Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signataras Kazys Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija

Signatory of the Act of Independence of Lithuania Kazys Bizauskas and Lithuanian literary studies terminology ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language KEYWORDS: signatory, terminology, literary studies terms, terminology commission, terminology management, synonyms Establishing terms is not the concern of any one interested person or author, but a matter for all of us (Kazys Bizauskas, 1922, Roma)1 INTRODUCTION This year, 2018, we commemorate the centenary of the restoration of the Lithuanian state. It is symbolic that 100 years ago the first Lithuanian textbook on literary theory was also published, and its author was the youngest signatory of the Act of February 16, Kazys (Kazimieras) Bizauskas (1893–1941). A Lithuanian statesman, politician, signatory, minister of education, diplomat, educator, publicist, literary critic, translator... This is a brief description of this multifaceted person. K. Bizauskas was born 125 years ago in Latvia (sources differ on his year of birth). He studied at the Mitau Gymnasium (Latvia), in Switzerland, Vilnius, and Kaunas. After graduating from the Kaunas Gymnasium, he studied law at Moscow University from 1913 to 1915, but did not complete his studies because of the First World War. He had been contributing to the Lithuanian press since 1909. Together with others, he obtained permission in 1915 to establish a Lithuanian gym- Kazys Bizauskas in 1921 LCVA, 0-011200 1 L 4. In 1922–1923, K. Bizauskas was Lithuania’s representative at the Vatican. Terminologija | 2018 | 25 201 ...nasium, he himself became its inspector and also taught Lithuanian and Latin at that gymnasium. From 1915, K. Bizauskas was also a member of the Textbook Preparation Commission of the Lithuanian Scientific Society, which also included Mykolas Biržiška, Augustinas Janulaitis, Petras Klimas, and Antanas Smetona. In 1917, although he had not yet reached the required age of 25, K. Bizauskas was invited to the Lithuanian Conference in Vilnius, where he was elected a member of the Council of Lithuania. From 1920 to 1922, he served as Minister of Education in Kazys Grinius’s government. His most important duty as minister was to create a Lithuanian education system that would ensure national education. K. Bizauskas’s contemporary Rapolas Skipitis, Minister of the Interior in the same government, wrote of him: “As Minister of Education, K. Bizauskas was a capable organizer of educational affairs. He held firmly to his fundamental convictions, but was tactful in his approach. There were never any sharp clashes between K. Bizauskas and the other ministers at Cabinet meetings. From this alone one can conclude that K. Bizauskas was a good psychologist and a good-natured person” (Skipitis 1961: 352) (for more on K. Bizauskas and his political and public activities, see VLE III; Zundė 1993, 1994; Banevičius 1991: 44; Liekis 1996: 103–131, Blažytė-Baužienė 2006, etc.). The first Lithuanian textbook on literary theory The first edition of K. Bizauskas’s textbook on literary theory, entitled Theory of Writing and Literature (Part One), was published as a separate book in 1918 in Kaunas as publication no. 19 of Ateitis (printed at Saliamonas Banaitis’s printing house; see Fig. 1)2. The preface was written in Panevėžys on June 1, 2017. The second edition, unchanged and bearing the same title, appeared in 1920 as a publication of the St. Casimir Society (published in Kaunas, printed at the “Šviesa” printing house). It included the same preface from the first edition at the beginning. The third, revised and expanded edition was published in the second half of 1922 in Kaunas (printed in Berlin at Otto Elsner’s printing house). The textbook’s title was also revised—to Literary Theory: A Textbook for Secondary Schools3. A year later, in 1923, the final edition of the textbook also appeared (published... 2 Initially, the first part was printed in separate installments in 1918 in Ateitis (issues 1–6, January–June). This format was, of course, inconvenient for teaching and learning. 3 The title of the first (and second) edition, Theory of Writing and Literature, was inaccurate, probably retained through oversight, since in the first edition K. Bizauskas himself regarded the terms literature and writing as complete synonyms; cf.: “Therefore, in our opinion, those who wish to see some difference between these two concepts (literature, writing) are mistaken” R 3. 202 Asta Mitkevičienė | Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signataras Kazys Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija Fig. 1. The first Lithuanian textbook on literary theory in Kaunas, printed in Tilsit at J. Reylender and Son’s printing house). As stated in the preface, it was only slightly revised, and the terms were left unchanged. Nevertheless, even a glance at the contents of the final edition reveals terminological differences: in the third edition, poema, and in the fourth, in the same place, poema; similarly, draminė poezija and dramiškoji poezija / dramiška poezija, draminis veiksmas and dramatiškas veiksmas, epinė poezija and epiškoji poezija, lyriniai veikalai and lyriški veikalai, lyrinė poezija and lyriška poezija, and so on. The author may have considered these differences terminologically insignificant (if he made the revisions himself), or the changes may have been introduced by editors. Terminologija | 2018 | 25 203 The first edition was favorably reviewed by Adomas Jakštas (Aleksandras Dambrauskas) (see Jakštas 1923: 373), who himself published and edited Ateitis. The second edition was reviewed in 1920 by Jonas Jablonskis. He wrote: “The book is quite extraordinary: compared with other school textbooks, it stands out for its content, language, and spelling. Everything here is extraordinary, and not to be praised” (Jablonskis 1933: 181). In J. Jablonskis’s opinion, however, K. Bizauskas could not be blamed for the textbook’s quality, because “he wrote his book at a time when we had nothing for this purpose, when we had begun working in our own school” (Jablonskis 1933: 182). According to J. Jablonskis, when the second edition was published, the author was not even in Lithuania4; and if K. Bizauskas were to publish the textbook himself, he would undoubtedly revise it substantially. And that is what he did. The 1918 edition is shorter than the third (65 pp. (23 cm) and 199 pp. (17 cm), respectively). It consists of a preface, an introduction, and the main text, entitled “General Part of Literary Theory.” This main part is divided into four chapters: 1) “General Information about Works” (pp. 5–13), 2) “The Science of Stylistics” (pp. 13–52), which is further divided into subsections—“Style and the Task of Stylistics,” “General Forms of Expressing Thoughts in Works,” “Requirements Set for Every Writer’s Style,” and “Other Features of Style”; 3) “Versification” (pp. 52–63); and 4) “The Inner Aspect of Works” (pp. 63–65). The third edition also has a preface, an introduction, and the “General Part of Literary Theory” (pp. 15–93), but the latter now has three chapters (the aforementioned fourth chapter, which was very short, is omitted). The greatest difference between the editions in terms of content is that the third adds a second main section, “The Special Part of Literary Theory” (pp. 94–199), which occupies more than half (53%) of the textbook. This second part comprises two main chapters—“Theory of Prose (Prosaics)” (pp. 98–129) and “Theory of Poetry (Poetics)” (pp. 129–199). At the beginning of the second part, the concepts of prose and poetry and their characteristics are discussed. The first chapter of this part, “Theory of Prose (Prosaics),” is divided into four subsections: 1) “Narratives,” 2) “Descriptions,” 3) “Scholarly, or Philosophical, Works” (in more detail: “Arguments” and “System, or Science”), and 4) “Orators’ Works (Speeches)” (in more detail: “Ordinary Speech” and “Religious Speech (Sermons)”). The second chapter, “Theory of Poetry (Poetics),” consists of three main subsections: 1) “Epic Poetry” (in more detail: “Folk Epic,” “Art Epic,” “Contemporary Art Epic for 4 In 1919–1920, K. Bizauskas was an adviser at the Lithuanian Legation in London. 204 Asta Mitkevičienė | Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signatarasKazys Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija 2 pav. K. Bizausko literatūros teorijos vadovėlio (1922) fragmentas mos”), 2) “Lyric Poetry” (in more detail: “Folk Lyric Poetry,” “Literary Lyric Poetry”), 3) “Dramatic Poetry” (for a fuller discussion of the textbook’s contents, see Girdzijauskas 2006 [1993]). The contents reveal the broad thematic scope of the textbook. The third edition (see Fig. 2) uses about 800 different terms. The first and third editions of the textbook differ not only in length but also in language. Table 1 shows how the concept “metonymy” is explained in these two editions and how J. Jablonskis proposed correcting it in the review mentioned above. It should be added that the textbook in question certainly did not emerge as if from nowhere—“the main concepts and notions had already taken shape or were taking shape in literary criticism by that time” (Girdzijauskas 2006 [1993]: 50). It should be recalled that the first history of Lithuanian literature, Lietuviszkieje rasztai ir rasztininkai, written by Jonas Šliūpas, appeared in 1890. In 1898, Vincas Kudirka published the first Lithuanian theory of versification, Tiesos eilėms rašyti, in Varpe. A considerable number of literary theory terms can be found in a lengthy article by Kazimieras Macius (Samogitas), published in Žinyčioje (1900). In the second decade of the 20th century, Lithuanian-language literature textbooks were published or Terminologija | 2018 | 25 205 Table 1. Explanation of the term metonymy in the 1918 and 1922 editions of K. Bizauskas’s textbook on literary theory, and J. Jablonskis’s proposal 1918 edition J. Jablonskis’s proposal (1920) 1922 edition “Metonymy is a trope in which one concept is substituted for another, based on a close relationship between the concepts. A close relationship, for example, exists between cause and effect, instrument and action, author and work, owner and property, material and the object made from it, container and contents, etc. These concepts, being closely related, are used in speech in place of one another” R 44. “Metonymy is a