Naujieji avalynės pavadinimai

184 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė | New names for footwear doi.org/10.35321/term26-09 New footwear names AušrA rimkutė-GAnusAuskienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas AnotAcijA The aim of this article is to determine the origin of 47 footwear names found in the Lithuanian language new words database, discuss their pronunciation, reveal the peculiarities of the use of new footwear names. Almost all the names are not invented by shoe specialists or linguists, they are not found in any official language recommendations or dictionaries. They are mainly used by stylists, journalists and bloggers who write about fashion. The emergence, spread or non-acquisition of new names of modern footwear in the usage is a natural phenomenon of the development of terminology. KEY WORDS: fashion term, footwear, footwear name, clothing term, new word, database. ABstrAct the article is aimed at determining the origins of 47 names of contemporary footwear found in the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms, discussing their expression, and unveiling the peculiarities of their use. the majority of the names are neologisms that were created not by footwear experts or linguists; we will not find them in any official recommendations for language use or terminological dictionaries. they are used mostly by stylists, journalists, and bloggers writing about fashion. the emergence of new names of contemporary footwear, their spread or non-adoption is a natural development of terminology. KEYWORDS: term of fashion, footwear, name of footwear, term of clothing, neologism. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Archaeological excavations show that clothing appeared in the earliest periods of human development. It is believed that one of the main reasons for people to cover themselves was the unfavorable climate (Ogijienė, Šakienė 1995: 19). A particularly important part of the clothing was the shoes. Over the centuries, it has changed. Today, shoes not only protect the feet, but also reflect the individuality of a person, relationship with fashion, artistic worldview, 185Terminology | 2019 | 26 helps you stand out. It has long been “made of various materials: leather, wood, cork, cloth, linen, hemp, jute, wool and others” (VLE 2019) and decorated in various ways. shoes of more complex construction is called footwear. Thus, the concept of shoe is broader than footwear, and also includes prototypes of footwear produced since ancient times – strings, boots, boots, boots, socks, sandals, various shoes, shoes, etc. (for more information see the article on shoes in VLE 2019). The terminology of shoes has been studied relatively little by linguists. Danutė sabaliauskaitė (now Liutkevičienė) has written about shoe names of German origin. In 1995, her article “German-origin clothing and shoe names in Lithuanian” (sabaliauskaitė 1995: 100–120) was published in Lithuanian Linguistics Issues. Information about footwear lexicon can be found in the book of the linguist Algirdas sabaliauskas Lithuanian language lexicon (sabaliauskas 1990). The journal Lietuvos archeologija published an article by the archaeologist and restorer Arūnas Puškorius entitled „Old leather shoe terminology“ (Puškorius 2007: 229–256). Another note about footwear terms has been written by Jonas Šukys (1993: 14), Pranas Kniūkšta (2001: 550–551) and others. Most footwear names are in the following dictionaries of terms: Juozas Pričinauskas Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary of Goods (1996) and Apparel Dictionary: Lithuanian-English-German-French-Russian Apparel Dictionary (2002), Stanislovas Algimantas Ratautas, Eugenija strazdiene and Ada Gulbinienė Explanatory Dictionary of Apparel Terms: more than 6000 terms in Lithuanian, English, German, French and Russian (2014); also in standards: Lithuanian standard LST EN 1222: 2000. Shoes. Standard atmospheric conditions for conditioning and testing of footwear and its components in Lithuanian standard LST EN ISO 19952: 2005. Shoes. Dictionary. Another footwear term can be found in the Explanatory Dictionary of Textile Terms: with German, English, French and Russian equivalents (2001), Stanislav Stonkaus Dictionary of Sports Terms (2002) and others. The Lithuanian Language Institute has been developing the Lithuanian Language New Words Database (hereinafter referred to as the New Words Database, http://naujazodziai.lki.lt) since the beginning of 2011. It is one of the most important and interesting resources of the contemporary Lithuanian language, which can be examined in terms of origin, norm, semantics and other aspects. According to the linguist rita Miliūnaitė, the inventor of the database, it contains new 21st century vocabulary, 186 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė | New footwear names and changes in morphological, functional structure (Miliūnaitė 2018: 1–2). In the new words database you can also find new terms in various fields, their definitions and other semantic explanations, equivalents in other languages, synonyms and authentic examples of usage with references to sources. reflecting the recent decades of Lithuanian language vocabulary, its semantic, lexical, lexical-syntactic and lexical-syntactic-syntactic structures. New footwear names are considered words that are not mentioned in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary, the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary and the General Lithuanian Language Dictionary, and in some cases, the new meanings of the words are not recorded in these sources. To achieve the aim, the following tasks were set: 1) to inventory the new footwear names, 2) to determine the ratio of Lithuanian, borrowed and mixed origin names, 3) to discuss the prevailing types of production, 4) to reveal the peculiarities of the formation of the new footwear terminology. The footwear names were searched in sequence by looking at the headings of the database. As of December 23, 2018, there were about 4900 of them and about 19 000 illustrative examples (http://naujazodziai.lki.lt/?Apie_duomenyna). The article focuses on 47 new footwear names (38 different names and their synonyms), which are mainly examined by descriptive analytical and comparative methods. New footwear names found in the database of new words are written in the article from a new line in capital letters according to the alphabet, distinguished by thin font. When discussing footwear names, reference is made to glossaries and the definitions provided therein. where the name of the footwear is not in the glossaries, the description provided in the database shall be used. When examining footwear names, attention is also paid to what people interested in footwear, journalists and stylists write about them. Quantitative data are presented in figures. According to their origin, the new names of footwear can be divided into 1) of their own, i.e. Lithuanian, origin, 2) of foreign origin, i.e. words borrowed from other languages, and 3) names of mixed origin, or hybrids (having parts of other languages) (see Figure 1). Most of the footwear names found in the New Words database consist of names of foreign origin (51 per cent), the least number of names of mixed origin (21 per cent), as shown in Figure 1. 187Terminology | 2019 | 26 Figure 1. Distribution of new footwear names by origin Names of Lithuanian origin In total, 13 footwear names of purely Lithuanian origin were found in the Naujažodžiai database (28 per cent, Fig. 1). One of them consists of two words, the other of one. The latter names of footwear, as we will see from the examples, are derived from prefixes or suffixes and are punctuated. WARNING. In the Explanatory Dictionary of Clothing Terms prepared by A. ratautas, E. strazdienė and A. Gulbinienė (hereinafter referred to as AAtŽ), this prefix of its own origin refers to shoes worn on top of other footwear in order to protect against cold, moisture, dirt or to protect the floors of premises from pollution, etc. (AAtŽ 2014: 21). There are two definitions of the term in the New Words database: the first definition is the same as the definition in the dictionary already mentioned, and the second definition is "short boots put on shoes". The term of Lithuanian origin antbačiai in the meaning of “protective footwear worn on footwear” is used instead of the foreign bachilai, bachilos (Russian: бахилы)1, and in the second meaning – instead of the foreign getrai (Russian: гетры < French: guêtres)2. 1 loan word for bachilai is found in the Maritime Terms Usage Database. Here it is considered unusable. In the 1992 Terminology Amendments it is considered foreign and replaced by the word combination fisherman's boots (tt 1992: 21). The AAtŽ does not have this borrowed word, but provides the term pušnys, whose 2 meaning is “special long boots, sometimes in the form of trousers, shoes, worn during fishing, riding, etc., tied to a belt or shoulder straps; is associated with puškėti – to break through water, pūškuoti – hard to break; also known as rowing boots” (AAtŽ 2014: 351). 2 The word getrai is found in VLE 2019; Interleksis 2003; VaitktŽŽ 2003. It is recorded in the Lithuanian language dictionary, Contemporary Lithuanian language dictionary (hereinafter – DŽ; given in the singular form getras „blauzdinė; antkurpis“) 188 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė | New names of footwear In the Lithuanian language dictionary (hereinafter – LKŽ) the word antbačiai is not used, but the word antkurpiai “cloth shoe, worn on the shoes, getras, staibinis” is used in its meaning: Many people, so that the feet are not cold, wear onkurpiai cf. the term antkurpiai with the meaning “cloth or leather shoe, worn on the men’s shoe, worn by soldiers and civilians” is presented in the Illustrated Dictionary (IŽ 2015: 435). It is used to refer to footwear from the early 19th century to the 20th century. It is interesting that in the book on the history of fashion Fashion: from the earliest times to the present day the term calf is used in the meaning of “a protective covering of feet and shoes, which was originally made of leather” (tŽ 2014: 278)3. In the latest normative General Lithuanian Language Dictionary (hereinafter – GLD, http://bkz.lki.lt/) the meaning of „batų“ is not recorded, e.g.: blauzdinė „protective (from cold, scratching, vein dilation, etc.) sock without foot“ and blauzdinės „tamprės“. Killer Shoes. This word is used in free styles4 to refer to one of the types of high-heeled shoes5 – shoes with a very high heel that make it difficult to walk and can cause a fall. That is why it is probably named metaphorically – giving shoes the qualities of a killer. The name does not exist in the AAtŽ, but shoes with a very high heel are called the two-word term high-heeled shoes, p.g. "There's a lot of high-rise buildings in the area." The database of new words contains variants: shoes-killers and shoes-killers, as well as synonyms killers (see English names of mixed origin) and taxi shoes (see names of mixed origin). In the media, these shoes are also called high heels-killers6. Note that the variants with a hyphen are irregular, because according to the Lithuanian spelling rules, a hyphen is not required between syntactically unequal nouns. without any valuation indications. The word is mentioned in the dictionaries of J. Pričinauskas mentioned at the beginning of the article (Pričinauskas 1996: 587; 2002: 36) with the reference see blauzdinės. The 2005 edition of the Lithuanian language advice book Leksika: vartojimas skolinių (Lexica: use of borrowed words) presents the word getrai as an unused foreign word: 1. pantyhose (pants without feet); 2. tights; 3. boots; 4. sport. calf” (KP 2005: 53), in 2013 – as an avoidable use of strangeness: “1. thighs; 2. boots; 3. tamprės’ (KP 2013: 31). in the dictionaries of sports terms getras called4 in the article the name free styles is used to refer to texts of domestic, artistic, partly and journalistic style. mos kojinės iki kelių, be pėdų (stŽ 1996: 171; 2002: 276). 3 Plg. DŽ blauzdinė „apsauginė (nuo šalčio, susibraižymo, venų išsiplėtimo ir pan.) kojinė be pėdos“. The term "high heels" does not appear in the dictionaries of clothing terms, although in everyday usage this adjective is used as a noun. 6 N. Bunkė acquired high heels-killers: asks for advice. Accessed via Internet: www.tv3.lt/naujiena/ pramogos/975970/n-bunke-isigijo-aukstakulnius-zudikus-praso-patarimo [accessed 2019-08-03]. 189Terminology | 2019 | 26 This name of footwear in the online and printed media probably appeared because of the absence of a short, one-word avalynės rūšiai nusakyti. ČEŽUtĖs. Šį naujadarą vietoj svetimybės češkės (rus. чешки) dar In 1993, the linguist Jonas Šukys suggested in the newspaper "Native Language": "In kindergartens, children play sports, dance wearing certain light shoes, so-called čèškėmis. Usually replaced by the two-word compound gymnastics shoes. It is possible to offer a new-made shoe, because these shoes are comfortable when wearing and running” (Šukys 1993: 14). AAtŽ is the term gymnastics shoes (AAtŽ 2014: 88). In the language advice booklet we find the abbreviation šnek. next to the word čežučė. Thus, the novelty is suggested to be used in colloquial, i.e. informal, language, preferring the term gymnastics shoes (KP 2005: 38). BZ brush: 1. „lightweight soft leather shoes without heel for gymnastics, dancing, etc. ; Sin. gymnastics shoe’; 2nd ed. "a pair of such shoes". Įspyrtukės. this is a light summer shoe. This Lithuanian name of the shoe is made from the verb įspirti "4. „įkišti, įstatyti (pėdą į batą, į lopą)“ (LKŽ) and the deminutive suffix -ukė. In the Language Advice section of the 2011 publication prepared by the Information Centre of the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, the question is, do you know how to correctly call “plaažankes” in Lithuanian? we find the following answer: “The simplest replacement – beach flip-flops. The shorter name – įspirtukės – has also appeared in the usage to refer to slippers, not necessarily beach shoes” (LNB 2011: 3). AAtŽ shoes that can be easily wrapped and fastened are called íspirtučiai (AAtŽ 2014: 167). There are no words in LKŽ and DŽ for įspirtukės and įspirtučiai. KIARABACHIAI. so-called brand "crocs" rubber shoes of bright colors, usually with specific holes to be stuck shoes with a bare toe. This footwear name is made from the adjective "holes" 1. perforated, pierced, opened” and the noun shoes “a leather or rubber article worn on the foot, with or without heels”. The name is derived from the Anglo-Saxon name for the island (see below). See also synonymous footwear names kiaurakaliošiai, skylėtbačiai. - Oh, my God. is the Lithuanian name of a light summer shoe without heel. In the LKŽ we find the word klėpė "apavas be užkulnio" from the writings of Lazdynai Pelėda presented with this meaning: Lejas apvertė skurliais, vieną įmurtė į klepę medžio sole, kitą – į kalioš in LzP, cf. klepsėti 2. "slowly to go, 190 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė | The new shoe names are shoes". When wearing these shoes, we walk in flip-flops. This footwear name, made from the written word klepė and the deminutive suffix -utė, is also AAtŽ: kleputės see klepės (AAtŽ 2014: 195). Klepės here are defined somewhat more precisely than in the source under consideration: "Open-toe boots with a solid wooden or plastic sole, the top of which consists of a small narrow detail in the width part, i.e. classified as pantolets”7 (ibid.). The name has not spread. Boats. The name of women's comfortable flat shoes due to the resemblance to a boat. This shoe holds on the leg only due to the elasticity of the sides and heel. The name laiveliai is made of the word laivas8 and the deminutive suffix -elis. It is also used as a synonym for the term "boat". See also the equivalents in other languages: angl. court shoes, pumps; vok. Pumps; rus. boots, shoes-boots; pranc. escarpins, chaussures décolletés (AAtŽ 2014: 230). J. Pričinauskas suggests using kurpaitės as the main term: laivutės see kurpaitės (Pričinauskas 2002: 67)9. In the LKŽ, the singular of the word, "shoes", is not mentioned. EQUALITY. "Lithuanian 1-0 Lithuania". all the same – without dents, protrusions, curvature, insertions (about the object, its surface, edge, edge, shape, color, etc.)“ and the noun base „2. shoe sole” means shoes with a smooth sole. This adjective used as a noun is not in the LKŽ, nor in the AAtŽ. It is used as a synonym for the name of the group. DŽ flat "which has a straight and smooth surface": P. roof, mountain. ~a chest, nose, foot. P.g. flats. FLAT BROWN. Shoes with flat soles are referred to as flat-footed shoes (see flat and sole). Footwear with flat, unprofiled soles, without heel, is called flat footwear (AAtŽ 2014: 65). In the LKŽ we find the noun plokščiapadis “who wears flat soles”: Anas flats Ad. This name is most often used in free styles. P.g. equal shoes. 7 Pantolettes (compare: Russian pantolеты, English pantolettes, German Pantoletten) – open summer or indoor footwear, whose upper of straps or wide band covers only the front part of the foot, with open or covered toes, unlike sandals, having no upper details touching the heel, e.g.: clogs, clogs, clogs (AAtŽ 2014: 301). Slippers – the old foreignness, now used words klepės (such shoe), kleputės (KP 2013: 87). 8 The origin of this word is disputed. It may also be used as a suffix, e.g., fin. boat, east. laev, sabaliauskas 1990: 227, also see http://etimologija.baltnexus.lt/?w=laivas. 9 AAtZ shoes are defined separately: "Beautiful, light, small, more open, i.e. high-heeled antique shoes, reminiscent of modern shoes, especially typical of the Rococo period” (AAtŽ 2014: 219). 191Terminology | 2019 | 26 RAUDONPADŽIAI. This name of Lithuanian origin refers to high-heeled shoes with red soles (see LKŽ red "1. which blood color" and sole). Most of the time it is high-heeled shoes created by the famous French shoe designer Christian Louboutin. There are many synonyms on the Internet, all of which are Lithuanian: raudonpadžių bateliai, raudoni batai, as well as „batai raudonais dugnais“, batai raudonais solais, bateliai raudonais padais, etc., cf. angl. red sole shoes (for more information see French origin names – footwear name lubutenai). This name, apparently, arose in translation. There is no ADR. RIEDBAČIAI. Angl. roller shoe, plg. angl. shoes with wheels. This is another Lithuanian name of footwear recorded in the Naujažodžiai database, made from the Lithuanian words riedėti „drive“ and batai, probably originated from translation from English10. It is called "sports shoes with retractable wheels that turn shoes into skates". These shoes can be worn as regular sneakers or used for a ride. Various internet articles can be found using shoes with wheels, sneakers with wheels, sports shoes with wheels, rolling sneakers, rolling sneakers. There is no ADR. The word is given in the latest normative source – BŽ: riẽdbatis: "1. shoe with a wheel in the heel’; „2. dgs. a pair of shoes.” HOLE THIS WAY. so in the unofficial usage are called „crocs“ shoes with holes. This Lithuanian name is made up of the adjective skylėtas "which has holes, holes" and the noun batai. Named, apparently, because these shoes have holes. It is interesting to note that this name, as well as kuorbačiai, kiaurakaliošiai, did not spread in the usage. See also synonyms: crocodiles, crocodiles, crocodiles, crocodiles. TRUMPUKS. In the English language, the word "short" refers to the shortness of a word, such as "short" is short. which is of a short length.’ The name of the shoe is used on the website voolyvooly.blogspot.com. Apparently, it is a random, individual new word. If it were not for the source in question, we might not know about it. LKŽ trumpukas „trumpasis, mažasis traukinys“: Jie trumpukù parvažiavo Gs. This word does not exist. It is apparent that the term half-boots is presented in this sense: "short-heeled shoes, boots, the heels of which appeared in the United States well before 10 ried shoes. These shoes were invented by the psychiatrist Roger Adams, who attached the wheels to his sneakers. The shoes were patented in 1999. The original skate shoes are produced by the company "Helleys". This is why in English they are often called simply Heelys. 192 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė | New footwear names above the ankles, but not higher than half the calf; also known as short-legged boots or short-legged shoes’ (AAtŽ 2014: 338). SUMMARY. From the discussed new footwear names it is clear that Lithuanian names tend to be made with deminutive suffixes -elis; -lice; -(i)ukas, -ė; (in+)-ukas, -ė. Usually these suffixes have meanings of minority, pleasure, smallness, etc., which are not characteristic of terms, but they acquire a special meaning in shoe terminology. There are also names of compounds with the second accent -bačiai and -padžiai. They are made according to a single pattern, vary the first accent and sometimes the connecting vowel. Some names, apparently, came from translations from English, e.g.: shoes killers, redfooted, riedobčiai. found two Lithuanian names for the footwear of „crocs“ – kiaurabačiai and skylėtbačiai. The circumstances and semantic motivation of these punches are easily understood and explained, but the proposed names have not been widely used. In the database of new words, Lithuanian footwear names are used in the unofficial language. Of all, only the name antbalčiai is suitable for use in the AAtŽ, and the names laiveliai and kleputės are mentioned as synonyms. All other names of footwear of its origin, apparently, appeared in translation, in search of a motivated, accurate, shorter name. In addition, in some cases, the aim is to adapt to the existing system, e.g.: kleputės, čežutės. Exotic names The current borrowing is usually associated with the increasing influence of English: many of the new borrowings have come from or through English. Long-standing traditions of lexical purification have led to the fact that alongside some of the new borrowings there are also their Lithuanian equivalents. Some of the latter are also new words, more precisely, new forms. Not all of the proposed equivalents are in active use – some are not widely used, but give the impression of novelty and unusualness. The most footwear names of English origin were found in the New Words database – 16, followed by only one of other origins: 3 Latin, 2 French and 1 Italian, Spanish and Arabic name (see Figure 2). Most likely, the latter came into our language through English. Non-Lithuanian footwear names are adapted, replaced with Lithuanian equivalents or written in the original language. new names of footwear of foreign origin are grouped not according to the nearest but according to the original source. 199Terminology | 2019 | 26 indispensable summer and hippie-bohemian style footwear” (MŽ 2016: 297). In the Fashion Dictionary compiled by L. Mizgirytė-Latour, the Lithuanian equivalent of this footwear name is given as strap sandals (MB 2016: 297). On the Internet we still find calling gladiator boots. The LKZ, DZ and BZ only give the meaning of "slave or prisoner of war". Styles. In the New Words database, "shoes with pointed noses" and "very high heel" are called the non-Lithuanian word stiletai. The name is derived from Italian stiletto "stick" < Latin stilus "writing stick" (VaitktŽŽ 2003), cf. English stiletto15. The classical stiletto, as written in the Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia, is “a small Italian dagger with a very thin, at the beginning of the blade. It is usually used to describe shoes with heels between niausiai trikampe geležte išgaląstomis briaunomis“ (VLE 2019). „Pirmą kartą batų kulniukai su šiuo durklu buvo susieti XX a. ketvirtojo dešimt2.5 and 25 cm (10 and 12 in). Heels lower than 5 cm are now called kitten heels. At all times, graceful shoes with high heels were a symbol of high social status – you won’t walk much in them, you won’t work in them, etc. <...>. The pointed stilettos were most popular in the wealthy 1950s, in the 1970s the noses became rectangular, the heels block-shaped (<...>), in the 1980s platforms were added to them, in the 1990s they acquired the usual appearance of those times, in the 2000s they became flat-footed and high-heeled again, <...>“ (MŽ 2016: 313). In the dictionary of shoes, the Lithuanian equivalent is high-heeled pointed heel (BatŽ 2018). It says that “the history of stiletto shoes began in 1955, when the shoe designer of the fashion house Dior, R. Vivier, introduced the first stiletto-type high heels” (ibid.). In addition to this, in the article "Shoes that you must have. For Him and Her” offers another Lithuanian equivalent – evening shoes (B 2018). There is no such name. In the large shoe dictionary in German it says that stilettos are a synonym for high heels (DGL). It says that they appeared in the 19th century in order to visually reduce the size of the foot. Names of French origin LUBUTEN. this designer ch. The name of Louboutin’s high-heeled red-footed shoes (see also the section “Lietuviškos kilmės pava15” in the Cambridge English Dictionary). Access via the Internet: https:// dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/stiletto. 200 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė | The new names of shoes. The name Louboutin is derived from the French word louboutin. "The Making of the 2010 NBA Draft" (PDF). Interestingly, the red sole of these shoes appeared unexpectedly – the žodynėlyje rašoma, kad šie batai laikomi „kokybės ir mados išmanymo simboliu, tad savo spintoje turėti bent vienus raudonpadžius yra prestižo designer, “in order to give his deaf shoes something new and unexpected, tried to paint the sole of a pair of high heels with a co-worker’s red Chanel nail polish” (MŽ 2010). On the Internet you can find using "labutinai", "lubutenai", louboutinai, Louboutin, "Louboutinai", "Louboutin" shoes. There is no such name. The form lubutenai is recorded in the database of new loans (hereinafter referred to as NsDB 2013). Tropezettes. “Open sandals with a thin leather sole and straps,” according to the New Words Database, are called tropéziennes. this is a random name. Usually, in Lithuanian, such shoes are simply called basutėmis. There is no name for the tropezetes AAtZ. Name of Italian origin ‘ARMADILS’. 16, pp. 16. "Archived copy" (PDF). Women's Armadillo boots. The name, as written in the Naujažodžiai database, refers to armour-like, uncomfortable high-heeled shoes for walking on the catwalk. They were created by British fashion designer experimenter Lee Alexander McQueen. This name of the shoes is written in quotation marks. They are also referred to as "Armadillo shoes", "alien shoes", "alien boots", "space boots", "shoes killers", "hooves", etc. There is no such name. Name of Spanish origin MANOLAI. Very beautiful, original design, high quality, chic Spanish shoe designer Manuel (Manolo) Blahnikas Rodriguez high heeled shoes named after the Spanish word, which comes from the Spanish. manolos < Manolo. therefore, it is an eponymous term derived from a word of non-Lithuanian origin. There is no name for this shoe in AAtŽ. It is recorded in NsDB 2013. Sometimes referred to by the biword name Manolo shoes (Jacobbi 2007: 24). 16 Armored animals, or armadils, are animals found in the southern part of South and North America, whose body is covered by a flexible skin armor made of rigid shields arranged in movable transverse rows (VLE 2019). 201Terminology | 2019 | 26 Name of Arabic origin 17. Usually this is called warm, elevated house shoes or simply light leather shoes without heel and sides, knitted in eastern countries. In AAtŽ we find the form babušiai (AAtŽ 2014: 76). The name is derived from Arabic babush or Persian papush "slipper" or Persian pa "foot", pouchiden "to cover". The word came into the Lithuanian language, apparently, through the Russian language – рус. бабуши, plg.: angl. babouches, fr. Babouches, vok. Babuschen. SUMMARY. More than half (51 per cent, see Figure 1) of footwear names in the database of new words are of non-Lithuanian origin. three-quarters of them are not recorded in the AAtZ. The new names of footwear used in colloquial language manolai, lubutenai show that footwear of non-Lithuanian origin can be named by its author, creator, creator, i.e. by personal name, chelsiai, oxfords – by location, kroksai, louferiai, ugsai – by brand name of footwear. names of footwear of foreign origin, especially derived from English, have many variants. Although the trends in the use of new footwear names can often be predicted from their expression, motivation, but it takes more time to see which of them have settled in, which compete and which will fall into oblivion. Footwear names of foreign origin tend to be distinguished graphically, i.e. in bold, italic or quotation marks, especially if used in an unadapted form. It is graphically distinct, because it is not always known how to adapt it, and thus the general language purification provisions are not violated when writing. Names of mixed origin In this article, new footwear names of mixed origin are considered to be such one-word footwear names that, in addition to their own, also have foreign language parts, and a two-word name, one of which is non-Lithuanian and the other is Lithuanian. In total, 10 names of footwear of mixed origin were found in the Naujažodžiai database (Figure 1). Ballet. these are light shoes with a flat sole, very low heel, without lining, reminiscent of boats and ballerina shoes (AAtŽ 2014: 76). They are named after a word of mixed origin, e.g. ballerina (Italian < Latin ballo) and the suffix -ukės. Pavadinimas atsirado dėl panašumo į balerinos dėvimus puantus (pranc. pointe „smaigalys, viršūnė“) – kietanosius moteriškus kla17 Babušai, persiškai paipušai — odinės šlepetės rytuose, nusimaunamos įeinant į kambarį (LEe). 202 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė | The new footwear names for the chic ballet shoes. Plg.: angl. ballerina shoes, ballerina flats, flatties. In the database of new words are fixed and synonymously used variants balerinos, balerinkės, baletukės. Also known as ballet shoes, ballet shoes (BatŽ 2018; B 2018). See Ballet. Ballet. is a synonym of the word ballerina, derived from the international word ballet (Italian Balletto < Latin ballo "ball, dance") and the suffix - Grandmothers. For more details see ballerina shoes. Bases. Rubber or plastic shoes, worn by pool visitors. The name is derived from the French bassin, "basin, reservoir" and the suffix -ukės, "pool". There is no such name. INKARIUKAI. The name is composed of the so-called old borrowed18 anchor (German Anker < Latin ancora < Greek ἄγκῡρα; sabaliauskas 1990: 265) and the suffix -ukas. With the suffix -ukas there are more footwear names, e.g.: aulinukai, bačiukai, batakai, muklukai, puseulinukai, sportukai, startukai, gožsinukai and so on. so this type of creation is not new – the suffix -ukas has a special meaning. This eponymous name is used for strong fabric sports shoes with rubber soles. They are named after the “Ankaro” factory founded in Kaunas in 1933, which produced various rubber footwear – boots, boots and sports shoes. “When Lithuanian “inkarai” began to be produced, these sneakers became an integral part of the style of Lithuanian youth,” – it is written on the website https://www.zmones.lt/. The website https://www.lofficiel.lt/ recalls that “shoes with vulcanized soles,19 which flourished in Soviet times, were produced not only in our region. This footwear was produced by many of the former Soviet Union states, as well as the major countries of the world. The French had and still have the Bensimon, the Japanese Moonstar, created in the late 19th century and still produced today, the Russian Two Myacha20 and the American Converse, still as popular as a hundred years ago (L’officiel 2019). Variety of writing. Quite often written in quotation marks, e.g.: "anchors", "Anchor" sneakers, "Anchor" sneakers, "Anchor" sneakers, "anchors". All these names are most often used in free styles18 old borrowers are completely adapted to the system of our language. They usually do not have their own substitutes or synonyms, so in this article they are included in their own lexicon. In quotation 19 there is a punctuation error – a comma is not required after the word under. 20 Russians. Two balls. 203Terminology | 2019 | 26 se, it is not in the dictionaries of clothing terms. Often anchors in colloquial language are called sports shoes of any brand. Conversions. Pigeons. "crocs" shoes with holes were suggested to be called crowshoes. This name is derived from the adjective kiauras and the old loanword kaliošas "rubber shoe, worn on a shoe or felt", derived from the Polish. The word comes from the Latin solea gallica, meaning "shoes of the inhabitants of Gaul", and from the French galoches, meaning "wooden shoes, soles". It was not widely used, so it could be considered an authorial invention. See also synonyms boots, crotchless shoes, shoes with holes. SQUARE. is the name of shoes with a square nose. It is composed of the international word kvadratas (Latin: quadratus) and the Lithuanian word nosis (LKŽe 4. „atsikišusi į priekį aštri dalis dalyko“: Jo batai kietom nosim Lš. Nenumink vyžų nosies – bėgs vanduo į vidų Gdl.). There is no name for this shoe in AAtŽ. It is used as a noun, apparently for brevity. It is only recorded in the New Words database, has not spread in usage. Conversations. The English equivalent of this footwear is Converse shoes. Converse shoes are sports shoes made by Converse Inc. with a fabric upper and rubber soles. their distinctive mark is a five-pointed star. The deminutive name of the shoe is made from the eponymous name konversai21 and the suffix -(i)ukas. There is no ADR. The names converse and converse, like anchors, are most often used in colloquial language to name stylish and fashionable casual sports shoes of any brand. Schools. Moccasin shoes with ankle and calf covers are called a compound word of mixed origin, made from the old known footwear term mokasinai22 and the Lithuanian word batai. Plg. angl. moccasins boots. There is no name for this shoe in AAtŽ. SPORTS. This new word is called sports shoes. The word sportinukai in DŽ is used in the meaning of "t-shirts for sports", and in LKŽ - "underwear men's shirts without sleeves". In general, lightweight sports shoes are called sports, or sports, shoes or shoes. The name is not commonly used in everyday life, particularly in conversation. We all know the word sneakers, which in 21 NsDB 2013 is converted – fabric sneakers with rubber noses. 22 Moccasins (Algonquian moccasinah, ‘foot covering’) are defined as follows in the AAtJ: American Indian leather heelless shoes of a certain construction” (AAtŽ 2014: 264). There are real and fake moccasins (see also). 204 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė | New names of footwear are found in DŽ, LKŽ and AAtŽ. In the dictionary of sports terms, these shoes are referred to as sports shoes, and the single-word names sneakers and sneakers are presented as synonyms (LrtB). In free styles, a sports carriage for children is also called a sports carriage. This new value is also recorded in the New Words database. Taxes are paid. Women's shoes with very high heels are not only called killer shoes, but also taxi shoes. It is a two-word name, one of the elements of which is international (see the international word taxi (French)), and the other – Lithuanian (shoes). It is literally translated from English. The online dictionary Urban Dictionary says that it is impractical and uncomfortable to walk long walking shoes that wear when going to clubs or events, which is why you need to call a taxi. so, so named because of the difficulty of walking in these shoes. For more details see. shoes killers, plg. killers. SUMMARY. Most of the discussed new footwear names of mixed origin have a foreign root and a Lithuanian affix (adjective). AAtZ are just ballerina's. therefore, not all footwear names are accurate, clear, regular and approved. ro (or new word) abundance is often determined Kalbant apie naujuosius avalynės pavadinimus, labai tinka terminologo Kazimiero Gaivenio mintis apie naujai atsirandančius žodžius: „Naujadanot by linguistic, but by other (social or even non-linguistic) reasons. therefore, in the creation of language (in general) or terminology (in the case of interest to us) not only the active part of the nation (who creates language innovations themselves, is interested in the language), but also the passive (who does not accept language innovations or is not interested in language matters at all) participates” (1990: 12). CONCLUSIONS 1.The new footwear names are a small part of footwear names, reflecting almost three decades of usage. In total, 47 footwear names were found in the Naujažodžiai database. Almost a third (28%) of them are named with words of Lithuanian origin: antbačiai, batai žudikai, čežutės, įspirtukės, kiaurabačiai, kleputės, laiveliai, lygiapadžiai, plokščiapadžiai, raudonpadžiai, riedbačiai, skylėtbačiai, trumpukai. Slightly more than half (51%) of the footwear names found are non-Lithuanian: English origin (68%): botillonai, brogai, čelsiai, derbiai, flatformos, flipflops, kileriai, kroksai, lordsai, louferiai, monkai, oxfords, skeičiuosai, snikeriai, stiletai, ugsai; Latin 205Terminology | 2019 | 26 origins (12 per cent): ballerinas, gladiators, stilettos; of French origin (8%): Lubutes, Tropezettes; of Italian origin (4 %): “armadillo”; with words (21 per cent): ballerina, ballerina, pool, anchors, crowbars, paniškos kilmės (4 proc.): manolai; arabiškos kilmės (4 proc.): babušai. Mažiausia grupelė – avalynės pavadinimai, kurie įvardijami mišrios kilmės converse, square-nosed, sneakers, sneakers, taxi shoes. 2. new names of footwear of Lithuanian and mixed origin tend to be made with deminutive suffixes -(i)ukai: ankariukai, sportinukai, trumpukai, konvertiukai; -shoes: sneakers, ballerinas, ballet shoes, pool shoes; - lice: lice, lice; and -eliai: boats. -shoes: boots, roller shoes, perforated shoes, moccasins; and -soles: flat-footed, flat-heeled, red-footed; rarer with endings -kaliošiai: kiaurakaliošiai; and -noses: quadruped. 3. Part of the new footwear names discussed, which are not fixed in dictionaries, will probably remain in passive usage, e.g.: shorts, square-nosed, tropezetes, hole-shoes, crow-necked, etc. Others, such as crocs, anchors, conversions, have already entered into active use – they are often mentioned in public space, spread in free styles. Although they are not among the approved footwear terms, they are widely used, as can be seen from the examples of usage provided in the Naujažodžiai database, by fashion stylists, journalists, bloggers, etc. The appearance, spread or non-acquisition of new footwear names in usage is a natural phenomenon of terminology (and language in general) development, reflecting the change and even lack of terms. The Internet is a medium that has an influence on the development of footwear terminology, because quite often the creators of footwear terminology do not keep up – new concepts appear much faster both due to rapid globalization and due to the development of new technologies. This is also shown by the new footwear names and their synonyms and variants recorded in the New Words database. PRINCIPAL SOURCE Lithuanian language data base. Continuous online guide since 2011 ed. Miliūnaitė, A. Aleksaitė, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. Access via Internet: http://naujazodziai.lki.lt [accessed June–October 2019]. ADDITIONAL SOURCES AAtŽ 2014: ratautas s. A., strazdienė E. and Gulbinienė A. Explanatory dictionary of clothing terms: more than 6000 terms in Lithuanian, English, German, French and Russian, Kaunas: technologija. AttŽ 2001: Explanatory dictionary of textile terms: with German, English, French and Russian equivalents. Prepared by R. Čiukas, J. Katunskis, A. Kaulakienė et al., Kaunas: technologija, 2001. 206 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė | New Footwear Names B 2018: Shoes You Must Have. For him and her [created 2018-03-12]. Access via the Internet: https://batai. lt/2018/03/12/bataliai-kuriuos-privalu-tureti-jam-ir-jai/ [žiūrėta 2018-09-01]. BatŽ 2018: Shoe Dictionary [created 2018-02-07]. Accessed via Internet: https://batai.lt/2018/02/07/batu-zodynelis/ [accessed 2019-08-01]. IŽ 2015: Illustrated dictionary. - Mada. From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day, Vilnius: Alma littera, 434–462. 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Prieiga per internetą: www.zmones.lt/naujiena/legendinis-%E2%80%9Einkarasatgimsta-aveti-krepsininku-ir-paprastu-vaikezu-siandien-sportbaciai-grizta.b24e5770-b2c9-11e9-a421aa000054c883 [žiūrėta 2019-08-03]. ThE NEW NAMES Of fOOTWEAR summary the online Database of Lithuanian Neologisms (http://naujazodziai.lki.lt) is a source of the contemporary Lithuanian language that was founded in the end of 2011 and has been updated till now. It accumulates the new 21st century lexicon reflecting changes in the lexicon of the Lithuanian language. the article is aimed at reviewing the names of contemporary footwear found in the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms, determining their origin, and discussing their expression. 47 names, that is to say, 38 different names of contemporary footwear and their synonyms are described in the article. It was found that 28% of the names of contemporary footwear found in the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms are of Lithuanian origin (antbačiai, batai žudikai, čežutės, įspirtukės, kiaurabačiai, kleputės, laiveliai, lygiapadžiai, plokščiapadžiai, raudonpa- 208 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė | New footwear names of non-Lithuanian origin (51% – of non-Lithuanian origin (English origin: botillons, brogues, chelsies, derbiai, flatforms, flipflops, kileriai, kroksai, lords, louferiai, monks, oxfords, skeičiūzai, snikeriai, štibletai, ugsai; Latin origin: ballerinas, gladiators, stilettos; Italian origin: “armadilai”; French origin: lubutenai, tropezetės; spanish origin: manolai; Arabic origin: babušai), and 21% – of mixed origin (ballerinas, baletukė, baseinukės, ankariukai, kiaurakaliošiai, konvertiukai, kvadratnosiai, mokasinbočiai, sportinukai, taksi batai). the names of Lithuanian and mixed origins tend to have diminutive suffixes -ukai: inkariukai, sportinukai, trumpukai, konversiukai; -ukės: įspirtukės, balerinukės, baletinukės, baseinukės; -utės: čežutės, kleputės; and -eliai: laiveliai. compounds are frequent with suffixes -bačiai: kiaurabačiai, riedbačiai, skylėtbačiai, mokasinbačiai; -kaliošiai: kiaurakaliošiai; -nosiai: kvadaratnosiai; -padžiai: lygiapadžiai, plokščiapadžiai, raudonpadžiai. A part of the names of new footwear discussed in this article are neologisms that were created not by linguists or footwear experts, what is more, they are not found in any official recommendations or language use nor terminological dictionaries. they are used mostly by stylists, journalists, and bloggers writing about fashion. the emergence of new names of contemporary footwear, their spread or non-adoption is a natural phenomenon of terminology (and language in general) development that reflects a change or even lack of terms. Retrieved 2019-09-09 Aušra rimkutė-Ganusauskienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 4, Lt-10308 Vilnius Email: [email protected]