Pastatų konstrukcijų ir jų sudedamųjų dalių liaudies terminija

180 Robertas Stunžinas | Building structures and their components | liaudies terminija Folk terminology of building structures and their components RobeRtas stUNŽINas Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: construction folk terms, building structures names, synonyms, ambiguous terms, related terms, generic terms Traditional buildings, structures and their parts, construction tools and materials are an important source of scientific terminology. A interesting layer of lexicon and is recorded in the works of local researchers, which considerable part of this terminology is marked by folk terminology is a rich and describe the features, regional similarities and differences of manor houses buildings, structures, their parts. Many construction folk terms are in sources that record the facts of the living language – dialect dictionaries, Lithuanian language atlas, academic Lithuanian language dictionary. The analysis of the terms and their microsystems in these sources shows the diversity, regionality, visuality, synonymity, polysemanticity, homonymy and hierarchical relationships of the means of expression of the terminology designating residential and farm buildings (for more on the microsystems of the terminology of residential and farm buildings see Stunžinas 2010: 130–142; 2011: 142–153; 2012: 184–198). In the works of ethnographers there is also a lot of writing about the components of traditional buildings, here you can find the names of the main structures and their parts, e.g.: tile LEB 233, gonts LEB 233, ribbed LEB 233, floor LEB 211, casing LEB 233, ridge LEB 235, lota LEB 233, ceiling LEB 211, goat LEB 235, foundation LEB 230, joint LEB 232, partition LEB 210, wall LEB 220, sheet metal LEB 233, slab LEB 234. 235, wing LEB 233, roof LEB 211, bridge LEB 231, windlass LEB 233. Much more folk terms denoting building structures and parts of them can be found in sources providing live language data. The aim of the article is to examine the synonymy of the terms used in the terminology of building structures and their parts in such sources, both the origin and the semantic synonymy1, 1 In this article, as in previous ones, folk terminology is examined as a collection of terms of the whole folk language, in which synonymy and polysemanticism are expressed. In addition, folk terms can be studied within the dialect, as its terminology system (for more details see Клепикова 1974: 31). 181Terminology | 2013 | 20 The relation between polysemy, homonymy and hierarchy. The material is taken from the following sources: Academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (electronic edition), Druskininkai dialect dictionary, Kaltanėnai dialect dictionary, Kazlų Rūda dialect dictionary (I t.), Kupiškėnai dialect dictionary (I t.), Lazūnai dialect (I–III t.), žodyno, Šiaurės rytų dūnininkų šnektų žodyno, Zanavykų šnektos žodyno Lithuanian Language Atlas (I t.). A total of 422 different2 folk terms3 are analyzed. 1. CONCEPT, ORIGIN OF TERMS, SYNONYMIES AND HIERARCHICAL RELATIONSHIPS Traditional Lithuanian buildings had a number of regional differences. For example, the Žemaičių house is characterized by a long and wide body, low, vertically enclosed walls, massive, thatched semi-valve roof, complex house plan. Aukštaičiai residential building body is long and narrow, walls - medium height, roof - double-sided thatched. At the entrance there are porches, the entire area of the building is divided into three main parts by two transverse walls. The traditional residential houses of Suvalkia have many common features with the residential houses of the Zemgallen and Vysočanin peoples. However, traditional Lithuanian buildings had common structural characteristics – they were characterized by log walls, corner buttresses, half-timbered, four-legged or two-legged thatched roofs, stone foundations, etc. (LEB 216–224). Names of foundations and their parts. In Lithuania, stone foundations have no tradition – most of the old buildings were built on the ground. The brick foundations are recorded from the 17th century (MS 2008: 18). From living language sources it is clear that the foundation is referred to by three terms – Lithuanian, Slavic and hybrid: pamatas „the lower part of the building, on which the whole building relies“ LKŽe, LKA I 35, fundamentas (from the Bulgarian хундамент Fraenkel 1962: 3054) LKA I 35, KzRŽ I 200, pamūra (Hebrew, Lithuanian pair l. mur LKŽe) LKA I 35. Three terms referring to stones and masonry foundations – Lithuanian, Slavic and hybrid – should be considered as generic names: papamatis „akmenys po 2 The sources under consideration contain many variants of terms that are not considered separate terms in this article (for more on the concept of variant, see Stunžinas 2008: 111–112). Only the main variants are analyzed, they are considered the most widely used or in the sources considered the main terms. 3 The article is based on the author’s dissertation material (cf. Stunžinas R. Construction folk terms, Vilnius, 4 In parentheses the origin and source of the term are indicated. 2011). 182 Robertas Stunžinas | Building structures and their components | liaudies terminija LKŽe, DūnŽ 238, ėpodmūrauka (l. podmurųwka LKŽe) „brick foundation“ LKA I 36, pamūrė (hebr., lit. pair l. mur LKŽe) „brick foundation“ LKA I 35, DrskŽ 243. Buildings built without foundations are characterized by clay-covered structures to protect against moisture and frost. This method of fixing cijos – pašaliai. Jie buvo daromi iš molio ir žvyro apatiniams vainikams the foundations is typical of residential buildings up to the 19th century (LLA 1965: 46). The structures in question are referred to by two Lithuanian terms: pašalys „place along the wall of the hut from the outside side“ in LKŽe, pamatas „pašalys, from the outside side according to the wall (or stone, masonry foundation) ground covered“ LKA I 35. Other foundation-related constructions are indicated by two Lithuanian terms: antpėdis "a thermal elevation built around the house under the foundation" in Lithuanian, popėdis "the foundation stone of the laying foot" in Lithuanian. Names of floors. The clay flooring in traditional residential houses, barns, orchards, yard houses was used until the 19th century. In rural residential houses built in the 19th and 20th centuries, plank floors were already laid. Aslas survived in the outbuildings and chambers of the Highland residential houses built up to the 20th century, in the large chimneys of the Žemaičių troupes, in farm buildings (VLE II 2002: 82). From the examined sources it is clear that the plywood flooring is called twelve terms – nine single words and three diphthongs. Eight single-word terms are Lithuanian and one is Latvian: asla LKŽe, LKA I 36, DrskŽ 20, KzRŽ I 29, grendymas LKA I 37, DrskŽ 111, KzRŽ I 251, LzŽ 86, ZanavŽ I 496, grinda LKŽe, kluonas LKA I 37, laitas LKŽe, LKA I 37, plāns (latin) LKA I 37, LKŽe. According to the similarity of the function, metaphorically the flooring is called the name of a part of the human body – the sole LKŽe, LKA I 37, KltŽ 195. Also, the pavement is metonymically named according to the constituent material – clay LKA I 37, earth LKŽe, LKA I 37. One two-word term has both Lithuanian elements, two have Slavic main and Lithuanian dependent elements: molio grindys LKA I 37, molinė ąpadlaga (l. podłoga, brus. пaдлогa) LKA I 37, molinis ąpamastas (l. pomost LKŽe) LKA I 37. The term is also used in the meaning of board formwork. This construction is referred to by six terms: three Lithuanian, two Slavic and one Latvian: asla LKA I 36, KpŽ I 73, grindys LKA I 37, KzRŽ I 255, KpŽ I 742, ZanavŽ I 507, paklotė LKA I 38, ėpadlaga LKŽe, LKA I 37, ZanavŽ II 302, ėpamastas LKŽe, LKA I 38, ahparlagas (la. cover, 2018-03-20. "2018-03-20 - 38th FIA Formula One World Championship - 2018". formula1.com. Two Lithuanian terms are generic names and denote floors of various uses: pagrindas „poor, lower floors, black floors“ in LKŽe, juodgrindės „poor, lower floors“ in ZanavŽ I 576. Names of walls, their parts. The walls of traditional buildings were of three types: column, frame and rack constructions. Column structures are jos buvo seniausios ir primityviausios, jos išnyko, nes buvo nesandarios short-lived. Framework constructions were also rare in Lithuania – they are typical of non-urban areas and poor builders. Renting constructions prevailed in Lithuania from the middle of the 1st millennium. They reliably held the roof and kept the heat well. Traditional building construction methods were not uniform – in Eastern Lithuania the wall logs were joined with rows, in Western – with even planes (MS 2008: 18; LLA 1965: 46). In the examined sources mainly were found terms, naming rentines constructions and their parts. The whole set of logs is referred to by five synonymous terms of different origin: three Lithuanian, one Slavic and one Germanic: grąža „wooden hut suręstos walls (without roof and foundation)“ LKŽe, KpŽ I 712, rentinys LKŽe, DrskŽ 302, kertinys LKŽe, žzrūbas (sl.) LKŽe, LzŽ 293, urriūmas (German Sabaliauskas 1990: 265) LKŽe. Log wall is marked with two Lithuanian synonyms: siena LKŽe, DrskŽ 324, LzŽ 233, ZanavŽ III 47, sienojus LKŽe. The name of the village comes from the local dialect, which means "a small hill in the middle of a valley". The plural form of this term is called the species concept – the narrowing wall of the cleft. The group of names for this construction consists of seven terms – one Lithuanian and six Slavic: skliautai LKA I 49, ėpadvolas (l. powala "ceiling of the walls") LKA I 49, ėpavalas (l. powala) LKA I 49, ėpavalašas (l. powala) LKA I 49, ųviškos (brus. вышкi) LKŽe, LKA I 49, ėvolas (l. wał "well") LKA I 49, ėzakatas (brus. закот "fronton of the shed, jaw") LKA I 49. The wall log is marked with three Lithuanian synonymous terms: medžias KltŽ 166, sienojas LKŽe, DrskŽ 324, sienolis LKŽe. There are different types of walls, which are classified according to their different characteristics. There are mainly terms that name wall logs by location and purpose. The group of names of lower walls consists of eight synonymous terms: one Lithuanian, two Slavic, one Germanic and four hybrids: pamatinis LKŽe, LKA I 35, ąpadamentas (brus. хундамент) LKŽe, ąpadrūba 184 Robertas Stunžinas | Building structures and their components | liaudies terminija (sl.) LKA I 36, LzŽ 181, ššvelys (German: Schwelle LKŽe) LKŽe, ūdbalkinis (Hebrew, German: Balken and Lithuanian: -inis) LKŽe, āpabalkinis (Hebrew, Lithuanian: pa-, German: Balken and Lithuanian: -inis) LKŽe, āpadamentinis (Hebrew, Brush: хундамент and Lithuanian: -inis) LKŽe, āpamūrlotis (Hebrew, Lithuanian: pa-, Lithuanian: mur and German: Latte) LKŽe, LKA I 36. The middle border is marked with the Lithuanian term inmatas LKŽe. The group of names of the upper seinojos consists of ten synonyms – nine Lithuanian and one Slavic: gegninis LKŽe, KpŽ I 627, grąžas LKŽe, ilginis LKŽe, kreklinis LKŽe, krekvinė LKŽe, pagegninis LKŽe, perejinis LKŽe, perlaidas LKŽe, sparinis LKŽe, ellabokas (sl.) LKŽe. According to the size, wall logs are referred to by three terms – Lithuanian, Germanic and hybrid: sienojokas “small wall log” in Lithuanian, ėbalkigalis (Hybrid, German Balken and Lithuanian galas) “small log” in Lithuanian, ėbalkis (Brus. 2009: 422) "storas rąstas" LKŽe, KzRŽ I 52, ZanavŽ I 103. Two Lithuanian and one Slavic term denotes wall logs according to their structural characteristics: ramplinis "log of a wooden cottage with a notch or tooth made for joining with another log" in LKŽe, pervaras "long fence of a barn, running from one end to the other" in LKŽe, ąbrusas (l. brus, brus. бpyc) rąstas“ LKŽe. Trumpas sienojas metaforiškai įvardijamas gyvūno pavadi- "log saw, rectangular nut puppy in LKŽe. The row of logs across four walls is called the Lithuanian term vainikas LKŽe, KltŽ 375, LzŽ 278, ZanavŽ III 554. A group of species names consists of terms that refer to the base and upper crowns. The memorial crown is marked by three terms with the same meaning, two Lithuanian and one Germanic: pakertalas LKŽe, pamatai LKŽe, ššveliai (German: Schwelle) LKŽe. The upper crown of logs is called by two synonymous terms – Lithuanian and Slavic: gegninis LKŽe, ąmūrlotas (l. murłat, german dialect mūбрус LKŽe) renlatte) LKŽe. Vienu lietuvišku ir dviem slaviškais terminais vadinamas jungiamasis rąstas: sija KltŽ 270, LKŽe, ˣbrosas (plg. brusas l. brus, brus. ZanavŽ I 175, obbalkis (brus. 2009: 422) LKŽe, DrskŽ 27, KzRŽ I 52, ZanavŽ I 103. The group of species names consists of ten terms that designate connecting logs according to purpose and belonging. Seven terms are Lithuanian, one is Slavic, two are hybrids: ilginė „beam on which the ceiling is placed“ in LKŽe, jungas „beam connecting the laying piles at least slightly below the bed“ in LKŽe, permėtė „transverse beam connecting something“ in LKŽe, sanvirža „transverse reinforcement beam“ in LKŽe, stapas „supporting beam“ in LKŽe, užla „ceiling beam“ in LKŽe, virdis „working beam“ in LKŽe. 185Terminologija | 2013 | 20 žinės sija“ LKŽe, ųskersbalkis (Hebrew, Lithuanian: žinės ar klojimo skersinė sija“ LKŽe, ˣzavolas (sl.) „apatinė klojimo, darskersas and German: Balken LKŽe) „skerssijė“ LKŽe, ūdtrambalkis (Hebrew, Lithuanian: tramas and German: Balken LKŽe) tumo. The logs were compacted „skersinė pagrindinė sija, laikanti išilgines sijas“ LKŽe. Rąstų sienų tvirtumas ir šilumos laikymas priklausė nuo sienojų glausin three ways: with cut-outs at the top, bottom and flat surfaces (MS 2008: 19). Various carvings, cuts, notches and grooves in logs are referred to by seven terms: five Lithuanian, one Slavic and one Germanic: kertė "cutting in a log, in a tree" in LKŽe, DrskŽ 148, karpas "cutting in a log, cutting the logs of (a house)" in LKŽe, mazgas "node" in LKŽe, rentimas "cutting, encroachment, cut (in the walls)" in LKŽe, ribkaklis "cut to cut the walls" in LKŽe, ėpozas (Brus. пaз, lt. paz) "cut along the log so that the lowered logs are closer to each other" in LKŽe, ZanavŽ II 458, aukkanė (German: Kanne) "cut to cut the log at the end of the log to cut the logs" in LKŽe. There are five synonyms for the Sienojų region – three Lithuanian, one Slavic and one term of unclear origin: sienotarpis in LKŽe, sklinda in LKŽe, tarpsienis in LKŽe, žažalabas (compare with l. żłęb) in LKŽe, ubukantas in LKŽe. The term is a Slavic word, cf. kantas (l. kant, kąt) in LKŽe. The intersection of borders is referred to by five synonymous terms: three Lithuanian, one Latvian and one Slavic: kampas LKŽe, KzRŽ I 314, LzŽ 105, ZanavŽ I 609, kertė LKŽe, sąspara LKŽe, DrskŽ 317, ZanavŽ III 20, stūrys (Lat. stūris) LKŽe, ėkantas (l. kant, kąt) LKŽe. In the works of local researchers it is written that the methods of sewing logs are called „spara“ and „kerte“ („raktu“, „capu“). In one case, the ends of the crossed logs remain offset, in the other case the ends are trimmed (LEB 232). Some of the terms can be found in the sources studied: sąspara LKŽe, ZanavŽ III 20, kertė LKŽe, ėcapas (l. cap, german dial. zape) „slitting of logs, binding“ LKŽe, KzRŽ I 101, KpŽ I 272, ZanavŽ I 203. It has been observed that in live language instead of rakto5 two terms are used – lietuviškas spyna LKŽe, ZanavŽ III 145 and Slavic ązomk (L. zamek) in LKŽe. The component of the column structure is called by two synonyms – Lithuanian and Germanic: stulpas LKŽe, DrskŽ 353, achtstander (German). dial. standing) LKŽe. In the Lithuanian language dictionary this term is marked as a word of writings: Log walls are usually built from 13 log crowns, logs in the corners are lowered into a key (kertė, capą), less often into a column (šulė). 186 Robertas Stunžinas | Building structures and their components | liaudies terminija Names of window structures and their parts. The simplest construction windows were cut out in the frameless wall with sliding boards. Since the 16th century, residential windows have had frames. Animal bladders, leather, paper, fabric, and later, from the 17th to the 18th centuries, glass were placed in them. The first glass windows were made of small, irregularly shaped pieces of glass reinforced with bales. In the 17th-20th century, the village houses were dominated by fouror six-part windows (MS 2008: 20). The common name of the wall opening is the Lithuanian term langas LKŽe, DrskŽ 184, KltŽ 136, KzRŽ I 426, LzŽ 139. Specific terms name windows according to purpose, size and quality. Three terms are Lithuanian: antralangis "for winter put a second window" in LKŽ, KzRŽ I 21, ZanavŽ I 45, langalis "poor, poor, small window" in LKŽ, langelynas "bad window" in LKŽ. In German, the name for the window is Lücke. The window frame is named by nine synonymous terms, three of which are Lithuanian: įstatas LKŽe, stakta LKŽe, apylangės LKŽe. The group of foreign terms consists of four Slavisms and two Germanisms: ųbalanka (Brus. бaлoнкa) LKŽe, KpŽ I 139, пяльцы (Brus. пяльцы) LKŽe, шыбa (Brus. шыбa) LKŽe, ųšuplėda (Brus. szuflada < German Schublade) LKŽe, räm (Brus. räm) LKŽe, KltŽ 246, Schlenge (Brus. schlenge) LKŽe. The glass sheets placed in this construction are called five Slavisms: glass (p. 1962, St. Clair Fraenkel: 906) LKŽe, DrskŽ 348, KltŽ 291, LzŽ 245, ūdbalanka (brusu. бaлoнкa) LKŽe, ėkklėtka (l. klatka) LKŽe, ūdkvartka (rus. фopткa) LKŽe, ZanavŽ I 824, āsšiba (brusu. шыбa) LKŽe. The window shutter device is referred to by two Lithuanian synonyms: hinge LKŽe, winding LKŽe. In the Lithuanian language, the term prielangis means window frame upholstery. The airline is called by two Lithuanian synonyms: langelis LKŽe, LzŽ 139, puslangis LKŽe. In the 16th–19th centuries, swinging or sliding shutters were used with framed windows. Their construction was similar to a door, decorated with small openings in the shape of a heart, moon or other shape (MS 2008: 21). From the sources of the living language it is clear that the closing shutters are referred to by four terms – two Lithuanian and two hybrid ones: langinė LKŽe, KzRŽ I 426, langavietė LzŽ 139, ellanginyčia (hibr., lit. langas and sl. -inyčia) DrskŽ 184, LKŽe. The Lithuanian term braukšlė marks KltŽ 137, ˣlangaravyčia (hibr., iš langinyčia LKŽe, liet. langas, sl. -inyčia) the sliding shutters in the LKŽ, the internal ones – hybrid ąbarbynyčia (hibr., lit. barbenti and sl. -inyčia) in the LKŽ. The group of names of other components of window structures consists of ten terms. The lower window panel is marked with five synonymous terms: three Lithuanian, one Slavic and one hybrid: 187Terminologija | 2013 | 20 palangė LKŽe, KltŽ 199, antlangis LKŽe, prielangis LKŽe, skrynia (Brus. скрыня, L. skrzynia) LKŽe, ellanginyčia (Hybr., Lit. langas and Sl. -inyčia) LKŽe. The table on the outside side is named by two Lithuanian synonyms: priešpalangė LKŽe, užlangė LKŽe. The name is also used for the window at the top of the staircase. This shelf is also referred to as the Lithuanian term langė in LKŽ and the hybrid ėlanginyčia (hibr., lit. langas and sl. -inyčia) in LKŽ. Names of door structures, their parts and hinge devices. The doors of traditional buildings were of several types. The most simple swing doors are made of split coniferous wood, tightly braided wide boards. The structure of the door consists of a frame filled with boards, two-tier doors were made by placing boards around the door. The doors of the cottages were woven with wicker, straw, reeds, the doors of the dwellings and barns were decorated with carved ornaments and profiled borders. The frames were prepared in two ways – the holes were cut in the finished frame or the frames were built into the lower frame. Strong frames were needed when heavier hanging doors appeared (MS 2008: 20). From the sources of living language it is clear that there are only six terms for doors. Two Lithuanian terms are considered generic names: durys LKŽe, KltŽ 56, KzRŽ I 171, KpŽ I 492, ZanavŽ I 341, vartai LKŽe. It is also known as the "Big Door" or "The Big Door" due to the large doors that are located in the front of the building. Other general Lithuanian terms denote doors according to purpose, construction and belonging: durelės „rear, poor door of residential houses“ in LKŽ, pusdurės „half-made door (e.g. in a smokehouse the bottom closes and the top is left to let out the smoke)“ in LKŽ, varčia „hawk door“ in LKŽ. The door frames are referred to by five terms: two Lithuanian, two Slavic and one Germanic: stakta LKŽe, varčia LKŽe, odverьja (Brus. odverьja Fraenkel 1962: 2) LKŽe, KzRŽ1 3, KpŽ I 6, LzŽ 18, ėlušėkas (l. uszak) LKŽe, ėšlengė (German: Schlenge) LKŽe. The upper part of the frame is also referred to as the frame. The name is derived from the Latin name for the ridge, Velva, which is a Latinized form of the name Velva. Parts of the structure are mainly marked with Lithuanian terms. The lower part of the frame is referred to as the Lithuanian term slenkstis in LKŽe, KltŽ 281, LzŽ 239, ZanavŽ III 106. The group of names in the upper part consists of five synonymous terms – four Lithuanian and one hybrid: stakta LKŽe, įmata LKŽe, kepurėtas LKŽe, viršurė LKŽe, akkaptūrinis (hibr., l. kaptur 188 Robertas Stunžinas | Building structures and their components | liaudies terminija and lit. -inis LKŽe) LKŽe. The side section is called the Germanic Schwelle in LKŽe. The side frame of the grain-loading building is named in Slavic ėvėrėja (LKŽe, LzŽ 283). The upholstery of the strings is marked with two synonymous Slavisms: aabletūra (l. tablatura) LKŽe, KpŽ I 2, ellemperija (l. lamperja) LKŽe, ZanavŽ II 49. Eleven synonymous terms – nine Lithuanian and two Slavic – are used for the hinges of swing doors of the oldest construction: bėgis LKA I 56, bėgūnas LKA I 56, bėgūniukas LKA I 56, kukta LKŽe, LKA I 56, sąvarstė LKA I 56, sukučiai LKŽe, LKA I 56, varas LKA I 56, vartikšlis LKŽe, LKA I 56, spyruoklės LKA I 55, ėkačka (l. dial. kaczka) LKA I 56, LKŽe, ėkašė (l. kosz, brus., rus. кош) LKŽe, LKA I 56. The following thirteen synonymous terms are used for later iron barring devices: gembės LKA I 56, kabas LKA I 56, kabikas LKA I 56, kablys LKA I 56, kukis LKA I 56, vąšas LKŽe, hiriai LKA I 55, kengė (Lat. ķenķis "hook", German dial. kennig "hook") LKA I 56, ZanavŽ I 657, ėprabajus (Brus. пpaбoй) LKŽe, LKA I 56, ėzoviesai (Brus. завеса) LKA I 56, ėkriūgai (Brus. крюк "hook", Russian: крук "hook") LKA I 56, ėhokas (German: Haken "hook") LKA I 56, ėkrampas (German: Krampe "barring") LKA I 56. Names of floor coverings. The general name of the room covering is the Lithuanian term lubos LKŽe, LKA I 36, DūnŽ 181, DrskŽ 197, KzRŽ I 467, KltŽ 154, LzŽ 151, ZanavŽ II 99. Species names are terms that designate ceilings by belonging, purpose and composition. The ceiling of a residential building is referred to by seven synonymous terms: two Lithuanian terms, two Slavisms, one Latvianism, one Germanism and one hybrid: lubos LKŽe, LKA I 36, DūnŽ 181, KzRŽ I 467, KltŽ 154, LzŽ 151, ZanavŽ II 99, užlos LKŽe, ėstalevonia (Brus. dial. сталяванне) LKA I 36, LKŽe, ėpacesas (Brus. пацёс) LKA I 36, grindys (Lat. dial. grīda "loft") LKA I 36, ėdekis (German Decke) LKA I 36, ullubavonia (Hybrid, Lithuanian lubos and Slavic -vonia) LKA I 36. Five kinds of deed. According to the origin, there are three Lithuanian, one Slavic and one terminai pavadina gyvenamojo namo lubas pagal kokybę, paskirtį ir suhybrid term: juodlubės “bad, second ceiling” ZanavŽ I 576, lubokšliai “bad ceiling made of planks or pegs” LKŽe, palubys “second ceiling” LKŽe, ūssupitas (l. sufit) “ceilings covering blackness” LKŽe, uggipsdekis (hebr., gr. gypsos and german. Decke LKŽe) “plastered ceiling” LKA I 36. 195Terminologija | 2013 | 20 dalis, plokštuma (lentos)“ in LKŽe, ājabzojus (l. obzoj LKŽe) „edge of uncut board“ in KzRŽ I 2, ūdbuomkantis (german dial. bōm, german Kante) „round edge of board“ in LKŽe. The edge of the board is named by three synonyms – two Lithuanian and one Germanic: briauna in LKŽe, KltŽ 25–26, žambas in LKŽe, ėkanta (German Kante) in LKŽe, DrskŽ 137. The group of names of inlays, carves, grooves on the planks consists of four terms of different origin: one Lithuanian, one Slavic, one Germanic and one hybrid: spraudis in LKŽe, ųšpuntas (l. szpunt) in LKŽe, unggropa (medieval German grope) in LKŽe, ėpatelka (hibr., lit. patelė and sl. - Yeah. - Yeah. Molio gaminys įvardijamas dviem slavizmais: plyta (brus. plita, l. plyta Fraenkel 1962: 625) LKŽe, DrskŽ 273, ZanavŽ II 440, ęcegla (l. cegła) LKŽe. Brick waste used in construction is referred to by three synonymous hybrid terms: plytgalys (hybrid, brush brick and lit. end) LKŽe, ZanavŽ II 440, oplytstukis (hybrid, brush brick and german dialect stuk, stak) LKŽe, pusplytė (hybrid, brush brick and lit. half) LKŽe. 2. POLYMERI AND HOMONYMY OF TERMS The people's terminology of construction, characterized by low severity and visuality of meanings, is characterized by multi-significance. The polysemantic ti specialiųjų sąvokų ribų neapibrėžtumas, reikšmių raida, įvardijimo perkėlimas pagal tam tikras asociacijas. Šios srities terminijoje yra įvairialypiais nature could be determined by the relationships of polysemantic terms: terms that designate closely related concepts, terms with distinctive features of belonging, purpose and composition or terms related by associative and metaphorical relationships, terms with unclear relationships of meanings (for more details see Stunžinas 2009: 68–92). The ambiguity of different microsystem terms may vary. For example, in the microsystem of farm building terminology, ambiguous terms usually refer to concepts with similar differences in purpose (see Stunžinas 2012: 184–198). In the terminology of the residential house and its parts, ambiguous terms may denote concepts with similar distinctive features of purpose or concepts with common purpose of different categories (see Stunžinas 2009: 68–92). About a fifth of the terms denoting constructions and their components have the same expression and different meaning – eighty-four terms comprise thirty-seven lines of polysemantic or homonymous terms. Mostly these are ambiguous terms, naming different 196 Robertas Stunžinas | Building structures and their components | liaudies terminija LKŽe – bamblys „small bunch of straw, placed on the roof“ LKŽe, ZanavŽ I 108, girder „roof shirt“ LKŽe, KltŽ 71, KpŽ I 627, ZanavŽ I 420 – girder „slug on the top sudedamąsias konstrukcijų dalis (16 eilučių), pvz.: ˣbalanka „lango rėmai“ LKŽe, KpŽ I 139 – ˣbalanka „lango stiklas“ LKŽe, bamblys „šiaudinio of the straw roof, horse“ LKŽe, grabēstas „roof pieces“ LKŽe – grabēstas „on the rafters carved a card“ KltŽ 80, KzRŽ I 250, LKŽe, ZanavŽ I 494, ėlanginyčia „langinės“ DrskŽ 184, KltŽ 137 – ėlanginyčia „palangė“ LKŽe, pamats „lower part of the building, on which the whole structure relies“ LKŽe, LKA I 35, pasterblys „roof lower part until the collision with the building wall“ LKŽe – pasterblys „bunch, tied on the lower lotus“ LKŽe, priedainis „kartelė stogo straw pressing“ LKŽe – tie „straw to the lotus binding“ LKŽe, šarkiukai „cross-twisted finally“ LKŽe LKŽe – šarkiukai „twisted straw bundles, used when starting to cover the roof“ LKŽe, varčia „durų stakta“ LKŽe – varčia „klono durys“ LKŽe, ėviškos „klėties skliautai“ LKŽe, LKA I 49 – ėviškos „daržinės lubos“ LKŽe. In these cases, the common characteristic of the multivalued terms is the occupied position. Some of the terms with multiple meanings identify closely related concepts and designate structures or components of structures of different locations, different composition or different purpose (11 lines), e.g.: šluostė „thin board for roofing“ in LKŽ, DrskŽ 73 – šluostė „thin board“ in LKŽ, KltŽ 52, ėšlengė „window frame“ in LKŽ – ėšlengė „door frame“ in LKŽ, užlangė „shelf on top of the window“ in LKŽ – užlangė „window on the outside side“ in LKŽ, užuolaidos „clown ceiling“ in LKŽ I 48 – užuolaidos „clown extension ceiling“ in LKŽ I 48, hinges „wooden hinge device“ in LKŽ I 55 – hinges „metal hinge device“ in LKŽ I 55. Some ambiguous terms denote generic and generic concepts (7 lines), e.g.: dangtis „rogas“ LKŽe, LKA I 35 – dangtis „strautinis stogas“ LKŽe, LKA I 35, oggrėdai „klojimo lubos“ LKA I 49 – oggrėdai „iš lentų padarytos klojimo lubos“ LKA I 49, lubos „patalpos danga“ LKŽe, 197Terminologija | 2013 | 20 LKA I 36, DūnŽ 181, DrskŽ 197, KzRŽ I 467, KltŽ 154, LzŽ 151, ZanavŽ II 99 – ceilings “residential house ceilings” in LKŽ, LKA I 36, DūnŽ 181, KzRŽ I 467, KltŽ 154, LzŽ 151, ZanavŽ II 99 – ceilings “maple ceilings” in LKA I 48, roof “roof” in LKŽ, LKA I 34, ZanavŽ III 182 – roof “straw roof” in LKŽ, LKA I 34, ZanavŽ III 182, gates “doors” in LKŽ – gates “large folding doors” in LKŽ. Some terms are related in the relation of whole and part and identify the structure and its part (2 lines): geginis „top log crown“ in LKŽe – geginis „top wall log (sidewall) on which beams are built“ in LKŽe, KpŽ I 627, stakta „frames for doors“ in LKŽe – stakta „upper part of the frame“ in LKŽe. A pair of homonyms consists of terms of different origins – Lithuanian grindys “planks formwork” LKA I 37, KzRŽ I 255, KpŽ I 742, ZanavŽ I 507 and Latvian grindys (la. dial. grīda “ceiling”) “the ceiling of a residential house”. LKA I 36. CONCLUSIONS 1.The sources of living language contain many folk terms denoting traditional constructions of buildings and their components. 422 terms refer to over 200 traditional building structures and their parts. The most common names are roof and its parts (32 %), walls and their parts (20 %), followed by doors, windows and their parts (11 % and 9.5 %), floor coverings (9.5 %) and boards (9.5 %). A few terms refer to floors (4.7 %), foundations and their dependencies (2.4 %) or bricks (1.4 % of all terms). 2.The terminology of traditional building structures and their parts is Lithuanian – Lithuanian single words and compound terms make up almost two thirds (63%) of all terms. More than a quarter (28.9 %) of the terms are of foreign origin, and less than a tenth (8.1 %) are hybrid and mixed terms. The group of debtors is dominated by Slavisms – they make up more than two thirds (70%) of all debtors. Germanisms are more than one fifth (21 %), Latvianisms are less than one tenth (9 %). 3. Almost one third (30 %) of structures and their components are referred to by more than one term. Most of the time, terms are marked with long synonym strings – synonym strings. Binary synonym lines make up less than one third (30 %), penkių narių ir ilgesnės eilutės sudaro daugiau nei trečdalį (37 %) visų trinar – one quarter (24 %), quaternary – one twelfth (8 %) of all synonym lines. The largest groups are the squeezing cartels (18) and roof top names (16 synonyms). According to origin, synonyms with terms of different origins 198 Robertas Stunžinas | Building structures and their components | liaudies terminija predominate (90%). 4. The hierarchical structure of building structures and their parts is simple. Most of the time, the terms form a hierarchy of two subdomains, only a small part of the concepts is named by three subdomains. One third (31 %) of the terms examined are generic terms. They most often name concepts by affiliation (34 %), purpose (25 %) or location (18 %), much less often by structure (11 %), size (7 %) or quality (4 %). 5. Some terms (3 %) name concepts according to certain associations. Metaphorically, constructions and their parts are named by the names of animals, their parts, household items, parts of the human body and natural objects. Metonymy refers to the name of a substance. 6. One fifth (19 %) of the terms have the same expression and different meanings. These are mainly ambiguous terms, denoting different structures and/or their components occupying a similar place, or terms designating similar concepts, denoting structures or their components of different locations, different composition or different purpose. The term is used to refer to a particular type of structure or structure part. A pair of homonyms consists of terms of different origin with the same expression. ŠALTINIAI DrskŽ – Druskininkų tarmės žodynas. Sud. G. Naktinienė, A. Paulauskienė, V. Vitkauskas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1988. DūnŽ – V. Vitkauskas. Šiaurės rytų dūnininkų šnektų žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976. KltŽ – A. Vilutytė. Kaltanėnų šnektos žodynas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2008. KzRŽ I – A. Pupkis. Kazlų Rūdos šnektos žodynas A–M, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2008. KpŽ I – K. Vosylytė. Kupiškėnų žodynas A–H, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2007. LzŽ – J. Petrauskas, A. Vidugiris. Lazūnų tarmės žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985. LKA I – Lietuvių kalbos atlasas 1. Leksika. Red. K. Morkūnas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1977. LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (I–XX, 1941–2002), elektroninis variantas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005. – www.lkz.lt. ZanavŽ I–III – Zanavykų šnektos žodynas 1. A–K, 2. L–R, 3. S–Ž, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų institutas, 2003–2006. LITERATŪRA Fraenkel E. 1955–1962: Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter. Universitätsverlag, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. LEB – Lietuvių etnografijos bruožai, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1964. LLA 1965: Lietuvių liaudies architektūra 1. Kaimo gyvenvietės ir gyvenamieji namai, Vilnius: Mintis. MS 2008: Medinė statyba: jaukių namų žinynas, Kaunas: UAB „Dangus“. Sabaliauskas A. 1990: Lietuvių kalbos leksika, Vilnius: Mokslas. 199Terminologija | 2013 | 20 Skardžius Pr. 1996: Rinktiniai raštai 1, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Smoczyński W. 2007: Lietuvių kalbos etimologinis žodynas, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. Stunžinas R. 2008: Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai Lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Terminologija 15, 111–130. Stunžinas R. 2009: Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos liaudies terminai. – Terminologija 16, 68–92. Stunžinas R. 2010: Gyvenamojo namo ir pagrindinių jo dalių liaudies terminijos sinonimija. – Terminologija 17, 130–142. Stunžinas R. 2011: Gyvenamojo namo ir pagrindinių jo dalių rūšiniai liaudies terminai. – Terminologija 18, 142–153. Stunžinas R. 2011: Statybos liaudies terminai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Stunžinas R. 2012: Ūkinių pastatų liaudies terminija. – Terminologija 19, 184–198. Urbutis V. 1981: Baltų etimologijos etiudai, Vilnius: Mokslas. Urbutis V. 2009: Baltų etimologijos etiudai 2, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. Vitkauskas V. 1966: Apie kai kurių žemaitiškų žodžių vartojimą. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 8, 155–168. VLE II 2002: Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 2, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Клепикова г. П. 1974: Славянская пастушеская терминология, Москва: Наука. FOLk TERMINOLOgy OF buILDINg cONSTRucTIONS AND ThEIR pARTS The article deals with folk terminology of constructions and their parts of traditional Lithuanian buildings in respect of concepts, origin and semantic relations: synonymy, polysemy and hierarchy. The researched terms are taken from various lexicographical sources of Lithuanian folk terminology. There are 422 terms in the researched sources which name about 200 different constructions and their parts. The majority of terms name roof and wall constructions and their parts, for example dangtis (roof), ridge (ridge), gegnė (rafter), siena (wall), sienojas (log), pagrindinis (main log). A smaller part of the terms name door and window constructions and their parts, room coverings and planks, for example durys (door), stakta (door frame), langas (window), apylangės (window frame), lubos (ceiling), juodlubės (sound boarding), lenta (plank), špuntas (rebate). A few terms name flooring, (foundation), papamatis (foundation stones), plyta (brick). The majority of terms are of foundation, foundation parts and bricks, for example grindys (floor), pamūra Lithuanian origin (63%), for example asla (dirt floor), pamatas (foundation), užlos (ceiling). Slavic, Germanic and Latvian borrowings make up more than one quarter (28.9%), hybrids and terms with mixed composition – less than one tenth (8.1%), for example dokas (Pol. dach) ‘roof’, švelys (German. ‘lower balk’, corner; pamūra (Lith. paand Sl. mur) ‘foundation’, molinė (Lith.) padlaga (Sl. podłoga, Belar. пaдлoгa) ‘dirt floor’. Less than one third (30%) of the researched constructions and their parts are named using more than one term. Lines of synonyms naming constructions are rather long and they consist of synonyms of different origin. Groups of names for laths and roof tops are the largest – they consist of 18 and 16 terms. Terms naming constructions have a simple hierarchy. Usually terms make a twolevel hierarchy and only a few terms make a three level hierarchy. One third of terms can be viewed as specific terms. Such terms name constructions and their parts of different dependence, purpose or place, for example pamatas 'foundation', podmūrauka'masonry foundation'. 200 Robertas Stunžinas | Building structures and their components | liaudies terminija One-fifth of the terms are polysemic. Polysemic terms often name different constructions or parts of constructions of the same place, for example balanka 'window frame' – 'window glass', grebėstas 'roof frame' – 'rafter lath'. Other terms name generic and specific concepts or name construction and part of it, for instance dangtis ‘roof’ – ‘straw roof’, stakta ‘door frame’ – ‘top of door frame’. Pairs of homonyms consist of terms of different origin – Lithuanian grindys ʻfloorʼ and Latvian grindys (from Latvian grīda ‘ceiling’) ‘ceiling’. Received 2013i10i04 Robertas Stunžinas Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail rober[email protected]