Lietuviški blakių pobūrio vardai

175Terminology | 2016 | 23 Lithuanian names of the blake species ALBINA AUKSORIŪTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: blackbird subfamily, blackbird family name, blackbird species name, novelty, puncture In the last decade, several articles and publications on entomology have appeared, in which the terms and nomenclatural names of entomology have been standardized (Stonis et al. 2009; Stonis et al. 2010; Stonis, Diškus 2011; Diškus, Stonis 2012a; Diškus, Stonis 2012b; Stonis, Remeikis, Baužys 2013; Stonis et al. 2015). In 2013, the three authors Jon Rimantas Stonis, Andrius Remeikis and Darius Bauzis published a teaching book for students, teachers and all those interested in nature Blakė. Variety and names, in which are described bleaches, spread in Lithuania and other countries. This publication covers 45 families of the genus Blakea and 463 species, for which a number of new names have been created. Thus, the object of this article is Lithuanian names of 45 blakių families and 463 species, and the aim is to synchronously examine the methods of creation of names of blakių families and species and new creations, to discuss the syntactic and semantic relations of the main and secondary elements of two-word names and to determine the most productive ways of creation of family and species names. According to entomologists, the largest part of Earth’s biodiversity is composed of insects (Insecta). They are widely distributed throughout the world, they are also numerous in Lithuanian fauna, live in various habitats, are very different and are very important from the scientific theoretical and practical agricultural point of view. It is estimated that insects account for about 65-67% of the taxonomic biodiversity of the Earth, or 56-57% of the diversity that has already been explained and described (Stonis et al. 2015: 6). Blakių can be found all over the world, currently in Lithuania about 300 species of them are known, but some of them have not yet been detected and, apparently, more than 400 species live in Lithuania (Stonis, Remeikis, Bau- 176 Albina Auksoriūtė | Lithuanian names of the blakių species žys 2013: 5). The present publication follows the modern systematic concept – bleaches (Heteroptera) are assigned to the group of moths. (lat. Hemiptera, syn. Rhynchota), which includes a wide variety of insects, divided into many families and 4 suborders (Stonis, Remeikis, Baužys 2013: 25), one of which is the bleach. There are approximately 38,000 species in the world, grouped into many families. Understandably, Lithuanian entomology terminology and insect names were created earlier, guidebooks, guides (Lešinskas, Pileckis 1967; Lešinskas, Pileckis 1968; Pileckis, Žuklys 1974; Pileckis 1976; Pileckis 1982; Jonaitis 1983; Pileckis et al. 1994; LF1 1995). Not only entomologists, but also linguists have studied the terminology of entomology. Terminologist Kazimieras Gaivenis published in 1979 in Lithuanian Linguistics Questions (Lietuvių kalbos specialioji leksika, vol. 19) an article entitled „Nauji lietuviški insektų pavadinimai“ (New Lithuanian Insect Names), in which he reviewed the methods of creating new words and new creations in Lithuanian entomology systematics and presented a register of 170 Lithuanian new creations in this field (Gaivenis (1979) 2014: 332–348). In the above mentioned register there is only one novelty of the species: sietaspanė (2) – a two-word family name notation: sietasparnės blakės (Latin: Tingidae) (Lešinskas, Pileckis 1967: 77; Gaivenis (1979) 2014: 345). In the Handbook of Lithuanian Insects (1967) (hereinafter referred to as the Handbook) a group of lot. Hemiptera – flies and 10 of its families (Lešinskas, Pileckis 1967: 74–86). This publication presents Lithuanian names of all the families of the above mentioned group and the 22 species assigned to them, and the genera are indicated only with Latin names, with the exception of the genus Pentatomidae. "Erythrinae" (Leshinskas, Pileckis 1967: 79). 177Terminologija | 2016 | 23 It should be noted that most of the species are named with two-word names, but five species are named with three-word names: Brachycoleus decolor, Lygus pratensis, Lygus pabulinus, Polymerus cognatus, Polymerus vulneratus. Thus, when creating Lithuanian names in the publication in question, the requirement of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is not always observed – the principle of binary nomenclature – the scientific name of the species is binary, consisting of the name of the genus and the name of the species (see ICZN Article 5.1). In 2010, the journal Acta Zoologica Lituanica published for the first time a comprehensive list of Lithuanian names of all 324 species of stingrays found in Lithuania, belonging to 31 families (see Stonis et al. 2010: 262–272), which includes a number of newly created Lithuanian names of families and species. As the authors of the article point out, so far most of the species and families of moths found in our country had no Lithuanian names or species names were not standardized, many insect species names are still descriptive. This is a very complicated procedure and does not comply with the principles of international binary nomenclature. Therefore, the names of the blakes that were more than 2 words long were replaced with shorter ones (Stonis et al. 2010: 265). The Black Book. Variety and names The authors have provided not only the names of the species found in Lithuania, but also those found in other countries. They followed the usual practice in entomology – not to name the genera in Lithuanian. According to the authors of the book, there are many very closely related, difficult to distinguish tribes of blakes. If species in Lithuanian language acquired names, the first word of which would identify the genus, the terminological diversity would be so great that it would make the use of names (memory and orientation in the system) extremely difficult. In preparing the book, the principle was followed that priority should be given to taxa of higher rank and greater significance – families. It is decided that the naming of blakių tribes in Lithuanian language is not of particular importance: 1) the taxonomy of blakių tribes is relatively rapidly changing and is not universally accepted; 2) the external morphological differences between the species are minor and it would usually be difficult (or impossible) for non-specialists to identify the species; 3) from a practical (use) point of view, the clear affiliation of species to specific families is more important than the affiliation to genera (Stonis, Remeikis, Baužys 2013: 10). 178 Albina Auksoriūtė | Lietuviški blakių pobūrio vardai LITHUANIAN OF BLACK FAMILIES AND HIGHER RANGE NAME OF TAXONS Family names of Blakiai As already mentioned, in the publication Blakės. Variety and names distinguish and discuss 45 families of bluegrass species. According to the authors, when standardizing Lithuanian family names of the blakių type, they adhered to the principle that Lithuanian insect names consist of two words (Stonis, Remeikis, Baužys 2013: džių šeimų ir aukštesnio rango taksonų vardai būtų arba vienažodžiai, 9). All families are traditionally given in the plural form, most of them are mononymous, with 15 binomials, e.g.: Enicocephaidae (Gnat Bugs; Unique-headed Bugs; Enicocephalids) 301; Aenictopecheids (Aenictopecheidae) 30; Ceratocombids (Ceratocombidae) 31; Dipsocoridae (Jumping Ground Bugs; Dipsocorids) 31; Mesoveliidae (Watter Treaders; Pondweed Bugs, Ripple Bugs) 34; Veliidae (Watter Striders; Broad-Shouldered Watter Striders; Ripple Bugs) 34; Naucoridae (Naucocephalidae) 34. Saucer Bugs; Creeping Water Bugs) 41; Coreidae, Squash Bugs; Leaf-Footed Bugs) 51; Rhopalidae, Scentless Plant Bugs) 53; Acanthosomatidae, Acanthosomatid Bugs; Shield Bugs) 75; Gerridae, Pond-Skaters; Water-Striders; Wherrymen; Jesus Bugs) 35. The latter family name is already used in the Handbook, and several other two-word family names used in the Handbook are in the book Blakės. Variety and names are presented as synonyms, and the genus of the species names is already given by the single word, e.g.: žieviãblakės, sin. Aradidae, Bark Bugs; Flat Bugs; Flat Bark Bugs 49; žõlblakės, sin. grassy grasses; Miridae, Plant ddžiosios vandénblakės (lot. Belostomatidea, angl. Giant Water Bugs; Electric Light Bugs; Toe-Biters; Alligator Ticks) 39; plãčiosios vandénblakės (lot. Bugs; Leaf Bugs 81; sietaspannės blãkės, sin. Tingidae (Lace Bugs) 95; pa razìtinės blãkės, sin. Bed Bugs; Bloodsucking Bugs 103; predatory bugs, sin. Blâke predators (lot. 1 When giving examples, the Lithuanian name, pronounced as in the source, is given first, followed by the Latin and, if available, the English equivalent in parentheses, and after the parentheses the source page is indicated. 179Terminologija | 2016 | 23 Assassin Bugs; Conenose Bugs) 99. The above single-word surnames are punctuated, as are all other single-word surnames. The descriptive elements of the names of biword families usually indicate the relationship of the family with other families: netáchkrosios vikriãblakės 31; tėkrosios vik riãbla kės 31; netìkrosios vandénskrodės 34; tìkrosios vandénskrodės 34; tìkro sios kampúotblakės 51; netìkrosios kampúotblakės 53; netìkrosios dirvãbla kės 56; tìkrosios dirvãblakės 57; tėkrosios skỹdblakės 64. Only in a few families the characterizing features identify a distinctive family feature: 30 large-tailed senã bleaches; 30 large-tailed senã bleaches; 39 large-tailed van dén bleaches; 41 large-tailed van dén bleaches; 75 plant-tailed skỹd bleaches; 35 water sliders. Most of the names of the families of water scorpions and the relative elements of the species names are new creations, formed by punctuation, except for those already used in the Handbook: Nepidae (Water Scorpions) 39, cf. skorpionblakės V 85; Notonectidae (Back Swimmers; Backswimmers; Greater Water Boatmen) 45, cf. nugarplaukos V 86; Pyrrhocoridae (Red Bugs; Fire Bugs; Stainers) 62, cf. raudonblakės V 81; sin. Pentatomidae (Shield Bugs; Stink Bugs) 64, cf. Shield Bugs V 78. In the Lithuanian terminology, knitting according to productivity is the second way of creating new creations after adverbial marriage. As Stasys Keinys points out, enriched terms allow to express complex concepts in a single word, well satisfy the requirements of language accuracy, clarity and conciseness important for special areas of language use (Keinys (1983) 2005: 177). The logical, grammatical, and semantic center of a punch line is usually the second syllable, and the first syllable defines the second. The second syllable, taken separately, is usually a hyperonym (generic name) in relation to a punch (hyponym) or a compound term (species name) (Gaivenis (1998) 2014: 243). All of the family's members are commonly known as the Black-headed Squirrels. About 92 percent of the new species examined are stingrays, whose second syllable, like the names presented in the Handbook, is bleached, indicating their belonging to the species, and the first syllable defines the second according to the distinctive family features. Several groups can be distinguished according to the characteristic feature shown by the first stitch: a) the noun form indicates various characteristics of the body or part of it, the resemblance to something: 180 Albina Auksoriūtė | Lietuviški blakių rūšies pavadinimai gaurãblakės (: gaurai) (lot. Hebridae, angl. Velvet Watter Bugs) (stambus irklãblakės (: paddle) tvirtas kūnas padengtas gausiais vandenį atstumiančiais plaukeliais) 37, išskirtos 2 rūšys; (lot. Corixidae, angl. Water Boatman; Waterboatman; Lesser Water Boatmen) 42, įvardytos 27 rūšys; kamúolblakės (: ball) (lot. Coptosomatidae (syn. Plataspididae), angl. Coptosomatids) 80, 1 species described; stilt bugs (Berytidae) 56, 4 species identified; Broad-headed bugs (Alydidae, broad-headed bugs; broad-headed bugs; ant bugs) (legs, especially the hind legs, are long, with spikes on the thighs) 50, 2 species described; Gelastocoridae (toad bugs) 42, 1 species identified; Tingidae (Lace Bugs) (the front wing membrane is densely lace-like, the back is straight and may partially cover the head) 95, 16 species identified; Scutelleridae (Shield-Backed Bugs; ShieldBack Bugs; Jewel Bugs; Tortoise Bugs; Scutellerids) (characterized by an extremely large dorsal shield that covers almost the entire abdomen as a strong armor) 78, 8 species described; Aradidae (Bark Bugs; Flat Bugs; Flat Bark Bugs) 49, named 10 species. To this group belong the already presented in the Handbook Shield Bugs – Pentatomidae (Shield Bugs; Stink Bugs) 64, described 35 species, and Acanthosomatidae (Acanthosomatid Bugs; Shield Bugs) 75, named 8 species (back panel very strong) 64, cf. Shield Bugs V 78 and Nepidae (Water Scorpions) 39, described 2 species, cf. scorpionfish V 85; (b) a noun indicating the place of residence or feeding: dirvãblakės (: dirva) – Stenocephalidae (Spurgebugs; Spurge Bugs) 56 and Lygaeidae (Ground Bugs; Seed Bugs) 57; the publication describes 1 species of Spurgebugs and 64 species of Ground Bugs; Benthic water bugs (Aphelocheiridae) 41, named 1 species; Aepophilidae (Marine Bugs) 47, 1 species presented; 181Terminology | 2016 | 23 Bat Bugs (: coat) (Polyctenidae, Polyctenids) (adapted to living in the hairy coat of the host) 104, only family named; Microphysidae (minute bugs; minute bladder bugs; lichen bugs) 97, family named only; urvãblakės (: cave) (lat. Cydnidae, Angl. Burrowing Bugs; sometimes Black Bugs) 77, 9 species described; van dénblakes (: water) – Belostomatidea (Giant Water Bugs; Electric Light Bugs; Toe-Biters; Alligator Ticks) 39 and Naucoridae (Saucer Bugs; Creeping Water Bugs) 41, 3 species of giant van dénblakes and 1 species of van dénblakes described; žoedblakės (: ring) (lat. Anthocoridae, Angl. Flower Bugs; Minute Pirate Bugs) 97, named 13 species; c) the first adjective indicates characteristic behavioral characteristics: plėšriãblakės (: predators) (lat. Reduviidae, Angl. Assassin Bugs; Conenose Bugs) 99, presented in 11 species; Shore Bugs (Saldidae) 47, described 7 species; Jumping Ground Bugs (: vikrus): Ceratocombids 31, 3 species named as such, and Dipsocoridae 31, named as Jumping Ground Bugs; Dipsocorids 2 species. Here is another family name, the first syllable of which is a verb, indicating the characteristic resulting from the action: Nabidae (Nabids; Damsel Bugs) (are particularly active predators, feeding on other, smaller arthropods; sometimes cannibalism is also characteristic; the prey caught by these bugs is often held with the front legs) 102, described 11 species; (d) the adjective indicates the shape or size of the body: squash bugs (: angular) – Coreidae (Squash Bugs; Leaf-Footed Bugs) 51 and Rhopalidae (Scentless Plant Bugs) 53, with 11 species each; Schizopteridae; Jumping Ground Bugs) 32, only family named; Hypsipterygidae 32, species not excluded; 182 Albina Auksoriūtė | Lithuanian male names (e) the body colour is defined by the first adjective: júodblakék (: black) (Thyreocoridae, Negro Bugs; Black Bugs; Ebony Bugs) 80, named species 1; : grey) (lat. Piesmatidae, Angl. Beet bugs; Ash-Gray Leaf Bugs) 64, presented 2 species. In addition to these names, we should also mention the family named in the Handbook: Pyrrhocoridae (Red Bugs; Fire Bugs; Stainers) 62, 1 species described, cf. raudonblakės V 81; (f) the noun is used to designate the food object: Cimicidae, Bed Bugs; Bloodsucking Bugs (referring to human, other mammal or bird blood) 103, named 7 species; Miridae (Plant Bugs; Leaf Bugs) (suck plant juice, many are pests of agricultural plants) 81, this is the most numerous family – 158 species described. Separately mentioned are the two-word names of two very old families, in which the first adjective punch of the senablake of the main element shows the following characteristic: (a) unicorn bugs (: unicorn) means the Enicocephaidae (Gnat Bugs; Unique-headed Bugs; Enicocephalids) and the unicorn bugs (: unicorn bugs; Enicocephalids); Aenictopecheidae, Angl. Aenictopecheids (very archaic family) 30, species not excluded; (b) the recently discovered and described molluscs (: soft) (Stemmocryptidae) 33, whose adjective first syllable indicates that their body is soft and without a shield, named only as a family. The first and second syllables of compound family names with the second sandi -blakės are nouns, adjectives and verbs, and their distribution is shown in Table 1. Table 1. Dūrinių su antruoju sandu -blakės pirmieji sandai Daiktavardinis sandas Būdvardinis sandas Veiksmažodinis sandas dirvjuodskerddugnkampuotgaurmažirklminkštjūrpilkkailplėšrkamuolplokščkerpraudonkraujsenlazdšoklpentinvikrrupūžsietskydskorpionvėžlžiedžievžol- 183Terminology | 2016 | 23 Daiktavardinis sandas Būdvardinis sandas Veiksmažodinis sandas urvvandenTotal 21 Total 11 Total 1 The discussed enriched names of blaki families with the second sandu -blakės form a group of durini with the same supporting sandu. In addition, there is a significant increase in the number of endothelial cells. In the academic work Lietuvos fauna (1996), dedicated to the description of beetles, there are 77 enriched names of families, the second part of which is -vabaliai (: vabalas) (Gaivenis (1998) 2014: 246). St. Keinys, having studied the construction of Lithuanian compound terms, discussed the groups of this type in other fields (see more. Keinys (1983) 2005: 129–182). Two other punishments used to name families and indicate the way of insects swimming differ from the group of terms discussed, because their second syllable is a verb, and the first is based on the noun water: vandénmatės (: water, measure) (Hydrometridae, English: Water-Measurers; Marsh-Treaders) 37, described 2 species; watter treaders (: water, swim, swim) – watter treaders (Mesoveliidae; Pondweed Bugs; Ripple Bugs), pava- 190 Albina Auksoriūtė | Lithuanian names of black people There are two different types of bridges, which are named according to the shape of the bridge's edge: bridges with a single bridge (single bridge bridge). 92 (1992) Variations on a Theme by Beethoven, op. Phytocoris (Ktenocoris) ulmi) 92. This semantic group comprises 17% of the names of all species of the genus. 3. The place of residence, e.g., a brick ice skating rink (lat. "Gerris lacustris". 36) and the 36-foot-long (ca. Cigara (Subsigara) fossarum) 44; Ant Bug (Alydus calcaratus) 50 (see Figure 6); Cymus glandicolor (Seed Bug) 57; Rubiconia intermedia 74; Leptopterna ferrugata 87; Anthocoris nemorum 98; "Nabis ferus". Field Damsel Bug) 102. The name of the species is derived from the Latin name of the species, Apis mellifera. This group is half as small as the previously discussed. 4. Valuable characteristic of the subject, e.g.: the vanishing vikriãblake (lat. Ceratocombus (Xylonannus) corticalis) 31. Gerris (Gerriselloides) lateralis) 36; Lesser Water Measurer (Hydrometra gracilenta) 37; Ilyocoris cimicoides (Saucer Bug; Common Water Creeper) 41; Aradus corticalis (Flat Bark Bug) 49; Neides tipularius (Needle Bug) 57; Mysterious Water Creeper Peritrechus convivus) 60; Stygnocoris fuli gineus) 62; Miris striatus) 89. Species names of this semantic group make up about 6.5% of all species names. 5. Place of origin or distribution, e.g. alpine waterfowl (lat. Velia (Plesiovelia) currens) 35; American giant water bug (Lethocerus americanus) 40; European rowing bug (Arctocorisa germari) 42; Southern bed bug (Eremocoris podagricus) 58; Australian turtle bug (Calliphara imperialis) 78; German bed bug (Alloeotomus germanicus) 82; Mexican bed bug (Paratriatoma hirsute) 100; Tropical bed bug (Cimex hemipterus) 103. In addition, the name of the place of origin or distribution, as well as the place of residence, is indicated by adjectives with the suffix -inis, which constitutes only 5% of all species names. 6. Characteristic behavioral feature, e.g.: predatory skater (lat. Gerris (Gerriselloides asper) 36. Lethocerus 191Terminologija | 2016 | 23 "Lethocerus patruelis". European Giant Water Bug) 40; vikrióji dirvã blakė (lot. Dicranocephalus agilis) 56 (žr. 7 pav.); pušialaip žõlbla kė (lot. Camptozygum aequale) 83; medlaip žõlblakė (lot. Neolygus viridis) 90. Species names, whose distinctive features describe characteristic behavioural characteristics, constitute only about 3% of all species names, which is the smallest semantic group. Figure 5. Blue Shield Figure 6. The Ant-Cradle Pennyroyal Fig. 7. (L. Jasiukonytė and J. R. Stonis drawing) (L. Jasiukonytė and J. R. Stonis drawing) Fig. 8. Percentage distribution of species names according to the semantic functions of their sub-elements 192 Albina Auksoriūtė | Lithuanian names of black people CONCLUSIONS 1.The names of the families of the order Lepidoptera are mononyms and dionyms and, as usual in entomology, are given in the plural form. Two-word names make up one-third of all names of this kind. 2.Most of the main elements of monoand bi-word family names are punctual, only one novelty (pogarplaukės) and the main element of a previously used bi-word family name (skaožikas) are derived from adjectives. This is the main reason why the name of the family is a common name in the area. The name of the family is a conjunction of the two names. 3. about 92% of the compound names of the blake family form the same second group - the group of blake-bearing ducks, whose first groups define the second group according to the distinctive characteristics of the family. Two thirds of such punches have nouns in the first syllable, which indicate the characteristics of the body or part of it, the similarity to someone, or the place of residence or feeding. 4. Names of family and family branches are consistently made with the suffix -iniai from family names. 5. Almost all the subordinate elements of the names of the species of blaki are of the coordinative sign and they are expressed by various adjectives. More than a third of them are presented with adjectives with the suffix -inis, slightly less than a third of the subordinate elements are enriched adjectives, a little more than a fifth are ordinary adjectives. 6. According to their semantic function, the sub-elements of the species of stingrays are not of one type, the most abundant group, comprising about 57% of all species names, refers to external characteristics, the second most abundant group, which refers to the object of nutrition, comprises about 17%, and the least species are described by characteristic behavioral characteristics – only about 3% of all species of stingrays. The use of compound nouns to name families and compound adjectives to name secondary species elements is a characteristic feature of the creation of names of a generic nature, probably due to the need to identify and distinguish one taxon from another as accurately as possible. LITTERACY AND SOURCES Diškus A., Stonis J. R. 2012a: Endobiotic insects of Lithuania. Taxonomic, chorological and trophic characteristics of Nepticulidae fauna. Monograph, Kaunas: Lututė. Diškus A., Stonis J. R. 2012b: Let’s get to know the exotic world fauna. "Gyvalazdės, Kaunas: Lututė". DLKG 2006: Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Institute for Publishing of Science and Encyclopedias. Gaivenis K. (1998) 2014: On two series of Lithuanian compound terms with the same terms. – Selected Writings, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 243–248. 193Terminology | 2016 | 23 Gaivenis K. (1975) 2014: Biword compound terms in contemporary Lithuanian language. – Selected Writings, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 60–97. Gaivenis K. (1979) 2014: New Lithuanian insect names. – Selected Writings, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 332–348. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. – http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hostedsites/iczn/code/. Jonaitis V. 1983: Lithuanian ichneumonids, Vilnius: Mokslas. Keinys St. (1983) 2005: Lithuanian compound terms. – Current Lithuanian Terminology, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 129–182. Lešinskas A., Pileckis S. 1967: Guide to the insects of Lithuania, Vilnius: Mintis. Lešinskas A., Pileckis S. 1968: Guide to Plant Pest Recognition by Damage, Vilnius: Mintis. LF1 1995: Lietuvos Fauna: Vabalai 1, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Pileckis S., Žuklys L. 1974: Plant Protection Worker's Manual, Vilnius: Mintis. Pileckis S. 1976: Beetles of Lithuania, Vilnius: Mokslas. Pileckis S. 1982: Useful insects, Vilnius: Mokslas. Pileckis S., Repšienė D., Vengeliauskaitė A., Žuklienė R., Žuklys L. 1994: Pests and diseases of field plants, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Stonis J. R., Dapkus D., Auksoriūtė A., Vilkas A. 2009: Taxonomic list of Lithuanian names of horses (Insecta, Odonata). – New and Rare for Lithuania Insect Species. Records and Descriptions 21, 155–165. Stonis J. R., Diškus A. 2011: Let's get to know the exotic fauna of the world. The 19th century in Lithuania: the wars, the wars, the wars, the wars, the wars, the wars, the wars, the wars, the wars, the wars. Stonis J. R., Remeikis A., Auksoriūtė A., Baužys D., Vilkas A. 2010: New names of insects of the strawberries (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in Lithuania. – Acta zoologica Lituanica 20(3), 262–272. Stonis J. R., Remeikis A., Baužys D. 2013: Let's get to know the insects of the world. Blake. Variety and Names, Vilnius: Edukologija. Stonis J. R., Sruoga V., Diškus A., Remeikis A., Auksoriūtė A., Žvironienė J. 2015: Overview of insect groups and suggestions for terminology usage. Part 1. Archaeognatha – Hemiptera, Heteroptera. Methodical aid / Lithuanian University of Education, Baltic-American Institute of Biotaxonomy, Vilnius: Lithuanian University of Education Press. In 2013, a text book for students was published under the title Blakės. Variety and Names (Heteroptera. Variety and Names) by Jonas Rimantas Stonis, Andrius Remeikis and Darius Baužys was published. It describes Heteroptera common in Lithuania and in other countries. The subject of this paper is the Lithuanian names of 45 families and 463 species of Heteroptera. The aim is to synchronically research the ways the names of the families and species in this suborder are formed, to describe syntactic and semantic relations between the main and subordinate elements of two-word names and to establish the most productive ways of name creation. One-word or two-word names in plural, as is usual in entomology, are used for naming families in the Hemiptera order Heteroptera suborder. One third of all names of families in this suborder are two-word names. The majority of the main elements of one-word or two-word names are compounds (irklãblakės, Lat. Corixidae, Eng. Water Boatmen; Lesser Water Boatmen; arrowroot, Lat. Gelastocoridae, Eng. Toad Bugs; arrowroot, Lat. Anthocoridae, Eng. Flower Bugs; Minute Pirate Bugs; Žõlblakės, Lat. Miridae, Eng. Plant Bugs; Leaf Bugs), only one neologism (nugarplaukėlės, Lat. Pleidae, Eng. Pigmy Backswimmer) and the main element of the family name which was already in use (čiuožikas, Lat. Gerridae, Eng. Pond-Skater) are suffixal derivatives. 194 Albina Auksoriūtė | Lithuanian names of black people Compounding is the prevailing way in which the names of families in the Heteroptera suborder are formed. Such compounds are subordinative compounds. About 92 percent of the names of families in the Heteroptera suborder belong to the group of names with the second component -blakės which is described by the first component according to the distinctive feature of a particular family. Two thirds of these compounds have a noun as the first component describing the features of the body or body part, similarity with something or place of living or feeding (pullkblakės, Lat. Names of superfamilies and branches of suborders are consistently made of family names using suffix -iniai Eng. Shield-Backed Bugs; Shield-Back Bugs; Jewel Bugs; Tortoise Bugs; Scutellerids; ur- (Aradoidea, Lygeoidea, Nepomorpha, Skoklia blakenniai) (Leptopodomorpha)). Nearly all subordinate elements of names of Heteroptera species are attributes in concord and they are expressed in adjectives. More than a third of them are adjectives with the suffix -inis, less than a third are compound adjectives, more than one fifth are underived definite adjectives. Subordinate elements of names of Heteroptera species vary according to semantic function. The largest group of names comprising about 57 percent of all names of species specifies external features, the second largest group comprising about 17 percent specifies food and only 3 percent of Heteroptera species are named according to their characteristic behaviour. Usage of compound nouns for naming families and compound adjectives for naming subordinate elements of species is a characteristic feature of word-formation of Heteroptera suborder names which is most likely determined by the need to name taxa in the most precise way and to distinguish one taxon from another. Retrieved 2016-11-09. Albina Auksoriūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail albina.auksor[email protected]