such trope in which, in place of one concept, we use another concept in speech—the word for another concept; in doing so, we rely on the close relationship between these concepts, their proximity. A close relationship, for example, exists between cause and effect, instrument and action, author and work, owner and property (possession), material and the object made from it, container and contents, etc. Thus these concepts, being so connected, are used in speech in place of one another (of the other)” (Jablonskis 1933: 182). “Metonymy is a trope in which one concept is replaced by another, based on a close relationship between the concepts. A close relationship, for example, exists between cause and effect, instrument and action, author and work, owner and property, material and the object made from it, container and contents, etc. Thus, concepts that are closely related are precisely those used in speech in place of one another” L 66. jiems prilyginami (žr. Bukauskienė 1993) darbai: Juozo Gabrio-Paršaičio Lietuvių literatūros apžvalga (2 d., 1913, 1916), Sofijos Kymantaitės-Čiurlionienės Iš mūsų literatūros (1913) ir Lietuvių literatūros istorijos konspektas (1918), Mykolo Biržiškos (taip pat Nepriklausomybės Akto signataro) Dainų literatūros vadovėlis (1916)5. Until the 1936 school reform, literary theory was taught before literary history, and literary theory itself was also given considerable attention in interwar literature curricula (Bukauskienė 1993: 104, 56). The need for textbooks on literary theory is therefore clear: alongside K. Bizauskas’s textbook, during the years of independent Lithuania there appeared textbooks by Motiejus Gustaitis, Jonas 5 In the preface to the second edition of this textbook, published in 1923—that is, after the revised edition of K. Bizauskas’s textbook—M. Biržiška states that he is cautiously introducing some terms of literary theory, but does not insist on them. He probably considered such terms as įgyvinėlis 80 “prosopopoeia,” įklausimas 93, išaukimas 99, pakeituolis 80 “metonymy,” prievardėlis 84, and prievardis 80 “epithet,” among others, to be these new terms. 206 Asta Mitkevičienė │ Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signataras Kazys Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija Norkus’s, Stasys Čėšūnas’s and Juozas Ambrazevičius’s textbooks on literary theory, most of which were published more than once or twice6. K. Bizauskas’s textbook on literary theory is also the first Lithuanian teaching aid for stylistics7. In this work, stylistics is treated essentially from a linguistic perspective, although it is traditionally associated with literary theory (see Šoblinskas 1979: 24–25; Knabikaitė 2006: 69–71 for a fuller discussion). According to Adomas Šoblinskas, the textbook’s “author deserves to be recognized as the distinguished pioneer of Lithuanian stylistics” (1979: 24). K. Bizausko vadovėlį literatūrologiniu požiūriu nagrinėjo Juozas Girdzijauskas (2006 [1993]: 49–56), pedagoginiu – Teresė Bukauskienė (1993: 104–106). Literatūrologai šį vadovėlį vertina nevienodai, matyt, į jį žvelgdami kiek kitaip ir skirtinguose kontekstuose, pavyzdžiui, J. Girdzijauskas teigia, kad „K. Bizausko vadovėlis yra universalus ir kartu kompaktiškas, labai turiningas ir kartu sistemiškas“, o plačia literatūros sąvoka jis „kaip tik atitinka šiuolaikinę teorinės minties tendenciją“ (Girdzijauskas 2006 [1993]: 55, 56). O štai Giedrius Viliūnas jį apibūdina kaip neaukšto lygio kompiliaciją (Viliūnas 2003: 271). The aim of this article is to discuss the terminology of literary scholarship used by K. Bizauskas and his own work in organized terminology management. The methods employed are descriptive-analytical and comparative. The article first describes K. Bizauskas’s role in the work of the Terminology Commission (1921–1926), then compares the terms recorded in the Commission’s minutes with the terminology in his textbook (1922), next discusses the terminological differences between the 1918 and 1922 editions of the textbook, and finally surveys synonymous terms and variants in a single edition (1922). Thus, the focus is primarily on synonyms and variants, through which the changes and challenges in the terminology of the period are also illustrated. KAZYS BIZAUSKAS AND THE FIRST TERMINOLOGY COMMISSION Organized terminology work at the state level in Lithuania began in 1921. That year, on March 14, the Terminology Commission was established under the Ministry of Education (see Keinys 2012 [1967]: 38–41; Auk- 6A sense of what K. Bizauskas’s terminology was like in the context of terminology during the independence period can be gained from Asta Mitkevičienė’s article (2015). 7The second Lithuanian textbook on literary theory, written by M. Gustaitis and published in 1923, was even entitled Stilistika (subtitle Vadovėlis literatūros teorijai; the second, expanded edition (1927) Stilistika. Literatūros teorijos vadovėlis). Terminologija | 2018 | 25 207 soriūtė 2011). Švietimo ministru tuo metu kaip tik ir buvo K. Bizauskas. Pirmasis šios komisijos posėdis įvyko kiek daugiau nei po mėnesio – balandžio 21 dieną, o jame dalyvavo septyni iš dešimties kviestų komisijos narių: Kazimieras Būga, Aleksandras Dambrauskas, Pranas Dovydaitis, Jonas Jablonskis, Pranas Mašiotas (viceministras K. Bizausko vadovaujamoje Švietimo ministerijoje), Antanas Smetona ir Antanas Vireliūnas (neatvyko Vladas Požėla, Juozas Tumas ir Adomas Varnas). Kaip matyti iš posėdžio sekretoriaus A. Vireliūno surašyto protokolo, komisija pirmajame posėdyje, kuriam pirmininkavo A. Smetona, sau išsikėlė du uždavinius: 1) „[b]uvo iškelta pirmiausiajį Komisijos uždavinį esant suvienodinti oficialinė valstybės įstaigų kalba“; 2) „[t]aip pat susirinkusieji pasisakė reikiant peržiūrėti ir pataisyti ir šiaip sau įvairių mokslo šakų terminai“ (TKP 1, išskirta protokole. – A. M.). At the 13th meeting, held on October 6 of the same year, the Terminology Commission resolved to establish subcommittees for mathematics, natural sciences, geography, literature, and law (teisių) terminology (komisijėlės). Commission member J. Tumas-Vaižgantas was tasked with forming a subcommittee for literary terms, inviting Liudas Gira and Vincas Krėvė to serve as collaborators (TKP 13). Just a week later, at the Terminology Commission meeting held on October 13, discussion began on terms from literary scholarship—the list of terms submitted to the Commission was presented by J. Tumas. That list of terms had been compiled by K. Bizauskas8. Since discussion of the list began immediately after the literature subcommittee was formed, it may be surmised that the list had been compiled and was already known to the members before the subcommittee was established. Those terms were discussed at seven meetings—the 14th through the 21st, except for the 20th—held in October and November of that year9 (see Mitkevičienė 2013 for a fuller discussion). At the 23rd meeting on December 5, as the minutes show, the minutes of the last three meetings (including the 21st) were read, and the Commission briefly revisited a couple of the terms discussed. It is worth adding that K. Bizauskas attended only one meeting (the 18th; see Fig. 3). Interestingly, that meeting considered court terms submitted by Antanas Kriščiūkaitis, and only afterward those relating to literary scholarship, more- 8The 18th set of minutes notes beside K. Bizauskas’s name that he was the author of the list of terms. 9In the Terminology Commission’s book of minutes, a page appears to have been cut out after the 19th set of minutes; on the next page is the 21st set, and only after that comes the 20th. The 20th meeting discussed “the list of terms submitted to the Commission by the Ministry of Finance, Industry and Trade and the list of insurance terms” (TKP 20). Pr. Mašiotas chaired meetings 20 and 21, with A. Vireliūnas as secretary. A. Smetona chaired the other meetings at which terms from literary scholarship were discussed. 208 Asta Mitkevičienė | Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signatarasKazys Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija Fig. 3. Minutes of a meeting of the Terminology Commission attended by K. Bizauskas Terminologija | 2018 | 25 209 terms of versification. The Terminology Commission did not publish the literary science terms in a separate list in the press. The list of terms compiled by K. Bizauskas broadly corresponds, in subject matter, to the contents arrangement of the third edition (1922) of the textbook. For example, the minutes of the first meeting at which literary science terms were considered record the terms literacy, literature, work, written piece, folklore, language, spoken language, written language, creativity, creation, general part of literary theory, specialized part of literary theory, theme, plan, mode of exposition, proportion, idea, unified, unity, introduction, preface, analysis, examination, investigation, research, conclusions, logical, consistent, etc. (TKP 14). The concepts named by these terms or terminologized words are discussed or mentioned in the introduction and first chapter (“General Information about Works”) of K. Bizauskas’s textbook. Among the terms considered at the first meeting was, for example, fable, which stands out thematically among the terms under consideration. On opening K. Bizauskas’s textbook, one can see that this term is indeed used in the first chapter (p. 20). At the second meeting, terms from the first chapter of the textbook continued to be discussed, and consideration began of the terminology or other vocabulary of the second chapter, “Stylistics,” for example: epistolary, title, epigraph, motto, poetic, poetical, long-sentence style, periodic style (TKP 15), etc. The terminology of stylistics was considered at two further meetings. These included: vivid, expressive, period, connective, compound period, comparison, ornamental epithet, trope (TKP 16), metonymy, irony, correctness, archaism, barbarism, tautology, figure, antithesis (TKP 17), etc. At a later meeting, also attended by K. Bizauskas, terms of versification were discussed: rhythm, poem, folk syllabic versification, dactyl, octave (TKP 18), etc. The penultimate consideration of the list of literary terms recorded terms from a wide range of subject areas; some appeared in the textbook chapter “Theory of Prose (Prosaics),” such as: prosaics, reasoning (to reason), specialized history, monograph, sketch, scholarly work, scientific work, method, thesis, dissertation, criticism (TKP 19), etc. At the final meeting, on November 26 of that year, terms of prose theory continued to be discussed, after which the discussion moved to relevant terms from the final chapter of the textbook, “Theory of Poetry (Poetics)”: typicality, artistic type, epic, lyric poetry, drama, heroic epic, customs, descriptive tale, legend, classicists, classical epic, poem, pastoral, novella, vignette, artistry, ode (TKP 21), etc. The last terms recorded in the minutes are from page 175 of that textbook. 210 Asta Mitkevičienė Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signataras Kazys Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija It seems that toward the end the compiler of the list or the meeting participants were in a hurry, or perhaps the textbook had not yet been fully written, since, for example, terms relating to drama and theatre were not considered. After page 175, the textbook contains terms such as triolet L 179, rondeau L 179, continuity of action L 180, acts (actions) L 182, theatre, or playhouse 184, masks L 185, drama in the literal sense L 185, tearful comedy L 197, melodrama, vaudeville, farce, féerie, mystery play, morality play L 198, etc.; the concepts named by these terms are not recorded in the minutes. Some terms recur in the minutes. For example, the term fable, already mentioned, can be found not only in the 14th, but also in the 17th and 21st minutes of the Terminology Commission. The recurrence of terms also supports the idea that K. Bizauskas took the terms roughly in sequence from the textbook manuscript (or material?). In addition, some semantically related terms were considered separately: for example, folk language was discussed at the 15th meeting, while folk words were discussed at the 17th. Another example: poetic, poetical, poetic, already mentioned, are recorded in the 15th set of minutes, while the 18th set gives poetry, poet, and again poetic, -a, poetic, -ė. In K. Bizauskas’s textbook on literary theory, as in other textbooks on literary theory published later, in the third and fourth decades of the 20th century, literature is understood in the broadest sense—as “everything expressed in the constructive (that is, purposeful, considered) spoken or written word”; it “encompasses folklore, mythology, philosophy, theology, all the sciences, journalism, belles-lettres, and poetry—everything expressed in words” (Girdzijauskas 2006 [1994]: 26). This must have determined both the very concept of a literary science term and the kinds of terms included in the list submitted to the Commission on Literary Terms. Among the terms considered by the Terminology Commission were not only so-called literary terms or terminological vocabulary, but also other words or word combinations, for example: emblem, process, course (TKP 17), architecture, sculpture, modeling, sculpting (TKP 18), Easter table (TKP 19), Iliad, distinctiveness10, quality, lyres, sincere (TKP 21), etc. A few examples with broader context from K. Bizauskas’s textbook: 10 At the end of the minutes of the same meeting it is written that, regarding “the word ‘savитumas,’ the Commission expressed no opinion; discussion was postponed until the next meeting, when the meaning of the word, which A. Smetona had begun using in literature, would be precisely established” (TKP 21). The 23rd set of minutes only mentions that A. Smetona explained (although he did not attend the meeting) the use of savitas, savitai... It may be said that he relied on living speech, since it is noted that the word is used in Vadokliai. Terminologija | 2018 | 25 211 representation, conception TKP 19 “Notes and memoirs provide much material for history: the historian obtains from them a clear r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of historical events and persons, and memoirs often help him to understand the meaning and value of more than one historical event” (L 103, emphasis mine – A.M.) opposition, antithesis TKP 21 “An idyll is the o p p o s i t e of an epic poem: an epic poem depicts an important event, an idyll the simplest kind; the characters in an epic poem are distinguished people, in an idyll they are ordinary folk; in an epic poem, matters of state or society are foremost, whereas in an idyll the interests are modest, familial, and personal” (L 155, emphasis mine – A.M.) It is possible that K. Bizauskas also submitted the words or expressions he needed or considered questionable for discussion alongside literary-science terms. In 1922, he wrote that he considered it his duty to publicly thank the Terminology Commission, and especially K. Būga and J. Jablonskis, for “kindly agreeing to give me their advice on all the doubtful questions that arose” (L 4). It is not known whether K. Bizauskas himself included adjectives and verbs in the list submitted, which seems likely, or whether the meeting participants were concerned with providing correct forms not only of nouns but of other words as well: “Monological, -e, dialogical, -e, or: monologic, dialogic, -a, depending on which word form the laws of language require. The meaning of these words remains the same as in their foreign-language equivalents.” (TKP 14, highlighted in the minutes.) “Personify, become personified; make personal, become personal; personification, becoming personal; embody, embodiment, etc. Russian – олицетворять, олицетварение, прозопопея.” (TKP 17, highlighted in the minutes; cf. personification R 42, L 64.) Russian equivalents are provided for some terms or lexical items. Again, it is not entirely clear whether these equivalents were selected by the author of the term list, K. Bizauskas, or added for clarity during the discussion of the terms. The terms recorded in the minutes are preceded by the phrases: “it was decided to term it”, “the following literary terms were discussed and established”, “it was decided to use”, “it is decided to use”, “it was agreed that such terms and expressions may be used”, or “it is stated [,] that the following terms may be used in a particular context” (TKP 14–19, 21). According to the Terminology Commission’s general 212 Asta Mitkevičienė Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signataras Kazys Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija The procedure, established at its second meeting on April 24, stated that “decisions are made only when at least 6 Commission members attend the meeting, including at least one philologist (J. Jablonskis or K. Būga), and the rapporteur” (TKP 2). Of the seven meetings at which literary-science terms were discussed, 7 members attended three, 6 attended two, and only 5 attended the other two. If the rapporteur (A. Vireliūnas) is included in the required total of 6 members, decisions could have been adopted at 5 of the 7 meetings; if not, only at 3. In the preface to the third edition of the textbook, written in June 1922, K. Bizauskas states: “I had submitted the literary terms to our Terminology Commission, which discussed them over a series of meetings, but had not yet finally determined them. Unable to wait for the final word of the Terminology Commission, I resolved to print the textbook, naturally observing the Commission’s comments. I do not know whether the Terminology Commission has now finally determined the terms” (L 3). K. Bizauskas also saw positive aspects in these circumstances—the Terminology Commission would now be able “to develop an understanding of how the terms it had discussed are applied in practice and how they might take root” (L 3). In the preface to the last edition of this textbook (1923), K. Bizauskas notes that the same terms were retained because the Terminology Commission had still not reached a final decision about them. The next section compares the terms recorded in the minutes of the Terminology Commission with those in the 1922 edition of the textbook. TERMINOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE MINUTES OF THE TERMINOLOGY COMMISSION AND K. BIZAUSKAS’S TEXTBOOK Term mismatches: variants and synonyms Instead of several terms recorded by the Terminology Commission, K. Bizauskas used their phonetic, orthographic, or morphological (differing in grammatical form) variants11. Devyzas TKP 15. In K. Bizauskas’s textbook we find the now-established variant devizas R 13, L 26. Periodinė kalba TKP 15; periodas TKP 16. K. Bizauskas used the orthographic variants of these terms perijodinė kalba L 34 (cf. perijodiška kalba R 19), perijodas R 20, L 34. 11The term variant is used in this article in a narrow sense—variants are considered to be different forms of the same term. Terminologija | 2018 | 25 213 Criterion TKP 19. K. Bizauskas chose the variant criterion L 119, which was written first in the minutes; only later was its ending changed in another pen. Eclogue TKP 21. In K. Bizauskas’s textbook, the variant is ecloga L 156 (cf. eclogue LTŽ 1962, TŽŽe 2002, VTŽŽ 2003, ecloga Zaborskaitė 1982: 155, LEM 64). Strophe TKP 21; antistrophe TKP 21. To name the corresponding parts of the strophic triad, K. Bizauskas chose the variants of these terms strofa L 172 and antistrofa L 172, which are still in use (see LTŽ 1998). K. Bizauskas named some concepts in his textbook using synonyms that share a root with the terms given in the minutes of the Terminology Commission (most often) or that do not share a root: Genial, -al TKP 15. The textbook’s author used genialingas kūrinys L 29 (cf. genijalus tvarinys R 15). Connecting, compound period TKP 16. K. Bizauskas retained the first edition’s term sujungiamasis periodas R 21, L 35. Stress syllable, stressed syllable TKP 18. In K. Bizauskas’s textbook: kirčiuotas skiemuo R 56, L 83. Mode of representation, representation12 TKP 19. K. Bizauskas did not adopt the single-word term, evidently a neologism, but used the two-word term atvaizdavimo būdas L 101 (cf. atvaizdavimas L 101). Historical perspective TKP 19. K. Bizauskas chose a synonym with an adjective bearing the suffix -inis: istorinė perspektyva L 104. Figurative, vivid exposition TKP 19. In K. Bizauskas’s 1922 textbook, we find the expression vaizdus išdėstymas L 105. The principal character, first, senior character13 – герой TKP 21. K. Bizauskas named the same concept using three other terms: vyriausias veikiamas asmuo L 147, vyriausiasai veikėjas L 186, and herojus L 181. Interruption – умолчание TKP 17. The author of the literary theory textbook chose an entirely different term, nutylėjimas R 50, L 76, which was also used in the first edition. 12The article also classifies synonymous terms with different numbers of components as root-sharing synonyms if they contain at least one component sharing a root. 13For compound terms, root-nonsharing synonyms here refers to synonymous compound terms whose nonmatching components do not share a root. 214 Asta Mitkevičienė Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signataras Kazys Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija Discrepancies in terms: not all synonyms and variants The minutes of the Terminology Commission contain a fairly large number of synonymous terms and contextual competitors. K. Bizauskas’s textbook usually contains only one of the non-cognate synonyms. Proportionality, or lygderumas TKP 14. K. Bizauskas did not use the Lithuanian term (it is not even in LKŽe); cf. proportionality of the component parts L 20, proportionality of the parts of the content L 23. Ascent? (Gradation) TKP 17. In the 1922 edition of the textbook, K. Bizauskas chose two terms—laipsniavimas (gradation) L 74. In the 1918 edition, he used three synonyms to name the same concept: sutvirtinimas or laipsniavimas (gradation) R 51. Today, the equivalent laipsniavimas has become established for the Latin term gradation (for more, see Mitkevičienė 2014). Blank verse, unrhymed verse TKP 18. The author of the textbook under study used only the first synonym—b altosios eilės L 91—as before (R 61), while presenting the feature “without rhymes” in the explanation; cf.: “Verse without rhymes is called blank verse” (L 91, emphasis in the source). Didactic, didactical novel TKP 21. The same minutes also record pamokomasis romanas TKP 21, but it is not associated with the first terms and is presented as if it were the name of a different concept. K. Bizauskas used only the more Lithuanian variant term pamokomas romanas L 163 / pamokomasis romanas L 197 (but cf. other terms with didaktinis: didaktinė pasakėčia L 158, didaktinė odė L 173). Stanza, sruoga TKP 18. The term posmas had already been used in works on literary subjects in the 19th century, while sruoga can be considered an equivalent of this Belarusian loanword, which, incidentally, had become a literary term. J. Jablonskis himself was the latest to propose this word during the discussion of terms (cf. LKŽe sruoga ‘5. a stanza, verse of a song or hymn, point’; the source of the meaning is J. Jablonskis’s works, with an illustrative example from Antanas Juška’s collection of songs (19th c.)). K. Bizauskas used only the first, then-current term, posmas R 61, L 91, and also mentioned the international term strofa R 61, L 91. Reasoning (to reason), thinking – рассуждение TKP 19. In the 1922 textbook, K. Bizauskas used the term protavimas L 99 for one of the types of prose works (chapters) (alongside narration, description, and oratorical speeches). The first edition had nagrinėjimas R 63. Both editions also contain the term samprotavimas R 5, L 16, though the context does not make it entirely clear whether this is a systematic synonym. Terminologija | 2018 | 25 2 1 5 Confession, statement, narration of one’s own story TKP 19. In Bizauskas’s textbook, the term confession L 106 is recorded; it designates one of the types of literary works. Measurement, justification, substantiation TKP 19. K. Bizauskas named one of the parts of the chria (in Latin, etiologia, causa) with the term measurement L 118 (cf. LKŽe to substantiate ‘3. to ground, support (conduct, a thought)’). Subarymas, leading into absurdity – reductio ad absurdum, the method of leading to absurdity TKP 21. K. Bizauskas used one term – leading into absurdity TKP 124. Religious, spiritual hymn TKP 21. K. Bizauskas chose the term religious hymn L 144. Properties, family, proprietary, familial novel TKP 21 (cf. LKŽe property ‘3. people related by kinship, one’s own, close’, one of the sources being J. Jablonskis’s works). In his textbook, K. Bizauskas used the terms familial novel L 163 (and also family novel L 163) and novel of the family L 197. Song of domestic life, existence, and customs TKP 21. In K. Bizauskas’s textbook – song of state (domestic life) L 169. In Stasys Šalkauskis’s General Philosophical Terminology (1937), domestic life, state, and existence were considered non-absolute synonyms, and their differences were indicated as follows: “domestic life denotes the characteristics of people’s being, life, and expression that constitute their public distinctiveness”; “existence is a deverbal noun denoting the deepest basis of being”; “state is a mode of being” (Šalkauskis 1991: 211–212), cf. LKŽe state “being, state of being, life”; domestic life “way of life, life, existence”; existence “being, state of being, domestic life, life”. Riddle, mąslė TKP 21. The literary theory textbook under study uses the first synonym, riddle L 143. According to folklorist Aelita Kensminienė, K. Būga recorded the word mąslė in Seinai in 1909, but it is merely an isolated term, used more widely neither in spoken language nor in print (Kensminienė 2004). According to LKŽe, mąslė was also used by J. Jablonskis. Both linguists attended the meeting at which these terms were discussed. Gesture, gesture TKP 21. At the 23rd meeting, the term mostas was revisited. The minutes state that J. Jablonskis proposed mojis instead of mostas, arguing that mostas was unknown in living speech and had arisen under the influence of the word gestas. K. Būga disagreed, saying that mostas could have originated, for instance, from the word mostaguoti. By majority vote, the Commission decided to approve both the word mostas and mojis. J. Jablonskis “protested against the use of the word mostas for this meaning” TKP 23. In his textbook, K. Bizauskas found a way around this: gestures (mostagavimai) L 123. 216 Asta Mitkevičienė Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signataras Kazys Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija Only rarely are there more non-cognate designations for a single concept in K. Bizauskas’s textbook than in the minutes of the Terminology Commission. One example is emotionality – эмоциональность TKP 16. K. Bizauskas gave two further terms for the same stylistic feature: “We called this feature of language graudingumas, emocingumas, jaudingumas [expressiveness, emotionality, affectivity]” L 50. In the same place in the first edition of the textbook, the terms are graudingumas, emocijingumas R 32. The minutes of the Terminology Commission also record Lithuanian variants and cognate synonyms, of which K. Bizauskas’s textbook most often has just one14: Nuosakus, nuoseklus, -umas. Minčių nuosakumas, nuoseklumas. Rus. последовательность TKP 14; nuosakumas TKP 21. According to LKŽe, the word nuosakus was used by J. Jablonskis and J. Tumas, both of whom attended the meeting. In the third edition, K. Bizauskas opted for the term nuoseklumas L 24, but also used terms containing the element nuosaik* – logiškas nuosakumas L 173, nuosaiki laiko eilė L 100. Vidujinis, išvidinis TKP 15. In the third edition of the textbook, the terms are formed with the second adjective (išvidinė veikalo pilnatis L 25, išvidinis vaizdas L 130), whereas in the first edition they are formed with the first (vidujinė veikalo pilnatis R 12). Minčių reiškimas, išreiškimas TKP 15. K. Bizauskas used the term minčių reiškimas R 6, L 17 (cf. minčių reiškimo būdas L 137, poetinė minčių reiškimo forma L 48). In the textbook, the synonym for this term is stilius, which is not recorded at all in the minutes. Pakartojimas, atkartojimas TKP 17. One of the figures in K. Bizauskas’s textbook is designated by the term pakartojimas R 47, L 71 (cf. pakartojimo figūra R 47, L 71). Šūkis, sušukimas TKP 17. In the third edition, the author chose the second term to designate the figure, sušukimas L 77 (cf. sušukimo figūra L 77; there is also šauksmas L 71), whereas the first edition had šaukimas R 51 (šaukimo figūra R 51). Vaizduotė, vaizduoklė TKP 17. The meeting participants probably did not reach full agreement, since the minutes add “to be left for the time being.” Earlier in the meeting, the term vaizdena proposed by the committee was not approved. In K. Bizauskas’s textbook one can find terms and other phrases containing the element vaizduotė, for example, kuriamoji vaizduotė L 134. Elėdėtis, eilėdara – versifikacija TKP 18. Only the first two terms are underlined in the minutes, while versifikacija is given as if it were an explanation, so it is difficult to say precisely 14Without a broader context, it is not always possible to say precisely which cognate terms recorded in the minutes of the Terminology Commission are actual terms and which are merely contextual synonyms. Terminologija | 2018 | 25 217 to say whether an international term is recommended for use. K. Bizauskas used the term eilėdara L 78 (a more precise equivalent of the Latin term versifikacija), but versifikacija L 78 is also recorded (cf. also silabiškas, metrinškas, toniškas eilaiavimas TKP 18 – not eilėdėtis or eilėdara), as well as silabiška eilėdara L 81, metriška eilėdara L 82, toniška eilėdara L 82; liaudies toniškas(is) eiliavimas TKP 18 – liaudies toniška eilėdara L 83). In the first edition, the concept of “verse-making” is designated by the term eiliavimas R 54. It should be noted that eilėdėtis (cf. Russian стихосложение), which was not adopted, is also not recorded in LKŽe. Dailus, dailusis, dailingas pasakojimas TKP 19; dailioji, dailingoji charakteristika TKP 19. K. Bizauskas chose the term dailusis pasakojimas L 101 to designate one of the types of narrative, and dailioji charakteristika15 for a type of characterization. Dailės, dailinis romanas TKP 21. In K. Bizauskas’ textbook: dailės romanas L 163. Mokslo, mokslinis veikalas TKP 19. The 1922 edition of the textbook is dominated by the term moksliškas(is) veikalas L 114; the synonym mokslo veikalas L 115 is also used. The first edition has only mokslo veikalas R 65. Dienoraštis, dienraštis TKP 19. In the 1922 textbook, K. Bizauskas adopted only the variant dienoraštis as a substitute for dienynas, explicitly linking them: “As education spreads, many people begin to keep ‘diaries’, or daybooks, in which they record each day everything that caught the author’s eye. A diary is precisely the simplest form of memoir” L 102. J. Jablonskis was still recommending replacing dienyną with dienoraštis and dienraštį in 1926 and 1927 (see Jablonskis 1936: 17, 138). Išrodymas, įrodymas TKP 19; tiesioginis išrodymas, įrodymas TKP 19. K. Bizauskas chose the first terms, išrodymas L 115 and tiesioginis išrodymas L 115. Introduction, introductory section TKP 19. One of the parts of reasoning K. Bizauskas designated by the term introduction. According to the data of LKŽe, introductory section was used by K. Būga. He participated in the meeting of the Terminology Commission at which these terms were discussed. Pamokymas, pamokis – поучение TKP 21. Writing about the structure of fables, the textbook’s author used the term pamokymas L 157. 15 In 1926, J. Jablonskis wrote: “Only a work of art (painting, sculpture...) that ‘pierces the eye’ and is somewhat tangible can be dailus or dailingas. A literary work, like a musical work, can only be beautiful (not dailus)” (Jablonskis 1936: 17). From around 1927, the term grožinė literatūra is found in literary studies textbooks and related works, but even in the second half of the 1930s the term dailioji literatūra had not fallen into passive use. 218 Asta Mitkevičienė Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signataras Kazys Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija Apsakėlė, apsakymas, apsakas – рассказъ TKP 21. These terms are presented in the minutes as though they were synonyms or variants. K. Bizauskas used only the second term, apsakymas L 164. Terminology Commission minutes also contain variants with non-Lithuanian roots and synonyms sharing the same root. Again, K. Bizauskas’s textbook does not use all of them. Dramatinis, –ė, draminis, –ė TKP 15. In K. Bizauskas’s 1922 textbook, only terms containing the element draminis, –ė (and dramos) were found: draminė forma L 25, draminis veikalas L 137 (synonym dramos veikalas L 25). In the first edition, the terms used for the same purpose were, respectively, dramatiška forma R 12 and dramos veikalas R 12. TŽŽ 1936 includes the adjectives dramatiškas, –inis (a combined entry), and the phrase dramatinė poezija, but draminis is absent. Monologinis, –ė, dialoginis, –ė, arba: monologiškas, dialogiškas, –a TKP 14. In the third edition, K. Bizauskas used adjectives with the suffix –inis: monologinė forma L 25, dialoginė forma L 25, whereas the first edition also included forms with the suffix –iškas: monologiška forma R 12, dialogiška forma R 12. Prozos kalba, prozinė kalba, prozos veikalas, proziškas, prozingas veikalas TKP 15. The third edition of the textbook uses the terms prozinė kalba L 31 (but compare proziška kalbos forma L 31), while the first edition has prozaiška kalba R 17 (compare prozaiška kalbos forma R 17). In the third edition, three terms are used synonymously: prozos veikalas L 32, proz inis veikalas L 48, proziškas veikalas L 95. In the earlier edition, two terms for the same concept were found—the same prozos veikalas R 18 and the author’s later-abandoned prozaiškas veikalas R 19. Prozos, prozinis, proziškas aprašymas TKP 19. In the third edition, K. Bizauskas chose the term proziškas aprašymas L 111. Poėtinis, poėtiškas, poėtingas TKP 15; poėtiškas, –a, poėtinis, –ė TKP 18. In the 1922 edition of K. Bizauskas’s textbook, only two adjectives—poėtinis and poėtiškas—appear as elements in terms, for example, the synonyms poėtinė kalba L 31 and poėtiška kalba L 32, poėtiškas veikalas L 94 and poėtinis veikalas L 96. In the first edition, only the second variant occurs, for example: poėtiška kalba R 17, poėtiškas veikalas R 65, and so on. An example in context: “The difference between prosaic and poetic language can be judged from individual expressions—poetic and prosaic ones” R 31. Gramatikos, –tikinis kirtis, logikos, loginis kirtis TKP 18. In K. Bizauskas’s 1922 textbook, the terms using the genitive are gramatikos kirtis L 79, logikos kirtis L 79 (in the first edition, the terms recorded for the same purpose are gramatiška priegaida R 52, logiška priegaida R 52). Terminologija | 2018 | 25 219 Myth, mythical epic; classics, classical epic; historical, historic poem; romantic, romance poem; historical, historic novel TKP 21. In K. Bizauskas’s textbook: mythical epic L 139, classical epic L 145, historical poem L 153, romantic poem L 154, historical novel L 44 (but historical novel L 159 is more common). Fantastic, the fantastic journey TKP 19. K. Bizauskas chose the non-definite-form term fantastic journey L 113 (cf. accounts of fantastic journeys L 113) to name one type of travel narrative. Idyll, idyll TKP 21. K. Bizauskas used the variant idyll L 155, which has survived to the present day. Discrepancies in the meanings of terms Subject matter of a work, or plot, Russian предмет сочинения TKP 14. Plot was inserted into the minutes later, in another hand. K. Bizauskas did not consider these terms systematic synonyms: “Sometimes the subject matter of a work is used in the sense of theme; in works of art, the theme is often called p l o t” (L 18; the first edition makes a similar statement). Arrangement, exposition, composition, development. “The arrangement, or exposition, of a work’s ideas and content, whichever word the rules of the language require. Russian изложение.” TKP 14. K. Bizauskas distinguished the meanings of the terms exposition (the form of presenting ideas / an idea L 24) and composition L 22 (the section of content between the introduction and the conclusion). In the first edition, the term arrangement R 10 was used for both meanings (cf. the form of arranging an idea / ideas R 11). In the third edition we find the terms arrangement of facts L 104, arrangement of ideas L 173. Other differences Rašliava TKP 14. In the minutes, the sentence stating that rašliava should mean manuscripts, and that this word should be used with the same meaning as in everyday speech, was crossed out; in its place, in another hand, was written that it “is a collection of handwritten works” (TKP 14). This word did not appear in the third edition of K. Bizauskas’s textbook. In the first edition, the author attempted to distinguish theoretically between the terms rašliava (works that exist only in written form) and rašytija (all verbal works). J. Jablonskis, reviewing this textbook, wrote that “for us, simple little people, it is very difficult to grasp these distinctions that cannot be grasped” (Jablonskis 1933: 181). Metmens – the fabula of a work, TKP 14; cf. LKŽe metmenys “2. the main features of a plan or project for some work or undertaking,” but examples only from so- 220 Asta Mitkevičienė Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signataras Kazys Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija from local sources. K. Bizauskas apparently did not use this term. It may be that the author had no need for this concept at all, or that it is difficult to discern from the textbook’s text. Success, comparison, Russian притча TKP 14; success, equivalent TKP 17. In the first edition of the textbook, K. Bizauskas used the term sakmė R 9, but probably in the sense of ‘fable’, rather than as an equivalent of the Russian term притча (which refers to a work resembling both a fable and a parable). In the third edition, the term in the same place is pasakėčia (for more on the term pasakėčia and its synonyms, see Mitkevičienė 2005: 90). Long-sentence style TKP 15. In 1922, K. Bizauskas distinguished short-sentence, periodic and mixed styles (L. 33). Thus, the author of the textbook had no need for an antonym of the term short-sentence style. Derived [period]; contrary [period] TKP 16. The concepts denoted by these terms do not appear in the third edition of the textbook, although they did appear in the first. There they are denoted, respectively, by derived period R 21 and opposite period R 21. TERMINOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FIRST AND THIRD EDITIONS OF THE TEXTBOOK The terminology of the two editions is identical in about one third of the terms. As already noted, the editions differ in length, so the third contains many new terms that were absent from the first. However, some terms in the later edition denote concepts already present in the first edition—the names of the concepts have simply been changed or supplemented (synonymy), or their forms have varied (variation). Variants The most conspicuous difference is the presence of term variants, for example, phonetic and/or spelling variants: homonimas R 24 / omonimas L 39 (cf. omonimas TKP 17); idėja R 8 / idėja L 20, perspektyva R 11 / perspektyva L 23, poetas R 63 / poētas L 93 (cf. poētas TKP 18), poetiška kalbos forma R 17 / poetiška kalbos forma L 30 and poetiškas veikalas R 19 / poetiškas veikalas L 94, poezija R 18 / poezija L 26 (cf. poezija TKP 18) and liaudies poezija R 26 / liaudies poezija L 41, poezijos veikalas R 18 / poezijos veikalas L 32, provincializmas R 27 / provincializmas L 43, prozopopėja R 42 / prozopopėja L 64, sinonimas R 24 / sinonimas L 39 (and sinonymika R 25 / sinonimika L 40), tema R 6 / tėma L 17 (cf. tėma TKP 14), and so on; Terminologija | 2018 | 25 221 morphological variants: daktilius R 57 / daktilis L 84, hiperbolė R 45 / hiperbola L 68 (cf. hiperbola TKP 17), pagražinantis epitetas R 34 / pagražinamasis epitetas L 53, etc.; working variants16: tryskiemenis rimas R 60 / triskiemenis rimas L 89, vienskiemenis rimas R 60 / vienaskiemenis rimas L 89; dalių proporcingumas R 10 / dalių proporcingumas L 23, emocijingumas R 32 / emocingumas L 49 and emocinė kalba R 33 / emocinė kalba L 50; prozaìška kalbos forma R 17 / proziška kalbos forma L 31, etc.; mixed: chorejus R 57 / chorėjas L 84, epistularinė forma R 12 / epistolinė forma L 25, sudedamųjų dalių proporcingumas R 8 / sudedamųjų dalių proporcingumas L 20, etc. As the examples show, the variants are not diverse; often, the individual pairs of variants are related to one another. Most of the terms that varied are international, and their forms had not yet become established in Lithuanian at the time. Today, the variant from the newer edition is not always used. It should be noted that some variants, especially phonetic and spelling variants, may simply be typesetting errors. Synonyms with the same root Cognate compound synonymous terms (synonymy of dependent elements). Term with an adjective in the suffix -iškas → term with an adjective in the suffix -inis: chronologiška eilė R 11 – chronologinė eilė L 24, dialogiška forma R 12 – dialoginė forma L 25, istoriškas romanas R 28 – istorinis romanas L 44 (and istorijos romanas L 159), lyriškas elementas R 65 – lyrinis elementas L 152, periodiška kalba R 19 – periodinė kalba L 34, poetiška kalba R 17 – poetinė kalba L 31 and poetiška minčių reiškimo forma R 31 – poetinė minčių reiškimo forma L 48, psichologiškas pagrindas R 11 – psichologinis pagrindas L 24, ritmiškas sakinys R 53 – ritminis sakinys L 80 and rytmiškas skyrius R 19 / ritmiškas skyrius R 53 – ritminis skyrius L 34, etc. The synonyms dramatiška forma R 12 – draminė forma L 25 and prozaìška kalba R 17 – prozinė kalba L 31 differ somewhat more formally. The dependent elements of all the synonyms found in this group have an international root. 16 Here the analysis follows Jolanta Vaskelienė’s conception of working variants: “Derived forms that have the same base words and the same derivational affix, but differ in certain secondary derivational devices, are regarded as working variants” (Vaskelienė 2013: 212). 222 Asta Mitkevičienė Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signataras Kazys Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija Term with a participle → term with an adjective in the suffix -inis: kryžiuotasis rimas R 61 – kryžminis rimas L 91, rašytas veikalas R 5 / veikalas rašytas R 5 – rašytinis veikalas L 16 and rašomoji (literatūros) kalba R 30 – rašytinė (literatūros) kalba L 47. Others: apsakomasis veikalas R 65 – pasakojamas veikalas L 100 / pasakojamasis veikalas L 101 (and pasakojimų veikalas L 100), eiliuota kalba R 53 / eiliuotoji kalba R 60 – eilėta kalba L 80 / eilėtoji kalba L 89, sąlyginis periodas R 21 – lygtinis periodas L 35 (cf. lygtinis [periodas] TKP 16), vidujinė veikalo pilnatis R 12 – išvidinė veikalo pilnatis L 25. An example of a type of synonym that was current at the time is prozaïški raštai R 31 – prozos raštai L 49. One-word synonymous terms with a common root; compound synonymous terms with a common root. The first edition’s term eiliavimas R 54 was replaced in the third edition by the compound term eilėdara L 78. This also gave rise to pairs of synonymous compound terms: metriškas eiliavimas R 55 – metriška eilėdara L 82, silabiškas eiliavimas R 54 – silabiška eilėdara L 81, toniškas eiliavimas R 55 – toniška eilėdara L 82, and liaudies toniškas eiliavimas R 55 – liaudies toniška eilėdara L 83, literatūros toniškas eiliavimas R 55 – literatūros toniška eilėdara L 83, and so on (see also the previous section). Compound terms used in different editions include chorejinės eilės R 57 – chorejinis eilėraštis L 84, daktilinės eilės R 57 – daktilinis eilėraštis L 84, dvipedės eilės R 58 – dvipedis eilėraštis L 86, jambinės eilės R 57 – jambinis eilėraštis L 84, keturpėdės eilės R 58 – keturpedis eilėraštis L 87, penkiapėdės eilės R 58 – penkiapėdis eilėraštis L 87, šešiapėdės eilės R 59 – šešiapėdis eilėraštis L 87, tripėdės eilės R 58 / trypėdės eilės R 58 – tripėdis eilėraštis L 86. The one-word term eilėraštis17 is absent from the first edition, whereas in the third edition one finds both the term eilės L 81 and eilėraštis L 80; compare: “The musicality of language is manifested chiefly in lines founded on rhythm. The science of writing or composing poems is called versification, or versification” L 81. Both terms are used ambiguously: they designate both verse or poetic form (the plural eilėraščiai is used) and a poetic work, but their precise meaning cannot always be easily determined. When preparing the third edition, K. Bizauskas replaced some terms with terms of the same derivational type but based on different nouns sharing a root 17 The term eilės was widely used in the 19th century, while eilėraštis appeared in the second decade of the 20th century. The latter term is a neologism coined by J. Jablonskis; it was included in his 1918 Mūsų žodynėlį (see LKŽe; Keinys 2010: 85). Terminologija | 2018 | 25 223 terms: logiškas nuoseklumas R 65 – logiškas nuosaikumas L 173, pagrindinės minties arba idėjos vienumas R 8 – pagrindinės minties, arba idėjos, vieningumas L 20, prirodymas R 7 – išrodymas L 19, šaukimas R 51 – sušukimas L 77 (cf. šaukimo figūra R 51 – sušūkimo figūra L 77), užbaiga R 10 – pabaiga L 19 (cf. galas R 7, L 19), užklausimas R 51 – paklausimas L 77 (cf. paklausimas TKP 17, and compare užklausimo figūra R 51 – paklausimo figūra L 77), veikalo nepilnumas, arba neužbaigimas R 7 – veikalo nepilnumas, arba nepribaigimas L 19. Terms used in different editions include dv iprasmybė R 24 – dviprasmumas L 39, pajuoka R 46 – pajuokimas L 177; sakmė R 9 – pasakėčia L 20. In the first edition, the term sakmė is used only in the sense of “fable.” J. Jablonskis’s 1918 Mūsų žodynėlyje already includes the neologism pasakėčia, which also made its way into the text of the 1922 edition of K. Bizauskas’s textbook (as noted above, the latter term is recorded in the minutes of the Terminology Commission in more than one place). Non-cognate synonyms K. Bizauskas replaced some terms from the first edition with non-cognate terms, for example: antgalvis R 12 – antraštė L 25, išdėstymas R 10 – klostymas L 22, išsireiškimas R 15 – posakis L 30, įvardijimas R 12 – pavadinimas L 181, maišyta forma R 12 – mišra forma L 25 and maišytos eilės R 57 – mišros eilės L 84 / mišrosios eilės L 86, puolimas R 20 – slūgimas L 34, tvarinys R 5 – kūrinys L 17 (and folk tvarinys R 26 – folk kūrinys L 41, poezijos tvarinys R 25 – poezijos kūrinys L 41), tveryba R 3 – kūryba L 14; kalbėtojų veikalas R 65 – oratorių veikalas L 122, and so on. J. Jablonskis had already corrected the calque antgalvis in 1904 and 1914, proposing that it be replaced with antrašu (see Jablonskis 1935: 53, 140, 174). In 1921, J. Jablonskis himself replaced the term tvarinys, popular in the early 20th century, with kūriniu (see Jablonskis 1933: 241). Incidentally, apparently heeding the views of the Terminology Commission and specifically J. Jablonskis (see Piročkinas 1986: 114), K. Bizauskas used the forms mišros / mišrosios (not mišrios) in his terms (cf. mišras, –a TKP 15, mišra, –oji eilė TKP 18). Instead of several terms from the first edition, in the third edition the author used terms motivated by different features, that is, aspectual synonyms, for example: ginamasis palyginimas R 38 – neigamasis palyginimas L 58, nutrauktoji kalba R 18 – trumpasakė kalba L 33, sąskambio arba atsiliepimo pilnumas R 61 – santarumo arba atsiliepimo pilnumas L 90 (cf. santarumas TKP 18). 224 Asta Mitkevičienė Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signataras Kazys Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija In the first edition, works are divided into remembered and written works, while in the third into spoken and written works. The concepts seem to be the same, but the terms atmintinis veikalas R 5 / veikalas atmintinis R 5 and sakytinis veikalas L 16 / veikalas sakytinis L 16 are motivated differently and form oppositions of different bases with their respective equivalents. Mixed synonyms18 Between the first and third editions of the textbook, several combinations of different types of synonyms occur, for example: eiliuotoji liaudies tvėryba R 62 – eiletoji liaudies kūryba L 93 / liaudies eilėta kūryba L 93, gramatiška priegaida R 52 – gramatikos kirtis L 79 and logiška priegaida R 52 – logikos kirtis L 79, poetiškas išsireiškimas R 17 – poėtinis posakis L 31 (cf. also poetiškas pasakymas L 32) and proza iškas išsireiškimas R 17 – prozinis posakis L 31 (cf. also proziškas pasakymas L 32), etc. In the first edition, toniškas eiliavimas is used once alongside the synonyms fonetiškas eiliavimas R 54 and garsinis eiliavimas R 55, while in the third edition the term is garsinė eilėdara L 82 (the main synonym is toniška eilėdara L 82). The term toninė (not garsinė) eilėdara became established, because garsinė is an imprecise equivalent of toninė. Abandonment of synonym(s) It has been observed that in some cases synonyms found in the first edition disappear in the third edition—the same concept is designated by only one term or by fewer synonymous terms than in the first edition, for example: heksametras (šešmatis) R 55 → heksametras L 87, monologiška forma R 12 and monologinė forma R 11 → monologinė forma L 25, paveiksl ingumas R 9 and vaizdumas R 41, vaizdingumas R 26 → vaizdumas L 20 and vaizdingumas L 48, priešprieša arba antitezė R 50 → antitezė L 75 (cf. antitezė TKP 17), ritmiškumas 18 and ritmingumas R 53 → ritmingumas L 81, sutvirtinimas arba laipsniavimas (gradacija) R 49 → laipsniavimas (gradacija) L 74, etc. Sometimes terms in the first edition were replaced not by synonyms but by terms with a narrower meaning; cf.: “Our folk creativity is full of tenderness. It is enough to take even this little song <...>” R 33 and “Our folklore is full of tenderness. It is enough to take even this little song <...>” L 51. 18 To simplify the description of synonyms, mixed synonyms here include synonymous terms that have more than one feature, i.e., compound synonymous terms that differ in more than one component, or synonym series that contain more than two terms. Terminologija | 2018 | 25 225 It should be noted that synonyms absent from the first edition appear in the later edition, or the same concept is designated by a greater number of terms; this should, however, be discussed with caution—the first edition is shorter, and it is likely that the same concept occurs fewer times, which determines or may have determined the number of synonyms as well. SYNONYMS AND VARIANTS OF TERMS IN A SINGLE EDITION OF THE TEXTBOOK Same-root synonyms Compound synonymous terms with a shared root (synonymy of secondary constituents). A term with an adjective bearing the suffix -inis and a term with an adjective bearing the suffix -iškas. Several pairs of same-root synonyms consist of terms whose secondary constituents are adjectives with the suffixes -inis and -iškas, for example: epinis elementas L 165 – epiškasis elementas L 165, epinis veikalas L 137 – epiškas veikalas L 159, mitinis elementas L 141 – mitiškas elementas L 147, poėtinis atvaizdavimas L 137 – poetiškas atvaizdavimas L 138, ritelinis romanas L 162 – riteliškas romanas L 162, and so on. The terminological differences between the third and fourth editions, briefly presented at the beginning of the article, also show that terms of this type had not become established. A term with a genitive noun and a term with an adjective. The synonym pairs consist of terms with a genitive noun and terms whose secondary constituents are adjectives, most often with the suffix -inis, for example: literatūros poezija L 136 – literatūrinė poezija L 136, istorijos daina L 99 – istorinė daina L 143, draminis veikalas L 137 – dramos veikalas L 25 (R 12), draminis veiksmas L 180 – dramos veiksmas L 180, moksliškas aprašymas L 111 – mokslo aprašymas L 112 (cf. proziški, arba moksliški, aprašymai L 111, opposed to dailieji aprašymai L 111), pseudoklasikinė odė L 172 – pseudoklasikų odė L 175, šeimyninis romanas L 163 – šeiminis romanas L 163 – šeimos romanas L 197. Another type of synonymy arising from synonymy between secondary constituents is found only sporadically, for example: perkeltinė reikšmė L 59 – perkelta reikšmė L 60. Same-root one-word synonymous terms; same-root compound synonymous terms. Nouns functioning as synonymous one-word terms or as the main constituents of compound terms have 226 Asta Mitkevičienė | Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signataras Kazys Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija different base words, for example: atvaizdavimas L 101 – atvaizdinimas L 132, fantastiškas pasakojimas L 113 – fantastiškas apsakymas L 161 and poetinis pasakojimas L 146 – poetinis apsakymas L 155. In the third edition, K. Bizauskas used the terms eilutė L 81 (R 54) and eilė L 179 synonymously, but their frequency of occurrence shows that the former is considered the principal term (the term eilutė is more convenient from the perspective of the terminology system; cf. eilės). The textbook also contains pairs of same-root synonymous terms: tikrenybė L 22 (R 9) – tikrybė L 100; būsenos (buities) daina L 169. Synonymous terms with different numbers of constituents. Pairs of so-called short and long term variants include veikėjas L 140 – veikiamas asmuo L 180 / veikiantis asmuo L 183 / veikiamasis asmuo L 152. The suffix –ėjas usually denotes a person, so it may be assumed that both the one-word term and the varying compound term explicitly reflect the same features of the concept. Correspondingly, K. Bizauskas used the synonymous specific terms vyriausias veikiamas asmuo L 147 – vyriausiasai veikėjas L 186. Incidentally, K. Bizauskas had no need for the international term personažas. The terms dėstymo forma (dės­tysena) L 17 (cf. also minčių dėstymo forma L 24 / minties dėstymo forma L 24) and poezijos teorija (poetika) L 129 could be regarded as long and short variants. K. Bizauskas used the terms drama, arba draminė poezija L 138, lyrika, arba lyrinė poezija L 137 synonymously; nutylėjimas L 76 (R 50) – nutylėjimo figūra L 76, pakartojimas L 71 (R 47) – pakartojimo figūra L 71; fantastiškos kelionės L 113 – fantastiškų kelionių aprašymai L 113; mitas L 139 – mitiškas pasakojimas L 140; figūra L 70 (R 47) – figūrinis posakis L 173, and so on. In such pairs, the longer member is somewhat classificatory and appears clearer than the shorter one, since it explicitly marks more features of the concept. Since the source under examination is a textbook, the author’s task must have been to show the relationships between concepts and terms as clearly as possible. Terms accompanied by an explanatory word help accomplish this. There are probably more examples of such synonyms in the textbook, but identifying them is problematic: one must have a thorough understanding of the conceptual and terminological system of the period and of the author, since coherent texts use not only systematic but also various contextual synonyms: periphrases, hypernyms in place of hyponyms, terms with broader meanings instead of terms with narrower meanings, and so on. Therefore, this article discusses synonymy between terms with different numbers of constituents only to a limited extent. Terminologija | 2018 | 25 227 Synonyms with different roots Synonymy of terms or components of international and Lithuanian origin. K. Bizauskas used the international term forma L 15 (R 5) synonymously with the Lithuanian terms lytis L 170 and pavidalas L 144, of which the international term predominates in the textbook. One of the parts of a dramatic work is designated by the international term aktas L 182 and the Lithuanian term veiksmas L 182, which competed throughout the period of independence. Other synonyms of this type include kreipimasis, arba apostrofa L 70 (R 47), kuriamoji vaizduotė, arba fantazija L 134, neologizmas (naujadaras) L 44 (R 28), and others; several theatre terms may also be mentioned, for example: kaukės arba maskos L 185, pušnys (koturnai) L 185, teatras, arba vaidykla L 184. K. Bizauskas did not always prefer the term written first; for example, in the pairs minčių reiškimas, arba stilius L 17 (R 6), leksikonas, arba žodynas L 28 (R 14), the second terms predominate in the textbook. The synonym series dailioji raštija L 14 (R 4) and dailioji literatūra L 26 (R 12) / daili literatūra L 55 (R 36) (on literatūra ir raštija, see below) is supplemented by the international term beletristika L 14, which is not popular in the textbook. K. Bizauskas considered the term memuarai L 102 a synonym for the international term užrašai L 102: “Memoirs, or notes, is the name given to accounts of historical and other events that the author himself witnessed or even took part in” L 102. However, the same edition contains the complex terms literatūros // teatriniai atsiminimai L 103, whereas the earlier edition had atsiminimai R 64. In later interwar works on literary theory, užrašai is used as a synonym for the terms memuarai or atsiminimai. The textbook’s author preferred the term metraščiai, but also provided international synonyms for this term, cf.: “Annals, or, as they are also called, chronicles, annals, are the simplest kind of narrative works and appear earlier than other narrative works” L 102. In several cases, the relationship between terms and/or other lexical units is not entirely clear. For example, after the international term cezūra L 87 (R 59), K. Bizauskas added perkirtimas in parentheses, but it is more likely to be a Lithuanian explanation rather than a synonym (in the first edition, perkirtimas appears after a dash, so it is difficult to interpret it as a synonym). As already mentioned, K. Bizauskas gave the international term strofa L 91 (R 61) as a synonym for the term posmas L 91 (R 61). Although the latter is a terminologized Slavic loanword, the author may have perceived it as a Lithuanian term. 228 Asta Mitkevičienė Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signataras Kazys Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija The terms klasikinis periodas L 187 – klasikinis laikotarpis L 194, and naujųjų laikų laikotarpis L 194 – naujųjų laikų periodas L 197, are used synonymously [of comedies, tragedies]. A more interesting case of synonymy is minties, ar idėjos išvystymo pilnumas L 20 (R 8). A synonym for the term idėja L 20 is pagrindinė mintis L 2019, while the complex term is formed by omitting the component pagrindinis, as if it were self-evident. Terms with secondary components of different origins include karžyginis (herojinis) epas L 139, liaudies karžyginė (herojinė) poema L 145; komiškas (juokingas) elementas L 189, juokinga, arba komiška, padėtis L 193, and others. The synonyms vaizdi, arba poetiška kalba L 32 are partly of the same type. Synonymy of terms or components of Lithuanian origin. K. Bizauskas used the terms įvadas, arba įžanga L 22 (įvadas (įžanga) R 10), vaizdas R 49, L 63 – paveikslas L 130, the previously mentioned terms pabaiga ir galas, and also pagrindinė idėja L 16 (R 5) – vyriausioji idėja L 20 / vyriausia idėja L 20 (vyriausia idėja R 8), among others. The synonyms liaudies šnekamoji kalba L 27 – liaudies kalbamoji kalba L 47 (R 14) deserve separate mention. The impression is that the middle component was inserted into these terms for clarity, in order to reflect the classification of the concepts. In the text, K. Bizauskas often simply uses the term liaudies kalba. Aspectual synonyms It is worth mentioning separately the terms that the author presents as synonyms but which designate a concept according to another motivational feature—it would not be appropriate to compare them by origin. Taken individually, the components forming an opposition are not synonyms. Thus, K. Bizauskas gives the following terms as synonyms: author’s intention (the aim of the work) L 24 (R 11); didactic, or philosophical, ode L 173; artificial, sectarian, or pseudoclassical ode L 172, artificial, sectarian work L 191; internal, or causal, connection L 100; external, or chronological, connection L 100; classical comedy L 194 – Greek comedy L 195, classical tragedy L 187 – Greek tragedy L 189, classical, or natural, ode L 172; folk, or oral, epic L 138, folk, or spoken, lyric poetry L 167; literary, or artistic, epic L 138; literary movement or literary school L 136; townspeople’s drama or tearful comedy L 197; mixed, or natural, language L 37; feminine- 19 Terms vary in the textbook: the main idea of the work, or the idea of the work L 20; the main idea, or the principal idea of the work L 20. Terminologija | 2018 | 25 229 this rhyme L 89 / feminine rhyme L 90 (R 60) – two-syllable rhyme L 89 (R 60); the new, artistic ode L 172; a tale of customs, or descriptive tale L 141; the family, or didactic, novel L 163 (but compare family and didactic novel L 197), etc. Mixed synonyms The author used the following terms synonymously: imaginary, fantastic narrative (fabula20) L 113 – invented narrative L 141, pseudoclassical period L 187 – pseudoclassical era L 194 – period of pseudoclassicism L 195; truthfulness (objectivity) L 95 – objectivity L 138 (cf. TŽŽ 1936 objectivity); depiction L 165 – drawing L 174 – visualization L 192; song of heroes L 99 – heroic song L 146, poetic expression L 31 – poetic utterance L 32, etc. The theatrical terms artist21 (actor) L 183 – performer L 185 can also be added here. The synonyms in the textbook are the terms lyrical work L 165 – work of lyric poetry L 166 – lyrical composition L 171, although K. Bizauskas himself stated in the textbook that the terms work and composition designate different concepts: a work is a composition elaborated with respect to its theme, content, plan, mode of presentation, and style (L 17). Thus, compound terms containing the components work and composition may be either contextual synonyms or systematic synonyms, if we assume that the opposition between these one-word terms is neutralized when they occur in compound (subordinate) terms. K. Bizauskas stated in the textbook that the Lithuanian equivalent of the term literature is writings: “In Lithuanian, literature is rendered as writings” L 13. Compound synonymous terms show that the plural term writings is also understood as a synonym; cf. history of literature, or writings, or written works L 14 (cf. history of literature or writings R 4, theory of literature or written works L 15). K. Bizauskas used the following terms synonymously: prologue L 24 – oratorical speech L 122 – oratorical work L 122 – discourse L 122 (cf. also the extended textual variant oratorical discourses L 35). The compound terms may be regarded as aspectual synonyms of one another, while in relation to the one-word terms they are rather classificatory. It may also be added here that K. Bizauskas’s textbook contains comments on the relationship between terms and/or their usage, which show that the author paid atten- 20 The term fabula apparently serves here only a clarifying function. 21 TŽŽ 1936: 81 rašoma, kad artistas yra beveik aktoriaus sinonimas. 230 Asta Mitkevičienė │ Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signataras Kazys Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija attention to the distinctiveness of the system of literary scholarship terms: “Although we often say ‘the writer’s language’ instead of ‘the writer’s style,’ the words ‘language’ and ‘style’ are not equivalent; the difference is clear from what has been said above: language is merely an instrument that the writer uses to develop their style” L 30; “Sometimes the word legend is used in a broader sense, namely, it is used to denote every tale from times gone by” L 145; “A distinct type of odes consists of religious odes, or hymns <...>. In a broader sense, all psalms and Christian hymns are called hymns. In addition, we call noble national songs hymns; they are sung only on exceptional occasions and are held in great esteem” L 175, etc. Variants As can be seen, variant terms occur in the third edition. In addition to those already mentioned when discussing synonyms, the following may also be noted: archaism L 43 / archaism L 105 (R 24), epopeja L 146 / epopėja L 147, plot L 18 (R 7) / plot L 191; tropos L 59 (R 44) / tropa L 112 (R 39), Middle Ages L 146 / Middle Ages L 162; travel account L 112 / travel account L 113, unity of time and place L 191 / unity of place and time L 192, positive ideal L 13 / positive ideal L 132, etc. CONCLUSIONS The signatory of the Act of February 16, K. Bizauskas, occupies an important place in the history of Lithuanian terminology because 1) he wrote the first Lithuanian textbook on literary theory—a source of terminology for the field; 2) during his tenure as Minister of Education, the first terminology commission in the history of Lithuania was established at the Ministry of Education; and 3) using the manuscript or material of that textbook, he prepared a list of terms and submitted it to the Terminology Commission for consideration. The signatory understood the importance of terminology work well, and as a terminologist he was no individualist—he cared about the collective ordering of terms. Palyginus K. Bizausko vadovėlio (1922) terminiją su Terminologijos komisijos protokoluose užrašytais terminais matyti, kad daugiausia tos terminijos skiriasi bendrašak­niais sinonimais – K. Bizauskas pasirinko vieną ar kelis iš Terminologijos komisijos užfiksuotų bendrašaknių sinonimų arba pavartojo kitokius jiems bendrašaknius terminus. Šių dienų terminija panašesnė į K. Bizausko ir tai greičiausiai lėmė didesnė jo terminų sklaida. Neither extreme purism nor excessive internationalization of terminology is characteristic of K. Bizauskas. A comparison of the terms in two editions of the textbook showed that the author mostly refined the expression of terms—he chose another Terminologija | 2018 | 25 231 variant or replaced a term with a synonym sharing the same root (the introduction of a complex term with an adjective in the suffix -inis is fairly typical in place of a complex term expressed differently). He was not inclined to replace terms in the first edition with terms of a different origin (Lithuanian or foreign) in later editions—the pairs of non-cognate synonyms across different editions generally consist only of terms of the same origin. Several changes correspond to the language-standardization trends of the time, more specifically, to J. Jablonskis’s corrections (tveryba → kūryba). Synonymy and variation among terms (both cognate and non-cognate) are also characteristic of the terms in a single edition of the textbook. This means, or could mean, that terminology had not yet become established, that a more precise or correct expression was being sought, or that variations in terms within the text went unnoticed or were considered unimportant. Apparently, for didactic reasons, the author did not avoid aspectual synonyms. It is now difficult to say whether all the variants and synonyms among the terms in the first Lithuanian textbook on literary theory were the author’s own work or the result of work by editors, publishers, or other assistants. MAIN SOURCES L – Biz auskas K. Literary Theory. A Textbook for Secondary Schools. Third edition, Kaunas, 1922. R – Biz auskas K. Theory of Writing and Literature 1, Kaunas: Ateitis Publishing, 1918. TKP – Minutes of the Terminology Commission (Nos. 1–23), 1921. Held at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. LITERATURE AND ADDITIONAL SOURCES Auksoriūtė A. 2011: Terminologijos komisijos (1921–1926) veiklos apžvalga. – Terminologija 18, 80–91. Banevičius A. 1991: 111 Lietuvos valstybės 1918–1940 politikos veikėjų, Vilnius: Knyga. Biz auskas K. 1923: Literatūros teorija. Vadovėlis aukštesniosioms mokykloms. Ketvirtasis leidimas, Kaunas, Blažytė-Baužienė D. 2006: Biz auskas Kazimieras. – Lietuvos Steigiamojo Seimo (1920–1922 metų) narių biografinis žodynas. Sud. A. Ragauskas, M. Tamošaitis, Vilnius: VPU leidykla, 99–102. Bukauskienė T. 1993: Lietuvių literatūros mokymo istorija (iki 1940 m.), Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Girdzijauskas J. 2006 [1993]: Kazys Biz auskas ir jo literatūros teorija. – Lietuvių literatūros vagoje. Straipsnių rinkinys, Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 49–56. Girdzijauskas J. 2006 [1994]: Lietuvių literatūros istorijos objektas ir periodizacija. – Lietuvių literatūros vagoje. Straipsnių rinkinys, Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 26–34. Jablonskis J. 1933: Jablonskio raštai 2. Švietimo reikalai. Red. J. Balčikonis, Kaunas: Švietimo ministerijos leidinys. Jablonskis J. 1935: Jablonskio raštai 4. Kalbos dalykai. Red. J. Balčikonis, Kaunas: Švietimo ministerijos leidinys. Jablonskis J. 1936: Jablonskio raštai 5. Kalbos dalykai. Red. J. Balčikonis, Kaunas: Švietimo ministerijos leidinys. Jakštas A. 1923: Mūsų naujoji literatūra (1904–1923) 2. Mūsų naujoji prozos literatūra (1904–1923), Kaunas: Švietimo ministerijos knygų leidimo komisijos leidinys. Keinys St. 2010: Mintys apie didelį kalbininką ir terminologą Joną Jablonskį 150-tų gimimo metinių proga. – Terminologija 17, 80–92. Keinys St. 2012 [1967]: Lietuvių terminologijos kūrimo apžvalga (iki 1940 m.). – Lietuvių terminologijos raida, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 29–56. Kensminienė A. 2004: Mišlės. – Aruodai. 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A SIGNATORY OF THE ACT OF INDEPENDENCE OF LITHUANIA KAZYS BIZAUSKAS AND LITHUANIAN TERMINOLOGY OF LITERARY SCIENCE 100 years ago the first Lithuanian textbook on literary theory was published. It is symbolic that the author of this textbook is a signatory of the Act of Independence of Lithuania (1918) Kazys (Kazimieras) Bizauskas (1893–1941). The aim of this article is to discuss the terminology of literary science used by Bizauskas and his activities in organized terminology ordering. Bizauskas has an important place in the history of Lithuanian terminology, because 1) he wrote the very first Lithuanian textbook on literary theory which is a terminology source as well, 2) during his term of office as minister of education the first terminology commission was established at the Ministry of Education and 3) he prepared a list of terms most likely based on the manuscript or material of his textbook and presented it for discussions at the Terminology Commission. Bizauskas understood well the importance of terminology work and as a terminologist he was not an individualist – he was involved in collective work on terminology ordering. Terminologija | 2018 | 25 2 3 3 The comparison of terms in Biz auskas’ textbook (1922) and terms recorded in the minutes of the Terminology Commission shows that these terms mainly differ in synonyms having the same root – Biz auskas either used one or more synonyms with the same root which were discussed by the Terminology Commission or used different synonyms with the same root. Terminology of the present is more similar to the terminology used by Biz auskas, probably because of the wider dissemination of his terms. Neither extreme purism nor a determination to internationalize terminology is characteristic to Biz auskas. The comparison of two editions of the textbook reveals that he was mainly changing the form of terms to make them more accurate – he would choose another variant or would change a term for a synonym with the same root (introduction of the complex term including an adjective with a suffix -inis instead of a complex term with a different form is quite typical). He was not inclined to change terms of the first edition with terms of different origin (Lithuanian or foreign). Synonymous terms having a different root in the first and second editions are of the same origin. Several changes correspond to standardization trends of that period. Variation and synonymy of terms (with the same root or with different roots) is characteristic to the single edition of the textbook (the 3rd edition was researched in this respect) and this could indicate a lack of stability in terminology, the search for more accurate or more correct form or variations being unnoticed or considered to be insignificant to change. It seems that for didactic reasons the author chose not to avoid aspectual synonyms. It is difficult to establish now if all synonyms and variants in the first Lithuanian textbook of literary terms were introduced by the author himself or by editors, publishers or other helpers. Received 2018-07-31 Asta Mitkevičienė Institute of the Lithuanian Language P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius Email: [email protected] 2 3 4 Asta Mitkevičienė Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signataras Kazy[s] Bizauskas ir lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminija