Lietuvių ir latvių kalbų terminų su šaknimi „termin-“ mikrosistema

The microsystem of Lithuanian and Latvian terms formed with the root termin- REGINA KVAŠYTĖ Šiaulių universitetas KEYWORDS: Lithuanian terms, Latvian terms, derivatives, simple terms, compound terms, use of terms INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Terminology, as a branch of science that began to develop in the 1920s and 1930s, is relatively new; consequently, the scholarly apparatus continues to expand and improve in many languages, including Lithuanian and Latvian. The subject of this article is Lithuanian and Latvian terms formed with the root termin-. The aim of the study is to identify similarities and differences in the metalanguage of terminology in the two Baltic languages. To achieve this aim, the following objectives were set: 1) to collect as large a sample as possible of various terms containing the root in question; 2) to examine the structure and semantics of the terms; 3) to compare Lithuanian and Latvian terms; 4) where possible, to establish the origins of certain terms and trends in their distribution and use. The study employs analytical-descriptive and comparative methods, and terms were collected from the principal lexicographic, terminographic, and encyclopedic publications in both languages (Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽ), Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (DLKŽ), Encyclopedia of the Lithuanian Language (LKE), Dictionary of Linguistic Terms (KTŽ), Student Glossary of Terminology (MTŽ); Dictionary of the Latvian Literary Language (LLVV), Dictionary of the Latvian Language (LVV), Explanatory Dictionary of Basic Terms in Linguistics (VPSV)), as well as scholarly works by Lithuanian and Latvian linguists and terminologists (Janina Barauskaitė, Vincentas Drotvinas, Kazimieras Gaivenis, Evalda Jakaitienė, Angelė Kaulakienė, Stasys Keinys, Jonas Klimavičius, Antanas Lyberis, Pranas Skardžius, Stasys Šalkauskis; Aina Blinkena (Aina Blinken(a)), Juris Baldunčiks (Juris Baldunčiks), Māris Baltiņš (Māris Baltiņš), Ernests Drezens (Ernests Drezens), Rūdolfs Grabis (Rūdolfs Grabis), Alise Laua (Alise Laua), Valentina Skujiņa (Valentina Skujiņa)). Terminologija | 2013 | 20 123 THE CONCEPT TERM AND ITS CORRELATES IN LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN The basis of the microsystem formed with the root termin- is terminas, a word of Latin origin [Lat. terminus – boundary, wall]. As defined in the Dictionary of Foreign Words (TŽŽ), it has three meanings, of which the first corresponds to the subject of this study: “a word or phrase that precisely denotes a concept in a particular field of art, science, technology, etc.” (TŽŽ 2013: 811). The Lithuanian TŽŽ also includes words with the root in question: terminija, terminologija and terminologizacija, i.e. the transformation of a word into a term (see below for more on this). A similar view of this loanword is found in Latvian: the Dictionary of Foreign Words (SV) defines a term as a word or phrase that expresses a concept in a particular field of art, science, technology, etc. [“vārds vai vārdkopa, kas izteic kādu jēdzienu kādā mākslas, zinātnes, tehnikas nozarē u. c.”]1 (SV 2008: 911). In addition to the headword, SV includes two other nouns with the same root, each having two meanings. These are terminografija [terminography], meaning “1. lingv. the systematization of terms and their publication in dictionaries and bulletins; 2. lingv. the corpus of dictionaries of terms,” and terminologija [terminology], meaning “1. lingv. the totality of terms in a particular language; also, the totality of terms in a particular field; 2. a branch of linguistics that studies terms,” as well as the adjective terminologiškas [terminological], “related to terminology, characteristic of it” (SV 2008: 911). In other Lithuanian and Latvian lexicographic and terminographic sources, as well as in linguistic and terminological literature, definitions of the term vary somewhat. DLKŽ states that the word terminas has three meanings, only the first of which corresponds to the subject under study: “1. lingv. a word or phrase that precisely denotes a concept in any field of science, technology, art, religion, or another domain” (DLKŽ 2006; DLKŽ 2012: 840). LKŽ defines it similarly: “1. lingv. a word or phrase that precisely denotes a concept in science, technology, or art” (LKŽe). Examination of Lithuanian lexicographic sources shows that, besides the primary word terminas discussed above, DLKŽ includes the derivatives terminija, “lingv. the totality of terms”; terminologija, “lingv. 1. the science of terms; 2. see terminija”; and terminologas, -ė, “a terminology specialist” (DLKŽ 2006; DLKŽ 2012: 840). The same nouns, with definitions of their meanings that are entirely identical, are included in LKŽ. LKŽ also lists the adjective termininis, which has three meanings, the first of which 1 All quotations from Latvian sources (usually given in square brackets), as well as terms unless otherwise indicated, have been translated into Lithuanian by the author of the article. 124 Regina Kvašytė | Lietuvių ir latvių kalbų terminų su šaknimi termin- mikrosistema two are related to the language micro-system: “1. belonging to terminology; 2. characteristic of a term” (LKŽe) (the adjective is used in compound terms—see below), and three verbs: termininti ‘to terminologize’, sutermininti ‘to turn into a term’, terminologizuoti ‘to use for terminology’ (LKŽe). The latter are not included in the sample of the micro-system under study as separate lexical units, since the tradition of treating nouns as terms is followed. In LKE, in addition to terminai, already discussed, the term terminologija was found (LKE 1999: 648; LKE 2008: 552–553; in view of the encyclopedia’s specific nature, the publication title Terminologija is also given there). The Latvian dictionary LLVV distinguishes two meanings of the word termins, the first of which is defined as a word or combination of words denoting a particular concept (for example, in a particular field of science, technology, or art) and having a specialized meaning and sphere of use (LLVV 7₂, 1991: 507). In alphabetical order, three more noun derivatives with the root termin– are included in LLVV and LVV: terminoloģija and the separately listed masculine and feminine agent nouns terminologs, terminoloģe, as well as the adjective already mentioned, terminoloģisks) (LLVV 7₂, 1991: 507; LVV 2006: 1091). Lexicologist E. Jakaitienė emphasizes that terms belong to the specialized vocabulary layer and “are designations of concepts used in the language of a particular sphere of human activity” (Jakaitienė 2010: 182) (cf. the same author’s earlier statement, cited above: “Terminological vocabulary, or simply terms, consists of words that designate a precisely defined scientific concept and are used in the language of a particular branch of science” (Jakaitienė 1980: 70)). J. Barauskaitė, who studied vocabulary, argues that terms are “words (they may also be combinations <...>) that precisely express a concept in science, technology, or art” (LK 1995: 48). As has already been established, in Lithuanian the word terminas has three meanings, only one of which belongs to the field of terminology (the second refers to a concept in logic, the third names a period of time), whereas in Latvian, the word terminš, which denotes a period of time, helps to avoid polysemy to some extent. Latvian lexicologist A. Laua defines a term as a word denoting a concept in a particular science, which retains one and the same meaning both in any context within a specific scientific field and outside a context [“termins ir vārds, kas apzīmē stingri noteiktu kādas zinātnes jēdzienu un kas vienu un to pašu nozīmi saglabā gan jebkurā noteiktas zinātnes nozares kontekstā, gan arī ārpus konteksta“] (Laua 1981: 138–139). Lithuanian terminographic sources, first and foremost KTŽ, indicate that terminas is “a word or a fixed combination of words by which a specialized field of science, technology, art, or another area of public life is designated Terminologija | 2013 | 20 125 sąvoka arba daiktas“ (KTŽ 1990: 210; taip pat ASLKTŽ 2008: 112). Termino apibrėžčių randama ir kituose terminiją fiksuojančiuose šaltiniuose, pavyzdžiui, LKE rašoma, kad terminai (vartojama daugiskaita) – tai „mokslo, technikos, meno sąvokų pavadinimai“ (LKE 1999: 648; LKE 2008: 552–553). Palyginimui galima paminėti, kad į tarybinę enciklopediją 1983 m. įtraukta S. Kein io suformuluota termino apibrėžtis, perspausdinta jo straipsnių rinkinyje: „Žodis arba pastovus atributinis žodžių junginys, turintis labai apibrėžtą reikšmę tam tikros žmonių veiklos srities kalboje. Jo paskirtis – pavadinti bet kurios srities sąvokas kaip tam tikros sistemos narius <...>“ (Keinys 2005: 229). Terminologijos klausimams skirtose mokslinėse publikacijose taip pat rasta ne viena apibrėžtis, pavyzdžiui, filosofas ir terminologas S. Šalkauskis teigė, kad tai yra „žodis, reiškiąs sąvoką, turinčią specialios reikšmės kuriam nors mokslo dalykui“ (Šalkauskis 1991: 15). Dabar galiojančiame Lietuvos Respublikos standarte nurodyta, kad terminu vadinamas „žodis arba žodžių junginys, vartojamas sąvokai įvardyti“ (LRST 1115-90: 11), o K. Gaivenis pabrėžia, kad terminas – „ne koks ypatingas žodis ar pastovus žodžių junginys, bet įvardijamasis kalbos vienetas, kurio turinį atskleidžia termin inės reikšmės apibrėžimas2“ (Gaivenis 2002: 13). It is also worth mentioning that the native Lithuanian term įvardas can be used synonymously. It appears in the title of a 1924 terminology dictionary, Įvardai, arba terminai, priimti Terminologijos komisijos (LKTŽ 2008: 18), although the derivative in question is not the subject of this study (nor is it widespread in contemporary terminology). The authorship of this rarely used term is attributed to Antanas Vireliūnas, secretary of the Terminology Commission, which operated from 1921 to 1926 (for more, see Auksoriūtė 2011); as already mentioned, he used it as the title of the terminology glossary compiled in 1924 (Klimavičius 2005: 248). It is noted that in contemporary Lithuanian “<...> the good term įvardas (: įvardyti), coined by A. Vireliūnas (?), has almost disappeared” (though it was used by Lithuanian terminographers abroad B. Stundžia and P. Mažeika; V. Vintartas even used įvardotyra) <...>” (Klimavičius 2005: 261). A terminology dictionary titled Jūriniai įvardai was also published in Canada: a concise English–Lithuanian dictionary / Bronys Stundžia. Toronto: Jūrinės knygos fondo leidinys, 1996 (LKTŽ 2008: 135). In discussing lexicological terminology, V. Drotvinas, however, regards the attempt to introduce this term as an unsuccessful one by P. Skar- 2 Nowadays, it would be more accurate to use the term apibrėžtis, cf. “With the Law on the Terminology Bank of the Republic of Lithuania (No. IX-1950 of 23 December 2003), the term apibrėžtis, already known from RLŽ 1932: 321 [Baronas, J. Rusų–lietuvių žodynas, Kaunas: Spindulys] and used quite widely (by S. Šalkauskis and others), forcefully replaced apibrėžimo” (Klimavičius 2005: 248). 126 Regina Kvašytė Lietuvių ir latvių kalbų terminų su šaknimi termin- mikrosistema …’s attempt (cf. “In the aforementioned book, Pranas Skardžius3 provided Lithuanian equivalents for twenty-two international terms of lexicology (Skardžius, 1975, 1998). Their fate (whether they were already known or coined by Skardžius himself) was twofold. Some Lithuanian equivalents exist alongside the international terms <...>, while others failed to take root in usage, such as antiquity–archaism, mongrel, hybrid–hybrid, designation–term” (Drotvinas 2002: 19–20) (cf. “term 3b (Latin terminus ‘boundary’), a precise designation for a concept in any science, technology, or art; designation” (Skardžius 1973: 61)). J. Baldunčiks, who studied the emergence and spread of Latvian linguistic terms in Latvian, established that the word termins was first used in 1871—the use of the widespread international term terminus technikus may have influenced it. The word terminoloģija was first recorded in a German–Latvian dictionary published in 1880 by Gustavs Braže. A little later, in 1886, Jūlijs Dravnieks defined the scientific concept terminoloģija in his dictionary of international words; it came into broader use in the 1890s (Baldunčiks 2008: 32–33). Various attempts have been made to define terms. For example, the Latvian-born terminologist E. Drezens argued that they are designations expressing particular concepts (Drezens 2002: 7), while R. Grabis used the term for words with strictly limited and defined content (Grabis 2006a: 221). The prevailing view in contemporary Latvian terminology theory is formulated in V. Skujiņa’s monograph: a term is a unit of terminization—a word or a terminological phrase—that in the terminology system of a particular scientific field expresses (names and identifies) a specific scientific concept [“termins ir termi­nācijas vienība – vārds vai terminoloģiska vārdkopa –, kas attiecīgās zinātnes nozares terminu sistēmā izteic (nosauc un iezīmē) noteiktu zinātnes jēdzienu“] (Skujiņa 2002: 9). In the explanatory dictionary of Latvian linguistic terms, VPSV, terminas is defined as follows: a verbal designation of a concept in a particular thematic or specialized field—a word or phrase that expresses (names and identifies) a particular concept in the relevant field as a component of that field’s conceptual system [“konkrētas tematiskās jomas, speciālās nozares jēdziena vārd do apzīmējums – vārds vai vārdkopa, kas izteic (nosauc un iezīmē) attiecīgās jomas (nozares) noteiktu jēdzienu kā nozares jēdzienu sistēmas sastāvdaļu...“] (VPSV 2007: 399–400).4 3 P. Skardžius. Lietuviški tarptautinių žodžių atitikmenys, Čikaga: Pedagoginis lituanistikos institutas, 1973 (V. Drotvino straipsnyje 1975) (P. Skardžius. Rinktiniai raštai 3, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1998, 427–507). 4 This term is not used in Lithuanian; the quotation simply conveys the Latvian word. Terminoloģija | 2013 | 20 127 Having clarified the concept of term and its correlates, the derivatives of the root termin- (both simple and compound terms) were then sought in Lithuanian and Latvian terminological dictionaries and scholarly texts. SIMPLE TERMS WITH THE ROOT TERMIN- Three Lithuanian terms formed with the root termin- were found in KTŽ: terminas, terminija, terminologija (KTŽ 1990: 210; also ASLKTŽ 2008: 112). MTŽ, a specialist dictionary devoted to terminology, includes and arranges alphabetically in nested entries eight simple generic terms (some have more than one specific term; they are discussed in greater detail in the next section of the article): determinizavimas (29), reterminizavimas (53), terminas (65), terminija (75), terminizavimas (76), terminografija (77), terminologija (77), and transterminizavimas (83). In contemporary Lithuanian, the terms terminografija, terminizacija, transterminizacija, determinizacija⁵ were disseminated by J. Klimavičius (2005: 249), who, as he himself states, brought them back from Kyiv in the autumn of 1970 (cf. “Terminų leksikografija – terminografija (16) has come into use only recently, but universally. Incidentally, I brought the terms terminografija, terminizacija, transterminizacija, determinizacija from Kyiv in the autumn of 1970 (Ковалик 1970: 14). Another meaning of terminografijos—‘historiography of terms or terminology’ (16)—is unknown in Lithuanian terminology and, in my view, erroneous” (Klimavičius 2005: 249)). It should be noted that MTŽ also provides Latvian equivalents for all the terms included in it, but these are not considered in this article because not all have usage traditions in Latvian terminology; some are merely translations, and thus it would not be appropriate to regard them as independent units of Latvian terminology. In Lithuanian-language texts, in addition to those already included in dictionaries, it was possible to find the terms terminologizavimas, terminoidas, terminy nas, terminotyra ir kvaz termin as. [term] (399), terminzinātne [the science of terms] (401). A total of twenty-one simple terms belonging to the thematic group under discussion were found in VPSV (for terms with this root, see also the review of the dictionary published in Terminologija (Kvašytė 2008: 244–245)). This is partly attributable to a feature of Latvian whereby word combinations (which in terminology correspond to compound terms) are replaced by compounds, that is, turned into simple terms. S. Keinys also highlighted this feature of Latvian, as applied to terminology, in his discussion of V. Skujina’s monograph: “Reading the book, I got the impression that, in terms of linguistic structure, Latvian terminology probably differs considerably from Lithuanian terminology. Many Latvian terms seem to have a significantly more complex form; in their language, word combinations (compound terms) are quite readily replaced by compounds. In Lithuanian, such compounds would in many cases simply be impossible, as, for example, the terms from terminology itself defiskoptermins ‘hyphenated term (written with a hyphen)’, hibrīdtermins ‘hybrid term’, inicialsaliktenis7 ‘abbreviation’, salikten̦termins ‘compound term’, strupinājumsaliktenis8 ‘abbreviated compound word, abbreviation’, termina kontekstne-atkarība ‘context-independence of a term’, termindarinājums ‘term derivative’, termindarināšana ‘term formation’, terminelements ‘component of a compound term’, vārdkoptermins ‘multiword term’, and so on. With these tendencies, Latvian terminology is more like German than the terminology of its closest relatives, Lithuanian” (Keinys 2005: 263–264). Some of the compound terms mentioned in the quotation are also included in VPSV: defiskoptermins (81), hibrīdtermins (140), salikten̦termins (339), terminelements (397), vārdkopter-mīns (435); also included here is the compound jauntermins [neologism, term], which is newer and has not yet become widespread (174). They are successfully used in texts, both originally written and translated, for example: “For example, at first s a l i k - t e n t e r m i n i9 (compound terms) occurred only in terminological vocabulary, where they were coined as equivalents of Russian hyphenated compounds..” (Grabis 2006b: 258); “Compound terms are divided into s a l i k t e n t e r - m i n o s (which are one-word terms) and v ā r d k o p t e r m i n o s” (Skujiņa 2002: 26–27); “Latin and, in part, Greek have given the peoples of Europe not only a range of word stems (for example, elektr, kombin, aero), but also grama- 7 It should be inicialsaliktenis. However, this is not a unit of the micro-system under study, since it does not contain the root under investigation (VPSV 2007: 157). 8 It should be strupinājumsaliktenis. This is also not a unit of the micro-system under study, since it lacks the root under investigation; moreover, this is indicated by the definition and the note that it is characteristic of colloquial language (VPSV 2007: 377–378). 9 Here and below, unless otherwise indicated, emphasis is added by R. K. Terminologija | 2013 | 20 129 tical term elements (for example, –ācija, –ifikācija, –ator[s], –or[s])” (Drezens 2002: 20). New compounds are also emerging, not yet included in dictionaries: “Therefore, in the very near future it will be necessary.. to develop methodological materials that would be useful to everyone involved in practical t e r m i n r a d ē” (Baltiņš 2006: 78). A total of fourteen different simple terms with the root under discussion were found in Lithuanian sources, and twenty-seven in Latvian sources (for their equivalents based on the tradition of term use in Lithuanian and Latvian, see Table 1; this does not assess views on each individual term, nor the extent or frequency of their use). Table 1. Micro-system of simple terms with the root termin- Lithuanian Latvian Lithuanian Latvian term term – subterm terminology – – synonym for a neighboring term terminology terminology – defining term terminography terminography – hybrid term – terminologization – new term terminologization terminologization – compound term terminization terminization – multiword term determinologization determinologization – superordinate term reterminologization reterminologization – terminization transterminologization – termenoid termenoid – reterminologization terminology research – terminologist terminologist term collection – – terminographer – terminologisms terminology science – term formation [terminological element]10 term element quasi-term quasi-term – termineme 10 A complex Lithuanian term corresponding to a Latvian compound term is not counted in the overall set of simplex terms (cf. the equivalent of the term under discussion in S. Keinys’s review (2005: 264): “a constituent part of a term”). The equivalents of other Latvian terms are not listed, because even if such terms are used in Lithuanian, they are not simplex terms. 130 Regina Kvašytė Lietuvių ir latvių kalbų terminų su šaknimi termin- mikrosistema The sample of Latvian simplex terms is considerably larger, so there are more terms with no Lithuanian equivalents, while among the Lithuanian terms only terminija, terminotyra and terminynas have no equivalents in the Latvian terminology system. In the examined sample of Lithuanian terms with the root under discussion, one compound (terminotyra) was found; all the others are derived by prefixation and/or suffixation (except the first, terminas). Compounds predominate in Latvian (ten of all simplex terms are formed by compounding). COMPOUND TERMS WITH THE ROOT TERMIN- No compound terms formed from constituents containing the root termin- were found in the Lithuanian KTŽ, although various examples occur in texts (see below); of the 200 terms included in the MTŽ, fifty-three have a constituent containing the root in question. These are terms of varied structure, since derivatives of this root were found as both principal and secondary constituents. Terms whose principal constituent is an element of the microsystem under discussion include, for example, names of individual terms or types of terminology: two-word terms descriptive term (65), hybrid term (67), metaphorical term (68), non-recommended term (69), specific term (69), compound term (70), interdisciplinary term (72), simplex term (74), generic term (67), folk terminology (75), scientific terminology (75); three-word terms general scientific term (66), native-language term (70). There are also compound terms with meanings other than types of terms: two-word terms term form (76), term reliability (77), term content (78); four-word terms explanatory bilingual term dictionary (81), alphabetical structure of a term dictionary (82), nest-based structure of a term dictionary (82). There are also terms with the root in question that are more often used in the plural: term management (80), textual term management (80), term-dictionary nest (82), term-dictionary structure (82). A secondary constituent, i.e. an attribute, may be expressed by (a) an adjective derived from the root under discussion, (b) the singular genitive of a noun, or (c) the plural genitive of a noun. These are most often two-word terms, and are included in the nests of principal constituents (generic terms), where such nests are distinguished in the dictionary: (a) terminological antonym (12), terminological vocabulary, terminological dictionary (39), terminological meaning (53); (b) term form (76), term entry (78); (c) terminology standard (80), terminology dictionary (80), terminology requirements (79). Incidentally, secondary constituents may be either primary words, as in the examples mentioned above, or derivatives, e.g.: terminologized word (90), school of terminology (77), terminological competence (77). Texts yielded Terminologija | 2013 | 20 131 both compound terms recorded in dictionaries and those not included in them: “Apart from Lithuanian s i m p l e x t e r m s, another layer of General Physics terminology consists of i n t e r n a t i o n a l t e r m s and hybrids” (Kaulakienė 2009: 144); “The use of synonymous and variant terms in electricity and magnetism shows that textbook authors often, after naming a concept for the first time with s y n o n y m o u s or v a r i a n t t e r m s, choose and use only one of them on subsequent pages” (Kaulakienė 2009: 167). Scientific works also contain compound terms whose principal constituent is a derivative from the root under discussion, terminology: general terminology, typological terminology, contrastive terminology, semasiological terminology, onomasiological terminology (Gaivenis 2002: 16). The Latvian terminography source VPSV lists sixteen compound terms in which termins also functions as a principal or secondary constituent (in either the singular or plural genitive, or as an adjective derived from it). There are few compound terms in the dictionary whose principal constituent is the root in question—four two-word terms whose secondary constituents are expressed by participles: ieteicamais termins [recommended term] (151), noraidītais termins [rejected term] (258), novecojis termins [obsolete term] (262), pieļaujamais termins [permissible term] (298). Several types of use of secondary constituents were identified: (a) the attribute is expressed by a singular genitive: termina ekvivalents [term equivalent] (396), termina noteikšana and synonymous with the latter is termina identificēšana, formed with the characteristic Latvian suffix -šana, which denotes an action [term determination / identification] (396–397); (b) the attribute is expressed by a plural genitive: terminu atbilstība ir terminu ekvivalence [term correspondence / equivalence] (400), terminu saskaņošana [term harmonization] (400), terminu sistēma [terminology system] (400), terminu vārdnīca [term dictionary] (401); (c) the attribute is expressed by an adjective derived from the base word: terminatīvā funkcija [terminative function] (397) (cf. the passage: “To express a concept with a term means to terminologize the concept. Thus, the combination of nominative and definitive functions, i.e. the terminological function, may in other words be called the t e r m i n a t i v e [retained by V. S.] function..” (Skujiņa 2002: 9)); (d) the attribute is expressed by an adjective derived from a derivative: terminoloģiskā funkcija [terminological function], terminoloģiskais trīsstūris [terminological triangle] (399). In addition, several multiword terms were found in the dictionary, for example, terminu pienē- 1 3 2 Regina Kvašytė Lietuvių ir latvių kalbų terminų su šaknimi termin- mikrosistema mamībās vērtēs skala [term acceptability assessment scale] (397). Other compound terms also occur in texts, e.g.: “At the end of the 19th century, when Latvian national science began to take shape, an intensified need for scientific terminology arose” (Blinkena 1997: 91); “Derived forms, which are called affixal terms, are divided into prefixal terms, or prefix terms, and suffixal terms, or suffix terms” (Skujiņa 2002: 26–27). In total, fifty-three compound terms were found in Lithuanian dictionaries (it should be recalled that the terminography source MTŽ is devoted solely to terminology in this field), and sixteen in Latvian. Several more terms not included in dictionaries were identified in both Lithuanian and Latvian texts (five and one, respectively). Their diversity precludes a summary, but it is possible to note that certain term-formation patterns predominate: both Lithuanian and Latvian have compound terms whose secondary constituents are expressed by either the singular or plural genitive. In Latvian, unlike Lithuanian, only one term formed with an adjective based on the root under discussion was found (it is easier to form an adjective from the derivative terminoloģija). TENDENCIES IN THE USE OF SOME TERMS WITH THE ROOT TERMIN- The discussion now turns from examining dictionary data to usage. Some Lithuanian and Latvian terms coincide only at first glance, for example, Lithuanian terminologija and Latvian terminoloģija. An examination of their meanings shows that Lithuanian distinguishes the names for the science and for the body of terms, called terminologija and terminija, respectively. This distinction was established as early as the works of S. Šalkauskis, that is, in the 1920s: “The Lithuanian language can use two words side by side in different senses—terminija and terminologija—whereas other languages usually use only one, namely the word terminologijos, in the corresponding cases. Since our language uses the ending -ija to denote a collection of objects of the same kind, terminija accordingly denotes the totality of technical terms in a particular science or art. <...> When the word terminologijos is used alongside terminijos understood in this way, it refers to something quite different. Specifically, following the etymological meaning of the word, one should bear in mind that terminologija is the science or at least the theory of terminija. Understood in this way, terminologija must explain, for example, such matters as the nature and properties of a term, the sources of terms, categories of terms— Terminologija | 2013 | 20 133 rijas, terminų vartoseną ir taisykles terminams sudaryti“ (Šalkauskis 1991: 10) (plg. „Modernioji lietuvių terminija pradėjo formuotis ir plėtotis tarpukario Lietuvoje. Vienas jos formavimosi pamatų kūrėjas – filosofas Stasys Šalkauskis (1886–1941)“ (Lyberis 2009: 60)). Iki tol ir lietuvių kalboje „terminologija bendrinėje kalboje turėjo ir tebeturi ne vieną reikšmę: juo vadinama ir terminų bei tvarkybos teorija, ir tam tikros srities terminų visuma“ (Gaivenis 2002: 15). Latvių kalboje abiem reikšmėmis, t. y. dviem sąvokoms – ir mokslo sričiai ir terminų visumai – pavadinti vartojamas terminas terminoloģija. Kiekvieną iš šių reikšmių palaiko tiek tradicija, tiek analogija su kitais dariniais [oprojām divās nozīmēs (t. i., divu jēdzienu izteikšanai) ir lietots termins terminoloģija: ‘zinātnes nozare’ un ‘terminu kopums’. Katru no šīm nozīmēm latviešu valodā balsta gan tradīcija, gan analoģija ar citiem darinājumiem (sal.: frazeoloģija)] (Skujiņa 2002: 26). Vis dėlto būta siūlymų pasitelkti kitus terminus, pavyzdžiui, terminų visumai pavadinti pasirinktas žodis terminklatūra (pagal analogiją su nomenklatūra), tačiau jis neįsitvirtino praktikoje (Skujiņa 2002: 26). In Lithuanian, it has been observed that uncertainty arises over the choice of some terms. Even when the theoretically applicable guidelines are known, they are not always followed in practice; for example, it is not always possible to choose the most suitable among the terms terminologization, terminization or their synonym with a Lithuanian suffix, terminizing. The form terminizing is also sometimes used with the same meaning in texts. In this case, it would be appropriate to draw on S. Keinys’s idea, formulated on the basis of the Russian terminologist Dmitry Lotte (Дмитрий Лотте), that “brevity in a term should be pursued just as much as precision. He applied this requirement not only to the terms themselves, but also to their derivational affixes, such as suffixes” (Keinys 2005: 79). The first of the terms under discussion—terminologization—is based on the concept of a science or theory, that is, terminology, as in “The terminology of Lithuanian lexicology has been and continues to be created in three ways: 1) common words are turned into terms (t e r m i – n o l o g i z a t i o n) <...>” (Drotvinas 2002: 18). However, the example cited above shows that when discussing the conversion of words into terms, it would be more appropriate to draw on the concept term inventory, that is, the totality of terms; therefore, the logical and more concise form is terminization (or the hybrid form with the Lithuanian suffix terminizing), as used, for example, by J. Klimavičius: “Plural t e r m i n i z i n g is marked, but the fairly common t e r m i n i z i n g of diminutives is omitted <...>” (Klimavičius 2005: 250). Latvian 1 3 4 Regina Kvašytė Lietuvių ir latvių kalbų terminų su šaknimi termin- mikrosistema there are likewise different forms for naming the process: derivatives suitable for naming the process, with the Latvian suffix –šana (terminoloģizēšana [terminologization], terminēšana [terminization]) or the international suffix –ācija (terminoloģizācija [terminologization]), which is also suitable for naming the results of the process. This part of the study mainly reviews the use of various simplex terms with the root under discussion that were not included in special dictionaries, since this indicates the potential of this root—that is, that they may supplement the microsystem in the future—and in some cases reflects a tradition emerging abroad. In addition to the previously discussed simplex terms of the microsystem, examples of the use of other Lithuanian terms were found in texts, such as termenoid, term-collection: “The word t e r m i n o i d denotes a concept of unclear content, related to terms but not included in their systems <...>” (Gaivenis 2002: 15); “The terms nomenclature and t e r m - c o l l e c t i o n are also related to the word terminology. The first term denotes the totality of names for the entities of a particular field of science, technology, or another domain <...>, whereas the second is a rare term with the same meaning, used only by some foreign terminologists” (Gaivenis 2002: 16). Similar terms have also been noted in Latvian-language texts: “Some researchers classify general scientific terms such as system, structure, which express very general concepts, in the category of terminoids..“ [Some researchers classify general scientific terms such as system, structure, which express very general concepts, in the category of terminoids <...>] (Skujiņa 2002: 38); “There have been proposals [228, 316; 321] to name the collection of terms using a different word, for example, t e r m - c o l l e c t i o n (by analogy with nomenclature), but it has not caught on in practice” [There have been proposals [228; 316; 321] to call the collection of terms by another word, for example, term-collection (by analogy with nomenclature), but it has not caught on in practice] (Skujiņa 2002: 26). There have also been attempts to distinguish the names of concepts, terminological vocabulary [terminological vocabulary] and terminologicalisms [terminologicalisms]: “... the terms terminological vocabulary and terminologicalisms are conceptually distinct, since terminological vocabulary applies only to words, whereas terminologicalisms include words, phrases, and other kinds of terminological units..“ [<...> the terms terminological vocabulary and terminologicalisms must be distinguished as concepts, because terminological vocabulary refers only to words, whereas terminologicalisms include words, word combinations, and other kinds of terminological units <...>] (Skujiņa 2002: 33). Terminologija | 2013 | 20 135 Lithuanian derivatives terminynas and terminotyra could be considered new terms; examples of their use are found in texts, for example: “Since another resource is now being created—the Terminology Bank of the Republic of Lithuania, intended for state needs—the first one, compiled from terminological dictionaries and intended more for scientific needs, is now called the Lithuanian Language t e r m i n y n a s (for a time it was called the term base)” (Klimavičius 2005: 258); “After defending her candidate’s dissertation in philology in 1969 on the compilation of Latvian technical terminology, she [Valentina Skujiņa – R. K.] did not stray far from Latvian terminology and the study of general t e r m i n o t y r a issues <...>” (Keinys 2005: 262). There are also newer, as yet not widely adopted terms in the language system being compared; for example, Latvian uses the derivatives terminēšana and terminācija. “To express a concept by means of a term means to term the concept. Accordingly, the combination of the nominative and definitive functions, or the terminological function, may in other words be called the t e r m i n a t i v e [emphasis in the original, V. S.] function, while expressing a concept by means of a term may be called the t e r - m i n i n g of the concept, and the entire process as a whole—t e r m i n a t i o n <...> A term is a unit of t e r m i n a t i o n—a word or terminological phrase—which in the term system of the relevant scientific field expresses (names and designates) a specific scientific concept” [emphasis in the original] (Skujiņa 2002: 9). V. Skujiņa discusses in greater detail the emergence of the term terminēma in Latvian and its interpretation: “An original idea was expressed by the Estonian terminologist H. Sāri, who puts forward as a principle a neutral attitude toward parts of speech. He considers it useful to reduce the understanding of a term to terminologically significant morphemes as the central terminological units [226, 110]. Nevertheless, the term, which is formed as a word, should be recognized as the central terminological unit. However, in developing H. Sāri’s idea further, it seems useful to put forward the concept of t e r - m i n ē m a [emphasis in the original, V. S.]” [An original idea was expressed by the Estonian terminologist H. Sāri, who puts forward as a principle a neutral attitude toward parts of speech. He considers it useful to reduce the understanding of a term to terminologically significant morphemes as the central terminological units [226, 110]. Nevertheless, the term, which has a verbal form, should be recognized as the central terminological unit. However, in developing H. Sāri’s idea further, it seems useful to put forward the concept of t e r m i n ē m a] (Skujiņa 2002: 32). It is clear that such neologisms pose problems in translation, since it is difficult to find suitable equivalents for them (most often these are literal translations, 136 Regina Kvašytė Lietuvių ir latvių kalbų terminų su šaknimi termin- mikrosistema (not reflecting the content of the concept), but their establishment in terminology is, presumably, only a matter of time. CONCLUSIONS Having collected terms formed with the root termin- from major lexicographic and terminographic publications, as well as various scholarly works on Lithuanian and Latvian terminology, and compared them, we can conclude that the root termin- is convenient and productive for term formation in both Lithuanian and Latvian. The comparison of Lithuanian and Latvian terms took several aspects into account, first and foremost the terminological meanings of concepts and the correspondences between the names of these concepts. Some Lithuanian and Latvian terms are identical, while others only appear similar at first glance (for example, terminologija and terminoloģija). A total of fourteen different simplex terms with the root under discussion were found in Lithuanian sources, and twenty-seven in Latvian sources. The sample of simplex terms in Latvian is considerably larger, so there are more terms without Lithuanian equivalents; among Lithuanian terms, only terminija, terminotyra, and terminynas have no equivalents in the Latvian terminology system. In the examined sample of Lithuanian terms with the root in question, one compound was found (terminotyra); all the others are formed with prefixes and/or suffixes (except the first, terminas). Compounds predominate in Latvian (ten of all simplex terms are formed by compounding). A total of fifty-three compound terms were found in Lithuanian dictionaries, and sixteen in Latvian dictionaries. Certain term-formation patterns can be observed: in both Lithuanian and Latvian, there are compound terms whose dependent components are expressed by the genitive singular or plural. In Latvian, unlike Lithuanian, only one term formed with an adjective derived from the root in question was found (it is easier to form an adjective from the derivative terminoloģija). In Lithuanian and Latvian terminology, the microsystem of the root termin- is fairly well developed and can be further improved, since it is possible to form ever-new terms. Compound terms are especially productive, while in Latvian, owing to its tendency to use compounds (compound terms), simplex terms are productive as well. Terminologija | 2013 | 20 137 REFERENCES AND SOURCES ASLKTŽ 2008: Buivydienė V., Žukienė R. 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TŽŽ 2013: Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius: Alma littera. VPSV 2007: Valodniecības pamatterminu skaidrojošā vārdnīca. Sast. aut. kol. V. Skujiņas vad., Rīga: LU Latviešu valodas institūts, Valsts valodas aģentūra. 138 Regina Kvašytė Lietuvių ir latvių kalbų terminų su šaknimi termin- mikrosistema THE MICROSYSTEM OF LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN TERMS WITH THE ROOT TERMIN- The objective of the research is to establish the similarities and differences of metalanguage of Lithuanian and Latvian terminology using analytic descriptive and comparative methods. The comparison of terms created with the root termin- taken from the main publications of Lithuanian and Latvian lexicography and terminography as well as various works on terminology science allows to conclude that the root termin- is derivationally productive and easily usable for the creation of terms both in Lithuanian and Latvian. When comparing Lithuanian and Latvian terms few aspects, first of all terminological meanings and equivalent names of concepts were taken into consideration. A part of Lithuanian and Latvian terms are similar, some of them only look similar from the first sight (for instance, terminologija and terminoloģija). It is difficult to establish the authorship of particular terms, though sometimes it’s possible. There were thirteen one-word terms with the root termin- found in Lithuanian sources and twenty seven – in Latvian sources. Since the sample of Latvian terms is bigger the number of Latvian terms which do not have equivalents in Lithuanian is larger as well and there are only three Lithuanian terms terminija, terminotyra and terminynas do not have equivalents in terminological system of the Latvian language. There was one compound (terminotyra) with the root termin- in the Lithuanian sample. Other terms were prefixal and/or suffixal derivatives (except of underlying terminas (term)). In the Latvian language, differently from Lithuanian, compounds prevail (ten terms in this sample were compounds). There were fifty three complex terms found in Lithuanian dictionaries and sixteen – in Latvian. It is noticeable that certain term formation patterns prevail: there are complex terms with subordinated component in genitive case (in singular or plural) in both Latvian and Lithuanian. In Latvian, differently from Lithuanian, there was only one term made with and adjective with the root termin- (it is easier to make an adjective from the derivative terminoloģija). The microsystem of the root termin- is quite developed in both Lithuanian and Latvian and can be elaborated further, because there are possibilities to create new terms. Particularly productive way of term creation is the formation of complex terms and in Latvian the creation of one-word terms is also common because of the tendency to make compounds. Received 2013-11-11 Regina Kvašytė Šiauliai University 38 P. Višinskio St., LT-76352 Šiauliai Email: [email protected] Terminologija | 2013 | 20 139