Apie terminografiją ir terminų standartizaciją

2 3Terminology | 2018 | 25 About terminology and terminology standardization JOLANTA GAIVENYTĖ-BUTLER Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: terminography, term standardization, term management methods, term dictionary, term standard In his 2002 book Lithuanian Terminology: Theory and Structure, Kazimieras Gaivenis distinguished four methods of terminology management – terminography (the preparation and publication of terminology dictionaries), terminology standardization, computerized terminology management and textual terminology management (Gaivenis 2002: 63). The object of the article – the first two of these methods. Terminology in Lithuania has a fairly long tradition: in a few years we will celebrate the two hundredth anniversary of the first manuscript terminology dictionary, the first printed terminology dictionary has already been more than a hundred years old. By 2018, more than 600 printed dictionaries of terms have been published. Lithuanian linguists have studied many dictionaries of terms, written about the principles and history of terminography, prepared a bibliography of dictionaries of terms. The standardization of terms has received much less attention. This area of terminology work is still quite new in Lithuania – the first Lithuanian terminology standards were published only in 1993. The aim of the article is to examine and evaluate the concepts of terminology and terminology standardization. The tasks are as follows: 1) to review how the terms terminography and terminology standardization are defined in dictionaries, terminology standards, scientific and educational publications, 2) to discuss the relationship between terminology and terminology standardization, similarities between terminology dictionaries and terminology standards, 3) to make proposals on the treatment of concepts and the allocation of methods of terminology management. The analytical descriptive method was mainly used in the study. UNDERSTANDING OF TERMINOLOGY The term terminography is often used in the works of Lithuanian lexicologists and terminologists, its meaning is easily 2 4 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler | There is no comment on terminography and terminology standardization, and the term itself is rarely defined. What is covered by the term terminology? The word terminography is not included in the general dictionaries of Lithuanian language – it is neither in the Dictionary of Lithuanian Language (LKŽe), nor in the different editions of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary (DLKŽ2 1972, DLKŽ3 1993, DLKŽ7 2017), nor in the dictionaries of international words prepared by different authors (TŽŽ 2001, TŽŽ 2008, TŽŽ 2013), nor in the heading of the General Lithuanian Language Dictionary (BŽ). This term is not explained in more specialized publications – the Dictionary of Vocabulary Terms (KTŽ 1990) and the Lithuanian Language Encyclopedia (LKE 1999, LKE 2008). In these dictionaries and encyclopedias, only terms related to terminology are explained: terminology, lexicography, lexicology. The Educational Dictionary of Terminology (MTŽ 2005) prepared by Regina Kvašytė in 2005 is probably the only Lithuanian dictionary with the title word terminography. In this publication, it is defined as “the theory and practice of terminology; terminological lexicography’. The Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia includes an article on terminology prepared by Evalda Jakaitienė, in which it is defined as “theory and practice of terminology dictionaries” (VLEe). Terminology has been discussed mainly in the works of terminologists and lexicologists, and it is briefly presented in almost all the higher education textbooks for specialized language published in Lithuania over the past fifteen years. How is terminography interpreted in Lithuanian linguists’ works? Terminologists have been using the term terminography for several decades – Jonas Klimavičius mentions this term, as well as the terms termination, transtermination, determination, brought from Kiev in the autumn of 1970 (the mentioned terms were proposed by I. Kovalik at the consultation on terminology issues held there) and notes that “[t]erminal lexicography – terminography has begun to be used recently, but universally” (Klimavičius 2005 [2002]: 249)1. In the article “Lithuanian terminology: past features, present difficulties and challenges” published in 2003, J. Klimavičius discussed in detail the development of Lithuanian terminology, the history of its creation and the preparation of dictionaries, but did not define terminology, only stated at the end of the article: “terminography work in Lithuania is not considered scientific – even when it is done by the best specialists (professors, academics). The planning, organization and coordination of terminology is not institutionalized, it does not belong to anyone – 1 The term terminology was introduced and spread in various languages in the 1970s. The terminology literature generally refers to the term as being proposed by A. D. Chayutin and A. Rey (Leychik 2007: 204; Rey 1995: 23; Warburton 2014: 6), but there are also earlier proposals. 2 5Terminology | 2018 | 25 this important work is not done. In the Lithuanian White Paper on Science and Technology (2001), prepared by the Department of Science and Studies at the Ministry of Education and Science, there is no terminology, terminology, terminography of concepts, although terms are the red threads of the fabric of all sciences” (Klimavičius 2005 [2003]: 273). Terminology is defined in K. Gaivenis's book Lithuanian Terminology: Theory and Structure. In the subsection “The concepts of “term”, “terminology”, “terminology” and their correlates” K. Gaivenis described terminography as follows: “The word terminology is closely related to the term terminography. It is usually understood in the sense of “terminological lexicography”, i.e. the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries of terms”2 (Gaivenis 2002: 16). As “the preparation and publication of dictionaries of terms” terminology is explained in the chapter of this book dedicated to methods of terminology management (Gaivenis 2002: 63). In general language and special language textbooks for higher schools, terminology is usually defined in the same way as in K. Gaivenis’ book: “theory and practice of compiling term dictionaries” (Kazlauskienė et al. 2008: 202; Bielinskienė et al. 2014: 138; Petrėtienė 2016: 26; Vladarskienė 2013: 127) or “preparation and publishing of term dictionaries” (Celiešienė, Džežulskienė 2009: 55; Kazlauskienė et al. 2008: 212; Kazlauskienė et al. 2010: 223; Vladarskienė 2013: 44). Lina Rutkienė defines terminology as “the science of preparing and publishing dictionaries of terms” (Rutkienė 2015: 54). Gintautas Akelaitis describes the object of terminology more broadly – in addition to the preparation of dictionaries, he also includes term banks in the field of terminology: “<…> terms of individual fields are presented in term dictionaries, electronic term banks – the theoretical principles and practice of the preparation of term dictionaries, term banks are the object of the science of terminology” (Akelaitis et al. 2009: 37). Terminology is discussed in the works of lexicologists and lexicographers. Vincentas Drotvinas considers terminology to be a branch of lexicology and describes it as “the collection and publication of terms” (Drotvinas 1987: 52). The concept of terminology and its relationship with lexicography are discussed in detail in E. Jakaitienė’s monograph Leksikografija (2005). In the subsection “The concept of term and terminology” it is written: “[t]erminological dictionaries are the result of the creation and management of terms. Their preparation and release is called ter minog raphia. Terminology is sometimes understood as a kind of part of lexicography, similarly to the term 2 K. Gaivenis’s book also mentions another meaning of terminology (historography of terms), but it is not commented on more extensively. J. Klimavičius wrote in his review of this book that such a meaning is “unknown, manding, faulty in Lithuanian terminology” (Klimavičius 2005 [2002]: 133). 2 6 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler | About terminography and standardization of terms next to the word, terminology next to lexicology, although the relationship between the concepts word and term, lexicology and terminology, lexicography and terminology is not purely a relation of genus and species. <...> Therefore, terminography, i.e. the theory and practice of term dictionaries, has characteristics that distinguish it from other types of lexicographic activity” (Jakaitienė 2005: 188–189). Further writing about the dictionaries of terms, E. Jakaitienė expands the subject of terminology: “the result of the work of a modern terminographer <...> is considered to be an electronic database of terms, i.e. a methodically organized collection of term articles of some subject area or a set of such collections” (Jakaitienė 2005: 207). In the standards for terminology, terminography is also defined more broadly. LST ISO 1087-1:2005 Terminology work. Explanatory dictionary. Part 1. Theory and Application (identical to ISO 1087-1:2000) defines terminography as “the part of terminology work that involves the recording and presentation of terminological data”. The article also adds a note to this term: ‘[t]erminological data may be provided in the form of term banks, translation dictionaries, systematic dictionaries or other publications’. LST 1695:2001 Use of computers in terminology. The development and use of term databases and textbooks (the same as ISO TR 12618:1994) provides an adapted definition from ISO 1087-1:2000 – “registration, processing and presentation of terminological data”. Similarly, terminology is defined in several non-Lithuanian dictionaries. The Dictionnaire de linguistique gives the following definition of terminology: "La terminographie enregistre, traite et présente les données obtenues par la recherche terminologique. Il s’agit donc de l‘activité dictionnairique du terminologue” (Terminography is the recording, processing and presentation of data from terminological analysis; it is the dictionary activity of the terminologue) (DL 2001). The terminology glossary published by John Benjamins in the journal Terminology defines terminology as "the study and practice of describing the linguistic, conceptual, and pragmatic properties of terminological units of one or more than one language in order to produce reference works in printed or electronic form" (GTUT 1997). The online Collins English Dictionary defines terminology as "a compilation of the terminology used in a specific field" (CED). In the works of foreign terminologists and lexicologists, terminography is also more often described not as a 2 7Terminology | 2018 | 25 min The preparation of dictionaries, but as the recording and presentation of terminological data (Felber 1984: 13; Rey 1995: 135; Thomas 1993: 44; Antia 2000: 139; Cabré 1999: 115). In general Lithuanian language dictionaries, terminology could be defined as “the theory and practice of terminology dictionaries”, but when interpreting this term or discussing this field of activity in specialized literature, it should not be limited to terminology dictionaries – modern terminology includes any collection, management and presentation of terminological data: the preparation of dictionaries, the creation of terminology databases and banks, the standardization of terms. STANDARDIZATION OF TERMS The development of terminology is closely linked to the standardization of terms. In the opinion of K. Gaivenis and A. Kaulakienė, international standardization of terms has stimulated the formation of terminology as a branch of applied science. (Gaivenis, Kaulakienė 2014 [1997]: 235). International standardization of terminology began at the beginning of the 20th century. The first terminology standards in Lithuania were issued more than twenty years ago, but the term standardization has been studied little. K. Gaivenis is perhaps the only Lithuanian linguist who not only worked for several years with specialists from other fields to prepare terminology standards, but also wrote more extensively about terminology standardization3. He distinguished terminology standardization as one of the most important methods of terminology management, considering standards as authoritative sources of terminology, but considering that "term standardization is still a limited area of terminology management. This is because only the terms of the production and technical fields are standardized, while the terminology of the social, humanitarian and many other fields is not inventoried and standardized in this way” (Gaivenis 2002: 63, 81). The standardization of terms in Lithuania has been presented in two review articles, but the concept of standardization is not explained in them (Maslauskienė 2004; Dudley (2005). A little about the standardization of terms is written in several textbooks of the specialty language. 3 K. Gaivenis points out that “[a]n English term standardization means not only ‘standardization’, but also ‘norming’ <...>, so the standardization of terms should not be understood too broadly. The term ‘term standardization’ means only the preparation of term standards” (Gaivenis 2002: 81). This article adopts a similar approach – it talks about standardization as the preparation of standardized terminological data. A broader concept of language standardization is presented in Rita Miliūnaitė’s article “On the relationship between standardization, norming and codification of terms in current normative linguistics” (Miliūnaitė 2017). 2 8 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler | About terminography and terminology standardization in production or technical fields (Celiešienė, Džežulskienė 2009: 59; Vladarskienė 2013: 45), this activity is identified with the preparation of terminology standards (Rutkienė 2015: 54; Kazlauskienė et al. 2008: 213; Celiešienė, Džežulskienė 2009: 58). MTŽ 2005 standartizavimas taip pat apibrėžtas kaip ‘the development of term standards’4. How is the standardisation of terms defined by the standards developed by international standardisation organisations in this field? ISO 15188:2001 Project management guidelines for terminology standardization and its Lithuanian edition LST ISO 15188:2003 Vadovavimo terminijos standartizacijos projektams gairės provide the following definition: “terminology standardization – establishment of terminology standards or of terminology sections in technical standards, and their approval by an authoritative body” (ISO 15188:2001); “Terminology standardisation is the development and approval of term standards or term sections of non-term standards by a trusted body” (ISO 15188:2003). In the subsequently published ISO 10241-2:2012 Terminological entries in standards – Part 2: Adoption of standardized terminological entries, the definition of terminology standardization was clarified as follows: “development of terminological entries in terminology standards and of terminology sections in other standards, and their approval by a standardizing body”. As can be seen from these definitions, the scope of terminology standardization is broader, this activity is not limited to terminology standards. Most of the standards prepared by the organizations working in the field of standardization – ISO (International Organization for Standardization), IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), CEN (European Committee for Standardization), CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization), ETSI (European Institute for Telecommunications Standardization) – are non-term standards. In the International Standards Classification (ICS), in addition to the general subject area, which includes terms standards and standardization activities, there are 39 other areas (electrical engineering, information technology, aerospace engineering, chemical technology, food technology, civil engineering, etc.). Not all of these fields have their own terminology standards, but 4 this glossary distinguishes two meanings of standardization: the first, broader, encompassing the development of common requirements in a particular field, and the second, narrower, related to terminology management. 2 9Terminology | 2018 | 25 Most standards issued have a section entitled ‘Terms and definitions’. This section may include: • narrow-field terms relevant to a specific standard; • terms specific to several parts of one standard; • terms specific to a group of standards. Articles of such terms are often transferred to the relevant standards unchanged, with a reference to the original source. Non-term standards in the section "Terms and definitions" usually contain from a few to dozens of terms. Approximately half of the terms currently presented in the Lithuanian Standardization Department’s term database5 are terms from non-term standards. The preparation and presentation of term articles in non-term standards is an important part of terminology standardization, but it is defined primarily in terms of terminology standards. Terms not included in terminology standards are primarily for the purposes of these standards, while terminology standards aim to systematize and standardise terminology on a broader scale. What is a term standard? Standard LST EN 45020:2007 Standardization and related activities. The Common Glossary (ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004) defines a terminology standard as "a standard that provides terms, usually with their definitions, and in some cases with notes, illustrations, examples, etc." ISO 10241-2:2012 Terminological entries in standards – Part 2: Adoption of standardized terminological entries defines terminology as "a standard that is concerned with terms accompanied by their definitions, and sometimes by explanatory notes, illustrations, examples, etc." (a standard containing terms and their definitions and, in some cases, notes, illustrations, examples, etc.). Term standards can be national (developed by the standardization body of a particular country and valid in that country) or international (developed by international standardization organizations and valid in the countries that have adopted them). All the terminology standards approved by the Lithuanian Standardization Office in that year are the original ones6. 5 Since 2005, the terminology database of the Lithuanian Department of Standardization has been freely available online. As of mid-2018, it contained about 70,000 terms from terms and non-term standards. 6 Lithuanian national standards are also referred to as original. 3 0 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler | About terminography and standardization of terms In the middle of 1993 the first four terminology standards – LST 1249-93 Metallic and non-metallic inorganic coatings – entered into force. "Terms and definitions, LST 1279-93 Bread and cake baked goods". Terms and definitions, LST 1280-93 Technical reliability. Terms and definitions, LST 1281-93 Metrology. Terms and definitions. LST 1279-93 presents Russian equivalents of terms, in the other three standards – also German, English and French. The authorization data indicates that LST 1249-93, LST 1280-93 and LST 1281-93 are prepared on the basis of ISO standards and GOST. In total, 15 terminology standards were issued that year, containing nearly 600 terms. They were prepared by working groups composed of specialist practitioners, research institutions employees or higher education lecturers. In the first original standards of terms, their authors, reviewer and approver were indicated, for example, LST 1249-93 was prepared by A. Jagminas, E. Davidavičius, G. Šimkevičiūtė (Institute of Chemistry), reviewed by doc. Zenonas Mačionis (Vilnius University, Faculty of Chemistry), approved by K. Gaivenis (Institute of Lithuanian Language). When Lithuania became a member of international standardization organizations, the need for the preparation of original standards decreased, as Lithuanian standards began to take over the standards of these organizations. Over time, they have replaced most of the original standards. In 1994, the first international terminology standard was published in Lithuanian and adopted as the Lithuanian terminology standard, and in 1995, the first European terminology standard was adopted as the Lithuanian terminology standard (Maslauskienė 2004: 263). Term standards of international standardization organizations are usually prepared as: • individual dictionaries, for example: LST ISO Guide 73:2018 Risk management. Glossary (identical to ISO Guide 73:2009), LST EN ISO 13943:2017 Fire safety. Glossary (ISO 13943:2017), LST EN ISO 14532:2017 Natural gas. Glossary (ISO 14532:2014), LST EN ISO 11145:2016 Optics and Photonics. Lasers and laser equipment. Glossary and symbols (ISO 11145:2016); such dictionaries can be composed of several parts, for example, the standard LST CEN ISO/TS 80004 Nanotechnology. The dictionary consists of thirteen parts, LST ISO 4046 Paper, cardboard, pulp and related terms – six parts; • the first parts of the standard series, for example, the series of standards for information security begins with the standard LST EN ISO/IEC 27000:2017 Information Technology. Security methods. Information Security Management 3 1Terminology | 2018 | 25 mo systems. ISO/IEC 27000:2016 is a standard for information security management systems, which defines the requirements for information security management systems, including information security management processes, information security controls, and information security audits. • the first parts of the standard, for example, the explanatory glossary is the first of seven parts of the standard LST EN 764 Pressure Equipment, the first of six parts of the standard LST EN ISO 16140 Food chain microbiology. Method validation of parts. International terminology standards are prepared by working groups composed of specialists from various countries. These draft standards are made available to the national standardisation bodies for comments by experts involved in their work. The possibility to summarize the experience of several countries, to consider terms on an international scale helps to avoid the subjectivity that can be characteristic of term dictionaries prepared by one or several authors. E. Jakaitienė in the section of her monograph Leksikografija (Lexicography) devoted to the dictionaries of terms, drew attention to another thing characteristic of terminology standards: “Although, in the opinion of terminologists, this work is a rather limited area of terminology management <...>, properly standardized terminology has the most consistent terminological system” (Jakaitienė 2005: 210). Term standards issued by ISO, IEC or European standardization organizations are a rich source of internationally systematized terminology, unfortunately, only a few of them are translated into Lithuanian. In 1993 (the same year when the first Lithuanian terminology standard was published) K. Gaivenis wrote: “The standardization of terms” is for us first and foremost the preparation of terminology standards. This work is just beginning in Lithuania. This is one of the directions of terminology management. It differs from terminology primarily in scope and purpose. Term standards cover microsystems of terms of a narrow production or technical field, while explanatory glossaries of terms provide not only macrosystems of terms, but also some general scientific terms, elements of composite terms, etc. Term standards are given to manufacturers and are mandatory. They are now particularly necessary for us to implement the status of Lithuanian as the state language, to move to writing in Lithuanian” (Gaivenis 2014 [1993]: 201). Vilija Celiešienė made a stricter distinction between terminology dictionaries and terminology standards: 3 8 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler | About terminography and standardization of terms TŽZ 2001: Vaitkevičiūtė V. International Dictionary of Words, 2nd edition. and supplement. leid., Vilnius: Žodynas. 2008: The International Dictionary of Languages. Ats. red. A. Kinderys, Vilnius: Alma littera. TŽŽ 2013: Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius: Alma littera. Vladarskienė R. 2013: Language culture in creative industries. Vilnius: Technika. VLEe – Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia. Access via the Internet: www.vle.lt. [žiūrėta 2018-07-02]. Warburton K. C. 2014: Narrowing the gap between termbases and corpora in commercial environments. Accessed via Internet: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275111020_Narrowing_the_gap_between_termbases_and_corpora_in_commercial_environments [žiūrėta 2018-07-02]. Лейчик В. М. 2007: Терминоведение: предмет, методы, структура, 3-е изд., Москва: ЛКИ. ON TERMINOGRAPHY AND TERMINOLOGY STANDARDIZATION In the works of Lithuanian linguists terminography and terminology standardization (preparation of terminology standards) are commonly viewed as two different branches of terminology ordering. Terminography is usually defined as the practice and theory of compilation of terminological dictionaries and terminology standardization is viewed as the preparation of terminology standards. The scope of both terminography and terminology standardization is wider: terminography covers not only compilation of terminological dictionaries but also sets of term entries presented in various forms; terminology standardization deals with terminology standards and sets of term entries presented in non-terminology standards. It is a common perception in Lithuanian linguistics that terminology standards cover microsystems of terms of very narrow fields of manufacturing or technology and are used by a small number of specialists, while terminological dictionaries present macro systems of terms and have a much wider use. This is true to some extent. The development of new fields of knowledge and the growth of terminology create the need for specialized dictionaries. There are highly specialized terminological dictionaries comprising a small number of terms as well as large terminology standards which include terms widely used in several fields. Terminology standards and terminological dictionaries are not so different – they both comprise a set of term entries compiled according to the same terminographical principles. Therefore, terminology standardization could be viewed as part of terminography. Terminology standardization is a relatively new kind of terminology work in Lithuania – the first national terminology standards were published in 1993. During the following few years a large number of national terminology standards were prepared each year, but when Lithuania became a member of international standardization organizations this number decreased significantly. At the same time publication of Lithuanian versions of international terminology standards has been started, but the number of translated standards comprises only a small proportion of all adopted standards. Retrieved 2018-07-13. Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected]