Hibridiniai statybos terminijos dūriniai su klasikiniais prepoziciniais sietiniais kamienais

140 Lina Rutkienė Hybrid construction terminology punches with prepoziciniais sietiniais kamienais classical ones doi.org/10.35321/term26-07 Hybrid constructional terminology punches with classical prepositional sided stems Lina Rutkienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas Annotation One of the most prominent trends in current construction terminology is the use of international sietic stems from Greek and Latin, such as aero-, macro-, micro-, nanoir, etc., to create new terms. However, in Lithuanian terminology there is no single approach to the morphological structure of these international elements. tusą. Straipsnyje aptariama požiūrių įvairovė, siūloma nagrinėjamų tarptautinių elementų nelaikyti afiksoidais (prefiksoidais ir sufiksoidais) – šiuo atveju tinkaBased on the development of the scientific literature in the field of construction tūros surinkta medžiaga, straipsnyje nagrinėjama hibridinių statybos terminų su with classical lattice stems, the reasons that had the greatest influence on the spread of these stitches in construction terminology are assessed, the tendencies of these hybrid stitches are examined. KEY WORDS: stitch, genus term, classical sietic stem, false stitch, construction. Abstract One of the most prominent tendencies in the contemporary terminology of construction is the usage of international bound stems coming from Greek and Latin languages, such as aero-, makro-, mikro-, nano-, vibro-, etc., for the formation of neologisms. However, a single approach towards the morphemic status of these international elements is lacking in Lithuanian terminology. Therefore, the article discusses the diversity of opinions and proposes to dissociate affixoids (prefixoids and suffixoids) from bound stems – in this case a term of bound stems is more applicable. based on the material collected from scientific literature in the field of construction, the article addresses the development of hybrid terms of construction with classical bound stems and evaluates the reasons which had major influence on the spread of these compounds in the terminology of construction. The article analyses the tendencies of for- 141Terminologija | 2019 | 26 mation of these hybrid compound terms and discusses the attempts to form KEYWORDS: compound, generic term, classical bound stem, improper compound, compound terms with classical bound stems as proper compounds. construction. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Although Latin has lost its position as the international language of science, its importance for science, as well as for terminology, is evidenced not only by the words borrowed from it and through it from Greek, which have become international terms, but also by certain word elements, which are abundant in Lithuanian terminology. A significant part of these international elements are the sietic prepositional stems, such as audio-, macro-, micro-, nano-, pseudo-, video, etc., which form the strings of the punch. In foreign linguistics attention to these stitches, which are also called quasi-composites, semi-stitches, compositions, etc., has been drawn for a long time, but the discussion about such stitches and their origins is still ongoing. There is a discussion of concepts, essential features, the need to create a hierarchical classification of sands, to clarify semantic relationships with the primary morpheme, to study their regularity and productivity. The aim of this article is to examine the development and construction aspects of hybrid relative construction terms joins with classical prepositional sited roots (hereinafter – CPSR) after discussing the linguistically ambiguous attitude to the morphological status of classical (originating from Greek and Latin) elements. The material for the article was collected from 207 sources: construction textbooks, textbooks, dictionaries of terms, reference books, doctoral theses, publications covering more than 100 years (1910–2018). Due to the considerable number of sources, the list of sources at the end of the article contains only those sources in which related construction terms were found in the KPSK. For example, only two sources from the period 1918–1940 are presented, because only in them were used stitches relevant to the article (48 sources are not included in the list of sources, but the data of stitches of related construction terms used in them are used to reveal the quantitative ratio of hybrid stitches with KPSK and stitches with free (independent) stems). Hybrid relatives of construction terms stitches with post-positional classical lattice trunks are not discussed in this article, because the collected material shows that such stitches are not relevant to the construction field (only one such stitch was found – inlinkiografas MTS 1981: 321). The main method of work is analytical descriptive, with it combining the methods of synthesis, constructive analysis and morphological analysis. 142 Lina Rutkienė Hybrid construction thermal punches with classic punches prepoziciniais sietiniais kamienais CLASSIC SIETI STONE In the works of foreign and Lithuanian linguists, classical sietic stems are referred to by various terms: semi-afixes (Keinys 1999: 74; Козулина et al. 2009: 3), sietic roots or radixoids (Земская 1973: 51–55; Рыженкова 2002; Копелиович 2003), neoclassical elements (Harastani et al. 2012) and others. Perhaps the most established in the works of linguistic specialists is the general term of afixoid (Шанский 1970; Keinys 1999: 74; Гущина 2003; Козулина et al. 2009; Vounchev 2019) and the sietic stems in question are often assigned to afixoid (prefixoid or sufixoid). This variety of terminology often leads to confusion: some authors refer to certain terms as the same concepts, others separate the concepts, and the same terms, synonyms in the texts of the first authors, refer to completely different things in the texts of the second authors. According to Dieter Kastovsky, the big problem is that even in the National Dictionary of English, these elements are not clearly defined and there are no clear criteria for distinguishing them from each other (Kastovsky 2009: 1). One of the more detailed studies on how to distinguish classical prefixes, prefixoids, and sietic stems, so-called radixoids1, was carried vartoja sinonimiškai (kaip leksinius dubletus), laikydamiesi požiūrio, kad out by Galina Ryzhenkova. As can be seen from the classical classification of elements, the author uses the term radixoid (Latin radix – root), which is part of the microsystem of international terms that designate the morphological status of word elements. The author relies primarily on the criterion of lexical meaning, i.e., how much the borrowed morpheme has retained its lexical meaning. According to the researcher, for example, neo can be considered neither a prefixoid nor a radixoid (relative stem), because the meaning of the element gradually fades, it begins to perform only a constructive, modifier function, specifies the lexical meaning of the root that follows it (i.e. performs the function of a prefix). And, for example, hydrois neither a prefix nor a prefixoid – it is a radixoid, one of the sands of the punch, having a clear lexical meaning, and moreover, this punch root can be connected not only with other roots, but also with affixes (see: Russian: гидрирование, Lithuanian: hidrogenavimas) (Рыженкова 2002). 1 In literal translation, the term sietinis root should be used, but this term, which is popular in Russian linguistics, has been criticized by V. Urbutis (see Urbutis 2009: 144). In this article, the term "site root" will not be used, in order to avoid excessive terminological variation. 143Terminology | 2019 | 26 Lietuvių kalbotyroje ilgą laiką dūrinių su klasikiniais sietiniais kamienais was considered peripheral. Classical Sitic stems were usually included in the dictionaries of international words alongside other international words, but for a long time they were not studied in more detail. It is said that their situation is isolated, peripheral. However, in recent times, with the proliferation and continued rapid increase of structures with classical sietic roots, this topic is also attracting considerable attention from Lithuanian linguists. Adelė Valeckienė (1968), Kazimieras Gaivenis (2014 [1994], [1998], [1995]), Stasys Keinys (2005 [1979]), Vida Rudaitienė (2001), Lina Inčiuraitė-Noreikienė (2015, 2017), Palmira Zemlevičiūtė (2018), Alvydas Umbrasas (2018) and others have studied this topic. In the Lithuanian language, the morphemic status of classical sietinis stems is not unambiguous. Even though there is a consensus that these stems should be classified as affixoids, there is a twofold position: some linguists consider them as punctuation sands, while others consider them as vedic morphemes: prefixoids are discussed with prepositions, and suffixoids with suffixes. For example, A. Umbrasas, who has studied the new terms in computer science and computing, which are made up of terms with KPSK, states that “[s]emantically they [prefixoid – aut. past.] are close to the elements of compound words, and functionally – to prepositions, because they are systematically added to other words and are not used as independent words in Lithuanian (it is true that sometimes they are written as separate words or separated by a dash, but this is considered a spelling error). <…> The similarity to affixes encourages these international elements to be discussed together with prepositions” (Umbras 2018: 136). P. Zemlevičiūtė examines the analyzed structures as enriched terms. The terminologist prefers to use not the prefixoid, but the more comprehensive term of international element: according to her, “[this] term can include both the concept of international prefix, and international accent, and international prefixoid, etc.” (2017: 218). The classical elements discussed in L. Inčiuraitė’s dissertation are referred to as the (neo)classical dots and the sietic stem, and the derivatives with these stems are analyzed as stitches (Inčiuraitė 2017). It should be noted that the terminologists K. Gaivenis and St. Keinys, when presenting affixoids (prefixoids and sufixoids) in the Dictionary of Kalbotyros terms, refer only to examples from Lithuanian language (pusbernis, pusdalyvis, pusmaišis, šunkelis, šundaktaris; maišigalis, vaikigalis) (Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 13, 155), while in their articles they call such morphemes of classical languages as audio-, macro-, micro-, nano-, pseudo-, video, etc., international elements (Gaivenis 2014 [1994]: 392; 2014 [1998]: 401; 2014 [1995]: 636), international elements of the Lithuanian language (Gaivenis 2014 [1994]: 392; 2014 [1998]: 401; 2014 [1995]: 636). 144 Lina Rutkienė Hybrid construction terminology punches with classical prepoziciniais sietiniais kamienais term elements (Keinys 2005 [1979]: 196)2. Therefore, the question arises: perhaps there are some differences between affixoids and classical roots and not always classical sital roots should be assigned to affixoids? In Lithuanian linguistics, affixoids are understood, based on the KTŽ, as punctuation compounds having a generalized meaning and therefore somewhat similar to an affix (Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 13). Thus, the lexical meaning of affixoids, compared with the word from which they originated, is faded, becomes more generalized, more abstract. And the sietic stems have a fairly clear lexical meaning. This meaning can be updated in the definition of the term, e.g. Microfillers are fine mineral powders obtained from natural mineral rocks and mineral industrial waste StM 2012: 135, sometimes in context or by the specific focus of a synonymously used compound term, e.g. vibrosis bDT 1976: 58 – vibrating beam bDT 1976: 66. Another important difference is that affixoids can (or still can) function as independent words with their own grammatical characteristics. This has been noted by Darius Jarmalavičius, who has studied the affixoids of the German language (Jarmalavičius 2014: 31). Geert Everts Booijus and Matthias Hüning wrote about this: for example, the German adjective frei (free), like the English free and Dutch vrij, is an independent word. However, in punctuation it is already an affixoid with a more general, more afixic meaning: “not having what is marked by the main word”, e.g.: alcohol-frei, sugar-free (booij, Hüning 2014: 78). This afixoidity of the meaning of sando free in G. E. Boijus and M. Hüning is evident from the translation into Lithuanian: bealkoholis, becukris. The fact that the words from which the affixoids originated are also used in the language as independent words with a specific lexical meaning can be seen from the examples given by the KTŽ: šunkelis, maišigalis, vaikigalis, etc. In addition, the language has a lack of grammatical structures, and therefore lacks grammatical functions. Thus, in this article, international elements originating from classical Greek and Latin languages, such as audio-, macro-, micro-, nano-, pseudo-, video, etc., will be treated as sited roots, and the stitches with them – as false stitches (about false stitches we will talk more in detail in the section of this article entitled “Features of the construction of stitches of related construction terms with classical sited roots”). Thus, it would be possible to agree with G. Ryženkova and other similarly thinking authors. 2 It is true that St. Keinys already considers the classical elements discussed in the word formation of the Common Lithuanian Language as affixoids (Keinys 1999: 111). 145Terminology | 2019 | 26 phrases (prefixes) – prefixoids (part of affixoids) – pozicijai dėl tokios morfeminį statusą nurodančių terminų eilutės: priešsietic stems (radixoids) – free (independent) stems. L. Inčiuraitė has discussed the differences between prepositions and sietic roots derived from classical Greek and Latin, based on Tvrtko Prćiću (see. The prefixes are divided into prefixes, and pseudo-, micro-, auto-, tele-, video-, euro-, bio-, raitė 2017: 43–47). Mokslininkė savo disertacijoje klasikinius elementus super-, anti-, kontr(a)-, eks-, meta-, sub-, hiper-, pro-, ultra-, vice-, inter-/ intra-, arachi-, infra-, terto-, para-, ekstra-, post-, di-, trans-, bi-, epiprimacro-, electro-, hydro-, quasi-, moto-, aero-, avia-, thermo-, mega-, mono-, polit-, agro-, audio-, techno-, stereo-, nano-, radio-, vibro-, eco-, proto-, cyber-, neo-, multi-, pneumo-, seks-, geo-, kosmo-, mezo-, neuro-, amino-, narko-, nitro-, turbo-, zoolaiko sietiniais stiebais. Most of them are inhabited by Indians. The so-called classical mesh trunks DLKG After systematizing the ideas rodytų tarptautinių priešdėlių pateikti ir DLKG, priešdėlių vedinių skyriuje (DLKG 2005: 150), tačiau šią grupę mokslininkė papildė keliais tarpexpressed by various authors about classical mesh trunks, it is possible to (2005) neaptariami nei prie priešdėlių, nei prie dūrinių sandų. distinguish the following characteristics of these trunks: 1. Classical Sitic stems are typical of many languages. This is confirmed by many linguists (Gaivenis 2014 [1995]: 636; Клобуков, Гудилова 2001; Земская 2011: 51), while Valentīna Skujiņa talks about the development of terminology on an international scale, the gradual harmonization of the structural models of terms, as far as the different linguistic systems allow (Skujiņa 1999: 3). 2. Classical mesh trunks are very productive. There are also a lot of terms with the same classical sietic roots in Lithuanian terminology. 3. classical sietic stems are characterized by a rather specific, lexical, meaning; claimed that they have more root than affix content. Evanthia Petropoulou (2009: 41) uses the term semantic density, in her opinion, classical relational roots are characterized by higher semantic density than affixes. 4. Usually, the word from which the classical element originated is polysemantic, and the sietic root inherits not all its meanings, but only those that are necessary for its use (Козулина et al. 2009: 5). 146 Lina Rutkienė Hybrid construction thermal punches with classic punches prepoziciniais sietiniais kamienais 5. Classical sieve stems are dependent stitch compounds (does not make constituent stitches, but only defining ones), they define the second sand, narrow its meaning. 6. Classical sietiniai stems, occupying a prepositional position in relation to the root, usually end with a vowel (Kazio borutos and others. In the International Dictionary of Words (TŽŽ 1936) the classical sietiniai stems are still presented without a vowel or with another vowel: aer..., aero...; hydr..., hydro...; fibres..., fibers...; vibr..., vibro...). Some foreign authors believe that this vowel is connective. Vasily Nemchenko argues that the connective vowels should be considered as a distinct formal feature that brings the classical elements closer to the root morphemes. It is by this feature that affixoids are formally distinguished from affixes, since connective vowels are characteristic only of the interpunctions between roots or stems and do not occur between roots and affixes (Nemchenko 1994: 65). In the following, the article will examine the subsystem of hybrid related terms of one specific field – construction – with KPSK, analyzing the tendencies of making these spoken punches. GIMININIŲ HIbRIDINIŲ STATYbOS TERMINŲ DŪRINIŲ KLASIKINIŲ SIETINIŲ KAMIENŲ POSISTEMIS IR JO RAIDA Statybos terminijoje yra nemažai hibridinių dūrinių su iš graikų ir lotynų kalbų kilusiais sietiniais prepoziciniais kamienais. As shown by the research, the subsystem of related construction terms KPSK consists of 20 members: aero-, auto-, azo-, bio-, eko-, fero-, fibro-, photo-, geo-, hydro-, macro-, meso-, micro-, nano-, nitro-, pneumo-, tenzo-, thermo-, turbo-, vibro-. These KPSK are the same as for many other science and technology terms – the KPSK subsystem of construction terminology is only part of the general system of classical sietic stems of Lithuanian terminology. The architectural elements with the roots in question are either new additions to the construction terminology, or new words that have come into construction terminology from other fields. Not all periods in the construction terminology were abundant in such stitches. Reading the sources, it was found that in the construction field texts related construction terms, which are synonymous with KPSK, began to be used in the first period of Lithuanian independence. However, these were only two related terms with auto-: auto-sveta MT 1929: 11 (written with a dash) and autovežis LPMK 1931: 5, 36, used in textbooks on road and bridge 147Terminologija | 2019 | 26 construction. It is noted that auto was used as an independent word during this period. For example, Leonas Tuskenis's book Lietuvos plentai ir moderniškosios konstrukcijos lists the types of cars: buses, trucks, cars, motorcycles LPMK 1931: 36. In the Technical Dictionary (TŽ 1920) and TŽZ 1936, published during this period, auto is also presented as an independent word meaning automobile. By the way, as an independent word TŽZ 1936 provides and micro, but that this loan would be used as an independent word or as a sietinis stem in scientific texts in the field of construction, was not noticed. The way for spoken stems into Lithuanian terminology (including construction terminology) was particularly wide opened in the Soviet era, when Russian became not only the most important source of borrowing, but also strengthened as a kės, pozicijoms. St. Keinys atkreipia dėmesį į istorinį faktą – 1957 m. švęslanguage mediator in the forties of the Russian October Revolution: on that occasion, the making of derivatives from Russian was officially announced and attempted to be legalized as an important way of creating Lithuanian terms (Keinys 2005 [2003]: 239). In fact, as can be seen from the sources of the following examples, almost all the punches with previously unused KPSK are found in the scientific literature in the field of construction, published after this event. Then a whole host of new mesh strains for the construction field flooded: aero-, azo-, ferro-, fibro-, photo-, hydro-, micro-, nitro-, pneumo-, thermo-, turbo-, vibro-. A number of hybrid terms related to the above-ground (buildings and other structures, roads, bridges) and underground (water supply, sewerage, foundations) construction have been made with them, e.g.: aerial photograph ALKS 1972: 39, azo paints RLKP 1959: 12, ferrolydeny SMG 1974: 58, fibrofiller MK 1956: 23, photo accounting SOV3 1974: 24, hydronode RLKP 1959: 68, macrohardness MMb 1962: 67, microfoam JTŽ 1982: 15, microfiller MTPM 1976: 141, nitrodžai KSŽ 1988: 84, nitroglue SMG 1974: 306, pneumatinis velenėlis JDŽ 1981: 140, thermal insert RLKP 1959: 37. Ir toliau statybos hibridiniai dūriniai buvo daromi su sietiniu kamienu auto- (autokelias APKS 1964: 3, autokrautuvas RLKP 1959: 11, autovežimėlis RLKP 1959: 11), tačiau didžiausiu produktyvumu išsiskyrė sietinis kamienas vibro-: su juo sovietmečiu padarytas didelis pluoštas statybos terminų: vibrobuožė bDT 1976: 58, vibromaišytuvas SM 1966: 195, vibromalūnas MK 1956: 21, vibroplūkimas SMG 1974: 201, vibropriekrova SMG 1974: 227, vibrosietas JDŽ 1981: 59, vibrosija bDT 1976: 58, vibrosiurblys bDT 1976: 27, vibrostalas SMG 1974: 227, vibrostrypas bDT 1976: 58, vibrovelenas SMG 1974: 201, vibrotanki- 148 Lina Rutkienė Hybrid construction thermal punches with classical prepoziciniais sietiniais kamienais nimes SM 1966: 198. Of the 574 related construction terms used in the Soviet scientific literature, 61 (10.63%) are hybrid terms with KPSK. The bilingual Russian-Lithuanian dictionaries, which copied the Russian terminology, had a great influence on the emergence of such terms. Most of the terms made in the Soviet era with KPSK should be considered half-valued, e.g.: aerial photography – аэроснимок RLKP 1959: 19, ferroalloys – ферросплавы TRLT 1949: 117, motorcar – мотовоз RLKP 1959: 204, turbodrill – турбобур RLKP 1959: 445. As Zigmas Zinkevičius observes, in the Soviet period “[t]he number of compound words increased considerably, which were also made in reference to Russian equivalents […]. There are many different types of adjectives, such as adjectives with a plural, adjectives with a plural, adjectives with a plural, and adjectives with a plural. <…> Even Latin (Greek) accents were usually found where Russians used them” (Zinkevičius 1994: 210–211). During the period under consideration, KPSK was not avoided from being associated not only with single-trunk words, but also with self-propelled and hybrid dump trucks (autobetonmišė bDT 1976: 23, autocementovežis PSAD 1978: 13, autosavitis bGD 1978: 25, turboorablovė RLKP 1959: 445), as well as with dump trucks that already have a classic mesh trunk (aerofotovaizdas, aerofotonuotrauka RLKP 1959: 19, microfotonuotrauka RLKP 1959: 197, autohydrokeltuvas JDŽ 1981: 127). Thus, in the Soviet era, rather cumbersome triangular hybrid stitches were used, which are no longer in the construction literature published in 1990-2018. After Lithuania regained its independence, the improvement and development of construction began to be linked to the advanced experience of the West. With the integration of sciences, the achievements of one field are applied in other fields – the construction field is no exception, for example, nanotechnology and biotechnology are being used to improve building materials. Construction terminology becomes relevant to new concepts, often covering subjects of different branches of science and technology, and terms naming them. Thus, the classical sietic stems, common to terminology of various fields, are also very relevant in this period. English has a significant influence on their popularity, leading both as a source language and as a medium language. In the scientific literature published in the field of construction between 1990 and 2018, we again find a number of (76 different terms) hybrid relatives of construction terms with KPSK: aero- (aerial photo ST 1992: 17, SKAE 2010: 24, aerosija cPK 1992: 178, aerodromas RLSTŽ 1992: 292), auto- (motorway SKPP 2008: 51, autoloader SbPK 1995: 83, tractor ALLA 1993: 349), bio- (biodujos SIS 2011: 11, biointarpas SSMS 1994: 7, 155Terminologija | 2019 | 26 It is obvious that KPSK did not come to Lithuanian alone – at the same time, the construction model was borrowed, according to which the sietinis stem is simply drawn to the second whole word, without trying to integrate it morphologically into the Lithuanian language system. In particular, Vytautas Pranciškus's way of creating terms with KPSK according to the example of foreign languages was criticized. The linguist proposed to correct the false hybrid construction terms, which, as mentioned, began to appear in excess in Lithuanian terminology in the Soviet era, not only because they, in the author’s opinion, do not fit into the Lithuanian language construction system, but also because, following such construction, we yield to the influence of foreigners, “we forget what was done in the past, before the plans of the theory and practice of the “great” Stalin and the Bolshevik era in general took hold in Lithuania” (būda 1994: 33). The scientist proposed to replace the false stitches with KPSK or, in his opinion, with regular stitches: benzódažiai (not benzodažai), mikróplyšis (not mikroplyšys), mikrókietis (not mikrokietumas), mikrónuotraukė (not mikronuotrauka), or with word combinations: agricultural production (not agrogamyba), motorinis įrankis (not motoįrankis), automobilinio mėgėjas (not automėgėjas) (būda 1994: 33–34). In the current terminology, such relative terms proposed by V. P. are not considered normative. On the contrary, the method of construction when KPSKs are attached to Lithuanian words without changing their grammatical characteristics is considered to be normative. Many such terms are provided in the Lithuanian Term Bank (LRTb), e.g.: microcomposition, micromultiplication, microevaluation, microcausality. However, not all of these sources support this hypothesis. For example, in the publication Administrativinės kalbos aktualijos (AKA) it is stated that mikroų should be avoided at all when combined with Lithuanian words, e.g.: mikroįmonė (– very small enterprise), and the punchline mikromokėjimas, whose Lithuanian base word is the abstract of the verb, is considered incorrect: mikromokėjimas (= small payment) (AKA 2014). of course, the codification of the terms, which are made by the combination of the CSPC with Lithuanian words, takes into account the various requirements imposed on the terms. For example, the relatively new term ‘eco-performance’ in SIŽ 2004: 822 could hardly be codified because it is first of all ambiguous: it is not clear whether it refers to ecological or economic performance. St. Keinys points out that when making terms with KPSK, moderation must be observed (Keinys 2005 [1967]: 211), while K. Gaivenis emphasizes that there is no need for new developments with KPSK, which push out of usage already established and widely used words and word combinations (Gaivenis 2014 [1991]: 624). 156 Lina Rutkienė Hybrid construction thermal punches with classic punches prepoziciniais sietiniais kamienais CONCLUSIONS 1.The classical prepositional linking stems, such as audio-, macro-, micro-, nano-, pseudo-, video, etc., originating from Greek and Latin, are actively used to make new terms, they are still linguistically discontinuous words, sijų objektas. Nors kai kurie kalbininkai juos priskiria afiksoidams (laiko prefiksoidais), manytina, kad tikslumo dėlei afiksoidų ir sietinių kamienų sąvokas būtų galima atskirti. Sietiniai kamienai nevartojami kaip savaranthey lack grammatical characteristics, but most of them have a quite specific lexical meaning, while affixoids can be used in language as independent words, but the lexical meaning of these independent words no longer coincides with the meaning of the affixoid, which is the punch-string (it is more abstract), the affixoid performs a more modifier function. 2. Vertinant hibridinių gimininių statybos terminų dūrinių klasikinių sietinių kamienų raidą, galima teigti, kad ji ne tik išreiškia naujausias scientific achievements and the integration of sciences, but also tuvių terminijos ryšius su kitų kalbų, su kuriomis kontaktai nulemti istoreflects lyrical, terminology. The borrowing of classical sietic stems was not an isolated phenomenon – the model of term formation was also taken over by the borrowing of these stems. 3.The subsystem of classical prepositional network strains of construction terminology includes 20 discussed strains (aero-, auto-, azo-, bio-, eko-, fero-, fibro-, photo-, geo-, hydro-, macro-, meso-, micro-, nano-, nitro-, pneumo-, tenzo-, thermo-, turbo-, vibro-), of which the most productive and active are microand vibro-. Quantitative data show that hybrid relative construction terms, which are connected with classical prepositional siet roots, no longer occupy an isolated, peripheral position in construction terminology, but are an important part of it. 4.In the scientific texts of the field of construction of the first period of Lithuanian independence only two hybrid related construction terms punched with classical prepositional sited stems were detected and this amounts to 0.78% of all recorded punches of related construction terms of that period. Hybrid punches with classical prepositional siet roots found in Soviet sources account for 10.63% of all punches of related construction terms, and such punches found in the scientific literature in the field of construction from 1990 to 2018 already account for 12.71% of all punches. The study shows that the proliferation of hybrid joints with classical prepositional lattice stems is a gabGD 1978: Mažeika V. Betono ir raudonbetonio darbai, Vilnius: Pergalė. cPK 1992: Nakas A., Gajauskas J., Prikšaitis M. Construction of civil buildings. Vilnius: Mokslas. cPŽŪ 1969: Krasenskis V., Fedorovskis L. Civil, industrial and agricultural buildings. D. 1: Civil buildings, Vilnius: Mintis. na ryški XX a. antrosios pusės–XXI a. statybos terminijos tendencija. 157Terminology | 2019 | 26 5. from the point of view of production, stitches with classical sieve stems should be considered as false stitches, because they lack the characteristics of true stitches. The first syllable is based not on a synchronous word in the language, but only on a stem that has no grammatical characteristics. Most of the hybrid relative constructions of terms with classical prepositional linked roots make the linked root connected with the whole word (noun), without changing the ending of this word, the place of the accent and the accent. The second, Lithuanian, word, to which the classical sietic stem is attached, is usually a first or second-degree derivative. The study shows that there have been attempts to adapt the classical sietiniai stems more to the Lithuanian language system, to change the ending and accent of the base word – noun, as well as to combine sietiniai stems with verbs. However, this is not a productive method in construction terminology. ŠALTINIAI AKA 2014: Administracinės kalbos aktualijos. Sudarė L. Murinienė, R. Vladarskienė. Prieiga per internetą: http://administracinekalba.lki.lt/index.php?meniu=pradinis. ALLA 1993: Anglų–lietuvių kalbų statybos terminų žodynas. Atsak. red. A. Kudzys, Vilnius: Technika. ALKS 1972: Anglų–lietuvių kalbos statybos terminų žodynėlis. Sudarė J. Stonys, Vilnius: VISI. APKS 1964: Vilčinskas P., bružas A. Asfaltbetonis ir jo panaudojimas kelių statyboje, Kaunas: Raidė. bDT 1976: betonavimo darbų technologija. Parengė V. 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М. 1970: Аффиксоиды в словообразовательной системе современного русского литературного языка: Исследования по современному русскому языку, Москва: МГУ. HYbRID COMpOuNDS WITH CLASSICAL pREpOSITIvE bOuND STEMS IN THE TERMINOLOGY Of CONSTRuCTION Summary The major theoretical problem addressed in the article is the ambiguous approach of Lithuanian and foreign linguists to the morphemic status of classical elements. Though some linguists attribute them to affixoids, for the sake of accuracy, the present article proposes to distinguish between the concepts of affixoids and bound stems. bound stems, as the classical elements under analysis are called, are not used as independent words; they do not have grammatical characteristics, but most of them have a rather specific lexical meaning. by contrast, affixoids can be used as independent words in the language, but the lexical meaning of those independent words does not match the meaning of the affixoid comprising the component of the compound (it is more abstract); the affixoid plays a more modifying function. The subsystem of classical bound stems in the terminology of construction is made of 20 members: aero-, auto-, azo-, bio, eco-, fero-, fibro-, foto-, geo-, hidro-, makro-, mezo-, mikro-, nano-, nitro-, pneumo-, tenzo-, termo-, turbo-, vibro-. The terminology of the field in question demonstrates the gradual growth in hybrid compounds with classical prepositive bound stems. During the first period of Lithuania’s independence very few compounds with classical bound stems were used in the terminology of construction. The road for classical bound stems to the terminology of construction was widely opened during the Soviet period when Russian did not only become the major source of loanwords but its role as the intermediary language increased. After Lithuania’s independence was restored, the improvement and development of construction were already associated with the progressive experience of the West. The integration of sciences takes place; the innovations coming from other scientific fields are applied in construction; they determine the origin of new classical bound stems in the terminology of construction. concerning the formation of the compounds with classical bound stems in the terminology of construction, it should be noted that a bound stem is combined with a 161Terminology | 2019 | 26 changed; the stress and accentual paradigm are also retained by full word, i.e. a noun, and the grammatical characteristics of this word are not the word which is combined with a classical bound stem. It is also typical that the Lithuanian base word is not a simple word but a formation. Most of the compounds which can be found in the Soviet terminology of construction were formed by combining a bound stem and by the compounds with the formations of the second degree used as the base the formations of the first and second degree; they are usually formed with suffixes. As time is passing by, the structure of the Lithuanian base word is becoming more complex. In the period of 1991–2018, the terminology of construction was dominated word. The research shows that attempts have been made to make classical bound stems more adapted to the system of the Lithuanian language, to combine bound stems with verbs, as well as to change the ending and stress of the noun used as the base word. Received 2019i11i05 Lina Rutkienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-03227 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail lina.r[email protected]