Europos Sąjungos kibernetinio saugumo terminai su dėmeniu „kibernetinis, (-ė)“: reikšmės, kilmė, sinonimija ir variantai

145Terminology | 2017 | 24 Europos Sąjungos kibernetinio saugumo terminai su dėmeniu kibernetinis, (-ė): meanings, origin, synonymy and variants ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS European Commission Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: cybersecurity, cybercrime, cyberwarfare, terminology In its annual report on the European Union’s cybersecurity situation of 13 cybersecurity. He said that "[p]er the situation President of the European September 2017, the European Commission paid little attention to Commission Jean-Claude Juncker, we have made progress over the last three years in the area of online security for Europeans. However, Europe is still not well equipped to deal with cyber attacks. That is why the Commission is today proposing new measures to help protect against such attacks" (European Commission press release "State of the Union 2017: Cybersecurity: Commission strengthens response to cyberattacks"). The European Commission press release "State of the Union 2017: Cybersecurity. The Commission strengthens its response to cyber attacks" shows that more than 4,000 cybercrimes were committed every day in the EU last year and that 80% of European companies experienced at least one cybersecurity incident. The economic impact of cybercrime has increased fivefold over the past four years. In order to equip Europe with the right tools to defend itself against cyber attacks, the European Commission is proposing a comprehensive set of measures to ensure a high level of cybersecurity in the EU. It proposes the establishment of an EU cybersecurity agency to help Member States defend themselves against cyberattacks and a new European certification framework to ensure that digital products and services are safe to use (for more information, see the European Commission press release "State of the Union 2017: Cybersecurity: Commission strengthens response to cyberattacks"). 146 Robertas Stunžinas Cybersecurity terms in the European Union This su dėmeniu kibernetinis, (-ė): reikšmės, kilmė, sinonimija ir variantai article examines the cybersecurity terms with the emphasis on cybernetic, (-ė) used in EU institutional documents, texts for various purposes and term bases, and their variations in the electronic space. The aim of this article is to analyze the meanings, origins and synonyms of cybersecurity terms with the suffix cybernetic, (-ė) used in EU institutional documents, various texts and term bases. When analyzing the origin of terms, the relationship of Lithuanian terms with their English equivalents is taken into account. The examined terms are also compared with cybersecurity terms used in various styles of texts published in the electronic space. The material is drawn from EU institutional documents published in the Eur-lex database of European Union legislation and other public documents and the register of documents of the European Council and the Council of the European Union, and from the interinstitutional European Union terminology database IATE, press releases of the EU institutions. The data of the electronic space was collected using the Google search engine – cybersecurity terms were searched according to various associative combinations with the keyword cybernetic. In total, about 100 Lithuanian cybersecurity terms and their variants are examined in various aspects. The main element of the microsystem of the terms under consideration is cybernetic, (-ė) is derived from the noun of international origin cybernetics and denotes what is related to cybernetics – computers, information technologies, general management processes of various systems that take place when collecting, transmitting, storing and processing information (for more information see lt.wikipedia.org). The origins of ir virtualiąja realybe1. Kibernetika (gr. κυβερνητική τέχνη – valdymo menas, κυβερνήτης – vairininkas, valdytojas, pilotas) – mokslas, tiriantis cybernetics date back to the 1940s, its pioneers were specialists from various fields (from biology and engineering to social sciences) who developed studies of communication and control systems of living beings and machines. With the development of computer science, biology, and engineering, cybernetics acquired a futuristic connotation, and cybernetic words (e.g., cyber) began to spread rapidly. blog.oxforddictionaries.com). 1 The meaning of the adjective cybernetic, (-ė) is described by the English word cyber (cybernetics) explanation (ODE). 147Terminology | 2017 | 24 Cybersecurity terms with the emphasis cyber used in EU institutional documents most commonly refer to malicious actions and malicious activities, their result, e.g.: cybercrime network (52013JC0001), cyber theft (52016DC0410), cyberbullying (52015IP0218), cyberweapons proliferation (52014DC0244), cyber incident (IATE), cyber attack (IATE), cyber attack (IATE), cyber war (IATE), cybercrime (IATE), malicious cyber activity (52017JC0450). The terms also often refer to the prevention of harmful actions, their investigation and measures sekiojimas (52015IP0218), kibernetinis priekabiavimas (52015IP0218), kibernetinis šnipinėjimas (52011DC0163), kibernetinis terorizmas (IATE), piktaof protection, e.g.: recovery after a cyber incident (IATE), cyber dialogue (consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/preparatory-bodies/working-party-transatlantic-relations/), cyber diplomacy (IATE), cyber defence (IATE), cyber forensics (52017JC0450), cyber preparedness (52017JC0450), cyber intelligence (32017D0689), cyber defence training (52017JC0450), cyber security training programme (52017JC0450), cyber security assurance (52017SC0501), cyber incident detection (IATE), cyber incident prevention (IATE), cyber crime investigation (52016DC0410), cyber security-related education (52017JC0450), cyber impact mitigation measure (32017H1584), cyber incident exercises (32017H1584). The key term in this field, cybersecurity, is defined as “the set of legal, information dissemination, organisational and technical measures aimed at preventing, detecting, analysing and responding to cyber incidents, as well as restoring the normal functioning of electronic communications networks, information systems or industrial process management systems after such incidents” (IATE). The term cyberhygiene is closely related to the term cybersecurity. It refers to the protection and maintenance of computer systems and devices in accordance with good cybersecurity practices (IATE). Less frequently, cybersecurity terms with the accents cybernetic, (-ė) denotes characteristics, measures related to the activities and security of cyberspace, a certain state, its change, environment, the area in which something is happening or affected, e.g.: cybersecurity resilience (52017DC0228), cyber resilience (IATE); cyber-attack (52017JC0450, 52013DC0710), 148 Robertas Stunžinas European Union cybersecurity terms cybersecurity su dėmeniu kibernetinis, (-ė): reikšmės, kilmė, sinonimija ir variantai measures and technologies (52017JC0450), cyberweapon (52012IP0457), cyberresource (52013JC0001), cybersafe measures (52017JC0450); Evolving cybersecurity threats (52017JC0450), Evolving cybersecurity threats (52017PC0477R(01)), Cyber situation awareness (52017JC0450), Cyber ecosystem (52016DC0410), Cyber security ecosystem (52017DC0228), Cyber threat (IATE), Cyber stability (52017JC0450), Cyber risk (32017H1584); Cyberspace (IATE), cyberspace (P8_TA-PROV(2016)0441). Also, the examined cybersecurity terminology consists of terms that identify persons, their characteristics, e.g.: cyber expert (52017JC0450), cyber spy (52009AE1948), cyber security worker (52017JC0450), cyber criminal (IATE), cyber attacker (52017JC0450), cyber security entity (32017H1584); cyber skills (52017JC0450), cyber skills (52013IP0376), cyber security skills (52013IP0376). The majority of the cybersecurity terms examined are biwords – they account for more than half (54%) of all the terms examined. In terms of origin, all the terms examined are mixed, because they have a mixed origin element cybernetic, (-ė). Security terminology has developed by iš savos kalbos kilę terminai (43 % visų nagrinėjamų terminų), gerokai rečiau – skoliniai (30 %) ir mišrios kilmės terminai (27 %). Kibernetinio borrowing terms from other fields – the main elements are terms borrowed2 from the fields of military (23 %) and criminal science (13 %), e.g. : (a) cyber warfare (IATE), cyber weapon (52012IP0457), cyber defence (IATE), cyber security (IATE), cyber assault (IATE), cyber attack (IATE), cyber intelligence (32017D0689), cyber terrorism (IATE), cyber spies (52009AE1948), cyber espionage (52011DC0163), cyber proliferation (52014DC0244), cyber incident detection (IATE), cyber threat (IATE), cyber attacker (52017JC0450), cyber preparedness (52017JC0450), cyber incident (IATE); (b) cybercrime (IATE), cybercriminal (IATE), cybercrime investigation (P8_TA-PROV(2017)0211), electro2 The assignment of terms to certain areas is conditional. 149Terminology | 2017 | 24 nine crime network (52013JC0001), cyber incident prevention (IATE), computer expertise (IATE), cyber bullying (52015IP0218), cyber stalking (52015IP0218), cyber harassment (52015IP0218). From other fields – ecology, health, physics, politics, economics, technology, computer science, geography, education, law – borrowing is less frequent, and some terms can be attributed to many fields, e.g.: cyber resilience (IATE), ekosistema (52016DC0410), kibernetinio saugumo ekosistema (52017DC0228), kibernetinė higiena (52017JC0450), kibernetinė erdvė (IATE), kibernetinis cyber security resilience (52017DC0228), cyber diplomacy (IATE), cyber dialogue (consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/preparatory-bodies/working-party-transatlanticrelations/), cyber resources (52013JC0001), cyber security market (52017JC0450), recovery after cyber incident (IATE), change of cyber security threats (52017JC0450), changing cyber security threats (52017PC0477R(01)), cyber capabilities (52017JC0450), cyber skills (52013IP0376), cyber security skills (52013IP0376), cyber security education (52017JC0450), cyber defence training (52017JC0450), cyber security training programme (32017H1584), cyber domain (P8_TA-PROV(2016)0441), cyber security assurance (52017SC0501), cyber security expert (52017JC0450), cyber security personnel (52017JC0450), cyber measure (52017JC0450, 52013DC0710), cyber secure measures (52017JC0450), cyber security system (52017JC0450), malicious cyber activity (52017JC0450), cyber defence standard (52017JC0450), cyber security measures and technologies (52017JC0450), cyber situational awareness (52017JC0450), cyber stability (52017JC0450). Some of the terms borrowed from other fields are metaphorical. As already mentioned, the term cyberhygiene refers to the practice of protecting and maintaining computer systems and devices. The terms cyber ecosystem, cybersecurity ecosystem refer to the interoperable set of technologies for the creation of protection measures (see IATE). Comparing the Lithuanian cybersecurity terms with their English counterparts, it can be seen that more than half of the terms are completely identical in terms of structure and meaning. Methods of translation of terms 150 Robertas Stunžinas European Union Cybersecurity Terms su dėmeniu kibernetinis, (-ė): reikšmės, kilmė, sinonimija ir variantai In translations of European Union legislation into Lithuanian, Egidijus described Zaikauskas sutapimu įvardija tokį tą pačią sąvoką žyminčių originalo the correspondence of language and translation language terminological nalo kalbos termino dėmenį atitinka vienas vertimo kalbos termino dėmuo elements when each original and their essential qualitative characteristics coincide (Zaikauskas 2014: 76). The qualitative characteristics of 49 Lithuanian terms coincide with those of English terms, e.g.: informuotumas apie kibernetinę padėtį (52017JC0450) – cyber situational awareness (52017JC0450), kibernetinė ataka (IATE) – cyber attack (IATE), kibernetinė gynyba (IATE) – cyber defence (IATE), kibernetinė politika (32017H1584) – cyber policy (32017H1584), kibernetinė rizika (32017H1584) – cyber risk (32017H1584), kibernetinė žvalgyba (32017D0689) – cyber-intelligence (IATE), kibernetinės gynybos standartas (52017JC0450) – cybersecurity standard (52017JC0450), kibernetinio saugumo pratybos (32017H1584) – cybersecurity exercises (32017H1584), kibernetinio saugumo sistema (52017JC0450) – cybersecurity systems (52017JC0450), kibernetinis ginklas (52012IP0457) – cyber weapon (IATE), kibernetinis karas (IATE) – cyberwarfare, cyber war (IATE), kibernetinis saugumas (IATE) – cybersecurity (IATE), kibernetinis stabilumas (52017JC0450) – cyber stability (52017JC0450), kibernetinis spionažas (52009AE1948) – cyber spy (52009AE1948). cyberspy (52009AE1948), kibernetinis terorizmas (IATE) – cyber terrorism (IATE), kibernetinių incidentų pratybos (32017H1584) – cyber incident exercises (32017H1584), su kibernetine erdve susijęs darbas (32017H1584) – cyberrelated work (32017H1584). It can be said that most of the Lithuanian cybersecurity terms with the accent cybernetic, (-ė) may have appeared as a derivative of English terms. The strategy of translation by reference, when an effort is made to select the most accurate corresponding references for each significant term, is a characteristic phenomenon of translation of EU legislation (see Zaikauskas 