Terminologijos komisijos (1945–1971) veiklos apžvalga

192 Albina Auksoriūtė | Terminology Commissions (1945–1971) | veiklos apžvalga Overview of the activities of the Terminology Commission (1945–1971) Kazimiero Gaivenio 80th anniversary of birth ALBINA AUKSORIŪTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: Terminology Commission, terms, Kazimieras Gaivenis, Terminology Commission minutes Organized Lithuanian terminology management began with the first the minology commission (1921–1926), which lasted only five years (Auksoriūtė Termetų (see more. Palionis 1979: 268–269; Keinys 2012: 38–41; the activities of 2011: 80–91). The Terminology Commission discussed in the article began working after the war, when “in order to organize and coordinate the terminology work in the republic, in 1945 a Terminology Commission was formed at the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences, which was transferred to the Institute of Lithuanian Language in 1951 (since 1952 after the merger of the institutes it was called the Terminology Commission of the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature of the MA of the LTSR)” (Keinys 2012: 65). The protocols of the Terminology Commission, stored at the Lithuanian Language Institute, were used in the preparation of the article. The article examines the work of the Terminology Commission from 1951 until jos komisijos darbą nuo 1945 m. iki 1951 m. informacijos nerasta. Straipsnio tikslas – aptarti Terminologijos komisijos veiklą, jos darbo the end of 1971, when the Terminology Council was established at the Presidium of the Lithuanian SSR MA. To evaluate the importance of the Terminology Commission for the development of Lithuanian terminology and to review the long-term work of the secretary of this commission Kazimieras Gaivenis' work in it. On October 25, 1951, the first meeting of the Terminology Commission (hereinafter referred to as the Commission) was held, attended by Juozas Balčikonis, Jonas Kruopas and Jonas Paulauskas. At this meeting, the tasks of the Commission were formulated, 193Terminology | 2014 | 21 As stated in the first protocol, its “work shall include: a) determination of the principles of terminology in various fields, b) fight against foreign bourgeois legacy in the field of terminology, c) coordination of terminology work both within the Academy of Sciences and throughout the republic, d) popularization of the question of terminology (in the press, conferences)”1 (TKP 1951 12). “(a) To familiarize itself with the bourgeois legacy in the field of terminology; (b) to acquire knowledge of and regulate the work of individual institutes, public publishing houses and other bodies in this field; (c) press coverage on terminology issues; e) to entrust Deputy Secretary Jonas Paulauskas with reviewing the terms of the Lithuanian literary dictionary, which is currently being prepared for printing” (TKP 1951 1). Understandably, among the tasks raised was mentioned b) point, as required by the situation at the time, and to the directions of activity raised (a) the tyti įteiktus projektus, atsakinėti į keliamus atskirus klausimus; d) rašyti point – familiarity with the legacy of terminology – clearly shows that the members of this Commission sought to familiarize themselves with the work of the first Terminology Commission and thought about the continuity of its work. J. Kruopas was appointed Chairman of the Commission. At the second meeting of the Commission, the question of preparing a terminology conference was discussed and it was decided “to hold a terminology conference in Vilnius in the first half of 1952, to establish the principles and guidelines for creating and managing terminology, to coordinate terminology work, etc. To invite to the conference representatives of institutions and organizations of science, art, press and others” (TKP 1951 2). At the end of 1951, another meeting of the Commission was held to discuss terms for measures and measuring instruments. In 1952, 13 meetings of the Commission were devoted to the consideration of the Dictionary of Legal Terms3. In addition to the already mentioned J. Kruopa and J. Paulauskas, the meetings were frequently attended by the lawyer Alfonsas Žiurlys, the compiler of the dictionary, Chackelis Lemchenas, Bronius Kalinauskas, Vladas Bartusevičius. At the end of the year, the Geology-Geography Terms Dictionary4 (5 meetings) was discussed, in 1 The quotations from the minutes are presented authentically, spelling has not been corrected, only examples are highlighted in italics by the authors of the article. The names of dictionaries and institutions are used in this article as they appear in the protocols. 2 After the year, the number of the protocol is indicated. 3 Dictionary published in 1954 – Dictionary of Legal Terms. [Lithuanian–Russian] Compiled by A. Žiurlys; editors: J. Bulavas, K. Jablonskis (edited), J. Žiugžda, A. Žiurlys; Institute of History and Law of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences, Vilnius: Valst. polit. ir moksl. lit. l-kla, 1954. – 240 p. 4 Dictionary of Geology and Physical Geography Terms. [Russian–Lithuanian] Author: V. Gudelis; Institute of Geology and Geography of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences, Vilnius: Valst. polit. ir moksl. lit. l-kla, 1956. – 220 p. 194 Albina Auksoriūtė | Terminology Commissions (1945–1971) | veiklos apžvalga Figure 1. Protocol No. 2 of the Terminology Commission 195Terminologija | 2014 | 21 The author, geographer Vytautas Gudelis, and philosopher Vincentas Žemaitis were involved in its considerations. It should also be mentioned that the Commission had to review the terms of translation of Lenin’s writings, and three meetings were devoted to this in 1952. Kovo 29 d. posėdyje aptartas terminologijos darbo koordinavimas, jame dalyvavo ne tik kalbininkai J. Kruopas ir J. Paulauskas, bet ir kitų Mokslų akademijos institutų atstovai: Klemensas Dauta, Jonas Mazelaitis, Jonas Kazlauskas, Kostas Doveika, Elzbieta Mikalauskaitė, Jurgis Lebedys, Stasys Biziulevičius, Teodoras Čyžas, Antanas Poviliūnas, Gerardas Žilinskas, darbą, V. Gudelis. Posėdžio dalyviai referavo apie atskirų sričių terminologijos iškėlė jo trūkumus, siūlė į jį įtraukti daugiau specialistų, tarėsi dėl būsimos konferencijos, kurioje visų specialybių atstovai informuotų apie savo srities terminologijos darbo padėtį ir pasiūlytų priemonių šiam darbui sureguliuoti, papasakotų, kaip vyksta terminų medžiagos rinkimas, jų svarstymas, kokie yra terminų šaltiniai. In 1952 the secretaries of the Commission were J. Paulauskas, Vytautas Būda and V. Žemaitis. At the beginning of 1953, the Commission completed the revision of the Glossary of Geology-Geography Terms and spent practically the whole year discussing the Glossary of Economic Terms5. According to the minutes, at the meeting at which the Dictionary of Economic Terms was discussed, “<...> it was agreed on the method of discussing terms: only those terms that give rise to any doubt will be discussed during the meetings. The meetings are prepared in advance by getting acquainted with the material under consideration” (TKP 1953 12). In 1953, 41 meetings were held, and since 1953, the linguists Bronė Vosylytė and Napalys Grigas have been involved in the work of the Commission. In 1954, the Commission reviewed gymnastics and mathematics terms, the latter being discussed by representatives of the Faculty of Mathematics of Vilnius University and a representative of the State Political and Scientific Literature Publisher. In October, a dictionary of botanical terms6 was discussed, in which representatives of Vilnius University, the Pedagogical Institute, the Forestry Technical College, the Institute of Biology and the Scientific Publishing House participated. When discussing the dictionary, its nature and structure were discussed, and it was decided to prepare “<...> a Lithuanian-Russian dictionary of botanical terms (without plant names) without ter5 Russian Lithuanian economic terms dictionary=Русско–литовский словарь экономических терминов. Editors: K. Meškauskas, A. Poviliūnas, V. Puronas, A. Skupeika, Vilnius: Mintis, 1966. – 292 p. 6 Dictionary of Botanical Terms. Compiled by the Botany Dictionary Commission; edited by J. Dagys (editor), A. Lekavičius, V. Mališauskienė; Institute of Botany of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences and Lithuanian SSR Botanical Society, Vilnius: Mintis, 1965. – 664 p. 196 Albina Auksoriūtė | Terminology Commissions (1945–1971) | veiklos apžvalga mine interpretations, where necessary, giving the Latin term” (TKP 1954 13). In 1954, the Terminology Commission met 24 times. In 1955, the Commission met 52 times, and in 1956, the Commission met 53 times. In addition to the mentioned botany terms, sports (rowing, diving, swimming, boxing, water polo, fencing), medicine, zoology terms are discussed. In December, chemistry terms began to be discussed. In 1956, 42 meetings were held, in which the consideration of chemical terms continued, in addition to examining technical, zoological, anatomy and horticultural terms. The Commission analyzed not only terms, but also more general language issues, for example, in the August 1956 protocol no. 31 it is written: “The Commission for the Inspection of Posters and Advertisements, formed by the Vilnius Executive Committee, went through Stalino prospektas and Gorkio gatvė during three meetings and found that many of the posters had Lithuanian and Russian language errors or otherwise did not meet the standards. It was decided to require that inappropriate signs or advertisements be replaced. Commission Decision Vilnius Execution. the committee sends inappropriate posters or advertisements to the heads of institutions or enterprises” (TKP 1956 31). In 1956, the linguists Antanė Kučinskaitė and Kazys Ulvydas joined the work of the Commission. In 1957, the Commission met somewhat less – 31 meetings were held, in which mainly the terms of the Dictionary of Medical Terms7 and the Dictionary of Physical Terms8 were discussed. The dictionary of medical terms was also discussed in 1958–1959. In addition to medical terms, in 1958 the terms of sewing technology were also revised, and in 1959 the terms of the Dictionary of Land Management Terms9 and the Dictionary of Chemical Terms10. The Commission met 53 times in 1958 and 30 times in 1959. From March 1953 to mid-1956, V. Bartusevičius was the Secretary of the Commission, from 1956 to 1957, N. Grigas was the Secretary, and from September 1957 to November 1959, Vitas Labutis was the Secretary. On November 13, 1959, Kazimieras Gaivenis participated and served as secretary for the first time. The dictionary was published only in 1980 – Dictionary of Medical Terms. V. Astrauskas, S. Biziulevičius, S. Pavilonis, A. Vaitilavičius, A. Vileišis, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1980. – 996 p. 8 Dictionary of Physics Terms. Red. P. Brazdžiūnas; Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences, Vilnius: Valst. polit. ir moksl. lit. l-kla, 1958. – 124 p. 9 Melioracijos terminų žodynas=Dictionary of melioration terms. Aut. J. Čeičys; Lietuvos hidrotechnikos ir melioracijos mokslinio tyrimo institutas, Vilnius: Valst. polit. ir moksl. lit. l-kla, 1960. – 284 p. 10 Dictionary of Chemistry. Aut. K. Daukšas, Vilnius: Valst. polit. ir moksl. lit. l-kla, 1960. – 452 p. 197Terminology | 2014 | 21 were discussed botanical terms. In 1960, 19 meetings no terminai, o nuo gruodžio mėn. pradėti ir praktiškai visus 1960-uosius of the Commission were held, in which, in addition to linguists J. Kruopa, K. Gaivenis, Antanas Balašaitis, botanists Jonas Dagys, Petras Bluzmanas, Kazys Brundza, Jonas Geleževičius, Algirdas Lekavičius, Vincentas Urbonas, Antanas Minkevičius also participated. In 1961, another 8 meetings were Valerija Mališauskienė, Marija Ivanauskienė, Vytautas Galinis ir kt. Botanikos terminų žodyną Komisija toliau svarstė ir 1961 m., be to, tais devoted to consideration of supplements to the Medical Terms Dictionary, 4 meetings – to the Economic Terms Dictionary and one – to the Lithuanian-Russian-English astronomical term collection. In 1961, there were 23 meetings of the Commission, with K. Gaivenis as its secretary. It should be noted that the Commission also adopted a list of colour names used in botany in the context of the Glossary of Botanical Terms. The minutes show that the Commission did not work actively every year – in 1962 it met 7 times and discussed terms in botany, literature, art and dentistry. In 1963, only one meeting was held to discuss art terms, and in 1964, 7 meetings were held to discuss dentistry, communications, pedagogy, forensic science, botany and kitchen equipment names. 1965–1968 was a busy period for the Commission: 19 meetings were held in 1965 and 1966, 16 in 1967 and 22 in 1968. In 1966, the Commission continued to consider kartus. Dauguma 1965 m. posėdžių buvo skirta kriminalistikos terminams, be to, dar aptarti baleto, meteorologijos, botanikos terminai, užraktų rūthe terms of forensic science, approved the names of plants and fungi, in 1967 reviewed the names of plants and fungi, some entomology, music terms, in 1968 the Commission again considered the names of plants, approved the terms of music, forensic science. On 20 June 1968, the Commission agreed on the organization of discussions on construction deadlines. “In the journal “Building and Architecture” it was decided to publish a collection of selected and considered terms. Especially pay attention to those terms that are incorrectly translated from the Russian language” (TKP 1968 154). In 1969 and 1970, the Commission met only six times and considered only the names of plants and fungi, with the exception of one meeting in 1969 to discuss the terms of a textbook of astronomy for schools. When discussing the names of plants and fungi with botanists from linguists met only K. Gaivenis. 198 Albina Auksoriūtė | Terminology Commissions (1945–1971) | veiklos apžvalga Figure 2. Minutes of the Terminology Commission No. 80-81 199Terminologija | 2014 | 21 In 1971, the composition of the Commission changed, linguists Jonas Klimavičius and Angelė Kaulakienė were involved in its work, K. Ulvydas and Pranas Kniūkšta participated in several meetings. There were 33 meetings that year, their secretary was J. Klimavičius, only two meetings were secreted by K. Gaivenis, one by Teresė Guogaitė. In 1971, the terms of sewing equipment, choreography, phototechnics, hydrotechnics, thermal technology, footwear materials, acoustics, writing, botany, sociology, etc. were discussed. As St. Keinys writes, “[t]he extension of terminology work in the republic meant that the commission, which was composed solely of linguists and operated on a public basis, was no longer able to cover all the emerging tasks of organizing and coordinating Lithuanian terminology management. As a result, preparatory work was carried out on the initiative of the Terminology Commission for the organizational reorganization of this activity” (Keinys 2012: 66). The list of files on the activities of the Terminology Council No. 2, stored in the Lithuanian Central State Archives Fund R-1034, contains a one-page document on the activities of the Terminology Council at the Presidium of the Lithuanian SSR MA in 1971–1982, signed by the Chairman of the Terminology Council, A. Vytautas Mažiulis and Secretary K. Gaivenis. This document states that the Terminology Council at the Presidium of the Lithuanian SSR MA was established by the Presidium of the Lithuanian SSR MA Decision No. 383 of 7 December 1971, based on the Decision No. 451 of the Council of Ministers of the Lithuanian SSR of 22 November 1971 (LCVA Foundation certificate R-1034). How the Commission worked and what working principles it followed can be seen from the resolutions and notes in the minutes. Not all the minutes are comprehensive, in the 1951-1959 minutes it is usually written how many and which fields or dictionary terms were discussed, with reference to separate lists, ar kartotekas. Pradėjus sekretoriauti K. Gaiveniui, protokoluose pateikiadictionaries manuscripts but more information, usually the terms discussed and adopted at the meeting are written down, a number of corrections and proposals of terms and comments related to the discussed terms are given. The members of the commission and the participants were acquainted with the material under discussion in advance and discussed at the meeting the terms that, in the opinion of linguists, should be corrected, clarified or which raised doubts among linguists or specialists in the field under discussion. Most often, when discussing the prepared glossary of terms, not only the general consideration of the material was discussed, but also the structure of the dictionary, the creation 200 Albina Auksoriūtė | Terminology Commissions (1945–1971) | veiklos apžvalga and production of terms in that field. For example, when discussing the letter o of the Dictionary of Economic Terms, “<...> it was decided to propose to economists to prepare a dictionary not in Russian-Lithuanian, as had been done until now, but in Lithuanian-Russian, because the Lithuanian economic terms are to be arranged by providing only Russian translations” (TKP 1953 24). The minutes of 12 December 1955 state: "After familiarization with the material of the glossary of chemical terms for printing, general issues were discussed. It was decided to name all alcohols in Lithuanian with words ending in -olis, and hydrocarbons with -(n)as, with the exception of benzene (because it is a hydrocarbon). Terms ending in -idė should be written at the end with ė, as in other fields of terminology. It was decided not to make compound words from more than two words. The suffix -uoti is agreed to be used to indicate lubrication, and -inti to translate something into something, e.g., silvering, nickeling, harden, but harden, charring. Metal coated – not pull; Instead of white and blue to introduce white, blue, as is with other colors; nitrowrite together with the constituent words, e.g., nitrojunginys” (TKP 1955 47). In 1964, a dictionary of pedagogical and psychological terms prepared by the School Research Institute was discussed, and the minutes of the meeting state that "some lexicographical shortcomings of the dictionary were considered and established: nests were not properly formed everywhere, composition was not correct. the general indicators of terms are not used in the noun form, there are errors in the pronunciation of Lithuanian equivalents <...>. There are many deficiencies indicated by drg. In the case of non-regularly formed nouns, lit. in the language not to be used forms of compound terms” (TKP 1964 83). The committee did not always take decisions unanimously and by consensus, sometimes linguists and specialists argued for a long time and, if they did not decide anything, they raised the issues at the next meeting, agreeing that linguists would check the disputed words in the dictionary database or that specialists would clarify the concept. For example, the 1953 protocol states: "Part of the terms were left unresolved because the representative of the Economic Institute was unable to precisely tarpusavio diskusijos užprotokoluotos ne kartą, pvz.: „Daug ginčytasi dėl explain their meanings. It was decided to consider them later, after clarifying the concepts” (TKP 1953 18). The word "restoration" comes from the Latin restitutio, "restoration". Finally the doctors agreed to use – tissue regrowth” (TKP 1959 1); “There was a lot of argument about the usage of painting: image: spectacle, but there was no final agreement: some suggested to use an artistic painting, others – an image, others – an image” (TKP 1963 80). As can be seen from the minutes, the Commission discussed international terms, standardized their spelling, for example, when discussing mathematical terms it decided to 207Terminology | 2014 | 21 The old established terms were not changed without important reasons, they tried to adhere to the principle of permanence. The Commission has done a great deal of work in standardizing the spelling of international terms, managing microsystems of compound terms in some scientific fields, replacing borrowed and valuable terms with Lithuanian terms, etc. During these more than twenty years of work, the Commission has done a great deal of work on terminology management and its promotion and development: it not only considered the preparation of dictionaries of terms in botany, chemistry, economics, physics, geography, criminal science, literature, medicine, land reclamation, technology, law and other fields, consulted institutions and companies on various issues related to terminology and advised them, but also organized conferences, consultations with specialists on the creation, development and dissemination of Lithuanian terminology. 4. The successful work of the Commission was determined by its chairman, doc. dr. Jonas Kruopas and Dr. Kazimieras Gaivenis, who was the Secretary and Editor of the Commission from the end of 1959. As can be seen from the minutes of the Commission, K. Gaivenis’s reasoned remarks on the spelling of international terms, the accuracy and systematicity of Lithuanian terms, and his practical activities in terms creation and standardization in general, as well as his scientific theoretical works, contributed to the formation of Lithuanian terminology as a separate branch of linguistics. LITTERACY AND SOURCES Auksoriūtė A. 2011: Overview of the activities of the Terminology Commission (1921–1926). – Terminologija 18, 80–91. Gaivenis K. 2002: Lithuanian terminology: theory and organizational outlines, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute publishing house. Keinys St. 2012: Development of Lithuanian terminology, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute publishing house. LCVA Foundation Certificate R-1034 – Certificate on the Fund of the Presidium of the Soviets to the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences No. R-1034. Retrieved 2014-11-14. <http://www.archyvai.lt/lt/fondai/moksliniai_tyrimai/lcva_ fr1034_pazyma.html> (accessed 2014-11-14). Palionis J. 1979: History of Lithuanian Literary Language, Vilnius: Mokslas. TKP 1951–1971: Terminology Commission Protocols No. 1–207, preserved in the Lithuanian Language Institute. THE OVERVIEW OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE TERMINOLOGY COMMISSION (1945–1971) After the Second World War the Terminology Commission started its activities in Lithuania. It was established at the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences in order to organize and co-ordinate terminology work and was transferred to the Institute of the Lithuanian Language in 1951. The article deals with the activities of this Terminology Commission as well as the methods and principles of its work between 1951 and the end of 1971 when it was reorganized into Terminology Council at the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences. 208 Albina Auksoriūtė | Terminology Commissions (1945–1971) | veiklos apžvalga The work of the Terminology Commission was organized in the same way as of the first one – dictionaries or lists of terms prepared by the specialists of a particular field were discussed by Lithuanian linguists and specialists together. Reviewed terms had to meet linguistic requirements with the particular attention given to the regularity as without a well as logic requirements seeking precision and systematicality. The principle of constancy was observed and terms which were in usage were not being changed serious reason. In twenty years of its activities Terminology Commission performed important work in the ordering of terminology, its encouragement and development. It discussed terminological dictionaries of botany, chemistry, criminal law, economics, geography, literature, land-reclamation, law, medicine, engineering and other fields which were being compiled, provided terminology related consultations for various institutions, organized conferences and discussions with specialists in regard to Lithuanian terminology creation, development and dissemination. A big contribution to the success of the activities of Terminology Commission was made by its chairman dr. Jonas Kruopas and its secretary from the end of 1959 as well as editor Kazimieras Gaivenis. Practical activities of term creation and ordering and scientific theoretical work of Gaivenis contributed to the development of terminology into a separate branch of linguistics in Lithuania. Retrieved 2014-11-27. Albina Auksoriūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected]