Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba

The Formation of Lithuanian Terminological Medical Lexicon in the Polish–Lithuanian Dictionaries of Simonas Daukantas and Laurynas Ivinskis PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language KEYWORDS: dictionary, lexicon, medicine, derivative INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864) ir Laurynas Ivinskis (1810–1881) – žymūs XIX a. pirmosios pusės lietuvių mokslo, kultūros ir švietimo veikėjai. Abiejų veiklos baras buvo labai šakotas. Be literatūros, tautosakos ir kitų mokslo sričių rankraštinių ir spausdintų darbų, šiedu didieji žemaičiai prisidėjo prie lietuvių kaip bendros visos tautos kalbos gyvavimo, turtinimo ir išlikimo, palikę gilų pėdsaką lietuvių leksikografijos ir terminografijos istorijoje. They collected and amassed Lithuanian lexical material (folk songs, tales, and minor folklore genres), and coined new words themselves and wrote dictionaries1. Their latter works open up broad horizons for research. Some dictionaries have already been studied (S. Daukantas’s great Polish–Lithuanian dictionary2, L. Ivinskis’s bilingual and four-language dictionaries3), while others still await the discerning eye of researchers. 1 S. Daukantas wrote at least four dictionaries, only one of which, the smallest (a Latin–Lithuanian dictionary), was published. The largest is a Polish–Lithuanian dictionary, a manuscript containing about 56,000 Polish headwords. It was most likely written around 1850–1856. Unfortunately, this dictionary was never completed, and only about 35,000 Polish vocabulary entries have Lithuanian equivalents. It has no title or title page, so it is conventionally called S. Daukantas’s great Polish–Lithuanian dictionary. The manuscript is held at the library of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore (F 1/SD 12) (Subačius 1993: 135; for more detail, see Subačius 1990: 20–32). Two bilingual and one four-language dictionary manuscripts written by L. Ivinskis have survived: Lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas (Słownik polsko–litewski), Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas (Словарь Російско–Литовскій), Rusų–lietuvių–lotynų–lenkų kalbų žodynas (Словарь Російско–Литовскій съ Латинско–Польскимъ) (for more detail, see Kruopas 1960; Auksoriūtė 1999, 2007; Kažukauskaitė 2010). The largest dictionary he compiled, Lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas, covering the letters A–R and comprising 2,060 pages, is held at the Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Krakow. Fragments of the Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodyno (1,193 pp.) and the Rusų–lietuvių–lotynų–lenkų kalbų žodyno (96 pp.) were found in the archives of the Geographical Society in St. Petersburg (see Auksoriūtė 1998: 38). 2 See Subačius 1993. 3 See Kruopas 1960; Vitkauskas 1996, 1997; Auksoriūtė 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003; Kažukauskaitė 2010. 170 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba Their contributions to the history of Lithuanian terminology (in the natural sciences, especially botany, and in history) were considerable. S. Daukantas wrote the first history of Lithuania in Lithuanian and other historical books (although the historical terminology of these works has not yet been studied in detail); he prepared Lithuanian textbooks for schools, translated works of literature into Lithuanian, and also wrote booklets of practical advice on meadow management, gardening, beekeeping, forestry, tobacco and hop growing, and fire prevention (see Zinkevičius 1990: 149–151; VLE IV 529–530; for further discussion, see Merkys 1991). L. Ivinskis published Lithuanian calendars, translated works of literature into Lithuanian, wrote booklets of advice on morality, etiquette, the care and keeping of livestock, and other topics, and was among the first to create botanical terms⁴ (see Zinkevičius 1990: 162–163; VLE VIII 421–422; for further discussion, see Petkevičiūtė 1988; PMKŠ 2012). The field of medicine was not overlooked by them either. Although they did not write works specifically devoted to this field⁵, vocabulary related to medicine can be gleaned from their other works. Thus, it can be said that they also contributed to the creation of Lithuanian medical terminology. The subject of this article is the bilingual Polish–Lithuanian dictionaries of S. Daukantas⁶ (S. Dauk) and L. Ivinskis⁷ (I). Their medical vocabulary has not yet been studied, and the aim is therefore to fill this gap. Lithuanian vocabulary denoting various medical concepts (one-word derivative names)⁸ was selected from these dictionaries. The entire dictionary entry was taken, 4 L. Ivinskis’s terminological legacy is surveyed in Albina Auksoriūtė’s doctoral dissertation Lauryno Ivinskio terminologijos darbai (2000¹). 5 Apart from L. Ivinskis, whose section on human diseases and their treatment, prepared by him for the agricultural part of his largest printed work, Metskaitlių, can be regarded as a separate work in the field of medicine. Also worth mentioning is the manuscript Būdas gydymo ligų žmonių ir gyvulių, which indicates which diseases to treat and how to treat them using various plants or substances. In this manuscript, L. Ivinskis used more than 400 terms. The manuscript in question, which was held by Kaunas Medical University, has been lost (see Auksoriūtė 2000²: 4, 6). 6 The source of the Polish register of S. Daukantas’s fourth and largest dictionary (DLL) is Stanisław Ropel ewskis’s Polish–French dictionary (1847). DLL was probably aimed more at Lithuanian readers with some education or an advanced education. It was most likely written not only as a Polish-language learning dictionary but also as a prescriptive dictionary of Lithuanian (see Subačius 1990: 27–28). 7 In Lithuanian linguistics, the dictionary by L. Ivinskis examined here is referred to by various names. For example, in his article Jonas Kruopas called it Lietuviškai lenkišku žodynu (Kruopas 1960: 192); Zigmas Zinkevičius and Jonas Palionis called it Lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynu (see Zinkevičius 1990: 164; Palionis 1995: 194); in A. Auksoriūtė’s articles (1998, 1999, 2003, 2007), it is referred to as Lenkų–žemaičių kalbų žodynas (Słownik polsko–żmudzki); and Ona Kažukauskaitė calls it Lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas (Słownik polsko–litewski). In this article, L. Ivinskis’s work in question is called the Polish–Lithuanian Dictionary, that is, the name used in the book prepared and published by O. Kažukauskaitė, which presents the surviving part of the manuscript dictionary (letters A–R) and includes a digital disc with a facsimile of the manuscript. 8 A total of 362 units of terminological medical vocabulary (including variants) were found in the two dictionaries: 323 Lithuanian words, 26 loanwords, and 13 hybrids and word combinations of mixed origin. Terminologija | 2015 | 22 171 that is, the Polish headword and its Lithuanian equivalents, together with all grammatical indications. The lexical units in the article are not called medical terms because the lexicographic sources under study are general bilingual translation dictionaries from the first half of the nineteenth century; consequently, the semantically broader term terminological medical vocabulary has been adopted. The terminological medical vocabulary of the dictionaries in question is discussed primarily from the perspective of its form, but the semantic perspective is also used, drawing on the subject-based classification of concepts in anatomy (names of body parts and organs) and clinical medicine (names of diseases and pathological conditions). Only lexical units of Lithuanian origin are examined. The aim of the article is to identify the word-formation methods of derivatives and their relative frequency, establish the word-formation categories, discuss the word-formation types within those categories, determine which groups of medical concepts the derivatives denote, establish the relationship between the derivatives and spoken and written language, identify possible neologisms coined by the dictionary authors, and assess the derivatives in terms of their survival in contemporary standard Lithuanian and medical terminology. DERIVATIONAL FORMATION Most of the words and word combinations denoting medical concepts found in the dictionaries of S. Daukantas and L. Ivinskis are of native origin, i.e. purely Lithuanian; they constitute 89% of the terminological medical lexicon in both dictionaries (including variants). This is understandable, since both lexicographers were great lovers and cultivators of their native language. The derivatives selected from their dictionaries (they account for about 46% of the Lithuanian terminological medical lexicon) are classified by word-formation method into suffixal, prefixal, and inflectional derivatives9. Within these groups, words are further grouped according to their semantics. In this way, certain microsystems are formed, for example, names of body parts, names of organs, and names of diseases, pathological conditions, persons, and other entities. 1. DERIVATIVES10. 1.1. Suffixal derivatives The largest group of derivatives consists of names of medical concepts formed with suffixes (123 lexical units) (see Table 1). They are further subdivided 9 Owing to the large volume of the research material, this article discusses only derivatives; Lithuanian terminological medical lexical units formed by other word-formation methods are not examined. 10 The description of the dictionaries’ derivatives draws on works on diachronic and synchronic word formation (Ambrazas 1993, 2000; DLKG 2006; LKG 1965; Skardžius 1996; Urbutis 2009). 172 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba according to derivational categories: diminutives (diminutive nouns), action nouns, or verbal abstracts; names of properties, or nominal abstracts; names of agents and bearers of verbal properties; names of bearers of nominal properties; names of action results; names of places; and names of persons by profession. These categories in turn comprise word-formation types (see Ambrazas 1993: 10 for more detail). The derivatives are presented in order of frequency. 1.1.1. DIMINUTIVES (DIMINUTIVE NOUNS) These are derivatives formed from nouns with suffixes and denoting the same thing as the base word, but a smaller one (DLKG 2006: 87); in other words, diminutives are words that denote smallness. -elis, -elė. The dictionaries of S. Daukantas and L. Ivinskis contain three derivatives formed with the most productive Lithuanian diminutive suffix -elis, -elė11, which have a purely diminutive meaning. The base nouns of these derivatives denote an organ (belly), a vessel (goblet), and an injured area of skin or mucous membrane (wound): Brzuszek, -ka. m. Pilwėlis12 ~ pilvelis I 2413, cf. LLKŽLal 11: Polish brzuszec, Lithuanian pilvelis; Bank, Banka, <…>14, taurele, banki stawic, taureliemis kraujį leisti ~ taurelė, taurelėmis kraujį leisti S. Dauk I 75, but cf. LLKŽLal 5: Polish bank, Lithuanian bankas, although Polish bańka, Lithuanian bonka, plėčka; goblet; Ranka, žaizdelė, <…> ~ žaizdelė S. Dauk III 29, cf. LLKŽLal 203: Polish ranka, Lithuanian žaizdelė. These diminutives are words from the vernacular15. In LKŽe, the word pilvelis 11 S. Daukantas and L. Ivinskis took words (derivatives) from the vernacular for their dictionaries, i.e., they terminologized them and used them as equivalents of Polish words. This article treats such words as derivatives in terms of their formation. 12 Lexical units are set in boldface by the author of this article. 13 Dictionary examples are given in the original spelling; after the tilde, the headword transcribed in current orthography is provided. 14 Square brackets indicate an omitted Lithuanian equivalent of a Polish headword, which (usually) is not a derived word (it is either a simple word, a compound, a borrowing, a hybrid, or a phrase), and is therefore not examined in this article. In the dictionary entry examples given below, the omitted lexical units are underlined, e.g.: Apetýt -u, m. Alkis, wàlgima noraš. Niema apety-tu. Wàlgimas nėjam I 4–5, Aptekars two -a, n. Wajstìnistė -es, m. Aptiekoristė I 5, Doktor, gydytojas. dakta-ras S. Dauk I 145, Cirulik, ka. m. Kràuleid’īs, -dzia. w. Skutiejàs, -a. w. I 36, Cialo, -a. n. Kūnas, -na. – martwe; kūnas, nuomirūlis, -lia. w. lė, -les. m. Lawònas, -na. w. I 32. However, there are instances when the omitted word is also a derivative, but belongs to a different derivational category, a different derivational type, or a different method of word formation, e.g.: Boleść, -ści. f. Skāusmas, sōpūlis, skaudėjimas, gīla, -łos, gīelimas I 20, and is therefore discussed in the relevant part of the article. 15 To determine whether words are vernacular, the evidence of the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (hereafter LKŽe) is used. A word is considered vernacular if the dictionary attests it or its meaning in colloquial language (this is indicated by abbreviations for dialect localities). Terminologija | 2015 | 22 173 a usage sentence recorded in Pušalotas (Pasvalys District). Taurelė ‘a certain small glass vessel placed on the body of a sick person to draw blood to the surface’ is attested in Pilypas Ruigys’s Lithuanian–German and German–Lithuanian dictionary (1747), Kristijonas Gotlybas Milkus’s Lithuanian–German and German–Lithuanian dictionary (1800), and L. Ivinskis’s writings, while the phrase taurelė kraujaleidžio is taken from Konstantinas Sirvydas’s dictionary. Usage sentences for Žaizdelės are given from Jurbarkas, Rozalimas (Pakruojis District), and Valkininkai (Varėna District). -ėlis. A pair of diminutives is formed with the suffix -ėlis. These are derivatives of base nouns denoting persons (a baby, a child): Dzieciątko, -teczko, -a. n. <...>, kudikėlis, -lia. w. ~ kudikelis I 62, cf. LLKŽLal 29: Polish dzieciątko, Lithuanian vaikas, kūdikis; Dzieciuch, -a. -iuk. m. <...>, vajkutėlis, -ia. w. ~ vaikutelis I 62, cf. LLKŽLal 29: Polish dzieciuch, Lithuanian vaikas. It should be noted that the base noun of the derivative vaikutėlis, vaikutis, is also a derivative—a diminutive with the suffix -utis. LKŽe gives usage sentences featuring the diminutive kūdikėlis from Jokūbas Brodovskis’s dictionary Lexicon Germanico-Lithuanicum et Lithuanico-Germanicum, Antanas Juška’s Lietuviškų dainų (Ka zanė, 1880–1882), and Mikalojus Daukša’s Postilė (1599). The word vaikutėlis was not found, but there is no doubt that it is a word from living speech. 1.1.2. ACTION NOUNS, OR VERBAL ABSTRACTS Compared with derivatives belonging to other derivational categories, these derivatives are the most numerous. They are formed from prefixed or unprefixed verbs and denote actions, events, processes, or states related to medicine. -imas. In the dictionaries under study, derivatives formed with the suffix -imas predominate. Semantically, they belong to the group of names for actions, events, processes, and states related to medicine. Most derivatives with this suffix are formed from unprefixed primary or derived (suffixal) verbs. The names given with the meanings ‘treatment’ and ‘healing’ in L. Ivinskis’s dictionary are noteworthy: Gojenie. G’īdimas, gijimas ~ gydymas, gijimas I 82, cf. LLKŽLal 40: Polish gojenie, Lithuanian gydymas; gijimas. S. Daukantas also used the word Leczenie, wajstejimas ~ vaistejimas S. Dauk I 331, cf. LLKŽLal 74: Polish leczenie, Lithuanian gydymas, which, according to LKŽe, should be regarded as his neologism: vaistėjimas S.Dauk → 1 vaistėti see vaistyti ‘to treat’. In LKŽe, the derivative gydymas is given as a word from living speech, with an illustrative sentence from Sintautai (Šakiai District). By contrast, gijimas is recorded in Frydrichas Kur- 174 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba šaitis’s Lithuanian–German dictionary (1883) and Jurgis Šlapelis’s Lithuanian–Russian dictionary (Vilnius, 1921). Many names are associated with the sensation of various kinds of pain—severe, mild but persistent, sharp, and so on: Bol, <...> skaudiemas16, svembimas ~ skaudėjimas, svembimas S. Dauk I 94, cf. LLKŽLal 10: Polish ból, Lithuanian skaudėjimas, skausmas; Bołaczka, skaudieimas, gielimas ~ skaudėjimas, gėlimas S. Dauk I 94, cf. LLKŽLal 10: Polish bolączka, Lithuanian skaudulys, opa; Bolenie, gielimas, skaudieimas ~ gėlimas, skaudėjimas S. Dauk I 94, cf. SJP 1 187(35): bolenie, ia, n. ‘uninterrupted, continuous aching, pain’; Boleść, -ści. f. <...>, skaudėjimas, <...>, gėlimas ~ skaudėjimas, gėlimas I 20, cf. LLKŽLal 10: Polish boleść, Lithuanian sopulys; Doleganie, swębimas, skaudieimas ~ svembimas, skaudėjimas S. Dauk I 145, cf. SJP 1 476(72): doleganie ‘unbearable pain’; Guzowatość, skaudulawimas, <...> ~ skauduliavimas S. Dauk I 228, but cf. LLKŽLal 44: Polish guzowatość, Lithuanian gumbuotumas. According to LKŽe, skaudėjimas is used throughout the country, svembimas is recorded in Kvėdarna (Šilalė District) and Salantai (Kretinga District), and gėlimas in Eriškiai (Panevėžys District), Papilė (Akmenė District), Kuktiškės (Utena District), and Pociūnėliai (Radviliškis District). Skauduliavimas is a derivative in Antanas Lalis’s Lithuanian–English dictionary (1915), but skauduliuoti ‘to become covered with sores’ is a word from living speech. A few names meaning ‘loss of consciousness, fainting’: Mdlenie, alpimas ~ alpimas S. Dauk I 361, cf. LLKŽLal 84: Polish malenie, Lithuanian alpimas; Omdlewawanie, <...>, alpulawimas ~ alpuliavimas S. Dauk II 192, cf. SJP 3 551(68): Polish omdlewać, German ohnmächtig werden, in Ohnmacht fallen, Russian обмереть. LKŽe lists alpimas as a word from Fr. Kuršaitis’s Lithuanian–German dictionary (1883), J. Šlapelis’s Lithuanian–Russian dictionary (1921), and L. Ivinskis’s writings; alpuliavimas is not recorded, but the verb alpuliuoti is a word from living speech. A separate small group consists of derivatives naming various digestive complaints: Blucie, wiemimas ~ vomiting S. Dauk I 91, cf. SJP 1 128(27): Polish blucie, German das Erbrechen, das Brechen, Russian блевание; Blwanie, wiemimas ~ vomiting S. Dauk I 91, cf. SJP 1 128(27): Polish blwanie, German das Erbrechen, das Brechen, Russian блевание; Dyarija, -rij. f. Widūriāwimas, <...> ~ diarrhea I 59; Laksowanie, trijidimas ~ trying S. Dauk I 326, cf. SJP 2 586(73): laksowanie ‘loosening of the bowels,’ 16 The word has been emended. The intended form was probably skaudieimas S. Dauk I 95. Terminologija | 2015 | 22 175 ‘diarrhea, dysentery’; Rzyganie, belching ~ belching S. Dauk III 82, cf. SJP 5 201(26): Polish rzygać, cf. rzygnąć ‘belching, burping’, Russian рыгнуть, рыгать, рветь, рвать, зарывать, but cf. LLKŽₗₐₗ 219: Polish rzyganie, Lithuanian vomiting; Rzygnięcie, retching, vomiting ~ retching, vomiting S. Dauk III 83; Womitowanie, vomiting ~ vomiting S. Dauk III 258, cf. LLKŽₗₐₗ 282: Polish womitować, Lithuanian to vomit, LLKŽᵥₐᵢₜₖ 878, 905: Polish womitować, cf. wymiotować, Lithuanian to vomit. In LKŽe, usage examples for vomiting are given from Gružiai (Pasvalys district), Girdiškė (Šilalė district), Varniai (Telšiai district), Raudėnai (Šiauliai district), Varėna, Smilgiai (Panevėžys district), Kupreliškis (Biržai district), and Salamiesčio (Kupiškis district); examples for diarrhea come from Kražiai (Kelmė district), Rozalimas (Pakruojis district), Armoniškės (Voronovo district, Grodno Region, Belarus), Seda (Mažeikiai district), Pivašiūnai (Alytus district), Varėna, and Druskininkai. An illustrative sentence for dysentery is given from Vytautas Vitkauskas’s Dictionary of the Northeastern Dūnininkai Dialects (Vilnius, 1976), while belching was recorded in Kuršėnai (Šiauliai district) and Vabalninkas (Biržai district). No usage examples are supplied for the derivative retching, but the verb to retch, ‘to heave audibly when nauseated,’ is used throughout the country. There are numerous derivatives denoting disorders of the respiratory organs: Dyszenie, -nia. n. sighing, labored breathing, <...> ~ sighing, labored breathing I 61, cf. SJP 1 587(85): Polish dyszeć, German athmen, Athmen hohlen, Russian дышать, LLKŽₗₐₗ 28: Polish dyszeć, Lithuanian to breathe, to pant, LLKŽᵥₐᵢₜₖ 108: Polish dyszeć, Lithuanian 1) to breathe, to pant; Kaszlanie, coughing ~ coughing S. Dauk I 272 / Kaszlanie. coughing ~ coughing I 106, cf. SJP 2 331(42): Polish kaszlanie, ia, n., German das Huften; Kichanie, sneezing ~ sneezing S. Dauk I 276, cf. LLKŽₗₐₗ 57: Polish kichanie, Lithuanian sneezing; Kichnienie, sneezing ~ sneezing S. Dauk I 276, cf. LLKŽᵥₐᵢₜₖ 184: Polish kichnięcie, Lithuanian sneeze. LKŽe data show that these derivatives belong to the living language: no illustrative usage examples are given for sighing in the sense of ‘labored breathing,’ but examples for the verb to breathe laboriously are recorded in Alovė (Alytus district), Kuršėnai (Šiauliai district), and Ažierkai (Grodno district and Region, Belarus); labored breathing in the sense of ‘difficulty breathing’ was recorded in Šatės (Skuodas district), coughing in Debeikiai (Anykščiai district) and Smilgiai (Panevėžys district), and sneezing in Daukšiai (Marijampolė district). A few more isolated terms for concepts assignable to the semantic group of actions, events, processes, and states: Babienie –a. n. <...>, childbirth, w. ~ childbirth I 8, cf. SJP 1 39(15): Polish babić, Russian бабничать; Sztuka babienia, German die Hebammenkunst, Russian повивальное искус- 176 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos ved yba cm80, swaddling cloth; Nauka babienia; Choroba, -y. f. <...>. illness, -a. w. ~ illness I 29, cf. LLKŽLal 14: Polish choroba, Lithuanian illness; Pocenie się, sweating ~ sweating S. Dauk II 255, cf. SJP 4 193(25): pocenie się, cf.17 pocić się ‘to sweat’, LLKŽVaitk 447: Polish pocenie się, Lithuanian sweating; Poziewanie, yawning ~ yawning S. Dauk II 343, cf. LLKŽVaitk 524: Polish pozie­wanie, Lithuanian yawning; Ropienie, suppuration ~ suppuration S. Dauk III 39, cf. LLKŽLal 207: Polish ropienie, Lithuanian suppuration. In LKŽe, examples of the use of illness are given from Veiviržėnai (Klaipėda district), Laukžemis (Kretinga district), Kaltanėnai (Švenčionys district), Žarėnai (Telšiai district), Vainutas (Šilutė district), and Ramygala (Panevėžys district); examples for sweating come from Pociūnėliai (Radviliškis district), and for yawning from Kuršėnai (Šiauliai district) and Daukšiai (Marijampolė district). Although suppuration is not recorded, the verb to suppurate (‘to produce pus’) is known in the spoken language (Kvėdarna, Raudėnai). Childbirth was not found in the dictionary, so it may be L. Ivinskis’s neologism. There are considerably fewer derivatives with the suffix -ing formed from prefixed primary or derived (suffixal) verbs. The names related to recovery in S. Daukantas’s dictionary are worth mentioning: Ozdrowienie, recovery ~ recovery S. Dauk II 219, cf. SJP 3 635–636(80–81): ozdrowieć ‘to regain strength after an illness’, LLKŽVaitk 402: Polish ozdrowienie, Lithuanian recovery, recuperation; Wyzdrawienie, iszgijimas ~ recovery S. Dauk III 302, cf. SJP 5 655(81): wyzdrowieć ‘to recover completely’, LLKŽVaitk 922: Polish wyzdrowienie, Lithuanian recuperation, recovery, which are known from everyday speech—the illustrative usage sentence for the word recovery was recorded in Naujamiestis (Panevėžys district), while two usage sentences for recovery were recorded in Šatės (Skuodas district) and Skirsnemunė (Jurbarkas district). L. Ivinskis supplied the word Bezbolność, -ci. f. <...>. absence of pain, -ma. w. ~ absence of pain I 12, cf. SJP 1 75(21): bezbolność, ści, ž. ‘absence of pain’. Pain is a word widely known in the spoken language (LKŽe). There are many terms meaning ‘loss of consciousness, fainting’: Omdlenie, fainting ~ fainting S. Dauk II 192, cf. LLKŽLal 128: Polish omdlenie, Lithuanian fainting; Omdlewawanie, recurrent fainting, <...> ~ recurrent fainting S. Dauk II 192, cf. SJP 3 551(68): Polish omdlewać, Russian обмереть, German ohnmächtig werden, in Ohnmacht fallen; Pomdlenie, fainting ~ fainting S. Dauk II 298, cf. LLKŽVaitk 483: Polish pomdleć, Lithuanian 1) to faint; to grow weak; Zamdlenie, fainting ~ fainting S. Dauk III 328, cf. SJP 6(II) 17Oacz, see. Terminologija | 2015 | 22 177 816(102): zamdlič “to faint”; Zemdenie, nualpimas ~ nualpimas S. Dauk III 356, cf. SJP 6(II) 816(102): zemdlenie “helplessness, weakness, incapacity; feebleness,” LLKŽVaitk 973: Polish zemdlenie, Lithuanian apalpimas. In LKŽe, apalpimas is attested in the writings of Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, while nualpimas is from Kupiškis. Another small group of derivatives comprises terms related to vision and its disorders: Oslepenie, apjakimas, apjakinimas ~ apjakimas, apjakinimas S. Dauk II 207, cf. LLKŽLal 152: Polish oślepienie, Lithuanian apakimas, aklybė; Oslepnienie, apjakimas ~ apjakimas S. Dauk II 207; Zaslepenie, apjakimas ~ apjakimas S. Dauk III 341, cf. LLKŽLal 313: Polish zaślepienie, Lithuanian apakimas, aklumas. The usage example for apjakimo “blindness” in LKŽe is from Pilviškiai (Vilkaviškis district). The derivative apjakinimas “blinding” is given as a word in K. Sirvydas’s dictionary and P. Ruigys’s Lithuanian–German and German–Lithuanian dictionary (1747), whereas the verb apjakti “to go blind” is a living-language word—the usage examples in LKŽe are recorded from Liškiava (Varėna district), Krosna (Lazdijai district), Kuktiškės (Utena district), Skirsnemunė (Jurbarkas district), and Salantai (Kretinga district). The concept “causing heat; beginning to have a fever” was named by S. Daukantas using two words: Zapalanie, zapalenie, užkurimas, uždegimas ~ užkūrimas, uždegimas S. Dauk III 332, cf. LLKŽLal 309: Polish zapalenie, Lithuanian uždegimas. The word užkūrimas is not recorded in LKŽe with a medical meaning: užkūrimas → 1 užkurti 1. “to kindle, light a fire,” but 1 užkurti 5. “for an illness or fever to take hold; to inflame”: Ir galvą užkūrė (the fever took hold) Lp. | reflexive: Kad užsikūrė akis, kad ėmė skaudėti P.Aviž(Prnv). Traškanos gleivingos, užsikūrusiais atvejais gausios P.Aviž. Antriniai iritai užsikuria iš kitų akies ligų P.Aviž. Užsikūrus galva karščiu, net dega Ds. 1 uždegimas 2. → uždegti 6. “to cause a fever; to begin to have a fever”: Sąnarių uždegimas DŽ. Ans mirė plaučių uždegimu Vvr. Akių gleivinės uždegimas dažna kaime liga rš. Kojos uždegimas ne-nueina Vlkv. Thus, the illustrative usage examples show that both words belong to the living language. Several terms for disorders associated with infectious (1), surgical (2), nervous (3), and throat (4) diseases: (1) Influencia. Pripūlimas nuog kó ~ pripuolimas I 99, cf. LLKŽLal 48: Polish influenca, Lithuanian (med.) irmėdė; Oszalenie, pasiutimas ~ pasiutimas S. Dauk II 213, cf. SJP 3 617(78): Polish oszaleć, German närrich werden, verrückt werden, rasen, Russian оду́рѣть, ряхнуться, LLKŽLal 134: Polish oszaleć, Lithuanian patrakti, pasiusti, LLKŽVaitk 398: Polish oszaleć, Lithuanian pamišti, išsikraustyti iš proto; pasiusti; Wściekłość, pasiutimas ~ pasiutimas S. Dauk III 178 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba 263, cf. LLKŽLal 283: Polish wściekłość, Lithuanian pasiutimas, padūkimas; Zaražanie, zarazenie, užkrietimas. (marū) ~ užkrėtimas (maru) S. Dauk III 337), cf. LLKŽLal 311: Polish zaraženie, Lithuanian užkrėtimas, užsikrėtimas; (2) Opuchłaść, sùputimas ~ suputimas S. Dauk II 200, cf. LLKŽLal 130: Polish opuchłość, Lithuanian sutinimas; (3) Katalepsya, apmirimas, wiso kuno, ar wieno strajpsti arba członko ~ apmirimas, wiso kūno ar vieno straipsčio arba članko S. Dauk I 272; Letarg, numerdėjimas ~ numerdėjimas S. Dauk I 335, cf. LLKŽLal 76: Polish letarg, Lithuanian mirties miegas, letargas; (4) Pokaszliwanie, pakosėjimas ~ pakosėjimas S. Dauk II 284, cf. SJP 4 279(39): pokaszleć “to cough incessantly,” LLKŽLal 158: Polish pokaszliwać, Lithuanian kosėti, LLKŽVaitk 471: Polish pokaszliwanie, Lithuanian kosčiojimas. As the data in LKŽe show, most of the derivatives mentioned are words of the living language. No usage examples are recorded for the derivative pripuolimas “onset (of an illness),” but usage examples for the verb pripulti “to be struck down (by an illness)” are given from Skudutiškis (Moletai district), Alovė (Alytus district), and Rūdiškės (Trakai district). The derivative pasiutimas “going mad, insanity” is given only from Georg H. F. Nesselmann’s Lithuanian dictionary (1851), but usage examples for pasiusti “to go mad, become insane” are recorded from Trakai, Sintautai (Šakiai district), Varniai (Telšiai district), and Strūnaitis (Švenčionys district). LKŽe records no examples of užkrėtimo in living speech; however, užkrėsti “to transmit disease-causing microbes” is a living-language word, with usage examples from Vilkaviškis, Pilviškiai (Vilkaviškis district), Grūžiai (Pasvalys district), and Kupiškis. Usage examples for the derivative suputimas “swelling” are given from Kvėdarna (Šilalė district) and Žemaitkiemis (Ukmergė district). Apmirimas “loss of sensation, numbness” is cited from Fr. Kuršaitis’s Lithuanian–German dictionary (1883); the verb apmirti is a living-language word, but it is not recorded in living speech in the sense “to lose sensation, become numb (of a body part).” The derivatives numerdėjimas, pakosėjimas deserve separate mention. It should be noted that the verb numerdėti, in its first sense “to faint, become half-dead,” is recorded from Ėriškiai (Panevėžys district), while its second sense—“to show no signs of life, become numb”—is from S. Daukantas’s writings. The verb pakosėti “to cough a little” is recorded in Pociūnėliai (Radviliškis district) and Rusnė (Šilutė district). –ulis / –ulys. Derivatives formed with these suffixes denote physiological phenomena or states. They are formed from verbs denoting physiological processes in the organism (DLKG 2006: 95). Thus, it can be said that this suffix Terminologija | 2015 | 22 179 in its derivational meaning is medical. In the dictionaries examined, derivatives with the long variant of the suffix –ulys predominate: Bolačka, i. f. Skāudūl’īs, <…> ~ skaudulys I 20, cf. LLKŽLal 10: Polish bolączka, Lithuanian skaudulys, sore; Bolesć, sopulys ~ sopulys S. Dauk I 94, cf. LLKŽLal 10: Polish bolesć, Lithuanian sopulys; Czkauka, cziaudulys ~ čiaudulys S. Dauk I 127, but cf. SJP 1 974(61), 5 569(72): Polish czkawka ob. szczkawka, i, f., szczkota, y, f., szczkanie, Russian ukoma, German der Schluchzen, der Schlucken. Singultus, szczkanie, szczkota, LLKŽLal 18: Polish czkawka, Lithuanian žagsėjimas, žagulys, LLKŽVaitk 74: Polish czkawka, Lithuanian žagulys; Dawica, –cy. f. Smāugūl’īs, smāugūlia ~ smaugulys I 42, cf. SJP 1 417(64): dawica, y, f. ‘sore throat’; Dychawica, dusulys ~ dusulys S. Dauk I 171, cf. LLKŽLal 28: Polish dychawica, Lithuanian dusulys; Dyszenie, –nia. n. <…>, dùsūl’īs, –ia. ~ dusulys I 61, cf. LLKŽLal 28: Polish dyszeć, Lithuanian breathe, gasp; Dziwe mięso. – Skāudulis ~ skaudulys I 65, cf. LLKŽLal 30: Polish dziwy, a. dziwe mięso, Lithuanian piktoji mėsa; Jątrznica. Skāudulīs ~ skaudulys I 95, cf. SJP 2 246(34): Polish jątrzyć ‘to suppurate’; Kaszel. <…>, kòsùl’īs ~ kosulys I 106; Kaszel, kosulys ~ kosulys S. Dauk I 272, cf. LLKŽLal 56: Polish kaszel, Lithuanian kosulys; Kaszlisko, kosulys ~ kosulys S. Dauk I 272, cf. SJP 2 331(42): kaszlisko, a, n. ‘a nasty cough’; Kichawka, czeudulys ~ čiaudulys S. Dauk I 276, cf. LLKŽLal 57: Polish kichawka, Lithuanian čiaudulys; Kolika, kolka, dygulys ~ dygulys S. Dauk I 290, cf. SJP 2 407(50): kolika, kolka, i, f. ‘a severe intestinal disorder’; Poziew, žiowulys ~ žiovulys S. Dauk II 343, cf. LLKŽVaitk 524: Polish poziewać, Lithuanian 1) yawn, Polish poziewanie, Lithuanian yawning; Sadzel, skaudulys ~ skaudulys S. Dauk III 84, cf. SJP 5 206(24): sadzel, a, m. ‘wound; lump, swelling; abscess; malignant ulcer; sore’; Wrzód, skaudulys ~ skaudulys S. Dauk III 262, cf. LLKŽLal 283: Polish wrzód, Lithuanian skaudulys, abscess, pimple; Zgaga, žiogulys ~ žiogulys S. Dauk III 359, but cf. LLKŽLal 321: Polish zgaga, Lithuanian heartburn; Ziewacz, žiowulys ~ žiovulys S. Dauk III 364, cf. LLKŽLal 323: Polish ziewać, Lithuanian yawn. It should be added that, according to LKŽe, all the aforementioned derivatives in –ulys are known in colloquial speech. Skaudulys, sopulys, čiaudulys, dusulys, žiovulys are widely known throughout Lithuania. Smaugulys ‘severe shortness of breath’ was recorded in Šatės (Skuodo District), Viekšniai (Mažeikiai District), and Dusetos (Zarasai District). The dictionary contains mainly usage examples for pa-teikta kosulio ‘cough’ from Aukštaitija (Sml, Kp, Zt, Dkš, Eiš, Šlvn, Ss), while examples for dygulio ‘colic’ come mostly from Samogitia (Krkl, Vkš, Plt, Vvr). Two usage examples for Žiogulys are taken from the writings of Jonas Jablonskis and the weekly newspaper Tiesos prietelius (Priekulė, 1880). 180 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba Only a few derivatives in the short variant –ulis occur: Ból, u. m. Šopūlis, <...> ~ sopulis I 20, cf. LLKŽLal 10: Polish ból, Lithuanian aching, pain; Boleść, -ści. f. <...>, šopūlis, <...> ~ sopulis I 20, cf. LLKŽLal 10: Polish boleść, Lithuanian sopulys; Kaszel. Košulīs, <...> ~ kosulis I 106, cf. LLKŽLal 56: Polish kaszel, Lithuanian kosulys; Wrzodek, szunskaudulis ~ šunskaudulis S. Dauk III 262, cf. SJP 6(II) 409(52): Polish wrzód, u, m., wrzodek, dku, m., Russian вередъ, чирей, чиршекъ, прорьвъ, LLKŽLal 283: Polish wrzód, Lithuanian skaudulys, abscess, pimple, LLKŽVaitk 882: Polish wrzód, Lithuanian abscess; malignant ulcer; sore, see LKŽe: šunskaudulis ‘a sore caused by fright, an overgrowth’ (the only illustrative usage sentence is from Viekšniai, Mažeikiai District). –ymas. Only a few derivatives in the long suffix variant –ymas, formed from primary and derived (suffixed) verbs, were found, and all of them occur in S. Daukantas’s dictionary: Doktorstwo, gydymas ~ gydymas S. Dauk I 145, cf. LLKŽLal 22: Polish doktorstwo, Lithuanian doctoring; Gojenie, dydymas18, waistymas ~ gydymas, vaistymas S. Dauk I 214, cf. LLKŽLal 40: Polish gojenie, Lithuanian treatment; healing; Kuracya, gydymas ~ gydymas S. Dauk I 319, cf. LLKŽLal 71: Polish kuracja, Lithuanian treatment; Rodzenie, gimdymas ~ gimdymas S. Dauk III 36, cf. LLKŽLal 206: Polish rodzenie, Lithuanian childbirth; Wyleczenie, išgydymas ~ išgydymas S. Dauk III 279, cf. LLKŽLal 290: Polish wyleczenie, Lithuanian recovery; Zgojenie, sugydymas ~ sugydymas S. Dauk III 360, cf. SJP 6(II) 1042(130): zgoić ‘to heal a wound’, LLKŽLal 322: Polish zgoić, Lithuanian heal, LLKŽVaitk 977, 935: Polish zgoić psn. zago ić, Lithuanian heal. These derivatives have the same derivational meaning as those with the suffix –imas: they denote actions associated chiefly with treating and, in some cases, childbirth. According to LKŽe, the derivatives gydymas, sugydymas are known in Aukštaitija: a usage example for gydymo comes from Sintautai (Šakiai District), and one for sugydymo from Panevėžys. Vaistymas is recorded in Janis Ryteris’s Lithuanian–Latvian dictionary (Riga, 1929), Aleksandras Kuršaitis’s Lithuanian–German dictionary (1968–1973), Mykolas Miežinis’s Lietuviszkai–latviszkai–lenkiszkai–rusiszko žodyno (Tilsit, 1894), and lesser-known writings from the former East Prussia and the Klaipėda Region, in which the source is not specified more precisely, or in more recent newspapers. Gimdymas is cited from J. Šlapelis’s Lithuanian–Russian dictionary (Vilnius, 1921), M. Daukša’s Postilės (1599), and Samuel Boguslav Chylinski’s Bibli-jos (1660), whereas išgydymas is cited from Samuel Bitner’s Naujojo Testamento. However, 18 This word is marked with an asterisk in the dictionary (dydymas*), and the footnote provides the explanation: “It was probably intended to write gydymas.” Terminologija | 2015 | 22 181 According to LKŽe, the verbs vaistyti ‘to treat’ (known from Priekulė and Bartninkai), gimdyti ‘to give birth’ and išgydyti ‘to cure’ are words used in everyday speech. –inys. Two action nouns formed with this suffix from the primary, unprefixed verbs pūti and sukti are found in S. Daukantas’s dictionary: Gnilėc, pūvinys, cf. szkorbut ~ puvinys S. Dauk I 214; cf. LLKŽLal 40: Polish gnilec, Lithuanian škopbutas; Kręcz, sukinys (galwos) ~ sukinys S. Dauk I 307. Both denote diseases: the first, avitaminosis, and the second, a nervous disorder. LKŽe does not record puvinys in the sense ‘scurvy’, although the word is used in everyday speech with other meanings. Sukinys in the sense ‘a spinning sensation, dizziness’ is used in Samogitia. LKŽe records it from Girdiškė (Šilalė District), Veiviržėnai (Klaipėda District), Kuliai (Plungė District), Žarėnai (Telšiai District), Lenkinimai (Skuodas District), Skuodas, Barstyčiai (Skuodas District), Endriejavas (Klaipėda District), Salantai (Kretinga District), Gargždai (Klaipėda District), and Vainutas (Šilutė District). –ystė. One derivative with the suffix –ystė, formed from the verb gimdyti, denotes the medical science concerned with assisting pregnant women and those giving birth; it is found in L. Ivinskis’s dictionary: Akuszerstwo –a, n. <...>. Gimd’iste. –es, m. ~ gimdyste I 2; cf. LLKŽLal 2: Polish akuszerstwo, Lithuanian akušier ybė, akušerija. L. Ivinskis also recorded an explanation before the entry: Science of helping with birth ~ Science of assistance in childbirth. According to LKŽe, gimdystė is recorded in K. Sirvydas’s trilingual dictionary and in Fr. Kurschat’s Lithuanian–German dictionary (1883). –smas. Only one derivative formed from a derived (suffixed) verb denoting a physiological state occurs in L. Ivinskis’s dictionary: Ból, u. m. <...>, skāusmas ~ skausmas I 20; Boleść, –ści. f. Skāusmas, <...> ~ skausmas I 20. According to LKŽe, this word is used by both Aukštaitians and Samogitians. 1.1.3. NAMES OF QUALITIES, OR ABSTRACT NOUNS DERIVED FROM NOMINALS The base words of derivatives in this derivational category are nominals (most often adjectives), and they denote various qualities related to medicine. –umas. Eight derivatives formed with this suffix were found—names of abstract nouns whose bases are simple or derived adjectives: Chorobliwość, ligotumas ~ ligotumas S. Dauk I 110; cf. LLKŽLal 14: Polish chorobliwy, Lithuanian ligūstas, nesveikas; LLKŽVaitk 61: Polish chorobliwy, Lithuanian ligotas; paliegęs; Guzowatość, <...>, gumbūtumas ~ gumbu otumas S. Dauk I 228; cf. LLKŽLal 44: Polish guzowatość, Lithuanian gumbuotumas; Krótkowidność, žlibumas, ~ žlibumas S. Dauk I 310; Osiwialość, žilumas, <...>, cf. siwizna ~ žilumas S. Dauk II 206; cf. SJP 3 592(74): 182 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba osiwialość, ści, ž. ‘greying’; Ospowatość, raupletumas ~ raupletumas S. Dauk II 209; cf. SJP 3 604(72): Polish ospowatość, ści, fem., German die Pocken-grübigkeit, Russian рябость, рябоватость, рябины; Siwość, greyness, <...> ~ žilumas S. Dauk III 108; cf. LLKŽLal 224: Polish siwość, Lithuanian žilumas; LLKŽVaitk 704: Polish siwość, Lithuanian žilumas; Smiertelność, marumas ~ marumas S. Dauk III 124; cf. LLKŽLal 230: Polish śmiertelność, Lithuanian mirtinumas, marumas; LLKŽVaitk 780: Polish śmiertelność, Lithuanian mirtinumas, mirštamumas; Zezowatość, žvairumas ~ žvairumas S. Dauk III 358; cf. LLKŽVaitk 975: Polish zezowatość, Lithuanian žvairumas; Zylowatość, gyslotumas ~ gyslotumas S. Dauk III 380; cf. LLKŽLal 331: Polish żyłowatość, Lithuanian gįslotumas; LLKŽVaitk 1010: Polish żyłowaty, Lithuanian gyslotas. The derivatives ligotumas, žlibumas, žilumas, marumas are words used in everyday speech. LKŽe cites gumbuotumas from Antanas Lalis’s Polish–Lithuanian dictionary (Vilnius, 1912); raupletumas from the Lithuanian literary language dictionary by Max Niedermann, Alfred Senn, Franz Brender and Antanas Salys (1932–1968), and from writings by Žemaitė and Jonas Jablonskis; žvairumas from Fr. Kurschat’s Lithuanian–German dictionary (1883), S. Daukantas’s writings, J. Ryter’s Lithuanian–Latvian dictionary (Riga, 1929), J. Šlapelis’s Lithuanian–Russian dictionary (Vilnius, 1921), and the aforementioned authors’ dictionary of the Lithuanian literary language (1932–1968); and gyslotumas from the German–Lithuanian dictionary by Viktor Gailius and Mikas Šlažas (Klaipėda, 1932). It should be noted, however, that the adjectives gumbuotas, rauplėtas, žvairas, gyslotas are words used in everyday speech. –ybė. Three names of qualities formed with the suffix –ybė from the adjectives aklas, žlibas and žilas were found in S. Daukantas’s dictionary: 1 Ciemnota, aklybė ~ aklybė S. Dauk I 116; cf. LLKŽLal 15: Polish ciemnota, Lithuanian aklumas; Krótkowidność, <...>, žlibybė ~ žlibybė S. Dauk I 310; Osiwialość, <...>, žilybė, cf. siwizna ~ žilybė S. Dauk II 206; cf. LLKŽLal 132: Polish osiwialy, Lithuanian pražilęs; LLKŽVaitk 394: Polish osiwialy, Lithuanian pražilęs; Siwość, <...>, žilybė ~ žilybė S. Dauk III 108; cf. LLKŽLal 224: Polish siwość, Lithuanian žilumas; LLKŽVaitk 704: Polish siwość, Lithuanian žilumas. It is worth noting that the derivative žlibybė ‘short-sightedness’ is regarded by Giedrius Subačius as a neologism coined by S. Daukantas19 (see Subačius 1993: 163). LKŽe records aklybės in the sense ‘absence of sight, blindness’ 19Concern for vocabulary and its purity led S. Daukantas to create neologisms (DLL counts about 3,800 neologisms). S. Daukantas apparently coined new words not only out of necessity, but also to enhance the prestige of the Lithuanian language, wishing to show those “learned men” that Lithuanian was pure, “not a mixture of various languages,” and no less rich in words than Polish. All this indicates that S. Daukantas had in mind not only the Lithuanian readers who were the primary audience of DLL, but also readers of other nationalities, for whom DLL was to serve as a symbol of the richness and purity of the Lithuanian language (see Subačius 1990: 29–30). Terminologija | 2015 | 22 1 8 3 A usage example is given from Grūžiai (Pasvalys District). Žilybė was included in LKŽe from Fr. Kurschat’s Lithuanian–German dictionary (1883), the Lithuanian literary language dictionary by M. Niedermann, A. Senn, F. Brender, and A. Salys (1932–1968), A. Kuršaitis’s Lithuanian–German dictionary (1968–1973), K. Sirvydas’s trilingual dictionary, the writings of S. Daukantas, Dominikas Sutkevičius’s Žodinikō. Letuwiszkay–Łotiniszkay–Lenkiszkō (1848), G. H. F. Nesselmann’s Lithuanian dictionary (1851), and Saliamonas Mozerka Slavočinskis’s hymnbook (1646). -ata. Two abstract nouns in S. Daukantas’s dictionary are derivatives formed from the simple adjective gyvas ‘alive’ and the derived adjective nesveikas ‘unhealthy’: Niezdrowie, nesweikata ~ nesweikata S. Dauk II 130, cf. LLKŽLal 110: Polish niezdrowie, Lithuanian nesveikata; LLKŽVaitk 329: Polish niezdrowie, Lithuanian dialectal nesveikata, negalavimas ‘illness, ailment’; Życie, <...>, gywata ~ gyvata S. Dauk III 380, cf. LLKŽLal 330: Polish życie, Lithuanian gyvata, gyvastis; LLKŽVaitk 1008: Polish życie, Lithuanian 1) gyvybė. Both are words of the living language: nesveikata ‘illness, ailment’ is recorded from Šimkaičiai (Jurbarkas District), Alksnėnai (Vilkaviškis District), Viekšniai (Mažeikiai District), Eriškiai (Panevėžys District), Pagramantis (Tauragė District), Vyžuonos (Utena District), Ramygala (Panevėžys District), Marijampolė, Degučiai (Zarasai District), Pociūnėliai (Radviliškis District), and Plateliai (Plungė District), while just one usage example for gyvatos ‘life’ is given, from Leipalingis (Lazdijai District). -ystė. Two derivatives with the suffix -ystė in the dictionaries of S. Daukantas and L. Ivinskis are Aptekarstwo -a, n. Wajst’inisté -es, m. <...> ~ vaistinystė I 5 ‘the pharmacist’s trade’, cf. SJP 1 24(14): Polish aptekarstwo, a., n. ‘the pharmacist’s art’, German die Apothekerkunst and Cyrulstwo, krauleidyste ~ krauleidystė S. Dauk I 122 ‘the profession of a village surgeon’, cf. SJP 1 342(57): Polish cyrulictwo, a, n. ‘surgery’, German die Chirurgie, die Wundarzneikunst, Russian хирургія. More on these derivatives below. According to the data in LKŽe, vaistinystė may be an innovation coined by L. Ivinskis, since the dictionary records no abbreviations for other sources of usage of this word. What is the base word of this derivative? Most likely vaistinė (known from spoken language), though it could also be the adjective vaistinis. In the dictionary, vaistinystė is recorded only as a word used by L. Ivinskis. The derivative krauleidyste in S. Daukantas’s dictionary is based on the personal designation krauleidys ‘one who lets blood (by cutting a vein)’ and denotes a profession. The word is not recorded in LKŽe; G. Subačius regards it as an innovation by S. Daukantas (see Subačius 1993: 174). 184 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos ved yba –yba. One name of a property formed with the suffix –yba, whose base is the simple qualitative adjective gyvas ‘alive’, was found in S. Daukantas’s dictionary: Życie, gywyba, <...> ~ gwyba S. Dauk III 380, cf. LLKŽLal 330: Polish życie, Lithuanian gyvata, gyvastis; LLKŽVaitk 1008: Polish życie, Lithuanian 1) gyvybė. This is a word known from spoken language; most usage examples are given from Žemaitija (Salantai (Kretinga District), Mosėdis (Skuodas District), Šatės (Skuodas District)). –ysta. S. Daukantas’s dictionary records the derivative –ysta, Felczerstwo, krauleidysta ~ krauleidysta S. Dauk I 188. Like the previously discussed krauleidyste, it was most likely coined by S. Daukantas. The difference is that this suffixal derivative has a different meaning: ‘the profession of a feldsher’. As G. Subačius writes in his study, “it is unclear how S. Daukantas distinguished the suffixes –ysta and –ystė (cf. krauleidysta and krauleidystė); perhaps he was somewhat aware of the distinctiveness of the less productive –ysta” (Subačius 1993: 178–179). 1.1.4. NAMES OF AGENTS AND OF BEARERS OF VERBAL PROPERTIES These are nouns formed from verbs that denote the performer of an action or the experiencer of a state (usually a living being, most often a person), but they may also denote any kind of being, object, or other entity (see DLKG 2006: 104; Ambrazas 1993: 112). This is one of the oldest derivational categories (see Ambrazas, ibid.). –ėjas, –ėja. Three names of bearers of verbal properties formed with the suffix –ėjas, –ėja were found in the dictionaries of S. Daukantas and L. Ivinskis. It should be noted, however, that unlike S. Daukantas, L. Ivinskis gave a feminine ending alongside the masculine derivative: Cirulik, ka. m. <...>.Skutėjas, –a. w. ~ skutėjas, skutėja I 36, cf. LLKŽLal 17: Polish cyrulnik, Lithuanian barzdaskutys; SJP 1 342(57): Polish cyrulik, a, m. ‘a physician treating external diseases, wounds, etc.’, German der Wundarzt, der Chirurgus, Chirurg, Russian цырюльникъ, хирургъ, лѣкарь, рудометъ. In spoken language, cyrulik ≡ golibroda means ‘barber’, German der Barbier; see LKŽe: skutėjas, –a ‘barber’; Lekarz, wajstiejas. <...> ~ vaistejas S. Dauk I 332, cf. SJP 2 614(80): Polish lekarz, a, m., ‘one who heals’, German der Arzt, Russian врачь, врачеватель, исцѣлитель; LLKŽLal 75: Polish lekarz, Lithuanian gydytojas; LLKŽVaitk 231: Polish lekarz, Lithuanian gydytojas. The LKŽe word skutėjas ‘barber’ is cited from Fr. Kurschat’s Lithuanian–German dictionary (1883) and the Lithuanian literary language dictionary by M. Niedermann, A. Senn, F. Brender, and A. Salys (1932–1968), while two usage Terminologija | 2015 | 22 185 sakiniai – iš L. Ivinskio raštų ir Pat arlių ir priežodžių (Vilnius, 1958). Vaistėjas „gydytojas“ į LKŽe įtrauktas iš S. Daukanto raštų ir laikraščio Tėvynės sargas (Tilžė, 1901). The derivative skutėjas ‘barber’ needs a fuller explanation. Neither its lexical nor its derivational meaning links this word to medicine. Thus, to justify its classification as medical vocabulary, one must draw on facts from the history of medicine in Lithuania. The first permanently resident, qualified physicians—doctors of medicine—appeared in Lithuania only at the end of the fifteenth century. Moreover, they treated internal diseases exclusively, since universities at that time did not teach surgery; they neither knew nor practiced it. Consequently, all external diseases fell outside the scope of qualified physicians’ work. Among unqualified practitioners, barbers20 had made the greatest advances; over time, they chose surgery as their specialty. They are mentioned in historical sources from the beginning of the sixteenth century. Barbers’ guilds operated in Lithuania (in Vilnius, Kaunas, and Klaipėda). Their medical activity was very broad. They applied cupping glasses and enemas, prepared baths, massaged patients, bled them, cut and shaved people’s hair, bandaged and treated wounds and ulcers, lanced abscesses, treated dislocations and fractures, amputated limbs, extracted teeth, treated venereal diseases, and served in court as medical experts. They did most of their work in their workshops, known as officinas, but also worked in streets, squares, and marketplaces. A barber’s house was marked by the barber’s guild emblem—a copper plate hung on a long pole above the house door. The activity of barber guilds played a very important role in urban life in the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries. They were the only ones able to help in the event of an injury or illness (see Lelis 1960: 118–124; Jasaitis 1974: 64–71; Bagdonavičius 1988: 33–37; Sasnauskas 2000: 39). –tojas, –toja. Derivatives formed with this suffix designate persons. These are agent nouns. In dictionaries, almost all derivatives with the suffix in question designate a medical practitioner (Latin medicus): Doktór, –a. m. Gydytojas, –ja. w. <...> ~ gydytojas, gydytoja I 48; Doktor, gydytojas. <...> ~ gydytojas S. Dauk I 145, cf. LLKŽLal 22: Polish doctor, Lithuanian daktaras; gydytojas, LLKŽVaitk 91: Polish doktor, Lithuanian 2) colloq. daktaras, gydytojas; Doktorka, gydytoja ~ gydytoja S. Dauk I 145; Lekarka, vaistytoja ~ vaistytoja S. Dauk I 332, cf. LLKŽLal 75: Polish lekarka, Lithuanian gydytoja, LLKŽVaitk 231: Polish 20 In the writings of researchers of the history of medicine in Lithuania, in addition to the term barzdaskučiai ‘barbers’, the terms cirulnikai, cirulnykai, bolberiai, barberiai, chirurgai-cir(i)ulnykai, pirtininkai-cir(i)ulnykai, barzdaskučiai chirurgai, kraujalaidžiai. have also been used. 186 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba lekarka, Lithuanian 1) female physician; Lekarz, <...>, gydytojas ~ gydytojas S. Dauk I 332, cf. SJP 2 614(80): Polish lekarz, a, m., ‘one who heals’, German der Arzt, Russian врач, врачеватель, исцелитель, LLKŽₗₐₗ 75: Polish lekarz, Lithuanian phy-sician, LLKŽᵥₐᵢₜₖ 231: Polish lekarz, Lithuanian gydytojas; Ozdrowiciel, gydytojas ~ gydytojas S. Dauk II 219, cf. SJP 3 635(80): Polish ozdrowiciel, a, m. ‘one who heals, restores health’, German der Gesundmacher, LLKŽᵥₐᵢₜₖ 402: Polish ozdrowić, Lithuanian išgydyti. LKŽe gives one usage sentence for the word gydytojas from Ėriškiai (Panevėžys district), while no usage sentences for vaistytojo are provided from spoken language, only from older and later written sources. -klė. This suffix is identified in DLKG as a non-productive suffix in the derivative group under discussion (DLKG 2006: 111). The dictionaries yielded one designation for a bearer of a verbal property, derived from the primary verb -klė from gerti ‘to drink’: Czeluść, –ści. f. Gėrklė, iēs. m. ~ gerklė I 38, cf. LLKŽₗₐₗ 18: Polish czeluść, Lithuanian žandikaulis; nasrai, LLKŽᵥₐᵢₜₖ 73: Polish czeluść, Lithuanian 2) vulgar nasrai, žiotys; Gardło. Gėrklė ~ gerklė I 76, cf. LLKŽₗₐₗ 37: Polish gardło, Lithuanian gerklė; LLKŽᵥₐᵢₜₖ 132: Polish gardło, Lithuanian 1) gerklė, ryklė; gerklos; Krtan, gėrkle ~ gerklė S. Dauk I 311, cf. LLKŽₗₐₗ 68: Polish krtań, Lithuanian esophagus, throat, LLKŽᵥₐᵢₜₖ 216: Polish krtań, Lithuanian anatomical larynx, see LKŽe: gerklė 1. ‘the front part of the neck (pharynx, larynx, trachea)’ (a word used by both Aukštaitians and Samogitians). -ulys / -ulis, -ulė. Derivatives denoting bearers of verbal properties formed with these suffixes more often refer to animals, plants, or things in general, while derivatives referring to persons are somewhat less common (DLKG 2006: 108). The dictionaries examined yielded one personal designation with each of the two suffixes, but L. Ivinskis’s dictionary also gives the feminine ending: Osesek, osysek, žindulys (waikas) ~ žindulys S. Dauk II 205, cf. LLKŽₗₐₗ 132: Polish osesek, Lithuanian nursing infant, LLKŽᵥₐᵢₜₖ 393: Polish osesek, Lithuanian 1) suckling child; Ciało, –a. n. <...>, nuòmìrulis, –lia. w. lé, –les. <...> ~ nuomirulis, nuomirūlė I 32 ‘deceased person’, cf. SJP 1 288(47): Polish ciało = ciało bez duszy, martwe, umarłe = trup, German der Leib, der Leichnam, die Leiche, Russian мертвецъ. The base word of the derivative in Simona Daukantas’s dictionary is the unprefixed intransitive verb žįsti ‘to suckle’, whereas the base word of the derivative in L. Ivinskis’s dictionary is the prefixed intransitive verb numirti ‘to die’. In LKŽe, the usage sentence for žindulio ‘nursing child’ is recorded in Ratnyčia (Varėna district), while examples of nuomirulio ‘deceased person’ are drawn from L. Ivinskis’s writings and A. Juška’s dictionary. Semantically, the derivatives belong to the group of designations for persons associated with medicine. Terminologija | 2015 | 22 187 –ėlis, –ėlė. “This is the most characteristic suffix for designations of bearers of verbal properties, and in productivity it far surpasses all other suffixes of derivatives of this type.” Designations formed with this suffix usually refer to persons and have a pejorative meaning (DLKŽ 2006: 105). In the dictionaries examined, two derivatives formed with the suffix in question do not have this meaning. The derivative in S. Daukantas’s dictionary refers to a person suffering from catalepsy: Kataleptyk, apmirielis ~ apmirėlis S. Dauk I 272. It is formed from the prefixed primary intransitive verb apmirti ‘to faint’. It is known from spoken language, but LKŽe does not record this word with the meaning in question. A derivative with the suffix –ėlė found in L. Ivinskis’s dictionary merits separate discussion: Chyragra, –gry. f. <...>. Grīzielė, –es. m. <...> ~ grižėlė I 31 (MedŽ Latin chiragra, Lithuanian chirarga, gout of the hands), cf. SJP 1 282(46), 240(41): chyragra obsolete chiragra, y, ž. ‘twisting of the hands’. Derivatives with this suffix form something like a separate derivational type. They have only feminine forms. From the standpoint of derivation, derivatives with the suffix –ėlė differ from those with –ėlis in that they are based on unprefixed verbs (DLKG 2006: 105–106). This derivative is a designation in the semantic group of diseases, naming pain in the hands. In LKŽe, the word grižėlė is given as a word from written sources (the writings of Dionizas Poška, an author who lived from 1821 to 1880, and a manuscript). –tinė. The derivative –tinė giltinė, used in many sixteenth- and seventeenth-century texts (see Ambrazas 1993: 128), is also found in S. Daukantas’s dictionary: Smierc, giltine, <...> ~ giltinė S. Dauk III 123, cf. LLKŽLal 230: Polish śmierć, Lithuanian mirtis, LLKŽVaitk 779: Polish śmierć, Lithuanian mirtis. LKŽe gives usage sentences for giltinės ‘death’ from Merkinė (Varėna district), Baisogala (Radviliškis district), Keturvalakiai (Vilkaviškis district), Kvėdarna (Šilalė district), Sasnava (Marijampolė district), and Šimonys (Kupiškis district). One designation for a bearer of a verbal property, denoting the science of medicine, is worth noting; it is formed from the derived transitive verb gydyti ‘to treat’ with the suffix –tinė: 2 Doktorstwo, –an. G’īd’itínė, –nes. m. <...> ~ gydytinė I 48, cf. LLKŽLal 22: Polish doktorstwo, Lithuanian dak­tarybė, LLKŽVaitk 91: Polish doktorstwo, Lithuanian 2) archaic the office of physician. This derivative is not recorded in LKŽe, and could therefore be an innovation by L. Ivinskis. –uojis. Diachronically, from the perspective of word formation, –uojis may be considered a derivative of liežuvį ‘tongue’ (Latin lingua), formed from the simple verb liežti ‘to lick’: Jezyk. Liežūwis ~ liežūvis I 97, cf. LLKŽLal 53: Polish język, Lithuanian liežuvis, LLKŽVaitk 170: Polish język, Lithuanian 1) liežuvis. This word is used throughout Lithuania. 188 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba 1.1.5. NAMES OF BEARERS OF NOMINAL FEATURES These are nouns formed from adjectives or nouns with various suffixes, denoting a person, living being, or thing according to some characteristic feature (DLKG 2006: 113; for a more detailed discussion, see Ambrazas 2000: 113). As Saulius Ambrazas observes, this is the largest derivational category of Lithuanian nominal nouns (Ambrazas 2000: 113). -inis, -inė. In Lithuanian, when adjectives with this suffix become nouns, they often acquire the meaning ‘bearer of a feature’. Derivatives of this type are attested already in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century writings (Ambrazas 2000: 145). A noteworthy example is the substantivized masculine derivative with the suffix -inis in S. Daukantas’s dictionary: Lasota, kruminis ~ krūminis S. Dauk I 329 (?) ‘molar tooth’ (MedŽ Latin molaris, Lithuanian krūminis (tooth)). This dictionary also includes a feminine derivative with the suffix -inė: Piers, <...>, krutine ~ krūtinė S. Dauk II 240 (see Skardžius 1996: 264), a form widespread since the beginning of written Lithuanian (Ambrazas 2000: 145); cf. SJP 4 105(14): a) latiori sensu piers, piersi ‘the part of the body between the neck, sides, and abdomen’, LLKŽLal 143: Polish pierś, Lithuanian krūtinė; LLKŽVaitk 429: Polish pierś, Lithuanian 1) krūtinė. Semantically, both words belong to the group of names for organs (digestive and respiratory). The word krūtinė (Latin pectus) is also the name of the Chest subgroup within the semantic group of body-part names, Torso. Like the previously mentioned anatomical terms gerklė, liežuvis, these two derivatives are also words in everyday speech. LKŽe gives one usage example for krūminis from Sudeikiai (Utena District), while no usage examples of krūtinė in its anatomical sense are recorded (most examples are from Lithuanian belles-lettres); however, the abbreviations indicate Samogitian dialects: Salantai (Kretinga District), Mosėdis (Skuodas District), Alsėdžiai (Plungė District), and Upyna (Šilalė District). -lės. One derivative with the suffix -lės was found in S. Daukantas’s dictionary—the name of a highly dangerous acute infectious disease (Latin variola ME II 213), characterized by fever, intoxication of the body, and rash: Ospa, rauples ~ rauplės S. Dauk II 209 ‘smallpox’; cf. LLKŽLal 133: Polish ospa, Lithuanian raupłes; LLKŽVaitk 395: Polish ospa, Lithuanian 1) raupai, rauplės; 1 Pierzchnice, rauples ~ rauplės S. Dauk II 241; cf. LLKŽLal 133: Polish ospa, Lithuanian raupłes. Pranas Skardžius has noted that nouns with the suffix –lė are primarily formed with an action-related meaning; a few nouns with this suffix denote living beings, but most derivatives with –lė have concrete meanings—denoting the result of an event or action, an instrument, etc. (Skardžius 1996: 169). Among the derivatives with this suffix, he lists Terminologija | 2015 | 22 189 the derivative rauplės as well. In everyday speech, this disease is called by the same name—LKŽe contains the greatest number of usage examples from Samogitia: Užventis (Kelmė District), Vainutas (Šilutė District), Papilė (Akmenė District), Nemakščiai (Raseiniai District), Upyna (Šilalė District), Gegrėnai (Plungė District), Eržvilkas (Jurbarkas District), and Kuršėnai (Šiauliai District); one example is from Aukštaitija—from Šunskai (Marijampolė District). -let. The word from everyday speech denoting the upper part of the second joint of a finger, knuckle (MedŽ Latin condylus, Lithuanian krumplys (a bony projection at the end of a bone)), might be treated as a two-way derivation; it is found in S. Daukantas’s dictionary: Kolano, knuckle. <…> ~ knuckle S. Dauk I 288, but cf. LLKŽₗₐₗ 61: Polish kolano, Lithuanian kelys; LLKŽᵥₐᵢₜₖ 192: Polish kolano, Lithuanian 1) kelis. From a synchronic perspective, this would be a simplex word, but Pr. Skardžius identifies the suffix -let in it. So what is the base word of this derivative? It could be either the noun krumpis ‘a little tooth, a notch’ (in which case this derivative would belong to the category of possessors of a nominal characteristic), or the verb krumpėti ‘to cut notches, little teeth’ (in which case this derivative would belong to the category of action results) (see Skardžius 1996: 168). In this article it is considered a derivative formed from a noun. In LKŽe, most usage sentences for the word krumplys ‘the upper part of the second joint of a finger’ were recorded in Aukštaitija: Daukšiai (Marijampolė district), Užpaliai (Utena district), Pociūnėliai (Radviliškis district), Kaniava (Varėna district), Liškiava (Varėna district), Smilgiai (Panevėžys district), Pušalotas (Pasvalys district), and Molėtai; one was recorded in Žemaitija—in Barstyčiai (Skuodas district). -one. One designation for a possessor of a characteristic (a sick person, Latin patiens) is formed with this suffix from the noun illness: Pacyent, patient ~ patient S. Dauk II 221, cf. LLKŽₗₐₗ 136: Polish pacjent, Lithuanian patient. The word was already widespread in the 16th century (Ambrazas 2000: 164) and is known from everyday speech; usage sentences come from Aukštaitija: Eriškiai (Panevėžys district), Taujėnai (Ukmergė district), Rokiškis, and Vištytis (Vilkaviškis district). -ūnė. Here we should mention the common name for a bearer of a feature—the joint formed by the bones of the arm at its midpoint (Latin cubitus): Łokietek, alkunė. <…>. Łokietki, łokcie, alkunės ~ alkūnė, alkūnės S. Dauk I 341 (see Ambrazas 2000: 159); cf. LLKŽₗₐₗ 78: Polish łokieć, Lithuanian alkūnė; LLKŽᵥₐᵢₜₖ 246: Polish łokieć, Lithuanian 1) alkūnė. This derivative is an object of diachronic word-formation study, since synchronically it has become morphologically unanalyzable (Urbutis 2009: 42). Usage examples with the meaning ‘the joint formed by the bones of the arm at its midpoint’ are recorded from Panevėžys, Grūžiai (Pasvalys District), Skaudvilė (Tauragė District), and Pušalotas (Pasvalys District). 190 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba -ungis. Historical word-formation researcher S. Ambrazas assigned to this derivational category the name of a possessor of a characteristic Kaduk. Miesz-tūngis. <...> ~ cramp I 101 (MedŽ Latin spasmus, Lithuanian spazmas, mėš-lungis), cf. SJP 2 287(40): Polish kaduk, a, m. 2) “falling sickness,” German die schwere Krankheit, die fallende Sucht, morbus caducus, LLKŽₗₐₗ 53: Polish kaduk, Lithuanian (med.) nuomaras, LLKŽᵥₐᵢₜₖ 172: Polish kaduk, Lithuanian 3) archaic epilepsy, seizure disorder, although, on the other hand, he described it as a derivative of unclear formation (Ambrazas 2000: 149). LKŽe provides illustrative usage sentences containing the word mėšlungis from Luokė (Telšiai District) and Švėkšna (Šilutė District). The word is known in the sense of “convulsion, spasm, seizure” in Skirsnemunė (Jurbarkas District), Vilkaviškis, and Endriejavas (Klaipėda District). 1.1.6. NAMES OF ACTION RESULTS This derivational category includes deverbal suffixal nouns that denote the result and object of an action (see DLKG 2006: 125; Ambrazas 1993: 86). -alas. In S. Ambrazas’s view, this adjectival suffix is one of the most important means of forming names of action results. Quite a number of derivatives of this type already occur in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century writings, especially in the dictionaries of K. Sirvydas and Lexicon Lithuanicum (Ambrazas 1993: 99). Accordingly, a derivative with the suffix -alas found in S. Daukantas’s dictionary should be mentioned here—the name of a pale-yellow, sometimes orange, ammonia-smelling liquid excreted by the kidneys (Latin urina ME II 330): Mocz, myžalai ~ myžalai S. Dauk I 375, cf. LLKŽₗₐₗ 89: Polish mocz, Lithuanian šlapumas, myžalai, LLKŽᵥₐᵢₜₖ 276: Polish mocz, Lithuanian šlapimas. LKŽe marks it vulg. From a subject-matter perspective, it belongs to the semantic group of names for organs and fluids, and to the subgroup of urinary organs and fluids—the name for the fluid excreted from the body by the kidneys, urine. LKŽe provides just one illustrative sentence containing this word, from Pociūnėliai (Radviliškis District). -slas. A name for an action result formed with an adjectival suffix was found in L. Ivinskis’s dictionary. It is the name for the contents of the rectum discharged during defecation (Latin faeces ME I 366): Chyl, chil. u. m. Mièžslas, -la. w. Atlaikai widuriunse nuog wālgių ~ mėšlas. Atlaikai widuriuose nuog valg(i)ų I 31 (see Ambrazas 1993: 98), but cf. SJP 1 281(47): Polish 1 chyl, chil, u, m., Medic. chylus, “juices of food digested in the stomach,” German der Milchsaft von den verbauten Speißen, see MedŽ Latin chylus, Lithuanian chilas, pieninės sultys (lymph in the intestines during food absorption). It means “feces” and belongs to Terminologija | 2015 | 22 191 to the semantic subgroup of digestive organs and excretions. As the example provided shows, L. Ivinskis explained this word in greater detail. In LKŽe, usage sentences for manure (“excrement”) are recorded from Linkuva (Pakruojis District), Liškiava (Varėna District), Eržvilkas (Jurbarkas District), Rimšė (Ignalina District), Gudžiūnai (Kėdainiai District), Šilalė, Salakas (Zarasai District), Seda (Mažeikiai District), and Gudeliai (Marijampolė District). 1.1.7. NAMES OF PLACES These are nouns formed from nouns, verbs, or adjectives that denote a place in terms of the objects found there, an action performed there, or a characteristic feature of the place. The place denoted may be either open or enclosed. These names make up a medium-sized derivational category (DLKG 2006: 133). S. Ambrazas called deverbal nouns formed from verbs names of places of action (Ambrazas 1993: 208). One such name was found in L. Ivinskis’s dictionary. –tuvė. A derivative with this suffix denotes an institution specifically intended for carrying out the action expressed by the base suffixed verb sarginti, “to care for a sick person, to nurse”: Infirmacija. Sargintuvė. <…> ~ sargintuvė I 99, cf. SJP 2 206(29): Polish infirmarya or chorownia “room for the sick in a monastery,” German das Krankenzimmer in den Klöstern, Russian больница, врачебница, LLKŽŽVaitk 158: Polish infirm eria, Lithuanian equivalent isolation ward, medical station (in a prison, monastery, boarding house, etc.). S. Ambrazas established that most names of places of action with the suffix –tuvė occur in K. Sirvydas’s dictionary (Ambrazas 1993: 208). According to LKŽe, this word may be a neologism coined by L. Ivinskis: sargintuvė see sargintinė “medical facility”: There is now a soldiers’ care facility (hospital) IM1861,36. 1.1.8. NAMES OF PERSONS BY PROFESSION This derivational category includes nouns that name a person according to their profession (DLKG 2006: 137). Two-suffix derivatives have been found, “formed from base nouns denoting either the person’s business and work itself or, more often, the object, product, tool, place, or some other thing characteristic of that business and work” (DLKG 2006: 137). In S. Ambrazas’s view, from a historical perspective, it is appropriate to treat names of persons by profession and names of possessors of a nominal attribute as derivatives belonging to a single category, that of possessors of a nominal attribute, and to discuss them together. However, works on synchronic word formation distinguish semantic groups of derivatives closely related to names of possessors of an attribu- 192 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba te, one of which is names of persons by profession (Ambrazas 2000: 113). This article follows the classification of the derivatives in question presented in synchronic studies. –inykas / –ininkas. These are two variants of the same suffix. It is the most productive suffix for forming names of possessors of an attribute. In both present-day and Old Lithuanian, derivatives denoting a profession are most commonly formed with it. The greatest number of derivatives of this type is recorded in K. Sirvydas’s dictionary (Ambrazas 2000: 118). Two names of possessors of a nominal attribute formed with the suffix –inykas from the nouns dantis ‘tooth’ and, most likely, vaistis ‘medicine’ are found in S. Daukantas’s dictionary: Dentysta, dąntinykas, <...> ~ dantinykas S. Dauk I 136 ‘one who treats teeth’; cf. LLKŽLal 20: Polish dentysta, Lithuanian dantinininkas, dantistas, dantų gydytojas, LLKŽVaitk 82: Polish dentysta, Lithuanian dantų gydytojas, see LKŽe: dantininkas 2. ‘dentist’; Lekorob, wajistinykas ~ vaistinykas S. Dauk I 333; cf. SJP 2 617(78): Polish lekorób, a, m. ‘pharmacist’, German der Apotheker, see LKŽe: vaistininkas 1. ‘a pharmacy employee with a pharmaceutical education, a pharmacist’, 2. ‘one who treats with herbs, an herbalist’. The word vaistinykas was recorded in Subačius (Kupiškis district), Karsakiškis (Panevėžys district), and Degučiai (Zarasai district). Although the variant dantinykas is not listed in LKŽe (dantininkas – from spoken language), like vaistinykas, it is a spoken-language word (see Ambrazas 2000: 124–125). In L. Ivinskis’s dictionary, alongside the derivatives with the suffix –inykas discussed above, one derivative with the suffix –ininkas is similar in its derivational meaning: Aptekarz –za, m. Wajstininkas –a, <...> ~ vaistininkas I 5; cf. LLKŽLal 3: Polish aptekarz, Lithuanian vaistininkas, aptiekininkas, LLKŽVaitk 19: Polish aptekarz, Lithuanian vaistininkas. According to LKŽe, the word is known in Jurbarkas, Stakiai (Jurbarkas district), Kartena (Kretinga district), and Vegeriai (Akmenė district). According to S. Ambrazas, the suffix –ininkas is now used only in the Samogitian dialect and in some neighboring West Aukštaitian subdialects, mostly in the south. Everywhere else, the suffix –inykas is used in its place. However, the former geographical range of the suffix –inykas was even broader—it was also used by the South Samogitians. The suffix –ininkas spread to the North Samogitian subdialect, or at least part of it, fairly late. It is thought that, owing to the influence of old written sources, the suffix –inykas also predominates in S. Daukantas’s writings. Nevertheless, the linguist maintains that this suffix may still have survived at the time in S. Daukantas’s native North Samogitian subdialect. S. Ambrazas asserts that the suffix –ininkas is a variant of the suffix –inykas, which most likely arose in the Curonian language or another western dialect of the Baltic area (Ambrazas 2000: 124–125). Terminologija | 2015 | 22 193 According to G. Subačius’s study, only the variant -ininkas, -ė is known throughout the Samogitian dialect, whereas S. Daukantas writes -inykas, -ė almost everywhere in his writings, including in his major Polish–Lithuanian dictionary. In the researcher’s view, S. Daukantas may have been influenced by features of other dialects, but the older texts—works by K. Sirvydas and M. Daukša, which also used this suffix—must nevertheless have had a greater influence on him. Apparently, in using -inykas, -ė, which was atypical of his dialect, S. Daukantas understood it not as a suffix from another dialect, but as a feature (a norm!) of the standard written Lithuanian language then being created. According to G. Subačius, -inykas, -ė is the most productive suffix for occupational designations of persons in the major Polish–Lithuanian dictionary (as in the Lithuanian language as a whole). In forming derivatives with this suffix, S. Daukantas followed the folk word-formation system (Subačius 1993: 165–166). Table 1. Suffixal derivatives in the dictionaries of S. Daukantas and L. Ivinskis Word-formation category Word-formation type Derivatives in S. Daukantas’s dictionary (items) Derivatives in L. Ivinskis’s dictionary (items) Diminutives (diminutive nouns) -elis, -elė -ėlis 2 – 1 2 Names of actions, or verbal abstracts -ment -ulis / -ulys -ation -inys -ystė -smas 32 11 5 2 – – 12 8 – – 1 1 Names of properties, or nominal abstracts -ness -ybė -ata -ystė -yba -ysta 8 3 2 1 1 1 – – – 1 – – Names of agents and of bearers of verbal properties -ėjas, -ėja -tojas, -toja -klė -ulys / -ulis, -ė -ėlis, -ėlė -tinė -uvis 1 3 1 1 1 1 – 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 194 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba Derivational category | Derivational type | Derivatives in S. Daukantas’s dictionary (items) | Derivatives in L. Ivinskis’s dictionary (items) | Names of bearers of nominal characteristics | -inis, -inė; -lės; -lis; -onis; -ūnė; -ungis | 2; 1; 1; 1; 1; – | –; –; –; –; –; 1 | Names of results of actions | -alas; -slas | 1; – | –; 1 | Names of places | -tuvė | – | 1 | Names of persons by profession | -inykas / -ininkas | 2 | 1 1.2. Prefixal derivatives Names derived with three prefixes (9 lexical units) were found in the dictionaries (see Table 2). Derivatives with the most productive prefix pa- (DLKG 2006: 145) predominate. They “are usually formed from nouns whose stem is identical to the root” (DLKG 2006: 145). Most of its “derivatives denote a place situated either a) alongside (along) the object named by the base word” (DLKG 2006: 145): 2 Zatýłek, pakaušis ~ pakaušis S. Dauk III 346; cf. LKŽe: pakaušis 1. “the back part of the head,” but compare LLKŽLal 315: Polish zatýłek, Lithuanian užpakalis (MedŽ Latin occiput, Lithuanian pakaušis), LLKŽVaitk 512: Polish potylica, Lithuanian anat. pakaušis, “or b) beneath the object named by the base word”: Gruczoł, Gruzoł. <…>, pažandis ~ pažandis I 86; cf. LLKŽLal 43: Polish gruczoł, Lithuanian (anat.) gilė; LLKŽVaitk 146: Polish gruczoł, Lithuanian anat. liauka; see LKŽe: pažandė 4. anat. “a gland situated beneath the lower jaw (glandula submaxilaris)” (the word pažandis is not recorded in this meaning in LKŽe); Podbrzusze, papilvė ~ papilvė S. Dauk II 260 (considered synchronically, this word is merely an old word of the language; see Urbutis 2009: 42); cf. LLKŽLal 151, LLKŽVaitk 451: Polish podbrzusze, Lithuanian papilvė; Podgardle, podgarle, pakaklė ~ pakaklė S. Dauk II 263; cf. LLKŽLal 151: Polish podgardle, Lithuanian pagurklė; paliaukis; LLKŽVaitk 453: Polish podgardle, Lithuanian 1) pakaklė, pasmakrė; see LKŽe: pakaklė 1. “the area beneath the neck”; Podgardłek, palaukis, pagérklė ~ paliaukis, pagerklė S. Dauk II 263; cf. LKŽe: paliaukis 1. see pagurklis 2. “a thick layer of fat beneath the chin, paliaukis, gurklys”; pagerklė 1. see pagerklys “the area beneath the throat”; Podpasze, pažastė ~ pažastė S. Dauk II 269 (MedŽ Latin axilla, Lithuanian pažastis); cf. LLKŽVaitk 459: Polish podpasze, Lithuanian pažastis. It should be noted that all derivatives are attested in LKŽe from spoken language—pakaušis from Šalčininkai, Terminologija | 2015 | 22 1 9 5 Klaipėda, Mielagėnai (Ignalina district), Seda (Mažeikiai district), Paberžė (Vilnius district), Pociūnėliai (Radviliškis district), Judrėnai (Klaipėda district), Kuršėnai (Šiauliai district); papilvė “lower part of the abdomen” from Miežiškiai (Panevėžys district), Pandėlys (Rokiškis district), Skirsnemunė (Jurbarkas district), Ėriškiai (Panevėžys district); pakaiklė from Gargždai (Klaipėda district), Sudeikiai (Utena district); paliaukis from Surviliškis (Kėdainiai district), Laukuva (Šilalė district), Sidabravas (Radviliškis district), Jurbarkas, Kuršėnai (Šiauliai district), Trakai, Skaudvilė (Tauragė district), Skuodas, Vainutas (Šilutė district), Akmenė; and pagerklė from Gružiai (Pasvalys district), Palanga. “Almost all derivatives with the prefix už- denote a place situated beyond the object named by the base noun. Closely related to these are the (few) derivatives that denote the rear or otherwise outermost part of the object named by the base noun, or another object located beyond it” (DLKG 2006: 146). One of the glands is named by a derivative with the prefix už- given in L. Ivinskis’s dictionary: Gruczol, Gruzol. Užžandis, <...> ~ užžandis I 86; cf. LLKŽLal 43: Polish gruczol, Lithuanian (anat.) gilė; LLKŽVaitk 146: Polish gruczol, Lithuanian anat. liauka; see LKŽe: užžandis 2. I see užžandės 2. anat. “submandibular gland (glandula submaxilaris).” In LKŽe this derivative with the meaning under discussion is listed as a word from L. Ivinskis’s writings. One derivative with the prefix ne- was found in L. Ivinskis’s dictionary: Bezbolnoś, -ci. f. Neškauda, dós. m. <...> ~ neskauda I 12, which denotes the opposite of what is expressed by the base noun skauda, meaning “pain, ache,” and having an abstract meaning; cf. SJP 1 75(21): bezbolność, ści, ż. “absence of pain.” Neskauda is not recorded in LKŽe, but skauda is a word of spoken language. As the dictionary examples show, most prefixal derivatives belong semantically to the groups of names for body parts and organs, with the exception of neskauda, a derivative meaning “absence of pain,” which belongs to the semantic group of actions, processes, events, and states related to medicine. Table 2. Prefixal derivatives in the dictionaries of S. Daukantas and L. Ivinskis Derivational category Derivational type Derivatives in S. Daukantas’s dictionary (items) Derivatives in L. Ivinskis’s dictionary (items) Names of places pa- už- 6 – 1 1 Names of actions, or verbal abstracts ne- – 1 196 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba 1.3. Suffixal derivatives Sixteen names derived with suffixes were found in the dictionaries of S. Daukantas and L. Ivinskis (see Table 3). 1.3.1. ACTION NAMES, OR VERBAL ABSTRACTS The suffix -a(-ia) yielded the greatest number of derivatives. It is the most productive suffix used in the formation of nouns in contemporary Lithuanian (DLKG 2006: 99). In the dictionaries of S. Daukantas and L. Ivinskis, all the verbal abstracts found are formed from primary verbs triesti, gelti, džiūti: Biegunka, tryda, <...> ~ tryda S. Dauk I 87, cf. LLKŽLal 8: Polish biegunka, Lithuanian tryda, žyvatas, LLKŽVaitk 38: Polish biegunka, Lithuanian diarrhoea, laxative; Laksa, tryda ~ tryda S. Dauk I 326, cf. LLKŽLal 73: Polish laksa, Lithuanian purging, diarrhoea (MedŽ Latin diarrhoea, Lithuanian diarrhoea, viduriavimas); Bol, gyla, <...> ~ gyla S. Dauk I 94, LLKŽLal 10: Polish ból, Lithuanian ache, pain, LLKŽVaitk 45: Polish ból, Lithuanian 1) pain, ache; Bolėść, –ści. f. <...>, gīła, –łos, <...> I 20, cf. LLKŽLal 10: Polish boleść, Lithuanian ache, LLKŽVaitk 44: Polish boleść, Lithuanian 1) pain; Hektyka. Dziōwa ~ džiova I 91, cf. SJP 2 177(23): hektyka, i, ž. “a fever characterized by bodily weakness accompanied by prolonged fever, etc.” As can be seen, all the derivatives cited display vowel alternation. LKŽe indicates that tryda is used in the sense of “diarrhoea” in the Aukštaitija and Žemaitija regions, while gyla, meaning “sharp, severe pain,” is used in Žemaitija: in Nemakščiai (Raseiniai district), Kvedarna (Šilalė district), Salantai (Kretinga district), Užventis (Kelmė district), Veiviržėnai (Klaipėda district), Rietavas (Plungė district), Šatės (Skuodas district), and Vieksniai (Mažeikiai district). The word džiova is not recorded in LKŽe with the meaning in question. Two derivatives were formed with the suffix -as: Chyragra, -gry. f. Grîžas, -ža. m. <...> ~ grîžas I 31 (MedŽ Latin chiragra, Lithuanian chirarga, gout of the hands); Katar. Slōgas ~ slogas I 106, cf. SJP 2 334(45): katar, u, m., katarrus “a cold, catarrh,” LLKŽLal 57: Polish katar, Lithuanian congestion, catarrh, cold; Katar, stogas ~ slogas S. Dauk I 272; Nieżyt, ob. katar, stogas ~ slogas S. Dauk II 132 (MedŽ Latin catarrhus, Lithuanian catarrh, inflammation of the mucous membrane). In LKŽe, the masculine noun slogas is not recorded with a medical meaning, but cf. LLKŽVaitk 181: Polish katar, Lithuanian med. 1) sloga; 2) catarrh and LLKŽVaitk 330: Polish nieżyt, Lithuanian med. catarrh. Thus, it may be assumed that S. Daukantas could have used sloga with both meanings, especially since he listed it alongside different Polish headwords. In its second meaning—“inflammation of an organ’s mucous membrane, or catarrh”—the word slogas could be assigned to several semantic subgroups of disease names Terminologija | 2015 | 22 197 (inflammation occurs in the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and some respiratory and digestive organs; see ME I 396). According to LKŽe, grįžas, “pain with creaking or grinding in a sprained or fatigued joint,” is known in Kupiškis, Panevėžys, Raseiniai, Kaltanėnai (Švenčionys district), Viduklė (Raseiniai district), Pociūnėliai (Radviliškis district), Linkuva (Pakruojis district), Ramygala (Panevėžys district), Veliuona (Jurbarkas district), and Salos (Rokiškis district). Slogas is not recorded in LKŽe with the meaning discussed here. The suffixal derivatives belonging to this derivational category are not uniform in lexical meaning. Most of them are disease names. The word tryda belongs to the semantic subgroup of infectious-disease names, džiova to respiratory-disease names, and grįžas to joint-disease names; the word gyla, meaning “severe pain,” belongs to the semantic group of names for actions, processes, and states. 1.3.2. AGENT AND VERBAL PROPERTY NAMES NAMES OF POSSESSORS Two derivatives were found, formed with the endings -is and -as: -is. Epidemia, atkrytis. cf. zaraza ~ atkrytis S. Dauk I 182, cf. LLKŽₗₐₗ 32, 311: Polish epidemja, Lithuanian epidemija, Polish zaraza, Lithuanian infection; contagious disease, epidemic, plague, LLKŽᵥₐᵢₜₖ 118, 953: Polish epidemia, Lithuanian epidemija, Polish zaraza, Lithuanian 1) epidemija; contagious disease, see LKŽe: atkrytis 1. “recurrence of an illness, relapse”; Mor, <...>, antkrytis ~ antkrytis S. Dauk I 377, cf. LLKŽₗₐₗ 90: Polish mór, Lithuanian maras, LLKŽᵥₐᵢₜₖ 280: Polish mór, Lithuanian maras, see LKŽe: antkrytis 1. “attack of illness, infection, epidemic.” Examples of the use of the word atkrytis “recurrence of an illness, relapse” in LKŽe are given from Kvėdarna (Šilalė district), Švėkšna (Šilutė district), Vabalninkas (Biržai district), Grūžiai (Pasvalys district), Upyna (Šilalė district), and Užventis (Kelmė district), whereas only one example of antkrytis in the sense “attack of illness, infection, epidemic” is recorded, from Barstyčiai (Skuodas district). -as. Exkrement, colloquially exkrementa, trūszaj or trąszas ~ truošai, trąšos S. Dauk I 184, cf. SJP 1 634(90): exkrement, u, m., exkrementa, ów “feces.” The first word has no medical meaning in LKŽe (trašai “spoiled grain or straw, rotted matter, chaff”), but 1 traša, trašos plural 3. “feces”; however, all illustrative sentences refer not to human but to domestic animal and bird (horse, goose, pig) feces. It is difficult to say what meaning S. Daukantas had in mind for these words; nevertheless, they are assigned to medical vocabulary, cf. MedŽ Latin excrementa see faeces, Lithuanian 1. feces. 198 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba 1.3.3. NAMES OF POSSESSORS OF A NOMINAL PROPERTY The ending -is is found in most abstract nouns formed with suffixes. Derivatives are generally formed solely from adjectives (LKG 1965: 315, cf. DLKG 2006: 124). In both dictionaries, one derivative formed with this ending was found whose base word is the adjective hot: Gorȧczka. Heat (in bodily illness) ~ heat I 83, cf. LLKŽLal 41: Polish gorączka, Lithuanian fever; febrile illness; malignant fever, karsztei, illness ~ fevers S. Dauk I 354, cf. LLKŽLal 82: Polish maligna, Lithuanian high fever, heat (MedŽ Latin febris, Lithuanian 1. fever, heat), which belongs to the semantic subgroup of infectious disease names. In L. Ivinskis’s dictionary, the Lithuanian equivalent of the Polish word gorączka is heat; alongside it, a brief explanation is also given in parentheses: in bodily illness ~ in bodily illness. The Polish word mentioned has two meanings: Polish gorączka, Lithuanian 1) fever; febrile illness LLKŽVaitk 141. LKŽe also records heat with these meanings: 2 heat 2. “elevated body temperature (during illness); warmth”, 3. “febrile illness, typhus, malaria”. S. Daukantas’s dictionary contains the plural form of heat, karsztei ~ fevers, cf. LLKŽVaitk 253: Polish maligna, Lithuanian febrile illness, see LKŽe: fevers 1. “fever, febrile illness, typhus”. Both words are known in spoken language—heat in the sense “elevated body temperature (during illness); warmth” is recorded in Skirsnemunė (Jurbarkas District), Salantai (Kretinga District), Luokė (Telšiai District), Paringys (Ignalina District), Viekšniai (Mažeikiai District), and Kretinga, while the meaning “febrile illness, typhus, malaria” is recorded in Lazdijai; fevers meaning “fever, febrile illness, typhus” is recorded in Salantai (Kretinga District), Šatės (Skuodas District), and Grūšlaukis (Kretinga District). 1.3.4. NAMES OF ACTION RESULTS Three derivatives formed with the endings -is and -as were found: -is. One derivative with this ending is formed from the prefixed verb sunerti, while the other is formed from the unprefixed verb nerti (both derivatives exhibit root-vowel alternation): Członek, -nka. m. <...>, san-naris, <...>, Nârîs, -a ~ sąnaris, narys I 39, cf. LLKŽLal 18: Polish członek, Lithuanian narys, sąnarys, LLKŽVaitk 74: Polish członek II, Lithuanian narys (of the body) (MedŽ Latin articulatio, Lithuanian 1. joint). Both derivatives belong to the semantic subgroup of skeletal terms. In living speech, the place where bones join is called sąnarys and narys. Narys is used in the stated sense in Eržvilkas (Jurbarkas district), Kvėdarna (Šilalė district), Gargždai (Klaipėda district), Ramučiai (Šilutė district), and Jurbarkas, while sąnarys is used mainly in Aukštaitija. Terminologija | 2015 | 22 1 9 9 –as. In S. Daukantas’s dictionary, one derivative based on the primary verb šašti was found: Krosta, szaszas ~ šašas S. Dauk I 310; cf. LLKŽLal 68: Polish krosta, Lithuanian šašas; pockmark, scab; LLKŽVaitk 215: Polish krosta, Lithuanian 1) šašas, piktašis, 2) spuogas, pūškas; see LKŽe: šašas 1. “a crust formed on the surface of a wound or ulcer”; 3. “pimple.” Thus, the derivative in question may belong to the semantic subgroups of names for skin diseases and surgical and traumatic conditions alike. The word is used throughout the country. Table 3. Suffixal derivatives in the dictionaries of S. Daukantas and L. Ivinskis Derivational category Derivational type Derivatives in S. Daukantas’s dictionary (units) Derivatives in L. Ivinskis’s dictionary (units) Names of actions, or verbal abstracts –a(–ia) –as 2 1 2 2 Names of agents and of bearers of verbal properties –as –is 2 2 – – Names of bearers of nominal properties –is 1 1 Names of results of actions –is –as – 1 2 – CONCLUSIONS S. Daukantas and L. Ivinskis, these great Samogitians, distinguished in literature, folklore, history, botany, and other fields of scholarship, also made a significant contribution to Lithuanian medical terminology. Their contribution to Lithuanian medical terminology is important not only because, in their Polish–Lithuanian dictionaries, they provided medical terminology vocabulary, most of which consists of words and word combinations of native Lithuanian origin, but also because they sought Lithuanian equivalents for Polish words in living speech or coined words themselves to name medical concepts. About 46% of the Lithuanian medical terminology vocabulary in both dictionaries consists of derived words—derivatives formed with suffixes, prefixes, and endings. The largest group of derivatives consists of names of medical concepts formed with suffixes. Derivatives from eight derivational categories were found (diminutives (diminutive nouns), names of actions, or verbal abstracts, names of qualities, or nominal abstracts, names of agents and bearers of verbal qualities, names of bearers of nominal qualities, names of results of actions, names of places, and names of persons by profession) formed with suffixes. In particular— 200 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos ved yba —names of qualities, or nominal abstracts, names of agents and bearers of verbal qualities, names of bearers of nominal qualities, names of results of actions, names of places, and names of persons by profession—suffixal derivatives. These are formed with as many as 28 suffixes or their variants (–alas, –ata, –ėjas, –ėja, –ėlis, –ėlė, –elis, –elė, –imas, –inis, –inė, –inykas / –ininkas, –inys, –yba, –ybė, –ymas, –ysta, –ystė, –klė, –lės, –lis, –onis, –slas, –smas, –tinė, –tojas, –toja, –tuvė, –ulis, –ulė / –ulys, –umas, –ūnė, –ungis, –uvis). The overwhelming majority of suffixal derivatives are names of actions, or verbal abstracts. The predominant derivational type is the suffix –imas. Next in frequency, names of qualities, or nominal abstracts, and names of agents and bearers of verbal qualities are distributed in roughly equal numbers. There are considerably fewer names of bearers of nominal qualities, diminutives (diminutive nouns), names of results of actions and places, and names of persons by profession. Three derivational types (–ėlis, –ėlė, –ystė and –ulis, –ulė / –ulys) are characteristic of different derivational categories. The suffix –ėlis, –ėlė forms diminutives (diminutive nouns) and names of agents and bearers of verbal qualities; the suffix –ystė forms names of actions, or verbal abstracts, and names of qualities, or nominal abstracts; while the suffix –ulis, –ulė / –ulys forms names of actions, or verbal abstracts, and names of agents and bearers of verbal qualities. The suffixal derivatives in S. Daukantas’s large Polish–Lithuanian dictionary considerably outnumber those in L. Ivinskis’s Polish–Lithuanian dictionary for an understandable reason: only the surviving part of the latter’s handwritten dictionary is available, comprising words under letters A–R. Prefixal derivatives are relatively rare in both dictionaries. Derivatives with the prefix pa- predominate—names of places. There are isolated derivatives with the prefixes už- and ne-. The group of ending derivatives is also small, although their number exceeds that of prefixal derivatives. It can be said that ending derivatives are distributed almost equally between the two dictionaries (9 and 7 derivatives). These derivatives belong to four derivational categories: names of actions, or verbal abstracts; names of agents and bearers of verbal qualities; names of bearers of nominal qualities; and names of results of actions. Semantically, the dictionary derivatives are assigned to eight semantic groups. Names of diseases and pathological conditions predominate. A considerable number of Terminologija | 2015 | 22 201 semantic groups of names for actions, events, processes and states related to medicine, body parts and organs, properties, and persons. Individual names for medicine and related fields of science and professions, treatments, and healthcare institutions. Most derivatives in the Polish–Lithuanian dictionaries of S. Daukantas and L. Ivinskis have survived in contemporary standard Lithuanian (51% of all derivatives); some have become medical terms (elbow, fainting, sneeze, consumption, throat, treatment, doctor, cough, chest, tongue, cramp, nape, joint, vomiting, diarrhea, yawn, etc.). As the data from LKŽe show, most of the derivatives discussed are words of living speech. Some are familiar throughout the country (sneeze, soreness, tryda ‘diarrhea’, yawn, etc.); others are used in a limited area (antkrytis ‘attack of illness, infection, epidemic’, apjakimas ‘blindness’, dūsėjimas ‘labored breathing’, žindulys ‘nursing infant’, etc.); still others, judging by the number of usage examples given in the dictionary, are characteristic of Aukštaitians (krumpľys, sąnarys, etc.) or Samogitians (gyla ‘stabbing pain, severe pain’, raup­lės ‘smallpox’, sukinys ‘dizziness, vertigo’, etc.). There are also derivatives attested only in written sources (gimdystė ‘obstetrics’, skauduliavimas, vaistymas ‘treatment’, žiogulys, etc.), although their base words (verbs or adjectives) are often known in living speech. The lexicographers’ individual coinages (gydytinė ‘medical science’ I, krauleidysta ‘barber-surgeon’s craft’ S. Dauk, krauleidystė ‘profession of a rural surgeon’ S. Dauk, sargintuvė ‘clinic’ I, vaistėjimas ‘treatment’ S. Dauk, vaistinystė ‘pharmacist’s trade’ I, žlibybė ‘myopia’ S. Dauk) did not take root—they are historical lexicon from Lithuanian medical terminology. PRIMARY SOURCES I – Polish–Lithuanian Dictionary by Laurynas Ivinskis. Prepared by O. Kažukauskaitė, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2010. S. Dauk I–III – Writings of Simonas Daukantas. Great Polish–Lithuanian Dictionary 1, a–m. Prepared [and introduction, pp. 8–54, written] by G. Subačius, Vilnius: Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing House, 1993; Great Polish–Lithuanian Dictionary 2, n–p. Prepared by G. Subačius, Vilnius: Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing House, 1995; Great Polish–Lithuanian Dictionary 3, r–ž. Prepared by G. Subačius, Vilnius: Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing House, 1996. SECONDARY SOURCES LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (I–XX, 1941–2002), elektroninis variantas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005. – www.lkz.lt. LLKŽLat – Dictionary of Polish and Lithuanian. Compiled by Antanas Lalis, Vilnius: Juozapas Zavadskis Printing House, 1912. 202 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba LKKŽVaitk – Vaitkevičiūtė V. Lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1979. ME I, II – Medical Encyclopedia 1–2, Vilnius: State Publishing House of Encyclopedias, 1991, 1993. MedŽ – Astrauskas V., Bizulevičius S., Pavilonis S., Vaitilavičius A., Vileišis A. Dictionary of Medical Terms, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1980. SJP 1–6 – Dictionary of the Polish Language by M. Samuel Bogumił Linde, Lwów: at the printing house of the Ossoliński Institute, 1855. = M. Samuel Bogumił Linde. Dictionary of the Polish Language 1–6, Warszawa: Gutenberg–Print, 1994–1995. LITERATŪRA Ambrazas S. 1993: Daiktavardžių darybos raida [1]. Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodiniai vediniai, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Ambrazas S. 2000: Daiktavardžių darybos raida 2. Lietuvių kalbos vardažodiniai vediniai, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Auksoriūtė A. 1998: Terminologinis Lauryno Ivinskio palikimas. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 40, 32–40. Auksoriūtė A. 1999: Lauryno Ivinskio žodynų terminija. – Lituanistica 2(38), 22–33. Auksoriūtė A. 2000¹: Lauryno Ivinskio terminologijos darbai [rankraštis]. Daktaro disertacija, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 143 p. Auksoriūtė A. 2000²: Lauryno Ivinskio terminologijos darbai. Daktaro disertacijos santrauka, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Auksoriūtė A. 2003: Individualieji L. Ivinskio Lenkų–žemaičių kalbų žodyno ir Prigimtūmenės augalų vardai. – Terminologija 10, 135–142. Auksoriūtė A. 2007: Lauryno Ivinskio keturkalbio žodyno terminai. – Terminologija 14, 72–91. Bagdonavičius A. 1988: Kauno barzdaskučiai XVI–XVIII a. – Sveikatos apsauga 9, 33–37. Budrys M. 1989: Medicinos raida Lietuvoje XV–XX šimtmečiuose. – Medicina 1[73], 8–14. DLKG 2006: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Jasaitis D. 1974: Medicinos istorijos Didžiojoje Lietuvos Kunigaikštystėje fragmentai. – Medicina 2(47), 64–71. Kažukauskaitė O. 2010: Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas. – Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, IX–XXV. Kruopas J. 1960: L. 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Terminologija | 2015 | 22 203 THE DERIVATION OF LITHUANIAN TERMINOLOGICAL LEXIS OF MEDICINE FROM SIMONAS DAUKANTAS’ AND LAURYNAS IVINSKIS’ POLISH–LITHUANIAN DICTIONARIES The paper deals with bilingual Polish–Lithuanian dictionaries compiled by the famous figures of Lithuanian science, culture and education from the first half of 19th century S. Daukantas (1793–1864) and L. Ivinskis (1810–1881). It focuses on terminological lexis of Lithuanian origin (derivatives) naming various concepts of medicine. Attempts are made to identify ways of word-formation of derivatives and derivational categories, to discuss derivational types of the latter, to establish what groups of medical concepts are named using derivatives, to identify their relation with the living language and the language used in writings, to identify possible neologisms of the authors of dictionaries and to evaluate the survival of derivatives in modern standard Lithuanian and in the terminology of medicine. Both lexicographers are viewed as men of merit in Lithuanian medical terminology. Their input is important not only because of the medical lexis (the majority of which is of Lithuanian origin) included in their dictionaries, but also because of their attempts to find Lithuanian equivalents of Polish words in the living language and to create words for naming medical concepts. 46% of Lithuanian terminological lexis of medicine presented in both dictionaries is derived words – suffix, prefix and ending derivatives. The largest group of derivatives is names of medical concepts created using suffixes (123 lexical units). 8 word-formation categories (deminutiva, nomina actionis, nomina qualitatis, nomina agentis, nomina attributiva, nomina acti, or nomina resultativa, nomina loci, nomina professionalia, or nomina auctoris) of suffix derivatives were found. They are made using 28 suffixes or their variants (-alas, -ata, -ėjas, -ėja, -ėlis, -ėlė, -elis, -elė, -imas, -inis, -inė, -inykas / -ininkas, -inys, -yba, -ybė, -ymas, -ysta, -ystė, -klė, -lės, -lis, -onis, -slas, -smas, -tinė, -tojas, -toja, -tuvė, -ulis, -ulė / -ulys, -umas, -ūnė, -ungis, -uvis). The absolute majority of suffix derivatives are action names. The prevailing formation type is the suffix -imas. Prefix derivatives in both dictionaries are rather rare (9 lexical units). The most common in this group are derivatives with the prefix pa- which name places. The group of ending derivatives is also small (16 lexical units). Derivatives made with the endings -as and -is prevail. They usually are nomina actionis, nomina agentis, nomina attributiva, nomina acti. In respect of meaning, derivatives can be put into 8 semantic groups. Names of diseases and conditions prevail. Semantic groups of the names of actions, processes and states related to medicine, body parts and organs, characteristics and names of persons are also rather large. Very few cases of words naming fields and professions of medicine or related fields, means of treatment and treatment institutions were found. The majority of derivatives are still used in modern standard Lithuanian (51% of all derivatives), some of them are used as terms of medicine (alkūnė (elbow), gerklė (throat), gydymas (treatment), gydytojas (doctor), kosulys (cough), sąnarys (joint), etc.). As can be seen from electronic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽe) the majority of derivatives are words of the living language. Some of them are known in 204 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba the whole country (skaudėjimas (pain), tryda ‘viduriavimas’ (diarrhoea), žiovulys (yawn), etc.), others have only narrow usage (apjakimas ‘aklumas’ (blindness), dusėjimas ‘sunkus kvėpavimas’ (obstructed breathing), etc.), or are used in the Highland (krumplys ‘piršto antrojo sąnario viršutinė dalis’ (knuckle), etc.) or in the Lowland (sukinys ‘galvos sukimasis, svaigulys’ (dizziness), etc.). There are derivatives which can be found only in writings (gimdystė ‘akušerija’ (obstetrics), vaistymas ‘gydymas’ (treatment), etc.), but their underlying words (verbs or adjectives) are known in the living language. Personal neologisms of both lexicographers (vaistėjimas ‘gydymas’ (treatment) S. Dauk, žlibybė ‘trumparegystė’ (myopia) S. Dauk, krauleidystė ‘kaimo chirurgo profesija’ (bloodletting) S. Dauk, krauleidysta ‘felčerio amatas’ (medical auxiliary) S. Dauk, gydytinė ‘gydymo mokslas’ (science of treatment) I, sargintuvė ‘gydymo vieta’ (place of healing) I, vaistinystė ‘vaistininko verslas’ (pharmacy) I) did not become established – they are viewed as historical lexis of Lithuanian terminological lexis of medicine. Gauta 2015-06-10 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] Terminologija | 2015 | 22 205