2014: 73). Sometimes English and Lithuanian terms have grammatical number category differences, but in these cases they are also considered to be overlapping, e.g.: cybersecurity capabilities (52017JC0450) – cybersecurity capacity (52017JC0450), piktavališka kibernetinė veikla (52017JC0450) – malicious cyber activities (52017JC0450). There is a difference in terms of the number of rows. In some cases, Lithuanian terms have an additional element or several elements that do not give meaning shades, e.g.: dialogas dėl cybernetikos klausimų („international partners’ dialogue on cybernetics issues“, see. IATE; consilium.europa.eu/lt/council-eu/preparatory-bodies/ 151Terminology | 2017 | 24 working-party-transatlantic-relations/) – cyber dialogue (IATE), cybersecurity workers (“workers who help protect against cyberattacks and secure network systems”, cf. cyber workforce development (cert.org/cyber-workforce-development; 52017JC0450) – cyber workforce (52017JC0450). It can be seen that Lithuanian terms are in many cases longer than English ones. Often Lithuanian terms have an additional element or several elements that specify the concept, e.g.: atkūrimas po kibernetinio incidento (IATE) – cyber recovery (IATE), informuotumas apie kibernetinius nusikaltimus (52017JC0450), informuotumas apie kibernetinį saugumą (52017JC0450) – cyber-awareness (52017JC0450), cyber impact mitigation measures (32017H1584) – cyber mitigation activities (32017H1584), cyber deterrence (IATE), cyber security measures and technologies (52017JC0450) – cybersecurity capabilities (52017JC0450), kibernetinis ginklų platinimas (52014DC0244) – cyber-proliferation (52014DC0244). Some terms are characterized by severalspecific relationship. For example, cyber prevention (IATE) is translated into two additional and precise elements – the second is to be used not to refer to cyber attacks or lesniais atitikmenimis – kibernetinių incidentų prevencija (IATE), kibernetinių nusikaltimų prevencija (IATE). Lietuviški terminai reikšmės požiūriu netaincidents, but to various unauthorized activities on the Internet, such as cyberbullying (see iate.europa.eu). In addition, cyber prevention (IATE) is synonymous with cyber incident prevention (IATE), which is identical to cyber incident prevention (IATE). In some cases, three-word English terms correspond to multiword syntactic constructions, e.g.: crimes committed using cyberspace (52017JC0450), crimes committed in cyberspace (52017JC0450) – cyber-enabled crime (IATE), computer-enabled crime (IATE). The non-identical are those cases when the elements of English terms correspond to elements or combinations of Lithuanian terms with a similar meaning according to the context. For example, the domain vulnerability “vulnerability” corresponds to the compound security problem, the domain hygiene “hygiene” (see hygiene – “science of health care, healthy environment and disease prevention” DŽe) – the domain security, e.g.: cyber security problem (52017JC0450) – cyber vulnerability (52017JC0450), cyber security – cyber hygiene (IATE). The term cyber hygiene is also translated as the term cybercrime prevention (52012IP0457). 152 Robertas Stunžinas European Union Cybersecurity Terms su dėmeniu kibernetinis, (-ė): reikšmės, kilmė, sinonimija ir variantai Lithuanian terms with a broader meaning are considered as non-identical, e.g.: kibernetinė priemonė (52017JC0450; 52013DC0710) – cyber tool (52017JC0450), kibernetiniu požiūriu saugios priemonės (52017JC0450) – cyber-secure tools (52017JC0450), kibernetinis išteklius (52013JC0001) – cyber assets (52013JC0001). The Lithuanian elements are considered broader in the light of the terminology of computing – in it the term tool has a narrower meaning, e.g., tool – “elementary means for performing some action”; measure 1. ‘an object, tool, device, program, necessary for someone to perform, to make’, 2. “a way, an action to accomplish something” (EKŽe). The context of the terms ‘cyber measure’ and ‘cyber secure measure’ suggests that in the field of cybersecurity these terms refer not only to items, tools, devices and applications for security, but also to the means and actions to achieve it, e.g.: ‘Some stakeholders call in particular for greater harmonisation of EU export control policies and for taking into account recent policy developments, such as the use of ICT interception and surveillance tools (or cyber measures)’ (52013DC0710); "Member States are already building up their cyber defence capabilities. Furthermore, given the blurring of the distinction between cyberdefence and cybersecurity and dual-use cyber assets and technologies, and the significant differences in approaches between Member States, the EU can play an appropriate role in promoting synergies between military and civilian efforts" (52017JC0450). In some cases, the same concept is represented by Lithuanian and English terms with opposite meanings, e.g.: kibernetinio saugumo pratybos (32017H1584) – cyber crisis exercise (enisa.europa.eu/publications/ce2016after-action-report). In this case, we can talk about an antonym translation. This is a transformation where the positive element is translated into the negative and vice versa – the negative element is translated into the positive, without changing the meaning of the original language sentence (Maskaliūnienė 2013: 45). Meterms, e.g.: changing taforinį ir bendrą vietovės vaizdą žymintį dėmenį landscape turintis terminas cybersecurity threat landscape (52017JC0450) verčiamas nemetaforiškais cybersecurity threats (52017JC0450), changing cybersecurity threats (52017PC0477R(01)). E. Zaikauskas distinguishes demetaphorization as one of the methods of translating terms – a word or a combination of words in the term having a metaphorical meaning in the original language is replaced in the translation language with elements without metaphorical meaning, which usually denote other characteristics (Zaikauskas 2014: 81). 153Terminology | 2017 | 24 With regard to the examined terminology, it can be seen that in the documents of the EU institutions, the most common synonyms of terms with the dependent elements cyber, (-ė), electronic, (-ė) occur, e.g.: cybercrimes (IATE) – electronic crimes (IATE), prevention of cybercrimes (IATE) – prevention of electronic crimes (32013D0517), investigation of cybercrimes (P8_TA-PROV(2017)0211), investigation of electronic crimes (52013JC0001), crimes committed using cyberspace (52017JC0450) – crimes committed in electronic space (52017JC0450). Sometimes the terms with the accent digital are used synonymously, for example: electronic diplomacy (IATE), cyber diplomacy (IATE), digital diplomacy (IATE). Synonyms in this group include synonyms pairs formed by terms, ing-party-transatlantic-relations/), dialogue on e-space issues (ST-9593-2015-INIT3). The synonymy of the terms with the suffix cybernetic, electronic, digital, (-ė) arose because of the terms used in turintys dėmenis kibernetika ir elektroninė erdvė, pvz.: dialogas kibernetikos klausimais (consilium.europa.eu/lt/council-eu/preparatory-bodies/workdifferent times – in the latest documents the terms with the suffix cybernetic, (-ė) are used. One pair of synonyms consists of terms with different main elements and dependent elements cyberspace and electronic space, e.g.: cyber threat (IATE), danger of electronic space (IATE). These synonymous terms form a pair of lexical synonyms with respect to the main elements (threat and danger). A pair of the same synonyms consists of terms with the main elements space and domain, e.g. cyberspace (32017H1584), cyberdomain (P8_TA-PROV(2016)0441). Both these terms are equivalent to the English term cyber domain (32017H1584). The equivalent of the English term cyber domain (‘a domain of electronic information (data) processing consisting of one or more information technology infrastructures’ (Cyber Security Publication Library)) is the cyber domain. The term cyberspace (‘an environment in which electronic information is generated on individual computers or other information and communications technology equipment and/or transmitted via electronic communications networks’) refers to the environment in which electronic information is generated and/or transmitted via electronic communications networks. 160 Robertas Stunžinas European Union Cybersecurity Terms su dėmeniu kibernetinis, (-ė): reikšmės, kilmė, sinonimija ir variantai 2.The majority of Lithuanian cybersecurity terms can be regarded as evaluative – more than half of the analyzed terms have qualitative characteristics that completely coincide with the characteristics of English terms. Lithuanian terms that do not coincide with English have differences in the number of elements, grammatical forms, and the scope of the elements' meanings. 3.The Lithuanian EU cybersecurity terminology aims at clarity of the terms used and, unlike the English one, it tries to use longer equivalents and to indicate more characteristics of the term, to name the terms directly and not by figurative means of expression. 4. Half of the microsystem terms have synonyms. Synonymy of terms is diverse – synonym strings consist of terms with dependency differences, terms with main differences, terms with all differences, and longer and shorter variants. Synonyms were created by the terms used at different times and the search for appropriate forms of expression. 5. Cybersecurity terminology is new and characterised by a variety of expressions. There are many variants of cybersecurity terms in texts published in electronic space. Instead of terms with borrowed or mixed origin elements, in the electronic space there is a tendency to use terms with elements of their own origin. In texts published in the public sphere, instead of terms with the suffix cybernetic, (-ė) are often used and non-Lithuanian puns with the suffix cyberor terms with the non-Lithuanian word kiber. LITTERACY AND SOURCES7 DŽe – Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (e. edition, http://lkiis.lki.lt/). "Encyclopaedia of Computer Science" (PDF). www.computerscience.edu.au. EUR-lex – database of European Union legislation and other public documents (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm). IATE – Multilingual European Union term database (http://iate.europa.eu). Maskaliūnienė N. 2013: Antonimic translation, Vilnius: Vilnius University. Miliūnaitė R. 2009: Variants of the Contemporary Lithuanian Use, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. ODE 2010: Oxford Dictionary of English. Third edition. Edited by A. Stevenson, Oxford: Oxford university press. Vaskelienė J. 2000: Practical synonyms, Šiauliai. Zaikauskas E. 2014: Translation methods in the translation of European Union legislation. – Terminologija 21, Cyber Europe 2016: After Action Report 71–89. (enisa.europa.eu/publications/ce2016-after-action-report). Cyber Security Publication Library (https://ccdcoe.org/publication-library.html). 7 EU institutional documents are presented in chronological order. The two digits preceding the letters indicate the year of completion. For example, the fourth and fifth digits of the identification number 52009AE1948, ‘09’, indicate that the document was produced in 2009. 161Terminology | 2017 | 24 Cyber Workforce Development (cert.org/cyber-workforce-development/). Lietuvos metinė strateginė apžvalga. 2011–2012. 10, Vilnius: Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija, 2012. 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Business Intelligence (BI). 52009AE1948 – Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on the ‘Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the protection of critical information infrastructures – Protecting Europe against large-scale cyberattacks and disruption: better preparedness, security and resilience’ 52011DC0163 – Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the Protection of Critical Information Infrastructures – Ensuring Global Cybersecurity. Achievements and further action". establishing a 52012IP0457 – 2012 m. lapkričio 22 d. Europos Parlamento rezoliucija dėl kibernetinio saugumo ir gynybos. 52013DC0710 – Komisijos ataskaita Tarybai ir Europos Parlamentui dėl Reglamento (EB) Nr. 428/2009, Community regime for the control of exports, transfer, brokering and transit of dual-use items. 52013IP0376 – Resolution of the European Parliament of 12 September 2013 on a European Union cybersecurity strategy: an open, safe and secure cyberspace. 52013JC0001 – Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A European Union Cybersecurity Strategy. An open, secure and reliable cyberspace”. 52013PC0173 – Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation and Training (Europol) and repealing Decisions 2009/371/JHA and 2005/681/JHA. 52014DC0244 – Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament ‘Review of export control policy. Ensuring security and competitiveness in a changing world”. 52014IE1488 – Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on ‘Cyber attacks in the European Union’ (own-initiative opinion) 52015IP0218 – European Parliament resolution of 9 June 2015 on the EU strategy for equality between women and men post-2015 52016DC0410 – Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Building a European cyberresilience framework and promoting the competitiveness and innovation of the cybersecurity industry. 52017DC0228 – Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Mid-term review of the implementation of the Digital Single Market Strategy – A connected digital single market for all. 162 Robertas Stunžinas European Union Cybersecurity Terms su dėmeniu kibernetinis, (-ė): reikšmės, kilmė, sinonimija ir variantai 52017JC0450 – Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council Resilience, Deterrence and Defence: Strengthening EU cybersecurity". 52017PC0477R(01) – Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the EU Cybersecurity Agency ENISA and on cybersecurity certification of information and communication technologies and repealing Regulation (EU) No 526/2013 (Cybersecurity Act). 52017SC0501 – Commission staff working document. 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P8_TA-PROV(2016)0441 – ES strateginė komunikacija, siekiant neutralizuoti prieš ją nukreiptą trečiųjų šalių propagandą (http://infa.lt/wp-content/files/pdf/EP_strategine_komunikacija_kovai_pries_propasektoriui ganda.pdf). P8_TA-PROV(2017)0211 – Europos Parlamento rezoliucija „FinTech“: technologijų įtaka ateities finansų (http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P8-TA-20170211+0+DOC+XML+V0//LT). European Commission press release "State of the Union 2017: Cybersecurity. Commission strengthens response to cyberattacks" (http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-3193_en.htm). Press release "European Cybersecurity Month. United to fight cybersecurity threats” (https://www.enisa.europa.eu/news/enisa-news/cybersecmonth-2017/2017-10-02%20ENISA%20Press%20Release- %20-%20European%20Cyber%20Security%20Month_EN.pdf). EUROPEAN UNION CYBERSECURITY TERMS WITH COMPOUND KIBERNETINIS, (-Ė) (CYBER(-): MEANINGS, ORIGIN, SYNONYMY AND VARIATIONS This article discusses the meanings, origin, synonymy and variations of EU cybersecurity terms with compound kibernetinis, (-ė) (cyber). The analysis shows that cybersecurity terms in most cases denote harmful actions and harmful activities or defence actions or defence measures: cybertheft, cyberterrorism, cyber defence, cyber incident exercises, cyber assets. Relatively rarely terms are used to denote persons and their characteristics: cyber expert, cyberspy, cybersecurity skills. From the point of view of its origin, cybersecurity terminology is heterogenous. It can be concluded that the majority of cybersecurity terms are borrowed from warfare and forensics: cyber war, cyber forensics. Fewer terms are taken from ecology, health, physics, politics, economics, technology, computer science, geography, pedagogy and law: cyber ecosystem, cyber hygiene, cyber security resilience, cyber diplomacy, cyber assets, cybersecurity entity, cyber skills. The majority of Lithuanian cybersecurity terms can be considered as calques – qualitative characteristics of more than a half of the Lithuanian terms analyzed completely 163Terminologija | 2017 | 24 matching terms have differences in number and meaning of match with the characteristics of English terms: kibernetinė politika – cyber policy, kibernetinė rizika – cyber risk, kibernetinio saugumo sistema – cybersecurity systems. Not components: dialogas apie kibernetikos klausimus – cyber dialogue, atkūrimas po kibernetinio incidento – cyber recovery, kibernetinis išteklius – cyber assets. In Lithuanian cybersecurity terminology clarity is the principal consideration therefore longer and non-metaphorical equivalents compared to English terms are used: atkūrimas po kibernetinio incidento – cyber recovery, kibernetinio saugumo priemonės ir technologijos – cybersecurity capabilities, grėsmių kibernetiniam saugumui kitimas – cybersecurity threat landscape. Half of the analyzed terms have synonyms: electronic diplomacy – cyber diplomacy – digital diplomacy (cyber diplomacy, e-diplomacy, digital diplomacy), cyber criminal – cyber attacker (cyber attacker). Synonymy of cybersecurity terminology is characterized by variety and synonyms could have been caused different time of usage or by aim for the intention to create an appropriate form of expression. Cybersecurity terminology is a new terminology and is characterized by variety of expression. Quite a lot other cybersecurity terms are used in on-line publications. In on-line publications instead of borrowed or mixed terms Lithuanian terms are used: kibernetinis puolimas, kibernetinis žvalgas, kibernetinis įvykis. Some cybersecurity terms have non-typical structure and are used with component kiber(-): kiberginklas, kiberveiksmas, kiber ataka. Received 02/11/2017 Robertas Stunžinas Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT–10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected]