Kazimiero Gaivenio medicinos terminų taisymai

Kazimieras Gaivenis’s Corrections to Medical Terms PALMIRA ŽEMLEVIČIŪTĖ On the 80th anniversary of Kazimieras Gaivenis’s birth “<...> a substantial book would not suffice to investigate and describe his footprints in our language scholarship and in the practice of language, especially terminology.” St. Keinys INTRODUCTORY NOTES On January 18 of this year, the distinguished Lithuanian linguist and terminologist Kazimieras Gaivenis (1934–2003) would have turned 80. During 40 uninterrupted and fruitful years working in the fields of language and terminology, K. Gaivenis published more than 400 articles on issues of language scholarship and practice and terminology in Lithuanian linguistics, publications in individual fields of science, and general periodicals. Many articles addressed the correctness, formation, and development of terms, among other issues, in chemistry, physics, mathematics, military science, botany, zoology, radio electronics, electrical engineering, architecture, agriculture, economics, and other fields. Most of these publications have retained their relevance through their theoretical and practical insights into terminology. And it would be difficult even to count how many terms K. Gaivenis corrected or refined... In addition to the many scientific fields mentioned, K. Gaivenis also devoted some attention to the shortcomings of the language and terminology of medical science. In his own words, he treated the ailing, unwell words of medical professionals. It is true that this written legacy is not extensive—four printed works and seven manuscripts. Four articles were published in periodicals: the article “An Unsuitable Term” (1981) appeared in Tarybinis mokytojas; two articles—“Unwell Words of Medical Professionals” (1987) and “Healthy and Ailing Words of Medical Professionals” (1990)—appeared in the “Language Culture” and “Native Language” sections of Sveikatos apsauga; and one 228 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Kazimiero Gaivenio medicinos terminų taisymai a response to the question “Is the expression full recovery (recovered fully), often used by doctors, correct?” (1991), in the “Question Corner” of the journal Gimtoji kalba. Also worth mentioning are the reviews of medical works¹ written in 1998–2000 at the request of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language (hereafter VLKK). Over three years, K. Gaivenis wrote reviews of seven works (Česnys G. et al. Terminų rinkinys Nomina anatomica (1998), Baltrušaitis K. et al. Citologijos, histologijos ir embriologijos terminų žodynas (1999), Jonutienė G. Vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų medicinos terminų žodynas (1999), Stropus P. et al. Žmogaus anatomijos terminai (1999), Gedrimas V. et al. Anatomijos vardynas (2000), Lapytė A. et al. Psichiatrijos terminų enciklopedinis žodynas (2000), and Vitkus A. et al. Medicininės histologijos ir embriologijos vardynas (2000))². According to the data in K. Gaivenis’s bibliography, in 2001 he wrote a review of the standard “LST Ophthalmic optics. Spectacle lenses. Terms and definitions”; unfortunately, however, the VLKK was unable to locate its manuscript. This article aims to present and discuss K. Gaivenis’s terminology corrections in reviews of medical works, how they were presented, and their most characteristic groups. TERMINOLOGY CORRECTIONS IN REVIEWS OF MEDICAL WORKS As already mentioned, K. Gaivenis reviewed seven medical works. The reviews³ are not long—between two and four manuscript pages. Their titles vary, but the author most often used the term response: “A Response to the ‘Anatomijos vardynas’⁴” (see Fig. 1), “A Response to A. Lapytė, V. Mačiulis, and J. Šurkus’s ‘Psichiatrijos terminų enciklopedinis žodynas’,” and “A Response to G. Jonutienė’s ‘Mokomąjį vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų medicinos terminų žodyną’.” The term review was used only 1 It should be noted that not all the works reviewed by K. Gaivenis are terminology dictionaries—there is one collection of terms (Terminų rinkinys Nomina anatomica), two nomenclatures (Anatomijos vardynas, Medicininės histologijos ir embriologijos vardynas), and one work is a list of terms (Žmogaus anatomijos terminai). Accordingly, this article uses the term “works.” 2 I sincerely thank Dr. Vilija Ragaisienė, Head of the Programmes Division of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language, who provided copies of the manuscripts of seven of K. Gaivenis’s reviews and three scanned reviews, whose first pages are reproduced in this article (see Figs. 1, 2, and 3). 3 Although K. Gaivenis referred to these works using various terms (response, notes, review), for the sake of consistency the author of this article refers to all of them by a single term—reviews. 4 K. Gaivenis corrected the subtitle of the nomenclature Tarptautinė anatomijos terminologija. In his words, terminology is the science of terms, whereas terminia is the set of terms; therefore, the title Tarptautinė anatomijos terminija would be more suitable for this nomenclature’s subtitle. Terminologija | 2014 | 21 229 Fig. 1. Page 1 of K. Gaivenis’s review “Review of the manuscript of ‘Anatomijos vardynas’” 230 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Kazimiero Gaivenio medicinos terminų taisymai once: “Review of the Terminology Collection ‘Nomina anatomica’,” as well as the term notes: “Notes on the Terms of ‘Anatomijos vardynas’.” Two articles are simply titled “Terms in Medical Histology and Embryology to Be Corrected” and “Terms in Medical Histology and Embryology.” The article goes on to discuss how K. Gaivenis presents terminology corrections and, finally, which medical terms he corrected and what replacements he proposed for use. PRESENTATION OF TERMINOLOGY CORRECTIONS K. Gaivenis’s reviews are very concise—there is almost no prose in them; terms to be corrected or considered doubtful are listed, usually in a column, for example: amino acids5 (=amino acids) MHET 1999, perivascular (=?) marginal glial membrane MHET 1999, endometrium (=endometrium) crypts MHET 1999, feeding through (=via) a tube VLMTŽ 1999, nucleininic acids (=nucleic acids) MHET 1999, postpartum period (=period after childbirth) VLMTŽ 1999, pretestes (=pretesticles) NA 1998, unisegmental (=single-segment) muscles MHET 1999, ampula – ampulla MHET 1999, ampulla of the vas deferens (=bulb?) MHET 1999, cartilago cordis – cartilage of the heart (=?) MHET 1999, oppositio – opposition (=juxtaposition) AV 2000, os cordis – heart bone (=?) MHET 1999, preplacenta – preplacenta (=preplacentis) MHET 1999, tela subpericardialis (subserosa) – subpericardium (=lower pericardium?) MHET 1999, trabecula – beam (=?) – an organ that produces blood and lymph MHET 1999, tubulo-alveolus – tubular vesicle =? MHET 2000. K. Gaivenis presented the terminology corrections in the traditional manner, that is, alongside the term to be corrected, in parentheses after an equals sign, he wrote the correct term he proposed for use (see Fig. 2), for example: surgical (=surgeon's) forceps VLMTŽ 1999, surgical (=surgeon's) knife VLMTŽ 1999, 5 The terms are listed alphabetically—first the Lithuanian terms, followed by the Latin terms to be corrected. At the end of each term, the source (review) abbreviation and the year in Arabic numerals are given. Terminologija | 2014 | 21 231 Fig. 2. Page 1 of the manuscript of K. Gaivenis’s review, “Medical Histology and Embryology Terms to Be Corrected” 2 3 2 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Kazimiero Gaivenio medicinos terminų taisymai cytoplasmic organelles (=organelles) and inclusions MHET 2000, two-headed (=two-head) groove NA 1998, bleeding through the (=by the) mouth VLMTŽ 1999, opponens muscle of the little finger (=opposing muscle) AT 1999, popliteal (=of the popliteal region) fossa VLMTŽ 1999, injection of fluid through the (=via the) blood vessels of an organ VLMTŽ 1999, postpartum pains (=pains after childbirth) VLMTŽ 1999, proamnion (=proamnionis) MHET 1999, bladder-emptying (=emptying) muscle AT 1999, ribonucleinic acid (=ribonucleic acid) VLMTŽ 1999, acuminate-headness (=pointed-headness) MHET 2000, the caudate branch of the caudate (=tail-like) nucleus AT 1999, colon descendens – descending (=descending) colon AT 1999, conus elasticus – elastic cone (=cone) AT 1999, distributio in utero – distribution (=arrangement) in the uterus MHET 2000, epithelium ciliatum – ciliated epithelium (=ciliated epithelium) MHET 2000, microtubulus – microtubule (=small tube) MHET 2000; after the proposed correction, the following was also added: cf. anat. ductus (bile, sweat), whereas in cytology cells are tubes =?, ovum fertilissatum – fertilized egg (–ovum) MHET 2000, parenchyma – tissue performing the function characteristic of an organ, parenchyma (=parenchyma) MHET 2000, placenta bidiscoidea – two-disc (=two-disc) placenta MHET 2000, primordia palatina et vestibulum – primordium of the palate and oral vestibule (=oral vestibule) MHET 2000, stria vascularis – vascular (=of blood vessels) stria MHET 2000, stroma – tissue performing the supporting function of an organ, stroma (=stroma) MHET 2000, tractus rubrospinalis – rubrospinal (=red-nucleus) spinal tract AV 2000, typus anovulatorius – anovulatory (=non-ovulatory) type MHET 2000. Several times, K. Gaivenis added a question mark to his proposed term, apparently unsure of it, for example: Terminologija | 2014 | 21 2 3 3 corpus multivesiculare – multivesicular (=multi-vesicled?) body MHET 2000, ovoviviparitas – ovoviviparity (=egg-bearing?) MHET 2000, spatium subpiale – subpial (=? subpial?) space MHET 2000. Often, he lists terms that need correction, but offers no suggestions for how to correct them—in parentheses (or without them), a question mark is again written after the equals sign, e.g.: manubrium of the sternum (=?) NA 1998, Doctor of Dental Sciences (=?) VLMTŽ 1999, cisterna terminalis – terminal cistern =? MHET 2000, corpus multitubulare – multitubular body =? MHET 2000, glandula tubulosa – tubular gland =? MHET 2000, myotubus – muscle tube =? MHET 2000, pars supra-occipitalis – supraoccipital (=?) part MHET 2000, pars-suprastriata hemispherii – suprastriatal (=?) part of the hemisphere MHET 2000, perforatorium – piercer =? A person? The suffix is unsuitable! Perforator MHET 1999, sapatium subpiale – subpial (=?) space of the covering MHET 1999, satelles – satellite (general cell terms) =? MHET 2000, tubulo-acinus – tubular cluster =? MHET 2000, vagina masculinus – prostatic uterus =? MHET 2000, vagina pericapillaris macrophagiosa – pericapillary macrophagic vagina =? MHET 2000. There are cases in which only the terms from the reviewed source are presented, but no corrections or comments are written alongside them, for example: binocular NA 1998, abortio – miscarriage, expelled fetus, abortion (2 meanings) MHET 2000, cisterna – cistern MHET 2000, cisterna nucleolemmae – cistern of the nuclear envelope MHET 2000, cor triloculare – three-chambered heart MHET 1999, perforatorius – piercer (a spermatozoon component) =? An agent! MHET 2000, reticulus prostatians – prostatic gland uterus (part of the male urethra) MHET 2000, tubulus renalis – renal tubule MHET 2000. 234 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Kazimiero Gaivenio medicinos terminų taisymai TYPES OF TERMINOLOGY CORRECTIONS On the basis of the manuscripts of seven reviews by K. Gaivenis, the following types of terminology corrections can be distinguished: 1. Terms formed incorrectly Particularly numerous are adjectives with complex derivational structure. In his reviews of the terminology collections Nomina anatomica (mostly) and the Anatomical Nomenclature, K. Gaivenis listed the following adjectives but did not suggest how they should be corrected, apparently because each requires individual correction, for example: pafascijinis NA 1998, paleidovylikapirštinis NA 1998, paleikrūtinkaulinis NA 1998, paleimakštinis NA 1998, paleipūslinis NA 1998, paliežuvakaulinis NA 1998, priedovylikapirštinis NA 1998, priešjungtinis NA 1998, prieškrūžmeninis NA 1998, priešplokštelinis NA 1998, raudonbranduolinis NA 1998, užaklažarninis NA 1998, duodenal NA 1998, conjunctive NA 1998, subplatelet NA 1998, intraplatelet NA 1998, intra-articular NA 1998, suprapleural NA 1998, supradiaphragmatic NA 1998, fascia extraperitonealis – extraperitoneal fascia (cf. also extraperitoneal ligament) AV 2000, fibrae pretectoolivares – pretectal olivary fibers AV 2000, nucleus suprageniculatus – suprageniculate nucleus AV 2000. In a review of the Dictionary of Terms in Cytology, Histology and Embryology, suggestions were made for correcting the adjectives under discussion, for example: multisegmental (=multifascicular) muscles MHET 1999, biventricular (=of two ventricles) MHET 1999, intraembryonic coelom – coeloma intra-embryonicum (=intra-embryonic) MHET 1999, Terminologija | 2014 | 21 2 3 5 intraepithelial gland (=intraepithelial gland) MHET 1999, intracellular tubule (=intracellular tubule) MHET 1999, intrafusal myocyte (=intrafusal myocyte) MHET 1999, monogerminal / digerminal / polygerminal pregnancy (=one embryo, etc.) MHET 1999, cartilago epihyalis – supralingual bone cartilage (=upper hyoid cartilage) MHET 1999, cor biatriale – biatrial (=of two atria) MHET 1999, defectus septi atrialis – interatrial septal defect (=atrial septal defect) MHET 1999, musculus multipenatus – semipinnate (=semi-pinnate) muscle AV 2000, musculus semipennatus, m. unipennatus – multipinnate (=multipinnate) muscle AV 2000, sulans interatrialis – interatrial groove (=interatrial space?) MHET 1999, but foramen (interatriale) primum MHET 1999, foramen (interatriale) secundum MHET 1999. As can be seen from the examples provided, adjectives with complex formations were corrected inconsistently—either (most often) they were replaced with phrases, or the suffix -inis was removed, or the Lithuanian element was replaced with its Latin equivalent. Another large group of terms corrected by K. Gaivenis consists of adjectives formed from compound nouns with prefixes. Here again, two different approaches were taken: in reviews of some works, correct terms were supplied alongside them, while in others they were not, for example: avascular intermediate zone – interzona avascularis (=intermediate zone without blood vessels) MHET 1999, parasternally located nodes AT 1999, paratendinous nodes AT 1999, pogimdyminis MHET 1999, PTŽ 2000 – netaisyklingas būdvardis, žr.: postpartum neurosis (=neurosis after childbirth) PTŽ 2000, postpartum psychosis (= psychosis after childbirth) PTŽ 2000, postpartum defectiveness (=defectiveness after childbirth) MHET 1999, postpartum period (=period after childbirth) MHET 1999, preauricular interpleural nodes AT 1999, precarpal nucleus AT 1999, intermetacarpal veins AT 1999, 236 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Kazimiero Gaivenio medicinos terminų taisymai postduodenal pouch AT 1999, retroperitoneal space AT 1999, suprapleural plate AT 1999. Understandably, as the author wrote in the review of Human Anatomy Terminology, terms such as those discussed above should likewise be corrected in different ways: in some cases an adjective might be suitable, in others the genitive, and in still others two-word terms, and so on. In K. Gaivenis’s view, the adjective kliediminis (‘delusional’) also requires correction in different ways; as he notes, numerous compound terms formed with it appear in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms, for example: delusional depression PTŽ 2000, delusional mania PTŽ 2000, delusional behavior PTŽ 2000, delusional imagery PTŽ 2000, delusional defense PTŽ 2000, delusional migration PTŽ 2000, delusional mood PTŽ 2000, delusional perception PTŽ 2000, kliediminė psichozė PTŽ 2000. Pasak recenzento, „terminai su šiuo būdvardžiu taisytini dvejopai: kliedėjimo arba kliedimoji“. 2. Inaccurate terms In the medical works he reviewed, K. Gaivenis found indeed quite a few inaccurate terms, most often naming compound specific concepts. In some cases, the reviewer suggested using a more precise word, for example: vocal ligament (=string) NA 1998, major (=stretched?) muscle NA 1998, groove for the tendon of the flexor muscle of the great toe (the toe cannot be either long or short) NA 1998, kasos ampulė NA 1998, kaulinės ampulės NA 1998, kiaušintakio ampulė NA 1998, tiesiosios žarnos ampulė NA 1998, AT 1999 – K. Gaivenis siūlė terminą ampulė keisti kitu žodžiu. 2000 m. recenzuotame Anatomijos vardyne skolinys ampulė jau pavartotas kaip sinonimas greta lietuviško termino išsiplėtimas, pvz.: ampulla ductus deferentis – dilation of the vas deferens (ampulla) AV 2000, ampulla tubae uterinae – dilation of the uterine tube (ampulla) AV 2000, Terminologija | 2014 | 21 237 crista ampullaris – išsipletimo (ampulės) skiauterė AV 2000, sulcus ampullaris – išsipletimo (ampulės) vaga AV 2000. Tačiau, K. Gai-venio manymu, kalbamasis skolinys ne visai tiksliai pataisytas. Jis pa-žymėjo, kad žodis išsiplėtimas rodo veiksmą, o čia reikia rezultato pavadinimo. Taigi, recenzento manymu, geresnis būtų lietuviškas žo-dis platmuo (plg. platmens skiauterė, platmens vaga ir t. t.). Čia galėtų tikti ir žodis stormuo, bet jis anatomijos terminijoje vartojamas kita reikšme (žodžio bulbus atitikmuo), skeleton of the leg (=skeleton?) NA 1998, membranous (=membranous) ossification MHET 1999, fibers of the superior colliculus (=quadrigeminal body) NA 1998, lamina perpendicularis – horizontal (=vertical) plate NA 1998, rr. sternocleidomastoidei – branches of the head-rotating (=turning or drilling) muscle AV 2000, vestibulum oris – oral vestibule (=entrance to the mouth) AV 2000, elsewhere, he removed the superfluous element micro-, for example: microvillous (=villous) epitheliumCitas MHET 1999, microtubule (=tubule) MHET 1999, micropapilla – micro-papilla (=papilla) MHET 1999, microvillus – microvillus (=villus) MHET 1999, Third, he corrected the initial (a) or prefix (b) components of compound terms, e.g.: (a) double (=double) placenta MHET 1999, parturient (=parturient) pregnancy MHET 1999, non-parturient (=non-pregnant) pregnancy MHET 1999, pars subtrigeminalis – inferior (trigeminal (=three-pronged) part AV 2000, rr. caudae nuclei caudati – branches of the tail of the caudate nucleus= (of the caudate nucleus) AV 2000, (b) pre-renal (=renal) gland MHET 1999, pre-urethral (=urethral) duct MHET 1999, He proposed refining term components with the prefixes pa- and po-. Words with the first prefix should mean “located alongside,” and those with the second, “located beneath,” e.g.: subdiaphragmatic (=subdiaphragmatic) pocket NA 1998, paralingual (=sublingual) node NA 1998, paratendinous (=subtendinous) sac NA 1998, 238 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Kazimiero Gaivenio medicinos terminų taisymai corrected word order, e.g.: implantation in an abnormal location (=abnormal-location implantation) MHET 1999, noted that in the Terminology of Human Anatomy lexicon, the same Lithuanian equivalent, hinge joint, is given alongside two different Latin osteological terms, ginglymus and articulatio troch oidea AT 1999. 3. Noun genitives would be preferable to adjectives In the terminology collection Nomina anatomica, K. Gaivenis criticized terms of classification expressed by adjectives with the suffix -inis, advocating instead singular or plural noun genitives expressing possession, e.g.: orbital (=of the orbit) region NA 1998, orbital (=of the orbits) septum NA 1998, optic (=of the eye) artery NA 1998, supraorbital (=of the eyebrows) arch NA 1998, perionychial (=of the nail fold) skin NA 1998, lacrimal (=of the tears) papilla NA 1998, right pulmonary (=of the lungs) artery NA 1998, left pulmonary (=of the lungs) artery NA 1998, frontal (=of the forehead) region NA 1998, vascular (=of the blood vessels) plexus NA 1998, carotid (=of sleep) triangle NA 1998, female (=woman’s) urethra NA 1998, nerve (=nerves) endings NA 1998, nasal (=nose) part NA 1998, biliary (=bile) vein NA 1998, facial (=face) image NA 1998, male (=man’s) urethra NA 1998. 4. Lithuanian terms should be preferred over Latin terms The international character of medical terminology is an undeniable feature of it; nevertheless, when reviewing medical works, K. Gaivenis suggested choosing Lithuanian equivalents for Latin terms, e.g.: dorsal (=posterior) septum NA 1998, endoneurium NA 1998, Terminologija | 2014 | 21 239 epineurium NA 1998, cranial pedicle MHET 1999, cranial venous plexus MHET 1999, lateral nasal branches NA 1998, lateral (=side) view NA 1998, lateral pallid nucleus NA 1998, perineurium NA 1998. 5. Spelling of terms In the Dictionary of Cytology, Histology and Embryology and the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms, K. Gaivenis corrected spelling errors in terms, for example: aganglionosis (=aganglionosis) MHET 1999, amnion (=amnion) MHET 1999, endometrium (=endometrium) cups MHET 1999, ischemia PTŽ 2000, schizophrenia PTŽ 2000, schizoid constitution PTŽ 2000; K. Gaivenis reminded readers that “for many years linguists have not allowed the use of such terms, and even in terminological dictionaries only schizophrenia, ischemia, etc. are given”; neuro-raumeninė verpstė – neuroraumeninė reikia rašyti vienu žodžiu MHET 1999, raumen s-nervinė jungtis, dentino-cemento jungtis, prieširdžių-skilvelių jungtis, prieširdžio-skilvelio kanalas – reikia ne brūkšnelio, bet brūkšnio MHET 1999, raumen s-nervinė verpstė, Alantojaus-žarninė išgauba – nereikia nei brūkšnelio, nei brūkšnio MHET 1999, synoviocytus secretorius – sinovijocitas (=sinoviocitas), plg. sinovija, bet sinovioma (ne sinovijoma) TrpŽ MHET 1999. K. Gaivenis noted a characteristic shortcoming of the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms—inconsistency in the adaptation of eponymous terms (those containing surnames). In many cases they are written correctly (with capital letters), but, for example: Charcot and Kozhevnikov sclerosis PTŽ 2000, Schilder's disease PTŽ 2000, Asperger's syndrome PTŽ 2000. The reviewer then provides a handful of terms of this kind, which are spelled inconsistently in different parts of the dictionary, for example: Bonnet (=Bonnet) hallucination PTŽ 2000, Bojé (=Bojé) syndrome PTŽ 2000, Charpentier (=Charpentier) phenomenon PTŽ 2000. Surname adaptation also varies somewhat in the dictionary, for example: 240 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Kazimiero Gaivenio medicinos terminų taisymai Zimerling–Creutzfeldt disease PTŽ 2000, but Zimerling–Creutzfeldt disease PTŽ 2000, Gakebuš–Gejer–Geimanovičius disease PTŽ 2000, but Gakebuš, Gejer and Geimanovičius disease PTŽ 2000, Argyll Robertson syndrome see Argyll-Robertson syndrome, but Argyll Robertson syndrome PTŽ 2000, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, but Bassen and Kornzweig syndrome PTŽ 2000, Bouillaud-Descharette syndrome, but Bouillé and Descharette syndrome PTŽ 2000, Kulenkaempff and Tarnow syndrome, but Kulenkaempff–Tarnow syndrome PTŽ 2000, Löwenfeld and Henneberg syndrome, but Löwenfeld and Henneberg syndrome PTŽ 2000. In K. Gaivenis's view, “such inconsistencies would not occur if surnames were written in their original form”. In the collection of terms Nomina anatomica, K. Gaivenis found several anatomical terms that do not conform to language norms, for example: path (=path) NA 1998, thumb (=thumb) NA 1998, substernal (=substernal) NA 1998, joint (=joint) NA 1998. 6. Variation in terminology Another shortcoming of the medical works reviewed by K. Gaivenis that he noted was the lack of standardization among terms at the same level. For instance, authors use different terms when naming the bones of the upper and lower parts of the body and the male and female genital organs, e.g.: apatinės galūnės kaulai, bet viršutinės galūnės griaučiai AT 1999. Apskritai, K. Gaivenio teigimu, žodis griaučiai (plg. kojos griaučiai) nelabai tinkamas kūno dalių kaulams pavadinti, organa genitalia feminina externa – išoriniai moteriškieji lytiniai organai AT 1999, išoriniai moteriškieji (=moters) lytiniai organai NA 1998, bet plg. organa genitalia feminina interna – vidiniai moters lytiniai organai AT 1999, moters išoriniai lytiniai organai MHET 1999. Terms were found that differed in the order of their components (agreeing modifier + non-agreeing modifier + headword, and non-agreeing modifier + agreeing modifier + headword), Terminologija | 2014 | 21 241 e.g., corrugator supercilii muscle, but depressor supercilii muscle AT 1999; in number (singular and plural), e.g., trabeculae corporis spongiosi – trabeculae of the corpus spongiosum of the urethra AT 1999, but cavernae corporis spongiosi – cavities of the corpus spongiosum of the urethra AT 1999; in the origin of specific components (hybrid and Lithuanian), e.g., prenatal period, postnatal period, but periodus neonatalis – neonatal period MHET 1999; in adjective forms (indefinite and definite)6, e.g., open MHET 2000 and closed MHET 2000. 7. Errors in the accentuation of terms In his review of the Nomenclature of Medical Histology and Embryology, K. Gaivenis corrected terms with incorrect stress, e.g.: second (=second) aortic arch MHET 2000, second (=second) meiotic division MHET 2000, first (=first) meiotic division MHET 2000, first (=first) aortic arch MHET 2000, third (=third) aortic arch MHET 2000, defectio – defect, flaw (=flaw) MHET 2000. A pair of compound terms merits separate mention: deformitas localis – local deformatùmas =? MHET 2000 and dysmorphogenesis – development of deformatùmas =? MHET 2000; in the components deformatùmas and deformatùmo, the vowels a and u in the third and fourth syllables are underlined, so it may be inferred that K. Gaivenis had doubts about the stress of these components. K. Gaivenis also mentions instances of incorrect term stress in his review of the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms and notes that terms in this dictionary are stressed indiscriminately. One shortcoming of the Terminų rinkinio „Nomina anatomica“, however, is that Lithuanian anatomical terms are not marked for stress. 8. Deficiencies in the definitions (explanations) of terms K. Gaivenis noted that adjectives presented separately are explained inconsistently in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms, for example: neurasthenic – related to neurasthenia (good!), but psychotic – a disorder of mental activity of a psychotic degree (bad!), 6 In the review Terms of Medical Histology and Embryology, the words open and closed are listed in a column. The reviewer most likely questioned why the adjective closed is not written in the pronominal form, like the open one. 2 4 2 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Kazimiero Gaivenio medicinos terminų taisymai reactive – physiological or pathological mental changes (reactions) caused by psychologically traumatic factors (bad!), residual – effects remaining after an illness has been overcome (bad!). The reviewer also drew attention to the adjectives neurotic, palliative, primordial, protracted, psychogenic, thymoplastic, and others. In his view, other similar adjectives are calques, for example, primordial PTŽ 2000. According to K. Gaivenis, linguists do not accept this usage of the word observe: pre-stroke condition – observed in patients with hypertension and cerebral atherosclerosis PTŽ 2000. 9. Terminographic shortcomings Among this type of corrections, K. Gaivenis mentions errors in the presentation of generic and synonymous terms and in the normative cross-reference “see” in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms. He notes that generic terms in the dictionary are often listed in entries out of alphabetical order. The presentation of synonyms is inconsistent, for example: abstinentas, blaivininkas PTŽ 2000, whereas the latter Lithuanian word is not listed separately; abazija, nepaėjimas PTŽ 2000 — the latter term is likewise not listed separately (see Fig. 3). The same is often done with international synonyms, for example: alogizmas, syn. alogija PTŽ 2000, whereas the latter word is not listed separately. In other cases, synonyms of terms are also listed separately. Moreover, in some entries synonyms are given at the beginning, and in others at the end. The dictionary in question frequently uses the normative cross-reference “see,” but the referenced term is not always included; for example, it gives kruvinasis prakaitas (“bloody sweat”), see hemathidrozė PTŽ 2000, whereas only hematidrozė PTŽ 2000 and hemidrozė PTŽ 2000 are included; it gives voko virpėjimo simptomas (“eyelid-trembling symptom”), see Zilberlasto ir Zando fenomenas PTŽ 2000, whereas the dictionary includes only Zilberlasto ir Zando simptomas PTŽ 2000, and no fenomeno (“phenomenon”). The word kraujomaiša (“blood mixture”) PTŽ 2000 is referred to the word incestas (“incest”) PTŽ 2000. K. Gaivenis wrote that this was difficult to agree with. Terminologija | 2014 | 21 2 4 3 Fig. 3. Page 1 of K. Gaivenis’s review, “A response to the manuscript of the ‘Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms’ by A. Lapytė, V. Mačiulis, and J. Šurkus” 2 4 4 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Kazimiero Gaivenio medicinos terminų taisymai 10. Language errors In “A response on the ‘Anatomical Nomenclature,’” K. Gaivenis noted that in the Anatomical Nomenclature capital letters were written contrary to the rules, and the construction “kad with the infinitive” recommended by linguists was used (e.g., kad nesupa- nioti, kad prisitaikyti AV 2000). In addition, on more than one page of the nomenclature, terms are not used but employed AV 2000, and locative forms are used incorrectly (e.g., as a consequence of pathological processes AV 2000). In correcting deficiencies in medical terminology, K. Gaivenis was consistent. Reading the review manuscripts, only a couple of instances were noted in which he corrected the same terms differently in different reviews, e.g.: female (=women’s) genital organs MHET 1999, male (=men’s) genital organs MHET 1999, cf. external female (=woman’s) genital organs NA 1998, opponens pollicis (=opposing muscle) of the hand NA 1998, cf. opponens pollicis (=opponens muscle) of the hand AT 1999. In summary, it can be said that in his reviews K. Gaivenis corrected medical terms that did not conform to language norms or were incorrect (especially adjectives with complex, multistage derivation typical of medical terminology), inaccurate or inconsistent terms, as well as errors in term spelling and accentuation and in term definitions. In addition, he drew the attention of authors of the medical works under review to terminographic shortcomings (the presentation of subordinate and synonymous terms, and the use of the normative cross-reference “see”) and language errors. Thus, there is no doubt that K. Gaivenis influenced the organization and standardization of terminology in the field of medical science. He approached the field of medicine as responsibly and rigorously as he did other fields. He standardized medical terms on the basis of the principles of correctness, clarity, purity, Lithuanian character, precision, practical convenience, and others. From what has been said, it can be concluded that K. Gaivenis undoubtedly contributed to the creation, organization, and improvement of contemporary Lithuanian medical terminology. ŠALTINIAI AT 1999: Gaivenis K. [recenzija] Stropus P. ir kt. Žmogaus anatomijos terminai. AV 2000: Gaivenis K. [recenzija] Gedrimas V. ir kt. Anatomijos vardynas. MHET 1999: Gaivenis K. [recenzija] Baltrušaitis K. ir kt. Citologijos, histologijos ir embriologijos terminų žodynas. MHET 2000: Gaivenis K. [recenzija] Vitkus A. ir kt. Medicininės histologijos ir embriologijos vardynas. NA 1998: Gaivenis K. [recenzija] Česnys G. ir kt. Terminų rinkinys „Nomina anatomica“. PTŽ 2000: Gaivenis K. [recenzija] Lapytė A. ir kt. Psichiatrijos terminų enciklopedinis žodynas. VLMTŽ 1999: Gaivenis K. [recenzija] Jonutienė G. Vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų medicinos terminų žodynas. Terminologija | 2014 | 21 245 LITERATŪRA Gaivenis K. 1981: Netikęs terminas: [dėl terminų kurtumas, kurčneb ylis, prikurtimas, neprigirdėjimas, kurčnebylystė, neprigirdintis ir kt.]. – Tarybinis mokytojas, gruod. 30, 4. Gaivenis K. 1987: Negaluojantys medikų žodžiai: [apie kalbos kultūrą]. – Sveikatos apsauga 8, 43–44. Gaivenis K. 1990: Sveiki ir liguisti medikų žodžiai: [apie medikų kalbą]. – Sveikatos apsauga 6, 41–42. Gaivenis K. 1991: Ar taisyklingas gydytojų dažnai vartojamas pasakymas pilnas pasveikimas (pilnai pasveiko)? – Gimtoji kalba 7, 17. Kazimieras Gaivenis. Bibliografijos rodyklė. Sudarė A. Noreikaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 2003. – 68 p. Keinys St. 2004: Žiupsnis minčių apie Kazimierą Gaivenį ir jo metą. – Terminologijos istorijos ir dabarties problemos. Straipsnių rinkinys Kazimierui Gaiveniui atminti, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla. Gauta 2014-12-08 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] 246 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Kazimiero Gaivenio medicinos terminų taisymai