philipp Ruhig (hereinafter – R), Littauiſ=deutſches und Deutſches=littauiſes Wärter=Buch, [...] von Chriſtian Gotlieb Mielcke, Cantor in Pillckallen (hereinafter – MŽ). 106 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Morphological variants of anatomy terms | XVII–XVIIIa.lietuviųleksikografijoje The object of the article is one semantic microsystem of medical terms – anatomy terms. From the aforementioned lexicographical sources, words and word combinations referring to human anatomy concepts (body parts, organs and fluids produced by them) that have survived to this day in usage (i.e. have become medical terms) and are no longer used were jama viena terminų variantų rūšis – morfologiniai variantai. Jie sugrucollected. It examined the rows of variants of terms naming the same concept (a total of 58 rows and 216 different variants). The aim is to describe the morphological variants of anatomy terms in DL and ML dictionaries of the 17th–18th centuries, to identify their types and subtypes, at least to explain the reasons for the variation of terms and to show their development. A few words about some terminology. The article has chosen to use the term variant1. This is based on the traditional concept of variant – a single word or a compound term with the same meaning but different expression is considered a variant. For the type of term variants and its subtypes, the terms of morphological (genus, number, endings) variants are also traditionally used. Typically, in the literature of linguistics and terminology, variants are considered such language units that differ in some single feature, on the basis of which they are divided into separate species. However, the material studied has shown that there are very few such pure variants. Most of the anatomy terms in dictionaries differ by at least two, and sometimes more, features2. Therefore, the article still uses the terms pure variants, mixed variants. The term pure variants refers to terms that differ only in one (in this case, morphological) feature, while the term mixed variants refers to terms that differ in two or more features. In this case, the morphological distinctive feature is considered to be the main, and the phonetic and orthographic distinctive features are considered to be secondary. A group of two or more variants of the same term is called a string of variants. 1 The concept of variant in terminology has been discussed in detail in Asta Mitkevičienė’s article (see Mitkevičienė 2004), so this work does not enter into more detailed theoretical considerations, limiting itself to indicating the author’s position and literature on this issue. 2 For this reason, it is quite difficult to classify variants of anatomy terms into separate species, because there are very few variants that belong to only one species – the same variants can be assigned to different species. Therefore, in this thesis, the distinctive morphological features of variants of anatomy terms are chosen as the basis for variant distribution. 107Terminologija | 2012 | 19 Variation3 is a characteristic feature not only of language, but also of terminology (historical or current) in the fields of science, technology and art. However, it is perhaps most evident in the early written texts, when the written language was still being developed. Therefore, the abundance of different forms of the same word not only in individual writings, but often also in the writings of the same author, is quite understandable. It can be assumed that when studying the origins of terminology in a given field, ir vartosenos polinkius. variants help to reveal the development of terms, their morFological VAriAntAi of selection. In this work, morphological are considered to be the functional and qualitative variants of word forms (see Župerka 1983: 28, Miliūnaitė 2009: 143, 172, cf. In the spoken dictionaries, three types of morphological variants – gender, number and endings – were found. Most of the morphological variants are single-word anatomy terms, only a few compound terms occurred – their variants are related or specific features. This type of morphological variants includes mainly single-word sequences of anatomy terms (a total of 17 sequences and 78 different variants), the terms in which differ in genus – one (some) member(s) of the sequence of variants are female, the other (others) are male: Elbow 4 (lat. cubitus) – Ałkune5, left. Elbow / rectal member from the forearm to the palm, fly. 1996. pp. 256. "Cubitus, wool, lacertus SD 2536 / Alkune, vok. Ellenbogen B I 406747 / Elkune, vok. 1922, pp. 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162. Ellen3 A number of theoretical works (articles and Ахманова 2005, Бабанова 1994, Граудина 2003, Лейчик 1994, Марузо 2004, Сложеникина 2005, books) have been written about it (see Miliūnaitė 2009, Авербух 2003, Татаринов 1996 and others). Lithuanian terminologists have relied on the theoretical insights of Lithuanian and Russian authors on the issue of terminology variation when examining microsystems of terms in specific fields of science (literature, construction) (see Mitkevičienė 2004, Stunžinas 2008). 4 A term in the current nomenclature of anatomy (see MedZ). 5 In the article, anatomy terms are presented in the original letters and in alphabetical order. The members of the Variant Row are listed chronologically, i.e. according to the date of writing of the dictionary from which the term was taken. The term is followed by its equivalents in other languages – Polish and Latin (from K. Sirvydas’ dictionary) and German, the abbreviation of the source (as it appears in the Lithuanian language dictionary) and the page. Different variants of terms are written in bold. 6 Original page. 7 Original page and line. 108 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Morphological variants of anatomy terms begen C | XVII–XVIIIa.lietuviųleksikografijoje I 5118, Elkune, vok. Lex 309 / Élkúne, vok. 119–120; 119–120; 120–121; 121–122; 122–123; 123–124; 124–125; 126–127; 127–128; 128–129; 129–130; 130–131; 131–132; 133–134; 135–136; 137–138; 139–140; 141–142; 143–144; 145–146; 147–148; 149–150; 151–152; 152–153; 154–155; 156–157; 158–159; 159–160; 160–161; 161–162; 162–163; 167–168. Ellenbogen B I 40647 / Alkunẽ, vok. Arm, the lower part rvl 31, Alkunẽ, vok. der Ellnbogen MŽlv 4, Alkunẽ, vok. Arm, the lower part MŽvl 41, Alkunẽ, vok. der Ellbogen MŽlv 66 / Elkunẽ, vok. der Ellbogen MŽlv 66 / Elkúnas, vok. 553–554. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. Elbow C I 553. According to the LKŽ, the feminine variant Elkune / Élkúne / Elkunẽ ~ elbow10 is used in the living language (Grž) and in East Prussian writings, and the masculine variant Elkúnas ~ elbow is cited as the primary source in the Clavio dictionary. By the way, the latter dictionary also gives the variant with the root vowel a – Alkúnas ~ elkūnas, which is presented in the LKŽ only as a word from this source. Antakis (lot. supercilium) – Ant-Akkis, vok. Augenbrauen C I 180 / Antakẽ, vok. Augenbrahue rvl 40, MŽvl 54; Antakkei, vok. Eyes Brow B I 1566 / Antakẽs, vok. the eyes=brows MŽlv 2. In the LKŽ, the original source of the feminine gender variants Antakẽ ~ brow, Antakẽs ~ brow is P. Ruigi’s dictionary, in which, in addition to the main meaning of “brow”, this word in these forms may vartotas ir „akies vokų“ reikšme. K. G. Milkus savo žodyne taip pat vartojo have been influenced by the dictionary of his predecessor, P. Ruigi. Blake, Vol. Blakstiena (lot. cilium) – Blakſtenai, vok. Augenbrauen C I 180, Eyes Brow B I 1566, Blakſtenai, vok. Eyes Hair B I 15629, Blakſtenai, vok. Augen Wimpern B I 1572, Blakſtenai, vok. die Wimpern rlv 16, Blakſtenai, vok. 28, No. 2, pp. 28. "Blaue Augen" (in German). Eyelashes of the eyes MŽvl 542 / Blakſtenos, vok. Eyelashes of the eyes MŽvl 542. In most ML dictionaries (except for K. G. Milkaus dictionary, in which this term is named as a feminine term) one of the eye's appendix organs is called the masculine term Blakſtenai / Blakſtẽnai ~ eyelashes. The LKŽe indicates that this word is used in spoken language (Kp, Gs) and in writing (R, J). Blauzda (lot. crus) – Błauʒda, left. Goat, fly. Crus, Tibia SD 170, Błauʒda, left. Lyſt mieśińty / pega, lot. 258 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. Bein C I 268, Blauʒda, vok. Waden C IV 891, Lex 435, Blauʒda, vok. 21048 Bein pro pede B I 21048, Blauʒda, vok. Lenden B II 86647, Blauʒda, vok. Wade B I 51424, Blauʒda, vok. 1424–1425, 1425–1426, 1427–1428, 1428–1429, 1429–1430, 1431–1432, 1432–1433, 1434–1435, 1436–1437, 1438–1438, 1439–1440, 1441–1442, 1442–1443, 1444–1445, 1446–1447, 1448–1448, 1449–1450, 1451–1452, 1453–1454, 1455–1456, 1457–1458, 1458–1459, 1459–1460, 1461–1462, 1462–1463. the 8 Original page. 9 Original page. 10 After the tilde (~), the term is rewritten in current characters. 109Terminologija | 2012 | 19 WadeamFuß rlv 16, MŽlv 28 / Blauʒdà, vok. Schenkel rvl 305, MŽvl 409, Blauʒdà, vok. 525–526; 527–528; 529–530; 531–532; 533–534; 535–536; 537–538; 539–540; 541–542; 542–543; 544–545; 546–547; 548–550; 551–552; 553–554; 555–556; 557–558; 559–560; 560–561; 562–563; 564–565; 566–567; 568–569; 570–570; 571–572; 572–573; 575–576; 577–578; 579–580; 579–580; 580–581; 582–582; 583–584; 585–586; 587–588; 589–590. Beinſchiene B I 21116. According to LKŽ, the masculine variant Blauʒdas ~ blauzdas is recorded only in written sources (I.Simon, Ch). "Metacarpus" (in Latin). The hand of ſhorts, lot. 144 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. hole Hand Lex 50a / South, vok. x hole Hand B II 62735 / Delna, vok. the flat hand inside MŽlv 47. The feminine gender variant Délna / Delna ~ palna, as can be seen from the illustrative examples žodis Delwas~delvasgali būti korektūros klaida (žr. Lex 1987: 495). presented in the LKŽ, is used in spoken language (Skr, Vvr, Plt, Tl) and in writing (J, K, R, Žem, I, I.Simon, MŽ). Lexicon Lithuanicum Lumbar, thigh (Latin: longipes); Region hypochondriaca (region of hypochondria) – ſłepſna, pol. Slabiʒna, lot. Hypochondrion SD 506 / Slepſnas, vok. Lenden C II 1191. The feminine genus ſłepſna / Slepſna ~ hidden and the masculine genus Slepſnas ~ hidden are used in the dictionaries with several meanings – lampus and regio hypochondriaca. In the current nomenclature of anatomy, the female gender term släpsna has been adopted, and in the LKŽ the masculine gender variant Slepſnas ~ släpsnas provides only written sources of usage (N, NdŽ). Kaukolė (lot. cranium) – Kaukolas, vok. Schedel C III 404, Rvl 304, MŽvl 407, Skulkolas, vok. Top of the head rvl 305, MŽvl 408, Kaukolas, vok. die Hirnſchädel MŽlv 111 / Kaukolẽ, vok. die Hirnſchädel MŽlv 111, Kaukolẽ, vok. 408 / Skull, vok. The masculine variant of the Scheitel concepts Kaukolas ~ skulkolas is recorded desHauptes rvl 305. LKŽe duomenimis, vieną iš pagrindinių osteologijos only in written sources (K.Būg, J, BzBk, R, MŽ, BtMr). "Kluczbork (Kluczbork)". Koſtká / nogicʒeść, lot. 222 pp., ill. 465–466, 467–468, 469–470, 471–472, 473–474, 475–476, 477–478, 479–480, 481–482, 483–484, 485–486, 487–488, 489–490, 491–492, 493–494, 495–496, 497–498, 500–501, 502–503, 504–505, 506–507, 508–509, 510–511, 512–513, 514–515, 516–517. Hesse B II 69331, Kulnis, phone. Ferſe C II 652, MŽvl 182, Kulnis, vok. Howe at the foot C II 829, MŽvl 249, Kulnis, vok. Verſen C IV 711, Kulnis, vok. Ferſen Lex 35a,Kulnis, vok. Hacke Lex 45, Kulnis, vok. die Hacke or Ferſe am Fuß rlv 70, Kulnis, vok. die Hacke, Ferſe am Fuß MŽlv 135 / Kulnös, vok. RV 138. As can be seen from the examples of the variants presented, the term heel, which has become valid in the current anatomy nomenclature, was used only by K. Sirvydas. The authors of ML dictionaries used the feminine variant Kulnis / Kulnas ~ kulnis. The LKŽ gives examples of the use of the name of this part of the lower limb from the living language (Grš, Vlkv, Šll, Šv) and from writings (V.Kudir, J.Balt, N, BsP, BB). 110 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Morphological variants of anatomy terms Nail (lat. | XVII–XVIIIa.lietuviųleksikografijoje unguis) – nail, Polish. Páʒur, tears. Vuguis SD 386 / Nagrvl 225, MŽvl 300 / Nagas, ga, vok. Hufe C II 978, Nagga, vok. Klau C II 1071 / Nagà, vok. Klaue lenk. Spider-woman, fly. 385–386, 387–388, 389–390, 391–392, 393–394, 395–396, 397–398, 399–400, 401–402, 403–404, 405–406, 407–408, 409–410, 411–412, 413–414, 415–416, 417–418. Páʒur, tears. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386, pp. 386. Horn on the feet Lex 51, Nagas, vok. 54, No. 4, pp. 54. the nail on the fingers, or on the foot MŽlv 177 / Nágas dicit[ur] de hominib[us], vok. Nagel Ungvis B II 93523, Nágas, vok. Nagel C III 112, Nagas, vok. a nail on the finger or foot, a claw rlv 92, Nágas, vok. Klaue rvl 225, MŽvl 300, Nágas, vok. Nail on the hand or foot MŽvl 353 / Naggas, vok. a nail, a claw H lv 64. The convex plate of mature epidermis covering the dorsal surfaces of the tips of the fingers and toes (Anusevičienė, Cibas, Lilienė 2002: 261) in the dictionaries of K. Sirvydas and ML was called by both variants of the genus – nagu and naga. Although, as LKŽe data shows, the feminine gender variant naga / Nagga / Nagà ~ naga is widely used in the living language (especially in Aukštaičiai) (Jrb, Ds, Ktk, Km, Kp, Švnč, KLt, Gs), and from the writings only SD is presented. Occiput (occiput) – the occiput. Back of the head, flight. Occiput, occipitum SD 548, Pakaußis, vok. Hinter Haupt Lex 50, Pakaußis, vok. 264 pp., ill-printed. Nacke C III 112, Lex 63a, Pakáußis, vok. 193, MŽvl 256, Pakáußis, vok. das Genick MŽlv 112, Pakáußis, vok. Rear part of the head, the neck MŽvl 272 / Pakauſʒis, vok. Genick B II 55122, Pakauſʒis, vok. Rear part of the [main] B II 64316, Pakauſʒis, vok. 93438 / Pakáùßis, vok. das Genick rlv 57 / Pakauße, vok. Genick C II 717. The variant of the feminine gender Pakauße ~ pakaušė, which has not become a term of anatomy, is presented in the LKŽ from Dieveniškiai (Šalčininkai district) and written sources (C, N, LB). "Regio mentales" (in Latin). regio mentalis. 1888. pp. 188. "Kropf MŽlv 188 / Paſmakre, vok. Kinn Bart B II 78351. LKŽe male gender variant Paſmakris ~ pasmakrys usage examples are given from living language (Vb, Kp, Vdk) and letters (R, J). Pėda (lot. pes) – Pėda, vok. Fuſſ=Stapffe C II 757, Pėda, vok. der Fußſtapffen Hlv 94, Pėda, vok. 177 pp., ill-printed. der Fußſtapfe rlv 104, MŽlv 193 / Pẽdas, vok. 2. a footstool r lv 104, Pẽdas, vok. a sheaf, a footstep MŽlv 193. In the case of the male, the feminine form of the name is used in the meaning of "foot" (in the case of the female, the feminine kalboje (Pn, Grž) ir raštuose (V.Krėv, NdŽ). 111Terminologija | 2012 | 19 Atrium (lat.) – atrium, atrium. 912–913, pp. 12. 2016-02-02. pp. 26. ^ "Roadmap". roadmap.gov.au. Hertʒens Grüblein B II 69234, Prieſʒirdis, vok. Bruſtbeeren des Menſch[en] B I 29634 / Pryßirdis, vok. Bruſt rvl 86, MŽvl 113, Pryßirdis, vok. die Bruſt MŽlv 276 / Prißirde, vok. Hertz Grube Lex 48a / Priſʒirde, vok. Bruſtbeeren des Menſch[en] B I 29634 / Pryßirdẽ, vok. 113, pp. 86, 113. It is interesting to note that the term atrium, which has become established in the current nomenclature of anatomy, has been used in this sense very long ago – in 17th–18th century ML dictionaries. However, there was also a feminine variant Prißirde / Priſʒirde / Pryßirdẽ ~ atrial heart, which, in addition to the mentioned masculine variant, is found in the dictionaries of J. Brodovskis, P. Ruigis and K. G. Milkas. As LKŽe data shows, the word prieširdė is recorded in the living language (Sdk) and in writings (Š). form is used in the meaning of "foot"). MannlichGlied C III 14 / Myéklis, vok. 849–850; 852–853; 854–855; 856–857; 858–859; 859–860; 861–862; 863–864; 865–866; 867–868; 869–870; 871–872; 872–873; 874–875; 876–877; 878–879; 879–880; 880–881; 882–883; 884–885. 46, No. 4, pp. 106. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. 1967. pp. 67. "Lexikon". [Urn] Röhre B I 63626 / Mÿeeklis, vok. Male member B II 89743 / Mięékle veſica, vok. Blaſe, Urnblaſe in Menſh[en] B I 26616 / Myeéklẽ, vok. dasHarnglied rlv 88, Myéklẽ, vok. Harnblaſe MŽvl 253, Myéklẽ, vok. "Waſſerblaſe eines Menſchen MŽvl 529". In LKŽ the word Myėklis / Myėéklis / Myʒeklis / Mÿėéklis / Mÿėeklis ~ myžeklis has no meaning of “male bladder”, and the feminine variant Miėékle / Myėéklẽ ~ myžeklė is given with the meaning of “bladder”, the sources of this word are P. Ruigio and F. Kuršių kalbos žodynas. "Vojtek" (in Croatian). vojtek.hr. ein Augenlied rlv 182 / Wokas, vok. ein Augenlied MŽlv 333 / Wókas, vok. Augenbrahue MŽvl 54 / Wokà, vok. a song of eyes MŽlv 333. According to the LKŽ, the sources of the usage of one of the appendage organs of the eye, named as Wokà ~ voka in the feminine gender variant, are mainly ML scripts (R, MŽ, N, [K]) and only one illustrative example of living language (Pt). "Intestinal" (in Latin) – ʒarnai, vok. Eingeweÿde B I 39242 / árnos, vok. Gedrm rvl 161 / arnos, vok. 213 pp. 213. The male variant Ʒarnai ~ žarnai is not recorded in LKŽ at all. As can be seen from the examples presented, in addition to the main morphological difference, the variants of anatomy terms have a number of other – phonetic and orthographical – differences. 112 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Morphological variants of anatomy terms graphic11 | XVII–XVIIIa.lietuviųleksikografijoje – differences. The members of the variant strings are usually distinguished by ordinary vowels and diphthongs, and vowels and diphthongs with various diacritical marks (à, á, é, ẽ, ën, ó, ú, û; ĩ), which denote accented syllables or certain syllable forms12. The spelling of the vowel y and the consonants l, š, ž also varied: they were marked with the letters ÿ, ł, ß, ſʒ, ų, ʒ. In addition, there are characteristic combinations of two identical consonants (in this case, k and g). There was one row of variants of composite anatomy terms, which are varied by related terms. The term referring to one of the eye's appendix organs also has the phonetic and orthographic differences already mentioned: "Aki Kaurismäki - Akki Kaurismäki". akkikaurismäki.fi. 180–181 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. Augenlied Hvl 157 / Akkiês-Wokas, vok. ein Augenlied Hlv 1 / Akiês Wokas, vok. ein Augenlied MŽlv 333 / Akiês Woka, vok. an eye song MŽlv 333; Akkiu Wókas, vok. Augen Bruen B I 1568 / Akiû Wokà, vok. Augenlied rvl 41, MŽvl 54; Akkiu Wokai, vok. Eyes Songs Lex 10 / Akkiu Wókai, vok. Augen Lieder B I 15627; "Akiês Wókos, vok. das Augenlied rlv 4. There is no distinction between the masculine and feminine forms of the word. According to the LKŽe data, most of them, for example, elkūnė „elbow“, blakstienai „blakstienos“, palna „palm“, kulnis „heel“, nagas „nail“, pakaušė „backbone“, pasmakrys „pasmakrė“, pėdas „foot“, prieširdė „atrium“, voka „lids“, are used in the living language, with the exception of antakė (K, R), blauzdas (I.Simon, Ch), kaukolas (K. Būg, J, BzBk, R, MŽ, BtMr) and myžeklė (R, K), which are presented only as words of written sources (mostly ML). Thus, it can be said that both the living language and the masculine and feminine gender words of earlier writings, naming the same thing, may have had an influence on the appearance of different gender variants in the dictionaries of the period under study. tą pačią kūno dalį ar organą. 11 Phonetic and orthographic differences in vowels and consonants will be determined by both linguistic and non-linguistic factors. First, the period in question is the initial period of the development of the Lithuanian written language, when the spelling varied greatly (the same vowels and consonants were phonetically represented differently by different authors), there were no firm principles. It was influenced by different languages – German and Polish – in DL and ML. On the other hand, scholars of the Lithuanian written language (see Palionis 1967, 1995; Zinkevičius 1984) note that the authors wrote as they knew best or looking at the writings of their predecessors or contemporaries, some variants could be considered proofreading errors. 12 For more information about the ML accent notation of old Lithuanian scripts see Shine 2010. 113Terminologija | 2012 | 19 This type of variants of terms includes the following single words and compounds presented in the singular and plural forms in different (or in the anatomijos terminai (iš viso 11 eilučių ir 27 skirtingi variantai), kurie same) dictionaries (usually the number of one of the elements of the compound terms varies), in addition, it should be noted that only pure variants of the type in question were found: Antakis (lot. supercilium) – Ant-Akkis, vok. Augenbrauen C I 180 / Antakya, Turkey. Wienbrauen C IV 980 / Antakkiey, vok. Wien Brauen Lex 106 / Antakkei, vok. Augen Brauen B I 1566; Antakẽ, vok. Augenbrahue rvl 40, MŽvl 54 / Antakẽs, vok. die Augen=Augenbrauen MŽlv 2; Ašara (lat. lacrima) – Aßara, left. Lʒá, lot. Lacryma SD 258, Aßara, vok. Thrænen C IV 583, Aßara, vok. a throne rlv 8, MŽvl 469, Aßara, vok. 550–551. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. Thränen Lex 87a, Aßaros, vok. the thrones Hlv 10; Blauzda (lot. crus) – Blauʒda, vok. Bein C I 268, Blauʒda, vok. Waden C IV 891, Lex 102a, Blauʒda, vok. 21048 Bein pro pede B I 21048, Blauʒda, vok. Lenden B II 86647, Blauʒda, vok. Wade B I 51424, Blauʒda, vok. 1424–1425, 1425–1426, 1427–1428, 1428–1429, 1429–1430, 1431–1432, 1432–1433, 1434–1435, 1436–1437, 1438–1438, 1439–1440, 1441–1442, 1442–1443, 1444–1445, 1446–1447, 1448–1448, 1449–1450, 1451–1452, 1453–1454, 1455–1456, 1457–1458, 1458–1459, 1459–1460, 1461–1462, 1462–1463. the calf at the foot rlv 16, MŽlv 28 / Blauʒdos, vok. die Beine Hlv 18; Galvos plaukas (lat. capillus) – Head hair, German. 860–862; 863–864; 865–866; 867–868; 869–870; 871–872; 873–874; 875–876; 877–878; 879–880; 881–882; 883–884; 885–886; 887–888; 889–900; 901–902; 903–904; 905–906; 907–908; 909–910; 911–912; 913–914; 915–916; 917–918; 919–920. Haupt Haar B II 61616; Kelis (lat. genu) – Kélis, vok. 1086, B II 80518, Kélis, vok. Foot, knee B I 51422 / Kélei, vok. 1086) 1086 – John of Gaunt, Scots king (d. 708–709, 709–710, 711–712, 713–714, 715–716, 717–718, 719–720, 721–722, 723–724, 725–726, 727–728, 729–730, 731–732, 733–734, 735–736, 737–738, 739–740, 741–742, 743–744, 745–746, 747–748, 749–750, 751–752, 753–754, 755–756, 757–758, 759–759. 40a, Sanaris, vol. Joint on body MŽvl 220 / Sanarei, vok. Limb B II 59037, Sanarei, vok. [Finger] xGelenck B I 47230; Smilkinys (lot. tempora) – Smilkinys, German. the sleep on the head MŽlv 250 / Smilkinnei, vok. Schlaff C III 432, Lex 75; Šlaunis (Latin: femur) – Sʒlaunis, German: Schlauf. Hufft Lex 51, Sʒlaunis, vol. 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269. beyde Hhſt rvl 211; Wokas (lat. palpebra) – Wokas, vok. 54, No. 4, pp. 54. Augen Brauen B I 1565; Žarna (Latin: intestinum) – aren't, vok. Darm rvl 96, MŽvl 126 / nom. e.g. árnas, vok. Gekröß, Darm B II 5448. One pair of variants was found in the dictionaries of Clavio and K. G. Milkas, which both elements of the compound terms – genus and species – are 120 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Morphological variants of anatomy terms is | XVII–XVIIIa.lietuviųleksikografijoje presented as a word from a manuscript (called A. Krauze’s) German-Lithuanian dictionary of the 17th century, and the primary source of the term „artery, vein“ is given in Fr. 1883 Dictionary. Two variant rows were found, consisting of members with quadruple-formed extremities: -e, -ẽ, -ė and -is: Blužnis (lat. link) – Bleeding, left. ſledijioná / v ſlodʒona, lot. 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563. Lunge B II 88637 / Blunė, vok. Lunge rvl 248 / Bluennẽ, vok. Lunge MŽvl 331 / Blußnis, vok. Miltz Lex 61a, Blußnis, vok. Miltʒ C III 52, Bluʒnis, vok. 342 pp., ill. Miltʒ B II 91418, Blunis, vok. the spleen, including the lung MŽlv 30 / Bluʒnoss, Vok. Milʒ r as SD word; Šlaunis (lot. coxa,femur) – Kulßis, lenk. vl 256. LKŽe variantas blužnė „blužnis“ pateiktas Lower thigh, lot. Coxa, coxendix SD 201, Kulßis, vok. Hufft C II 978, Kulßis, vok. 54, pp. 54. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. 1580–1581, 1581–1582, 1582–1583, 1583–1584, 1585–1586, 1587–1588, 1589–1590, 1590–1591, 1591–1592, 1592–1593, 1594–1595, 1596–1597, 1598–1599, 1599–1600, 1600–1601, 1602–1603, 1604–1605, 1606–1607, 1608–1609, 1609–1610, 1610–1611, 1611–1612, 1612–1613, 1613–1614, 1615–1617, 1617–1618, 1618–1619, 1619–1620, 1621–1622. Hufft B II 72820 / Kulſʒe, vok. Hufft B II 72820 / Kulße, phonetic. Schenckel C III 412, Kulsse, vo. Hufft Lex 51, Kulße, vok. Schenkel Lex 74a / Kulßẽ, vok. die Huſte rlv 70, Kulßẽ, vok. Knchel rvl 228, Kulßẽ, vok. die Hhfte MŽlv 135, Kulßẽ, vok. Huft MŽvl 280, Kulßẽ, vok. 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340. 409 pp., ill-printed. Huft rvl 211, Kulßė, vok. Thigh rvl 305. According to the LKŽ, the variants šlašė and kulšis have several anatomical meanings – “thigh” and “stern”. The given examples show that all variants of feminine singular endings are mixed – the members of the variant strings differ in ordinary vowels and diphthongs and vowels and diphthongs with diacritical marks (á, é, ẽ, aren; éi, áu) and in the letters ÿ, ł, ß, ſʒ, ën, ʒ denoting the vowel y and the consonants l, š, ž. The encephalon is a part of the central nervous system (CNS) that contains the brain, the cerebellum, and the long brain. Gehirn C II 796, Lex 40, Smagenos, vok. Hirn Lex 50, B ii 71241, Smagenos, vok. March Lex 60a / Smagenes, vok. Marck B II 89826 / Smagines, vok. 1271–1272, 1273–1274, 1275–1276, 1277–1278, 1279–1280, 1281–1282, 1283–1284, 1285–1286, 1287–1288, 1289–1290, 1291–1292, 1293–1294, 1295–1296, 1297–1298, 1299–1300, 1300–1301, 1302–1302, 1303–1304, 1305–1306, 1307–1308, 1309–1310, 1311–1312, 1313–1314, 1315–1317, 1318–1319. Mark B II 89825. In the LKŽ fixed variants smagenos and smagenės, the first meaning of which is anatomical – “the central part of the nervous system, consisting of nerve fibers and cells, located in the human ovary and spinal canal”. 121Terminologija | 2012 | 19 3.3. Vyriškosios giminės daugiskaitos galūnių variantai As already mentioned, usually in dictionaries, the heading words represent kiami vienaskaitos forma. Kaip rodo anksčiau aptarti pavyzdžiai, šios the majority of anatomy terms, but there are also variants of plural forms. Two lines of them were found. There are competing variants of the endings -ai and -(i) ei, -ei and -iei: -ai and -(i)ei: Fluff and hair 14 (lot. lanugo) – Gyw-Plaukai, vok. 1956 - 1957 - 1958 - 1959 - 1960 - 1961 - 1962 - 1963 - 1964 - 1965 - 1966 - 1967 - 1968 - 1969 - 1970 - 1971 - 1972 - 1973 - 1974 - 1975 - 1976 - 1977 - 1978 - 1979 - 1980 - 1981 - 1982 - 1983 - 1984 - 1985 - 1986 - 1987 - 1988 - 1989 - 1990 - 1991 - 1992 - 1993 - 1994 - 1995 - 1996 - 1997 - 1998 - 1999 - 2000 - 2001 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - 2005 - 2006 - 2007 - 2008 - 2009 - 2009 - 2009 - 2009 MilchHaar B II 91342 / Gywplaukiei, vok. die Augenbrauen rlv 46 / Gywplaukei, vok. the eyebrows, the milk hair MŽlv 92; -ei ir -iei: Petys (lot. acromion) – Péćiei, vok. the shoulders rlv 106, Péćiei, vok. Schulter,Rcken rvl 318 / Pecʒei, vok. the shoulders MŽlv 197. These variants, like the ones described above, differ in vowels and diphthongs and vowels and diphthongs with diacritical marks (e/é; ai/ei), as well as the letters ÿ, ć/cʒ, ß/ſʒ for the y and the consonants č and š. CONCLUSIONS 1. Variation is one of the most characteristic features of historical terminology. It is most clearly visible in the written sources of the initial stage of the development of written language, characterized by the abundance and variety of different forms of the same word not only in individual writings, but often also in the writings of the same author. This is confirmed by the investigated lexicographic material from the 17th–18th centuries – the variants of terms designating the same concept of anatomy, only differently morphologically and phonetically and orthographically formed, form lines of two to ten members. 2. words and word combinations related to medicine are in the first general translated bilingual dictionaries, which had great importance for the development of Lithuanian medicine, specifically – anatomy, terminology – a large part of them form the basis of the current anatomy vocabulary. 3. Three types of morphological variants (genus, number, endings) were found in the dictionaries džiai anatomijos terminai, sudėtinių terminų rẽta – jų varijuoja gimininiai examined. Most often, morphological variants are single-or species spots. 4. Genus variant strings consist mainly of single-word anatomy terms. The members of the family differ in male and female sex. 1494) and Ladislao II (b. 122 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Morphological variants of anatomy terms | XVII–XVIIIa.lietuviųleksikografijoje 5.Number variant rows consist of single words and compound terms of anatomy, which in different (or in the same) dictionaries are presented in singular and plural forms (usually compound terms vary by the number of any single element). 6.The lines of ending variants consist of single-word and compound anatomy terms – there are variations of single-word terms or elements of compound terms with different endings of the same genus. There are male and female variants. 6.1. Male singular endings prevail. The competing endings -is and -ys, -as and -‘s (abbreviated ending due to the loss of the vowel a), -as and -is, -is and -us, -us and -as, -is, -ys and -ÿs, -as, -is and -ys, -is, -ys and -(i)us, -is, -ys, -ÿs and -as were found in as many as twenty-two lines. There are only two lines of the plural endings -ai and -(i)ei, -ei and -iei of this genus. 6.2 The number of variants of feminine singular endings compared to masculine singular endings found in dictionaries is relatively small – only five lines. The members of these lines differ by the endings -a and -ẽ, -e, -ẽ and -ė, -e, -ẽ and -ia, -e, -ẽ, -ė and -is. 7. The dictionaries found mostly mixed variants, except for the number variant type – the variants assigned to it are pure ones. In addition to the basic morphological differences, the variants of the genus and the endings have a number of secondary – phonetic and orthographic – differences. The members of the variant strings are usually distinguished by ordinary vowels and vowels with acute, gravis and different circumflex diacritics, which denote accented syllables or certain syllable forms. Among the most characteristic consonant differences are the competing variants with simple and double consonants (the most commonly doubled consonants are d, g, k, l, n, t, r, s), as well as with the differently characterized vowel y (y/ÿ), bivowel uo (ů) and consonants l (l/ł), š (ß/ś/ſʒ), č (ć/cʒ), ž (aj/ʒ) and dž (dʒ/dad). 8. Linguistic and non-verbal factors influenced the emergence of morphological variants of anatomy terms in dictionaries. Of the latter, of course, the influence of different spelling – German and Polish – is to be mentioned (this is obviously seen in the comparison of anatomy terms from the DL and ML dictionaries). An important role is played by the living language and the writings of the predecessors and contemporaries of the authors of the dictionaries. Different forms of the same word used by people and in written sources may have been adopted by DL and ML dictionaries of the 17th–18th centuries. On the other hand, the possibility of individual variants of anatomy terms and proofreading errors cannot be ruled out. 123Terminologija | 2012 | 19 PaGRINDINIaI ŠaLtINIaI B – Jakubs Brodovskis. Lexicon Germanico=Lithvanicvm et Lithvanico=Germanicvm: manuscript dictionary of the 18th century: documentary edition with facsimile, transcription and word register / prepared by Vincentas Drotvinas. – Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2009. I-II volumes. C – Clavis Germanico–Lithvana. 17th-century German-Lithuanian dictionary. – New York: University of New York Press, 1995–1997. I-IV volumes. H – Vocabvlarivm lietuvvanico–germanicvm, et germanico–litvaicvm [...] von Friederich Wilhelm Haack. Halle, 1730. Lex – Lexicon Lithuanicum: manuscript 18th-century German-Lithuanian dictionary. London: Routledge, 1987. MŽ – Littauiſch=German and Deutſch=Lithuaniſche Wörter=Book, [...] by Chriſtian Gotlieb Mielcke, cantor in Pillckallen. Königsberg, 1800. R – Littauiſch=Deutſhes and Deutſh=Littauiſes Lexicon, [...] by Philipp Ruhig. Königsberg, 1747. SD – Širvydas K. Dictionarium trium linguarum: the first dictionary of Lithuanian language. London: Routledge, 1979. EXTRAORDINARY SOURCES LKŽe – Lithuanian Language Dictionary (I–XX, 1941–2002), electronic version. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2005. – www.lkz.lt. MedŽ 1980: Astrauskas V., Biziulevičius S., Pavilonis S., Vaitilavičius A., Vileišis A. Dictionary of Medical Terms, Vilnius: Mokslas. ME 1991: Medical encyclopedia I, Vilnius: Valstybinė enciklopedijų leidykla. LITERATŪRA Anusevičienė O. V., Cibas P., Lilienė L. 2002: Žmogausanatomijairfiziologija, Kaunas: Linos pasaulis. Česnys G. 2002: Lietuviško anatomijos vardyno istorijos metmenys. – Terminologija 9, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 55–65. Miliūnaitė R. 2009: Dabartinėslietuviųkalbosvartosenosvariantai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Mitkevičienė A. 2004: V. Dubo visuotinės literatūros vadovėlio terminų variantai. – Terminologija 11, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 119–144. Palionis J. 1967: LietuviųliteratūrinėkalbaXVI–XVIIa., Vilnius: Mintis. Palionis J. 1995: Lietuviųrašomosioskalbosistorija, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Stunžinas R. 2008: Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai Lietuviųkalbosžodyne. – Terminologija 15, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 111–130. Šinkūnas M. 2010: XVI–XVIIamžiausMažosiosLietuvosraštųakcentografija: daktaro disertacija, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Zinkevičius Z. 1984: Lietuviųkalbosistorija3:Senųjųraštųkalba, Vilnius: Mokslas. Župerka K. 1983: Lietuviųkalbosstilistika, Vilnius: Mokslas. Авербух К. Я. 2003: Терминологическая вариантность. – В. А. Татаринов. Историяотечественного терминоведения.Т.3:Аспектыиотраслитерминологическихисследований(1973–1993).Хрестоматия, Москва: Московский Лицей. Ахманова О. С. 2005: Словарьлингвистическихтерминов, Москва: КомКнига. Бабанова С. Ю. 1994: Вариантность терминов в научном языке. – Терминоведение. Выпуск 1, Москва: Московский Лицей. Граудина Л. К. 2003: Варианты языковых единиц. – Культурарусскойречи.Энциклопедический словарь-справочник, Москва: Флинт, Наука. Лейчик В. М. 1994: Обоснование структуры термина как языкового знака понятия. – Терминоведение. Выпуск 2, Москва: Московский Лицей. Марузо Ж. 2004: Словарьлингвистическихтерминов, Москва: Едиториал УРСС. Сложеникина Ю. В. 2005: Термин:семантическое,формальное,функциональноеварьирование, Самара: СГПУ. Татаринов В. А. 1996: Теориятерминоведения1:Теориятермина:Историяисовременноесостояние, Москва: Московский Лицей. MORPHOLOGICaL VaRIaNtS OF aNatOMY tERMS IN LIthuaNIaN LEXICOGRaPHY OF 17–18tH CENtURIES | XVII–XVIIIa.lietuviųleksikografijoje The article provides the linguistic description of morphological variants of anatomy terms, their types and subtypes and gives a brief overview of the reasons for such variation in the main general translation dictionaries (mostly bilingual German–Lithuanian and Lithuanian–German) of 17–18th century Lithuania Major and Lithuania Minor. Three types of morphological variants (of gender, number and ending) have been found in the researched dictionaries. The majority of morphological variants are oneword terms; variants of complex terms are rare – there are some variations of their generic or specific elements. The gender variants are either masculine or feminine (Kaukolas/Kaukolẽ/Kaukolė ‘skull’, Wůkas/Wokas/Wókas/Wokà ‘eyelid’). The number variants in the same or in different dictionaries have either singular or plural form (Kélis/Kélei ‘knee’, Sanarys/Sanaris/Sanarei ‘joint’). The ending variants have different feminine endings or different masculine endings. Variants of masculine singular endings prevail. Words ending in -is/-ys (Akkies Pawiddulis/Akiês Pawiddulys ‘eyeball’, ſkilwis/Skilwys ‘stomach’) or -as/-‘s (Maahaſis Pirßtas/maahaſisPirſʒt‘s ‘little finger’, ŭywatas/ŭywátas/Ʒywat‘s/Ʒywátas/Ʒywatas ‘womb’) comprise the largest groups. There were only one or two other ending variants found. Female singular endings are rare. Such variants differ in endings -e/-ẽ/-ė (Seiłe/Seile/Séilė/Séile/Seilẽ/Séilẽ ‘saliva’), -e/-ẽ/-ia (Kiauße/Kiauſʒe/ Kiáuße/Kiáußẽ/Kiáußia/Kiaußia ‘skull’), -a/-e/-ẽ (Gÿw=Gÿſla/Gÿw‘gÿſle/Gyw=Gyſlẽ ‘artery’), -e/-ẽ/-ė/-is (Błuūne/Bluūnė/Bluūnnẽ/Blußnis/Bluūnnis/Bluʒnās ‘spleen’). Next to the main morphological differences gender and ending variants have quite a lot of secondary – phonetic and orthographic – differences. Variants differ in simple vowels and vowels with various diacritic marks, simple consonants and double consonants or consonants marked using different characters l(l/ł),š(ß/ś/ſʒ),č(ć/cʒ), ž(/ʒ),dž(dʒ/d), etc. Variability is one of the most common features of historical terminology of cine – lines consisting of two to ten variants of anatomy terms naming the same conmedicept, but having different morphological, phonetic and orthographical form were found in the researched material. There were both linguistic and non-linguistic factors influencing the occurrence of morphological variants of anatomy terms in dictionaries. One of the most obvious non-linguistic factors was the influence of the orthography of the German and the Polish languages. Living language as well as writings of the predecessors and contemporaries of the authors of the researched dictionaries also played an important role. Lexicographers of the 17–18th century Lithuania Major and Lithuania Minor could have taken different forms of the same words used by the people and in the written sources. The possibility of the author’s own variants of the anatomy terms or proofreading mistakes could not be excluded either. Retrieved 2012-11-19. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Institute of Lithuanian Language P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected]