Lietuvių ir latvių kalbų terminų su šaknimi „termin-“ mikrosistema

123Terminologija | 2013 | 20 Lietuvių ir latvių kalbų terminų rooted term microsystem REGINA KVAŠYTĖ Šiaulių universitetas KEY WORDS: Lithuanian language terms, Latvian language terms, derivatives, unified terms, compound terms, usage of terms INTRODUCTION Terminology as a branch of science, which began to develop in the third and fourth decades of the 20th century, can be considered relatively new, so in many languages, including Lithuanian and Latvian, the scientific apparatus is constantly expanded and improved. The object of the article – Lithuanian and Latvian terms formed with the root termin. The aim of the study is to identify the similarities and differences in the metalanguage of the terminology of both Baltic languages. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: 1) to collect as large a sample of various spoken root terms as possible; 2) analyze the structure and semantics of terms; 3) compare Lithuanian and Latvian terms; 4) as far as possible, to clarify the origin of certain terms, their prevalence and usage trends. Analytical descriptive and comparative methods were used for the research, and the terms were collected from the main lexicographic, terminological and encyclopedic publications of both languages (Dictionary of Lithuanian Language (LKŽ), Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary (DLKŽ), Lithuanian Language Encyclopedia (LKE), Dictionary of Linguistic Terms (KTŽ), Vocabulary of Terminology (MTŽ); The Latvian Literary Language Dictionary (LLVV), the Latvian Language Dictionary (LVV), the Explanatory Dictionary of Basic Terms of the Language (VPSV)), as well as Lithuanian and Latvian linguists and terminologues (Janinos Barauskaitės, Vincento Drotvino, Kazimiero Gaivenio, Evaldos Jakaitienės, Angelės Kaulakienės, Stasio Keinio, Jono Klimavičiaus, Antano Lyberio, Prano Skardžiaus, Stasio Šalkauskio); Research works of Aina Blinkena (Aina Blinkena), Juris Baldunčiks (Juris Baldunčiks), Mario Baltiņš (Māris Baltiņš), Ernests Drezens (Ernests Drezens), Rūdolfs Grabis (Rūdolfs Grabis), Alise Laua (Alise Laua), Valentina Skujiņa (Valentīna Skujiņa). 124 Regina Kvašytė | Dictionary of Lithuanian and Latvian terms with root | terminmikrosistema CONCEPT TERM AND ITS CORRELATE LIETUVIŲ IR LATVIŲ KALBOSE Su šaknimi terminsudarytos mikrosistemos pagrindas – iš lotynų kal The term [from Latin terminus – boundary, border], as defined in the International Dictionary of Words (IDW), has a total of 3 meanings, of which the first corresponds to the object of the study. It is “a word or a combination of words that precisely denotes a concept in the field of art, science, technology, etc.” (TŽZ 2013: 811). The Lithuanian FAQ also includes the spoken root words terminija, terminologija and terminologizacija, i.e. the transformation of a word into a term (see below for more details). A similar approach to this borrowed word is adopted in Latvian: in the International Dictionary of Words (SV), a term is a word or a combination of words that expresses a concept in a particular field of art, science or technology [„vārds vai vārdkopa, kas izteik kādu jēdzienu kādā mākslas, zinātnes, tehnikas nozarē u. c.“]1 (SV 2008: 911). In addition to the main word, the SV includes two more substantives with the same root meaning as the two-word. It is terminography [terminograā fija] as “1. language. systematizing and publishing terms in dictionaries and newsletters; 2nd language. a set of glossaries of terms” and terminology [termij nologija] – “1. language. a set of terms in a given language; as well as a set of terms in a particular field; 2. a field of linguistics that studies terms’, as well as the adjective terminoloģisks [terminological] ‘related to terminology, characteristic of terminology’ (SV 2008: 911). Other sources of Lithuanian and Latvian lexicography and terminology, as well as linguistic and terminological literature, formulate the term slightly differently. DLKŽ declares that the word term has 3 meanings, of which only the first one corresponds to the object of the study: „l. language. a word or a combination of words that precisely represents a concept of science, technology, art, religion or another field” (DLKŽ 2006; DLKŽ 2012: 840). The following is a summary: "Lt. Col. language. a word or a combination meaning exactly some science, technique, art concept” (LKŽe). After examining the sources of Lithuanian lexicography, it appears that the DLKŽ, in addition to the previously discussed primary word terminas, includes derivatives of the terminology „lingv. "Terminology: Linguistics". 1. the science of terms; 2. see terminology" and "terminologist", i.e. "specialist in terminology" (DLKŽ 2006; DLKŽ 2012: 840). The same nouns, whose definitions and meanings completely coincide, are included in the LKŽ. In the LKŽ, the adjective thermal has 3 meanings, the first of which is 1 All quotations from Latvian sources (usually given in square brackets), as well as terms, unless otherwise indicated, are translated into Lithuanian by the authors of the article. 125Terminologia | 2013 | 20 two are related to the speech microsystem: "1. term-dependent; 2. būang dingas terminui“ (LKŽe) (the adjective is used in compound terms – see below) and three verbs: terminated „terminologizuoti“, suterminuoti „paversti terminu“, terminologizuoti „naudoti terminijai“ units do not fall, because the reference is made to the tradition of considering (LKŽe). Pastarieji į nagrinėjamos mikrosistemos imtį kaip atskiri leksiniai nouns as terms. In LKE, in addition to the already discussed terms, the term terminology is found (LKE 1999: 648; LKE 2008: 552–553; taking into account the specificity of the encyclopedia, there is also the title of the publication Terminology). The Latvian language dictionary LLVV distinguishes two meanings of the word termins, the first of which is defined as a word or a combination of words that denotes a certain concept (for example, in a certain field of science, technology, art) and has a specialized meaning, used in a particular field (LLVV 72, 1991: 507). In alphabetical order in LLVV, as well as in LVV, three more derivatives of the root term nouns – terminoloģija and atēj were added separately to the names of the masculine and feminine gender actors terminologs, terminoloģe, as well as the already mentioned adjective terminoloģisks) (LLVV 72, 1991: 507; LVV 2006: 1091). The lexicologist E. Jakaitienė emphasizes that terms belong to the layer of special lexicon and “are the names of concepts used in the language of a certain field of human activity” (Jakaitienė 2010: 182) (cf. the previous statement of the quoted author: “Terminal lexicon, or simply terms, are words that name a precisely defined scientific concept and are used in the language of some branch of science” (Jakaitienė 1980: 70)). J. Barauskaitė, who has studied the lexicon, states that terms are “words (may also be compounds <...>) that precisely say the concept of science, technique, art” (LK 1995: 48). As we have already stated, in Lithuanian the word terminas has three meanings, of which only one belongs to the field of terminology (anā tra – for the concept of logic, the third – for naming a period of time), while in Latvian the word termiņš, which is used to refer to a period of time, helps to avoid the polysemancy. Latvių leksikologė A. Laua defines terminą as a word designating a concept of a certain science, which retains one and the same meaning both in any context of a particular field of science and without a text [„term and word that denotes a strictly defined concept of a science and which retains one and the same meaning both in any context of a particular branch of science and outside the context“] (Laua 1981: 138–139). In Lithuanian language terminology sources, especially the KTŽ, it is stated that a term is “ a word or a constant combination of words, which designates a special field of science, technology, art or other field of social life. 126 Regina Kvašytė | Lithuanian and Latvian terms with root concept or thing” (KTŽ 1990: 210; also ASLKTŽ | terminmikrosistema 2008: 112). Terms are also defined in other sources that record terminology, for example, LKE states that terms (in the plural) are “the names of science, technology, art concepts” (LKE 1999: 648; LKE 2008: 552–553). For comparison, the Soviet encyclopedia of 1983 includes the definition of the term formulated by S. Kane, reprinted in his articles in Chinese: "A word or a constant attributive combination of words having a very defined meaning in the language of a certain field of human activity. Its purpose is to describe concepts of any field as members of a certain system <...>“ (Keinys 2005: 229). In scientific publications dedicated to terminology issues, there is also a number of definitions, for example, the philosopher and terminologist S. Šalų kauskis stated that it is “a word that means a concept having a special meaning for some subject of science” (Šalkauskis 1991: 15). The current standard of the Republic of Lithuania states that a term is a “word or combination of words used to designate a concept” (LRST 1115a90: 11), and K. Gaivenis emphasizes that a term is “not a special word or a constant combination of words, but a designated unit of language, the content of which is revealed by the definition of the terminological meaning2” (Gaivenis 2002: 13). It is also worth mentioning that in Lithuanian the term pronoun can be used synonymously. It is mentioned in the title of the 1924 dictionary of terms Įvardžiai, arba terminai, priimti Terminologijos komisijos (LKTŽ 2008: 18), although the construct in question is not the subject of this study (it is not widespread in current terminology). The authorship of the rarely used term is attributed to Antanas Vireliūnas, secretary of the Terminology Commission, which operated from 1921 to 1926 (see, for example, Auksoriūtė 2011), who, as already mentioned, named the glossary of terms compiled in 1924 (Klimavičius 2005: 248). It is stated that in the modern Lithuanian language “<...> the good A. Vireliūno (?) term pronoun (: įvardyti) has almost disappeared (although used by foreign Lithuanian terminologists B. Stundžios, P. Mažeika; V. Vinas has used it – even pronounology) <...>” (Klimavičius 2005: 261). This is also the title of a dictionary of terms published in Canada: Jūriniai įvardžiai: trumpas angliškai– lietuviškas žodynas / Bronys Stundžia. Toronto: Maritime Book Foundation, 1996 (LKTŽ 2008: 135). It is true that, when examining the terminology of lexicology, V. Drotvinas considers the intention to introduce this term as unsuccessful. P. Skarė 2 Now it would be more accurate to use the term definition, cf. „Su Lietuvos Respublikos terminų banko įstatymu nas J. Rusų–Lietuvių žodynas, Kaunas: Spindulys] known and widely used (S. Šalkauskio et al.) definition“ (Klimavičius 2005: 248). (2003 m. gruodžio 23 d. Nr. IX1950) vietoj apibrėžimo valdingai įsiveržė jau nuo RLŽ 1932 321 [Baro 127Terminologija | 2013 | 20th-century attempt (cf. „Pranas Skardžius in the aforementioned book3 provided Lithuanian equivalents for twenty-two international lexicological terms (Skardžius, 1975, 1998). Their fate (from previously known or their own creations) is twofold. Some Lithuanian equivalents are international affinities <...>, others have not been adopted in usage, such as antiquity–archaism, mixed breed, mixed breed–hybrid, noun–term” (Drotvinas 2002: 19–20) (cf. “teminas 3b (lat. terminus „riba“), precise certification of some science, technique or art concept; invardas“ (Skardžius 1973: 61)). J. Baldunčiks, who studied the emergence and spread of Latvian linguistic terms in the Latvian language, found that the word termins was used for the first time in 1871 – this may have been influenced by the use of the internationally common term terminus technikus. The word terminoloģija was first recorded in Gustavs Braže’s German-Latvian dictionary published in 1880. A little later – in 1886 – Jūlijs Dravnieks (Jūlijs Dravnieks) defined the scientific term terminology in his dictionary of international words, which was used more widely in the 1980s (Baldunčiks 2008: 32–33). There have been various banan dyms to define terms, for example, the Latvian-born terminologist E. Dreen zenas claimed that these are names that express certain concepts (Drezens 2002: 7), while R. Grabis called so words with strictly limited and defined content (Grabis 2006a: 221). The prevailing view in the theory of terminology of the contemporary Latvian language is formulated in V. Skujinina’s monograph: a term is a termination unit4 – a word or a terminological combination of words – which expresses (names and marks) a certain scientific concept in the terminology system of a given field of science [„termins un termiij nācijas vienība – vārds vai terminoloģiska vārdkopa –, kas attiecīgās zinātnes nozares terminu sistēmā izteiks (nosauc un iezīmē) noteiktu zinātnes jēdzieen nu“] (Skujiņa 2002: 9). In the Explanatory Dictionary of Latvian Linguistic Terms, the term VPSV is defined as follows: word description of a specific thematic area, special area concept – a word or combination of words that expresses (names and marks) a certain concept of the relevant area as a constituent part of the system of field concepts [„konkrētas tematiskās jomas, speciālās nozares jēdziena vārdisks apzīmējums – vārds vai vārdkopa, kas izteiks (nosauc un iezīmē) attiecīgās jomas (nozares) noteiktu jēdzienu kā nozaķ res jēdzienu sistēmas sastāvdaļu..”] (Springer 2007: 399–400). 3 P. Skardžius. Lithuanian equivalents of international words, Chicago: Pedagogical Institute of Lithuanian Studies, 1973 (V. Drotvino article 1975) (P. Skardžius. Selected Writings 3, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing, 1998, 427–507). 4 Such a term is not used in Lithuanian, the quotation simply reproduces the Latvian word. 128 Regina Kvašytė | Dictionary of Lithuanian and Latvian terms with root | terminmikrosistema After clarifying the concept of the term and its correlates, the following three termindarinių (ir vientisinių, ir sudėtinių terminų) ieškota lietuvių ir latvių terminų žodynuose ir moksliniuose tekstuose. Lithuanian language terms composed with the root term are found in the section UNIVERSAL TERMS WITH THE ROOT TERMINKTŽ: terminas, terminija, terminologija (KTŽ 1990: 210; also ASLKTŽ 2008: 112), while in the special section of the MTŽ dedicated to terminology terminology eight homogeneous related terms (some of them have more than one generic term – more about them in another section of the article) are included and presented in alphabetical nested order: determinizavimas (29), reterminizavimas (53), terminas (65), terminija (75), terminizavimas (76), terminografija (77), terminologija (77) and transterminizavimas (83). In the contemporary Lithuanian language, the terms terminography, termination, transtermination, determination5, as the author himself states, were brought from Kiev in the autumn of 1970 and spread by J. Klimavičius (2005: 249) (cf. By the way, I brought the terms terminography, termination, transtermination, determination from Kiev in the autumn of 1970 (Ковалик 1970: 14). Another meaning of terminography is “historiography of terms or terminological logic” (16) unknown, manding, erroneous in Lithuanian terminology (Klimavičius 2005: 249). It should be noted that the MTŽ is presented and the Latvian equivalents of all the terms included in it, but they are ignored in this article, because not all of them have a tradition of use in Latvian terminology, some are only translated, so it would not be correct to consider them as independent units of Latvian terminology. In addition to the terms already included in the dictionaries, the following terms were found in Lithuanian texts: terminology, terminoid, terminology, terminology and quasiterm. Latvių kalbotyros terminų žodyne VPSV abėcėlės tvarka pateikta dešimt vientisinių kalbamosios šaknies terminų: terminelements [termino elementas]6 (397), terminēma [terminema] (397), terminēšana [termininimas] (398), terminogrāfija [terminografija] (398), terminogrāfs [terminografas] (398), terminologs [terminologas] (398), terminoloģija [terminologija] (398), si na, terminoloģizācija [terminologizavimas, terminologizacija] (398), termins nonimiškai vartojami veiksmo ir jo rezultato pavadinimai terminoloģizēša5 Terminai su priesaga -acija sinonimiški į MTŽ įtrauktiems terminams su priesaga -avimas. 6 Minėtas terminas toliau cituotoje recenzijoje verstas kaip sudėtinė termino dalis (Keinys 2005: 264). 129Terminologija | 2013 | 20 [term] (399), terminzinātne [term science] (401). In total, the VPSV dictionary has found twenty-one solid teră minas of the spoken thematic group (for terms of this root, see also: In a review of the dictionary published in Terminology (Kvašytė 2008: 244–245)). This is partly due to the Latvian language’s tendency to replace word combinations (which in terminology correspond to the compound terms termiaj nus) with punctuation, i.e. to turn them into homogeneous terms. This feature of the Latvian language, adapted to terminology, has also been emphasized by S. Keinys in his review of V. Skujinaitė’s monograph: “Reading the book, I got the impression that Latvian terminology is probably quite different from Lithuanian terminology in terms of linguistic structure. Some Latvian terms appear to be much more complex expressions, in their language word combinations (composite terms) are easily replaced by punctuation. In many cases, such punching would be simply impossible in Lithuanian, even in terms of terminology itself, for example, defiskoptermins „brūkšā nelineārs (written with a dash) term“, hibrīdtermins „hybrid term“, inicialsaliktenis7 „abbreviation“, salikteņtermins „compound term“, strupinajumsaliktenis8 „abbreviated word, abbreviation“, termina kontekstneatkarība „independence of the term from the context“, termindarinājums „terminal derivative“, termindarināšana „construction of terms“, terminelements „compound part of the term“, vārdkoptermins „composite term“ and so on. With such tendencies, Latvian terminology will be more similar to German terminology than to its closest relatives, Lithuanian terminology” (Keinys 2005: 263–264). Some of the compound terms mentioned in the quotation are also included in the VPSV: defiskoptermins (81), hibrīdtermins (140), salikteņtermins (339), terminelements (397), vārdkoptermins (435), as well as the not yet sufficiently widespread (newer) punch jauntermins [new term] (174). They are also used successfully in texts – both in the original language and in translations, e.g.: „Piemēram, sākumā tikai terminoloģiskajā leksikā bija sastopami s a l i k ēr teņtermini9, kurus darinava kā ekvivalentus krievu valodas defissavieem nojumiem..“ (Grabis 2006b: 258); „Compound terms can be divided into compound terms (which are mononymous terms) and wordcompound terms“ (Skujiņa 2002: 26–27); “The Latin and partly Greek language has given the European peoples not only a series of word stems (e.g., elektr, kombin, aero), but also gramaė 7 Turėtų būti iniciālsaliktenis. However, it is not a unit of the investigated microsystem, as it does not have an investigated component (VPSV 2007: 157). 8 There should be a numbnessdestiny. It is also not a unit of the studied microsystem, since it has no studied root, and, moreover, the definition and the note indicate that it is characteristic of spoken language (VPSV 2007: 377–378). 9 Here and below, unless otherwise noted, the case is diluted to R.K. 130 Regina Kvašytė | Lithuanian and Latvian terms with the root tikas term | terminmikrosistema element (for example, šācija, -ifikācija, -ator[s], -or[s])“ (Drezens 2002: 20). There are also new punishments that have not yet been included in dictionaries: “Therefore, it is necessary as soon as possible to develop methodological materials that would be useful to all those involved in practical te r m i n r a d ē” (Baltiņš 2006: 78). A total of fourteen different homogeneous terms with a spoken root were found in Lithuanian sources, and twenty-seven in Latvian (see table 1 for their equivalents according to the tradition of usage of terms in Lithuanian and Latvian; the attitude to each specific term and the prevalence and frequency of terms are not evaluated). Table 1. Microsystem of single-rooted termsterms Lithuanian language Latvian language Lithuanian language Latvian language termins termins – apakšterms terminija – – blakustermins terminoloģija – defiskoptermins terminography terminogrāfija – hibrīdtermins – terminloģēšana – jaunterms terminologizavimas terminologizācija – saliktaisterms termininimas terminēšana – vārdkopterms determinizavimas determinologizācija – virsterms reterminizavimas reterminoloģizācija – terminācija transterminizavimas – terminoids terminoids –redeterminoloģizācija terminotyra – terminologas terminologs terminynas – – terminographer – terminology terminology – terminology [term element]10 termelements quasiterm quasiterm – terminus 10 A composite Lithuanian term corresponding to a complex term of the Latvian language is not counted in the overall sample of solids (see the equivalent of the colloquial term in S. Keinis’ review (2005: 264) “sudėtinė termino dalis”). The equivalents of other Latvian terms are not listed, because if they are used in Lithuanian, they are not homogeneous terms. 131Terminologija | 2013 | 20 The Latvian language has a significantly larger sample of homogeneous terms, daugiau atitikmenų lietuvių kalboje neturinčių terminų, o iš lietuviškų so the existing terms only in terminology, terminology and terminology have no equivalents in the Latvian terminology system. In the examined sample of Lithuanian terms with the root kalbak, one punch (terminology) was found, all other derivatives of prefixes and / or suffixes (except the original term). In Latvian, the most common form is the conjugation (ten of all the unified terms are made by conjugation). COMPOSITED TERMS WITH ROOTS TERMINThere are no Lithuanian KTŽ composite terms made up of elements with the root termin-, but they are found in various texts (see below), and out of the 200 terms included in the MTŽ, one of the elements would be with the spoken root, there are fifty-three. These are terms of different composition, as both the main and secondary elements of this root and its derivatives have been found. Terms that focus on the elee ments of the speech microsystem, for example, are the names of individual terms or types of terminology: two-word descriptive term (65), hybrid term (67), metaphorical term (68), non-presentable term (69), generic term (69), composite term (70), interdisciplinary term (72), solid term (74), genus term (67), folk terminology (75), scientific terminology (75); triwords general scientific term (66), language term (70). There are also other non-terminological semantic compound terms: two-word term form (76), term reliability (77), term content (78), four-word explanatory translational dictionary of terms (81), alphabetical dictionary of terms (82), nested dictionary of terms (82). There are also more commonly used terms of the spoken root: terminology (80), textual terminology (80), terminology dictionary nest (82), terminology dictionary structure (82). Subordinate accent, i.e. the accent may be a spoken root (a) an adjective, (b) the singular origin of a noun, or (c) the plural origin of the noun. Most of the time these are two-word terms and they are included in the nests of the main elements (relative terms), if such are distinguished in the dictionary: (a) term antonym (12), term lexicon, term dictionary (39), term meaning (53); (b) the form of the term (76), the article of the term (78); (c) terminology standard (80), terminology glossary (80), terminology requirements (79). Incidentally, secondary elements can be both primary words, as in the examples mentioned above, and derivatives, e.g.: terminated word (90), terminology school (77), terminological competence (77). In the texts found 138 Regina Kvašytė | Dictionary of Lithuanian and Latvian terms with root | terminmikrosistema LITTERACY AND SOURCES ASLKTŽ 2008: Buivydienė V., Žukienė R. Explanatory dictionary of the most important literary and linguistic terms, Vilnius: Vilniaus kolegija. Auksoriūtė A. 2011: Overview of the activities of the Terminology Commission (1921–1926). – Terminologija 18, 80–91. Baldunčiks J. 2008: The development of Latvian linguistic terminology in the 19th century. – Linguistics 2, Riga: Latvian Academy of Sciences, 23–35. Baltiņš M. 2006: Development of Latvian terminology: legacy, problems and perspectives. – Journal of Linguistics, Riga: Latvian Academy of Sciences, 72–79. Blinkena A. 1997: Attitude to foreign words in the history of Latvian literary language. – To your language. 2006. The Latvian Academy of Sciences, Riga: The Latvian Academy of Sciences, 2006. Journal of the Academy, 83–96. 2006: Dictionary of Modern English. Sixth (third electronic) edition, rev. ed. S. Keinys, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. DLKŽ 2012: Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language. Seventh, revised and supplemented edition, rev. ed. S. Keiė nys, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. Drezens E. 2002: Internationalization of Scientific and Technical Terminology. History, current situation and prospects. Riga: LU Institute of Latvian Language, 2005. Drotvinas V. 2002: Are Lithuanian lexicological terms? – Man and Word 1, 18-21. Gaivenis K. 2002: Lithuanian terminology: theory and organizational outlines, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute publishing house. Grabis R. 2006a: On the development and development of Latvian terminology. – Selected Works, Riga: LU Institute of Latvian Language, 221–229. Grabis R. 2006b: Development of scientific terminology and creation of terminology dictionaries. – Selected Works, Riga: LU Institute of Latvian Language, 252–259. 1980: The Lexicology of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslas. Jakaitienė E. 2010: Leksikologija, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. Kaulakienė A. 2009: Development of Lithuanian Physics Terminology, Vilnius: Technika. Keinys S. 2005: Contemporary Lithuanian Terminology, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. Klimavičius J. 2005: Lexicology and terminology works: norm and history, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. KTŽ 1990: Gaivenis K., Keinys S. Dictionary of Language Terms, Kaunas: Šviesa. Kvašytė R. 2008: [Rec.:] Explanatory Dictionary of Basic Linguistic Terms. Compiled by a collective of authors under the leadership of Valentīns Skujiņš. – Terminologija 15, 242–248. Laua A. 1981: Latvian lexicology. Second, supplemented edition, Riga: Zvaigzne. Lyberis A. 2009: The problem of word selection in the “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language”. – Theory and Practice of Lexicography, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 56–65. LK 1995: Barauskaitė J. et al. Language 1. Lexicology, phonetics, accentology, dialectology, spelling, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. LKE 1999: Encyclopedia of Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. LKE 2008: Encyclopedia of Lithuanian Language. 2nd revised and supplemented edition, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. LKTŽ 2008: GaivenytėeButler J., Keinys S., Noreikaitė A. Dictionary of Lithuanian Terms. Annotated bibliographical index 1900-2005, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. LKŽe – Lithuanian Language Dictionary (I–XX, 1941–2002), electronic version, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2005 – www.lki.lt. LLVV 1972–1996: Dictionary of Latvian Literary Language, 1.–8. Vol., Riga: Zinātne. LRST 1990: Principles and Methods of Terminology. ISO 7048-1:1990 (ISO 7048-1:1990). LVV 2006: Dictionary of Latvian Language, Riga: Avots. MTŽ 2005: Kvašytė R. Educational terminology dictionary, Šiauliai: Šiaulių University Press. Skujiņa V. 2002: Principles of Latvian terminology development. Second, revised and supplemented edition, Riga: Institute of Latvian Language. SV 2008: Dictionary of Foreign Words, Riga: Avots. 1991. pp. 2. ^ "Silver". TŽŽ 2013: Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius: Alma littera. VPSV 2007: Explanatory Dictionary of Basic Linguistic Terms. Sast. aut. Col. V. Skujiņas ed., Riga: LU Institute of Latvian Language, State Language Agency. 139Terminologija | 2013 | 20 THE MICROSYSTEM OF LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN TERMS WITH THE ROOT TERMINThe objective of the research is to establish the similarities and differences of from metalanguage of Lithuanian and Latvian terminology using analytic descriptive and comparative methods. The comparison of terms created with the root termintaken the main publications of Lithuanian and Latvian lexicography and terminography as well as various works on terminology science allows to conclude that the root terminis derivationally productive and easily usable for the creation of terms both in Lithuanian and Latvian. When comparing Lithuanian and Latvian terms few aspects, first of all terminological meanings and equivalent names of concepts were taken into consideration. A part of Lithuanian and Latvian terms are similar, some of them only look similar from the first sight (for instance, terminologija and terminoloģija). It is difficult to establish the authorship of particular terms, though sometimes it’s possible. There were thirteen oneword terms with the root terminfound in Lithuanian sources and twenty seven – in Latvian sources. Since the sample of Latvian terms is bigger the number of Latvian terms which do not have equivalents in Lithuanian is larger as well and there are only three Lithuanian terms terminija, terminotyra and terminynas do not have equivalents in terminological system of the Latvian language. There was one compound (terminotyra) with the root terminin the Lithuanian sample. Other terms were prefixal and/or suffixal derivatives (except of underlying terminas (term)). In the Latvian language, differently from Lithuanian, compounds prevail (ten terms in this sample were compounds). There were fifty three complex terms found in Lithuanian dictionaries and sixteen – in Latvian. It is noticeable that certain term formation patterns prevail: there are complex terms with subordinated component in genitive case (in singular or plural) in both Latvian and Lithuanian. In Latvian, differently from Lithuanian, there was only one term made with and adjective with the root termin- (it is easier to make an adjective from the derivative terminoloģija). The microsystem of the root terminis quite developed in both Lithuanian and Latvian and can be elaborated further, because there are possibilities to create new terms. Particularly productive way of term creation is the formation of complex terms and in Latvian the creation of oneword terms is also common because of the tendency to make compounds. Received 2013a11a11 Regina Kvašytė Šiaulių universitetas P. Višinskio g. 38, LT-76352 Šiauliai, Lithuania E-mail: kv[email protected]