Įvardžiuotinės formos makroekonomikos terminijoje: vartojimo dėsningumai ir svyravimų priežastys

103Terminology | 2019 | 26 Noun Forms in doi.org/10.35321/term26-06 Macroeconomic Terminology: Consumption Laws and Causes of Fluctuations RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Annotation Although the norms for the use of noun forms (hereinafter – NF) tend to state that the use of NF in terminology is necessary, the author of this work has drawn attention to the fact that they are also used irregularly in terminology, and in this article the use of NF to mark terms is further examined. It examines the laws of consumption and the causes of fluctuations using the terminology of macroeconomics, a component of economic theory, more precisely, macroeconomics textbooks for higher schools. By comparing the use of IW in intertextual and textual contexts, the aim is to determine the objective factors that determine the fluctuations in the IW marking of terms, but attention is also drawn to the subjective factor – the uneven level of textbook preparation from a linguistic point of view. KEY WORDS: noun forms, compound term, secondary accent. AbstrAct Although while defining the norms of the usage of pronominal forms (hereinafter referred to as PF), there is a tendency to state that the usage of PFs in the terminology is a must, the author of the article has noticed that PFs are used irregularly in the terminology, and this article investigates their usage in the terminology further. Usage patterns and reasons for fluctuations are investigated by using the terminology of macroeconomics, which is a component of economic theory, i. e. textbooks in macroeconomics for higher schools. By comparing the PF usage on the intertextual and textual levels, it is aimed to establish objective factors determining fluctuations in PFs usage in terms, and it is also focused on the factor of a subjective nature – different qualities of textbook preparation in linguistic terms. KEYWORDS: pronominal forms, complex term, subordinate constituent. 104 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Noun forms in macroeconomic terminology: vartojimo dėsningumai ir svyravimų priežastys INTRODUCTION. The noun forms of Lithuanian language (hereinafter – NF) both diachronic, monės, or *iiopronouns, with which they were formed, were anaphoric, or tiek sinchroninių kalbos tyrimų atstovams iki šiol kelia daug neaiškumų. Štai kalbos istorijos tyrėjų, regis, taip ir neprieinama prie bendros nuorelative, respectively – whether noun adjectives arose as a means of expressing determination and by origin correspond to the defining function of articles of Indo-European languages, or, nevertheless, they arose due to emphasis – emphasis (e.g.: Valeckienė 1986; 1990; Rosinas 1975; 2009: 237–241)1. Both the defining and the emphasizing meaning are recognized in grammar (LKG 1965: 505–510; DLKG 1997: 174–175), but in the context of research on the grammatical level there is an increasing tendency to interpret the DF only as a means of expressing definiteness (Holvoet, Tamulionienė 2006; Mikulskas 2006; Spraunienė 2008a, b; 2011), and it is still quite difficult to find an explanation why DF are used so irregularly in Lithuanian. However, the terminology works do not discuss such problems, so it may seem that there are no problems in this area due to the IF. However, this impression is only superficial. Firstly, when choosing to examine the terminology of one or another field, attention is sometimes drawn to the fact that, among other things, the use of UF fluctuates (e.g.: Andriuškaitė 2000: 73; Umbrasas 2002: 87; 2003: 69; 2004: 109; Kaulakienė 2002: 73; 2006: 93). It is true that this fact is mentioned rarely, but it would be in accordance with the codified norm that stipulates that the terms must be used only in the UF (Pupkis 1980: 136; Piročkinas 1990: 86; KKP 1998: 123; KP 2002: 26; Šukys 2003: 113; Paulauskienė 2004: 204). However, the fact is rarely mentioned, and whatever aspect is chosen to examine compound terms, it is usually not possible to do without examples, from which it is clear that adjective or participle elements of terms are also expressed in ordinary forms (e.g.: Kazlauskaitė 2004: 216; Mitkevičienė 2006: 141; Zemlevičiūtė 2014: 164). Thus, it is indirectly shown that in the terminology the LFs are used irregularly, and the tendency of irregularity would correspond more to the tendency of decline of LFs in dialects (Valeckienė 1957: 301–304; LKG 1965: 513; DLKG 1997: 177) or decline in general (Paulauskienė, Tarvydaitė 1986: 138; Paulauskienė 1994: 222–223) observed in research and descriptive works. Adelė Valeckienė (1957), who studied the use of adjectives with nouns in detail, has in fact distinguished special meanings of adjectives with nouns, and in the Lithuanian Grammar (hereinafter – LKG) it is stated: „Adjectives with nouns have specific meanings and their use differs from ordinary adjectives“ (LKG 1965: 505). However, not all morphologists are inclined to acknowledge the fundamental difference in meaning: “If there were a great (essential) difference in meaning between ordinary and nominative adjectives, it would not be common language speakers who can translate without "A. Valeckienės (1857)" (in Lithuanian). 105Terminology | 2019 | 26 Secondly, it is not only the regularity of consumption that is questionable. The fluctuation of nominative and non-nomenative forms (hereinafter – NF) in terminology is usually referred to as variant expression (e.g.: Umbrasas 2004: 109; Kaulakienė 2006: 93) or variants (e.g. : Andriuškaitė 2000: 73; Kaulakienė 2002: 73) The 2002: 73). Štai Angelė Kaulakienė ir tiesiogiai pasako, kad tokius sudėtiadjective or participle species elements of the two terms, some of which are expressed by ĮF, others by NF, can be called variants. However, even in three articles of Terminologija published in 2004 such cases are called pseudovariants (Mitkevičienė 2004: 136; Umbrasas 2004: 109; Zemlevičiūtė 2004: 97). In the terminology, therefore, the FF also raises the question of naming the phenomenon. However, the accent pseudo-signifies uncertainty, pronounceability, which would show that the question is not only about naming the phenomenon, but also about its evaluation. The short notes given after the use of the term pseudovariant would confirm this: “The noun and ordinary forms theoretically cannot be considered variants, because in the linguistic system they are linguistic units of different meaning” (Mitkevičienė 2004: 136). As it turns out, the theoretical interpretation of VFs encourages to consider VFs as false variants, more precisely, a theoretical difference in meaning is seen, contrary to the tendency in terminology to consider variants as terms that differ more in expression (Mitkevičienė 2004: 121–124; Stunžinas 2008: 111–112; Stankevičienė 2012: 22; 2012; 2015) 2012. nominative adjectives, and now those who come from dialects that do not use nominative adjectives and speak common language without them translate, thus contributing to the demise of nominative adjectives in general” (Paulauskienė 1994: 222). If the FF is considered as a means of expressing certainty, the question of difference in meaning would again be resolved differently. For example, in the Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (hereinafter – DLKG) it is stated that both ĮF and NF denote the characteristic of the object, only ĮF not only denotes it, but also indicates that the object is known (DLKG 1997: 174). However, the theoretical interpretation of IF is probably based on the different terms of IF 106 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Noun forms in the terminology of macroeconomics: vartojimo dėsningumai ir svyravimų priežastys considered as variants. After all, in morphology textbooks it is customary to consider the FF as a morphological category of an adjective and to discuss it together with other categories, for example, gender, number (Paulauskienė 232)2, o terminai, kurių giminė ar skaičius skiriasi, terminologijoje yra 1983: 207–213; 1994: 198–199). If the description of the morphological level of language distinguishes the category of definiteness, it is also discussed in the adjective section and distinguished as an adjective category (DLKG 1997: 168–177), although the distinction of this category only on the basis of the adjectives ĮF and NF is criticized3. In a separate work on grammatical categories, definiteness is already described as a morphosyntactic category (Judžentis 2012: 99). All of this would suggest that the grammatical interpretation of the IF is not very clear, and the fluctuation between the terms variants and pseudovariants probably reflects these ambiguities. However, the latter term is used only in that one issue of the Terminology, and this fact may also indicate that the term is determined by some subjective factors, for example, related to the edition of the issue, preparation for the press, etc. Thirdly, in some terminology works there are comments of a normative nature on the question of the use of FF, and they also indicate a certain need for FF for the pre-term, although in general FF terminology tarą. Štai Kazimieras Gaivenis teigė, kad dažnai nelengva nustatyti, ar requires them: “The noun forms are not needed in terminology only when the species mark has its own adverbial mark” (Gaivenis 1995: 8). However, other terminologists point out that in the terminology, the LFs are not always necessary or even more necessary (Keinys 2004: 81) or that in modern terminology the LFs are sometimes overpopulated (Umbrasas 2002: 87). It would appear that the necessity of UF in terminology is not evaluated equally even by terminologists, and even more contradictions would emerge in such statements compared with statements formulated by providing general norms of UF usage. The latter, as already mentioned, tends to the fact that each term must be marked with the NF: “The noun forms are an indispensable indicator of compound terms (except those words, 2 A. Paulauskienė’s Morphology of the Lithuanian Language distinguishes the adjective combination categories (genus, number, verb) and the internal grammatical categories of the adjective (NF, non-noun form, degree forms) (Paperback 1994: 198–200). 3 A. Paulauskienė criticized the identification of the category of definiteness/indefiniteness with the opposition of ordinary/substantial adjectives because this opposition is visible in the conjugations of both lexical and grammatical forms (Paulauskienė 1994: 225), and in developing a different concept of noun compound than that typical of traditional Lithuanian linguistics, it was stated that this is not the category of an adjective but of a noun compound (Holvoet, Tamulionienė 2006: 12). 107Terminology | 2019 | 26 which cannot be nouns, e.g. suffix -ing adjectives). Even when the form of the adjective itself indicates a distinction, the term has sis teismas and so on.” (Pupkis 1980: 136); “The ordinary form is not suitable for describing species and forming terms” (KKP 1998: 123); “Therefore, the rule must be būti įvardžiuotinis. Antai žymėtieji būdvardžių laipsniai jau išskiria ypatybę iš kitų, bet terminuose turėsim tik vyresnysis inžinierius, aukščiausiaobserved: if an adjective or any other word can be noun, then in terminology only the noun form is appropriate without any exceptions” (Paulauskienė 2004: 204). And from one article published in Kalbos kultūra it becomes clear that such a thought, focusing primarily on the dictionaries of terms, has been raised by the terminologist A. Kaulakienė. After discussing the general characteristics of the use of generic nominative adjectives, in an article published in 1973 she considered that these characteristics should be even more prominent in terminology, therefore, when compiling term dictionaries, registers, etc. (where almost all generic terms are presented), only nominative adjectives should be used everywhere. The proposal is based on the desire for systemicity: such use “would contribute to the systemicity of terms, which usually reflects the interrelationship of the concepts concerned. On the other hand, it would be possible to avoid variation, which is undesirable in dictionaries of terms” (Kaulakienė 1973: 30–31). Regarding the use of NF in texts of a cohesive nature, it has been said that word combinations with NF should be used when it is not necessary to emphasize the type of objects or phenomena, but to say their characteristics, quality; when the distinctive, i.e. terminological, meaning is to be expressed, the IF should also be used in texts (Kaulakienė 1973: 31). As it can be inferred from that article, the reference is made to the specific meaning and, in order to achieve systematic terminology, the language feature of indicating the species in the LF is presented as a universal principle of term designation. A. Valeckienė, who distinguished the generic meaning as a subspecies4 of the indicative meaning, which was later renamed the defining meaning (Valeckienė 1986; 1998; DLKG 1997: 174–175), has only said this about the use of FF in terminology: “Because the generic signs most often indicate some individual, group description of things4 in A. Valeckienė’s (1997) article, which presents a detailed classification of nominative adjectives, the emphasis and indicative meanings are first of all given. The latter has two subspecies – indicative and distinctive value, and then the expression of distinctive value by distinctive marks and its expression by generic marks are discussed separately. A similar classification is transferred to the LKG, only the notation of the specific value as a subspecies of the indicative value is distinguished directly here: the notation of the type of objects, the indication of objects and the separation of objects are distinguished (LKG 1996: 505-510). In the DLKG, the denoting value is renamed the defining one, and the expression of the kind is again more closely linked to the exclusion: as a way of expressing the definiteness apart from the exclusion, it is said that nominative adjectives with certain denoting words denote the kind of objects (DLKG 1997: 174–175). 108 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Substantive forms in macroeconomic terminology: vartojimo dėsningumai ir svyravimų priežastys generalized characteristics, with a denoting word denoting the name of that group, then with such substantive adjectives very often are formed terms, e.g., terms of linguistics” (Valeckienė 1957: 186). 1) separation of one object Toks teiginys perkeltas ir į LKG (1965: 507), vėliau – į DLKG (1997: 174)5. Tiek A. Valeckienės straipsnyje, tiek LKG yra nurodyti ir trys daiktų apiwith a higher degree of specificity (quantity); 2) comparison of different characteristics, i.e. distinguishing one object from another similar object by one characteristic that is opposite to the characteristic of the other object; 3) distinguishing an object by some individual, specific feature that is not characteristic of other objects of that kind (Valeckienė 1957: 176–183; LKG 1965: 505–506). A. Kaulakienė’s article reveals that all these methods of designating species are also seen in terminology and, based on the difference between designating species and designating a feature or quality, it is proposed to designate terms with ĮF. However, not all works emphasize this difference as a criterion. Here K. Gaivenis mentions the contradiction of temporaryness and permanence: a residential house may be uninhabited at a certain time, but it is still called a residential house, drinking water may not be drunk now, but it will still be drinking water, i.e. water of a certain quality (Gaivenis 1995: 8)6. However, when proposing terms to be marked with LF or when limiting the mandatory marking, the criteria are usually not formulated. There are no explicit exemptions for the use of IF. Only in the Language Advice it is stated that in compound terms, IFs are not used together with the prefixes -(ut)inis, -ė, -(ur)inis, -ė to indicate the distinguishable quality of the object (KP 2002: 26–27). However, the author of this article has drawn attention to the exceptions foreseen indirectly – by presenting the classification of meanings (Vaskelaitė 2016). In this classification, the specific meaning is envisaged as a subspecies of the defining meaning or a way of expressing definingness, and when discussing the defining meaning or definingness, cases of neutralization of the opposition of NF and NF are usually mentioned: that in dialects NF is not inclined to be added to adjectives of the highest degree, that NF does not have certain suffixes, for example, adjectives of the derivative, transitive meaning, that in general NF and NF are opposed 6 Arnold Pirochkin has also mentioned such an opposition: "In the first case, the characteristic can be both accidental, temporary, and in the second case it will be permanent, essential. Therefore, noun forms are used to form terms, adding to their 5 A. Valeckienė yra abiejų gramatikų būdvardžio skyriaus, kuriame ir aptariamos ĮF, rengėja. base a sign expressing the essential characteristic of the noun, as we have not clear and consistent (LKG 1965: 511–512; Valeckienė 1986: 171–172; DLKG 1997: 175). If the name of the species is one of the ways of expressing the defining meaning or definiteness, then the subgroup should not be alien to the tendency of pasakyme greitasis traukinys“ (Piročkinas 1990: 86). 109Terminologija | 2019 | 26 the group. And one case of neutralization, namely the tendency in dialects of LF not to express distinguishing and species marks of a very specific meaning, which can distinguish objects by their lexical meaning alone (black rotting, hemp chicken), is also directly linked to species meaning (Valeckienė 1957: 303; LKG 1965: 511; DLKG 1997: 175). From this overview it becomes clear that in terminology the DF also poses problems, and the impression that they do not arise here is formed because such problems are not examined. As far as the author of this article is aware, there is no article in the field of terminology, the direct subject of which is the use of UF in terminology. This work will attempt to examine this object. It is true that the author of the article has already examined it somewhat, but only in the normative aspect – in order to determine how much the actual consumption and the codified norm coincide (Vaskelaitė 2016). After analyzing the use of the term in articles of economic science and in the contextless environment of usage of terms, i.e. in the dictionaries of economic terms and in the glossaries of terms presented in legislative acts, the article published in the General Language revealed that at least in economic terminology the term is used irregularly, and also identified possible links between irregularity and codification. At the same time, it was concluded that the use of HF needs further investigation, and the influence of context was mentioned as one of the factors that could lead to the non-use of HF. Thus, the study continues with the help of contextual material, but in this article we will focus not on the relationship between usage and norm, but on the laws of usage of UF in terminology and the reasons for irregularity. More specifically, the analysis of usage patterns will aim to clarify what can lead to fluctuations in the usage of IF in terminology and the non-use of IF. As in the previous article, the research on the usage of IF is based on the terminology of economic science, but the scope will be narrower – only macroeconomic terms, and only texts of one genre, i.e. macroeconomic textbooks for higher schools. Saying macroeconomic textbooks, true, somewhat conditional. Although the macroeconomics course in higher schools is usually taught separately, macroeconomics and microeconomics are complex economic theories 110 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Noun forms in macroeconomic terminology: parts, vartojimo dėsningumai ir svyravimų priežastys therefore both courses can be presented in a common textbook of economic theory. By choosing such textbooks as sources, the part of them that teaches macroeconomics was selected. For the sake of convenience and conciseness, the general statement textbooks will be used, unless it is relevant to emphasize the scope of use of the term. Eight textbooks were selected (all of them are listed in the list of sources), six of them are prepared by different authors. Two other textbooks, prepared by the same authors, were used to test the author’s hypothesis that the level of language editing or text preparation may also have an influence on the usage of LF. All the textbooks were published relatively recently – in the last decade or twenty years, the oldest of them – in 1997. The authors of the textbooks describe macroeconomics as a part of economic theory, which concerns the economy (economic system) as a whole, and on this basis distinguish it from microeconomics, which examines the behaviour of individual economic subjects and the market mechanism. Macroeconomic textbooks cover the basic macroeconomic measures of gross national product and gross domestic product, as well as macroeconomic topics such as overall balance, unemployment, inflation, monetary and treasury policy, money and banks, international trade, exchange rates. This commonality of themes allows to evaluate the intertextual coincidences or fluctuations in the use of FF. Several textbooks also contain a sub-chapter reviewing the development of economic theories, but such a chapter is not typical for all textbooks, so its terminology will not be included. The choice of coherent texts is primarily determined by the aim of assessing the functioning of terms in the text. The textbook is a universal text: it not only defines the concepts, but also explains them in detail, thus highlighting both the tendencies of the choice of terms that designate the concepts and their use in the text. Since several textbooks are selected, it is understandable that the use of LF will be studied not only in the text but also in the intertextual level. More precisely, on the basis of the latter sub-level, after identifying the sub-elements of which terms tend to be presented in textbooks only in NF or NF, and which ones – differently, such cases will be examined at the text sub-level. However, the analysis should not be regarded as a conventional study of variability, because, mas tikslas. Faktas, kad ĮF vartojimas tarptekstiniu lygmeniu gerokai firstly, it is not such a pathfluctuates, the author has already revealed, and this article will focus not on the calculation of fluctuations, but on their causes. Secondly, when performing the variability study, the object under consideration 111Terminologija | 2019 | 26 should be named in advance by choosing between the terms variants and pseudovariants. In the author’s opinion, when deciding on the question of designation, one should rely not on the theoretical, but on the real difference in meaning, but how much of this difference exists can be determined only after an analysis. When examining the marking or non-marking of terms in the intertextual level of the IF, the focus will be on the terms naming the basic macroeconomic concepts. That they are such, is often shown not only by the formulation of the definition, but also by a formal indicator – such a term is emphasized or highlighted in italics in the textbook: Free Trade – international trade without any customs duties and restrictions Dril 163; Employed population (L – Employment) – those working in enterprises, institutions and organizations of all forms of ownership, including those working on farmers’ farms, and those serving military service or in prisons Dril 33. However, there is no complete coincidence between the term as a formal indicator and the term itself, and in this case the term is brėžties formulavimo nėra. Apibrėžtis gali būti suformuluojama ir netienot highlighted, for example, by indirectly formulating the definition of the term net taxes: This so-called automatic stability arises because in reality our net tax system (net taxes are equal to taxes T, minus transfer payments and subsidies) is such that net tax revenue changes directly with the change in GNP Cieg 189. On the other hand, the term can be emphasized, but its definition is not formulated: In the production process, financial capital plays an important role, which is divided into basic and nominal (securities) capital Dav 12. Priority will be given to defined terms, so unemphasized but defined terms will be analyzed and emphasized but undefined ones will not be included. The terms in textbooks may be less defined than they are interpreted: A full-employment budget shows what the budget surplus or deficit would be if the economy functioned at full employment Sn2 191. Explanatory terms, as well as defining ones, will be included. Thus, the analysis of the use of terms at the intertextual level should essentially highlight the tendencies of the term notation in IF when interpreting concepts and formulating definitions. In the analysis of the use of UF at the intertextual level, the source page will be the one that formulates the definition or provides the interpretation of the concept. In some cases, the definition is formulated twice, in which case both pages will be referred to. 118 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Noun forms in macroeconomic terminology: Sn2 399, Čieg vartojimo dėsningumai ir svyravimų priežastys tų: termino visiškas užimtumas Dril 27, 37, Dav 271, Jak1 217, Jak2 230, 121 secondary adjective in textbooks, except one, is given in NF, as are the terms full employment budget Dav 283, Čieg 193, Sn2 191, voluntary unemployment Sn2 388, 403, unconditional fluctuation Čieg 327, consumer demand Luk 99, consumer credit Sn2 117, actual investments Jak1 170, Jak2 180, actual growth rates Sn2 361, actual real interest rate Sn2 450 secondary adjectives, which are followed by the suffix -iškas derivative. In one textbook, the term lender in the worst case Sn2 261 corresponds to another case of opposition neutralization: the noun formant is not added to the adjective of the highest degree, because such adjectives, as explained in the mention of this case of neutralization (DLKG 1997: 175), are close in meaning to noun adjectives, which distinguish objects in the highest degree of the distinctive feature. The term last lender given in the three textbooks Dav 394, Sn1 292, Čieg 236 would already correspond not only to the case of neutralization, but also to the exception provided for by the codified norm – the -utial derivative of the prefix is non-nominative. Textbooks tend not to express the FF and certain participle elements, only those participants do not have the meaning of means and suitability or other more special meanings. As already mentioned, the terms disposable income, fixed exchange rate, floating exchange rate, fluctuating exchange rate are insignificant in IF. Particularly characteristic of NF to present the participant balanced: balanced growth Chieg 391, balanced growth trajectory Chieg 394, balanced budget Dav 282, Jak2 197, unbalanced budget Dav 282, balanced budget multiplier Chieg 168, balanced development Sn2 346. The terms guaranteed growth rate Dril 391 or guaranteed (secured) growth rates Sn2 561, accumulation of undesirable stocks Jak1 171, Jak2 180, undesirable decrease in stocks Jak1 171, undesirable equilibrium Dril 27, harmonized consumer price index Dav 392, induced (forced) consumption Dril 91, expected real interest rate Sn2 449, simplified economic model Dril 29, materialized technical progress Sn2 351, employed population Dril 33, Sn1 39, Sn2 34, employed people Luk 103, hired workers Luk 104 are not indicated in the IF. Occasional active participants are not used in IF, even when defining terms: disappointed employees Jak1 216, Jak2 228, helping family members Luk 105, floating interest rate Sn2 597, money of increased efficiency Dril 183. True, such terms are defined only in individual textbooks. 119Terminology | 2019 | 26 Nors terminas subalansuotas biudžetas vadovėliuose beveik neapibrėžiamas, the context of its mention reveals that it is one of the types of budget, like a deficit budget or a surplus budget Dav 282. However, even the name of the type does not encourage the choice of the HF. Indicating the types of investments ar rūšis, irgi pasirenkama NF: planuotos investicijos Jak1 171, pageidautinos investicijos Jak1 171, Jak2 180, indukuotos investicijos Sn2 123, nenumatytos investments Sn1 131. Like adjectives, participants in the IF are often not used in cases where the terms are formed by the opposition of two characteristics: created assets and uncreated assets Luke 63, tangible uncreated assets and intangible created assets Luke 63, the price index of exported production and the price index of imported production Chieg 64, Sn1 72, Sn2 77, balanced inflation and unbalanced inflation Luke 129. Variations in resolution Certain terms are already characterized by greater fluctuations in the consumption of HF. There are cases where one of the members of the term pair is represented by ĮF, the other by NF. For example, in two textbooks the types of monetary policy are named as stimulating (cheap) monetary policy and restrictive (expensive) monetary policy Dril 114, Luk 159. In another textbook, the participle elements of both terms are represented by the FF, i.e. cheap money policy or stimulating monetary policy and expensive money policy or restraining monetary policy Cieg 258, but in the interpretation of these terms in another chapter, stimulating (expansive) fiscal policy Cieg 182 and restrictive (restrictive) fiscal policy Cieg 183 are already used. When discussing inflation, textbooks also distinguish two types: creeping inflation and jumping inflation Luke 125, 126, Dav 273, Jak1 220, Jak2 232, Cieg 313. However, two textbooks identify these types as creeping inflation and jumping inflation Sn1 462, Sn2 421. The use of IMF fluctuates also when classifying inflation in another way: expected inflation Sn2 449 and unexpected inflation Sn2 452, expected inflation Sn1 438 and unexpected inflation Sn1 452, expected (expected) inflation and unexpected inflation Jak2 313, Cieg 313, “expected” and “unexpected” inflation Luk 128. In the same textbook, terms of different meaning are chosen for the types of money demand and money supply: real money supply and nominal Dril 43. However, the pinigų pasiūla Dril 42, realioji pinigų paklausa ir nominali pinigų paklausa types of gross national product are already referred to in the same way: real GNP and nominal GNP Dril 15. Identifying the common 120 Ramunė Vaskelaitė The noun form in macroeconomic terminology: the vartojimo dėsningumai ir svyravimų priežastys nacionalinio produkto arba bendrojo vidaus produkto rūšis, abiejų termiadjective elements of the adjectives are also expressed in other textbooks: nominal gross national product and real gross national product Luk 66, 67, Dav 238, nominal GNP and real GNP Čieg 63, nominal (or monetary) GNP and real GNP Jak1 148, Jak2 154, nominal GDP and real GDP Sn1 70, Sn2 70. The IF is also used to name the types of exchange rate: real exchange rate Jak1 257, Jak2 275, Sn1 536, Sn2 473 and nominal exchange rate Jak1 257, Jak2 275, Sn1 528, Sn2 465. However, when providing other terms, both real (real assets Sn1 253, Sn2 225, real cost of capital Sn1 106, Sn2 105, real wages Sn1 104, Sn2 105, expected real interest rate Sn2 449, effect of real cash balances Sn2 572, real aggregate demand curve Sn2 503) and real (real interest rate Čieg 318, real economic cycle theory Sn2 499, real natural resources Jak1 278, Jak2 300) are used. When defining the terms with the adjective nominal, -i, the use of IF also varies: the nominal value of the bond Dril 105, the nominal interest rate Čieg 318 and the nominal capital Dav 12, the nominal interest rate Sn2 119. However, not all terms composed with these adjectives are defined. The use of the FF also varies in cases where the adjectives of Lithuanian origin atviras, -a and uždaras, -a are used as secondary elements of the term pairs. They are used to identify the differences in the economic system. However, some textbooks use only the word combination atvira tarptautinė ekonominės erdvė Luk 99 or define only open economy Dril 198. In providing two terms, open economic system and closed economic system Jak2 157, open economic system and closed mixed economic system Čieg 29 are given, but in one textbook published in 2008 the term open economic system is defined Sn2 58, macroeconomics of open economy Sn2 465, but closed mixed economic system, closed economy Sn2 284. In the 2005 edition of the textbook prepared by the team that prepared the latter textbook, the defined concepts are named as the open economy system and the closed mixed economy system Sn1 65, but this textbook is generally distinguished by the regularity of the use of IF, and this will be discussed later. Only three textbooks identify one of the monetary policy measures as open market operations Jak2 217, Sn1 285, Čieg 255, while in the other textbooks NF is selected – open market operations Dril 105, Luk 159, Dav 309, Jak1 205, Sn2 255. The potential of an adjective that does not have an obvious opposite pair in this terminology is particularly unlikely to be used in the IF. However, three 121Terminologija | 2019 | 26 textbooks formulate the definition of the term potential GDP Dav 240, potential (potential) gross domestic (national) product Sn1 142, Sn2 142, and in them this term is marked with IF. Another term with such an adjective element – potential natural resources Jak1 216, Jak2 300 – the secondary element is not indicated in IF. The terms natural unemployment Cieg 121, natural unemployment rate Dril 37, Jak1 218, Jak2 230, as well as the terms natural growth rate Cieg 392, Cieg 38, natural (necessary) growth rates Sn1 319, 399, Sn2 361, natural monopolies Cieg 39, IF are not marked, but the definition formulated in the three textbooks and the concept is called natural unemployment rate Dav 271, Sn1 353, 441, Sn2 319. In the textbooks selected for analysis, there are only a few terms formed with the adjective mišrus, -i, but those presented would also show fluctuation in the consumption of IF: mišrios paskolos Luk 176, mišrios pajamos Luk 72, Dav 219, mišrioji ekonomikos sistema Čieg 34, bet mišrioji ekonomika Dav 40, mišrieji bankai Luk 157, Sn1 255, mišriosios prekės Dav 219. There are considerable differences in the secondary meaning of the term used to designate the banks’ reserve requirement or the rate of those reserves, and the main meaning is also presented differently: minimum reserves Čieg 253, minimum reserve Jak2 216, required reserves Dril 94, minimum reserve rate Dril 95, 102, minimum reserve rate or minimum reserve rate Luk 160, minimum / required reserve rate Sn1 259, 292, minimum (required) reserve rate Sn2 232, 262, minimum (required) reserve rate Čieg 246. As can be seen, this term tends to be marked with IF, but there are textbooks in which the defined term is named as mandatory reserve Dav 303, Jak1 206. Not all textbooks define the terms of contracts concluded with the participant, but they also reveal the fluctuation of NF and WF: hired employees Luk 104, hired employees Dav 271, wages to hired workers Dav 69, hired work Dav 12. Generosity The analysis of the intertextual level once again confirms the fact, already stated in the author’s previous article, that the use of the IF in terminology kodifikuotosios normos. Iš makroekonomikos vadovėlių matyti, kad tam does not correspond to the true exceptions provided by the norm, for example, there are few cases of the use of the IF by the participant with dependent words, the IF is not expressed 122 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Noun forms in macroeconomic terminology: the last vartojimo dėsningumai ir svyravimų priežastys lender of the term is a secondary accent, but the basic principle of marking each term in the noun form is not observed. However, the context-free environment of the use of terms is mostly capable of revealing morphological, lexical or syntactic factors that may influence the marking or non-marking of a term in the IF, and they do not explain the use or non-use of the IF. For example, the determining factor is not part of the speech. Quite often, IF does not use participants (balanced, guaranteed, available, fixed, floating, fluctuating, desirable or undesirable, planned, unforeseen), but IF does not use adjectives (flexible, perfect, imperfect, private, absolute, constant, stable, stationary). On the other hand, in the IF are used both adjectives (general, net, long, short, wide, narrow, free) and participants (purchasing, current, (comparative), current, multiplicative, corrective, reproductive). Among the terms in some textbooks expressed by the LF, in others – not expressed by the LF are both nominal, open and open, closed and closed, potential and potential, natural and rūšinių dėmenų irgi atsiduria tiek būdvardžiai (realus ir realusis, nominalus natural, mixed and mixed), and participants (crawling and crawling, jumping and jumping, encouraging and encouraging, anticipated and anticipated, unexpected and unexpected, hired and hired). Perhaps a little more in this terminology, words of non-Lithuanian origin (privatus, absoliutus, stabilus, stacionarus, fiksuotas, subalansuotas, garantuotas, disponuojamos) are not used in LF, but words of Lithuanian root are used (bendrasis, grynasis, negrynasis, ilgas, trumpas, platusis, siaurasis, laisvoji, pirkimoji, einamoji, (pa)lyginamasis, tekamasis, dauginamasis, pereinamoji), but some adjectives and participants of Lithuanian origin are not used in LF, and some words of non-Lithuanian origin (special, extensive, intensive, corrective) are used in LF. The syntactic factor, namely the number of elements of the term or the position of the element, judging from the terms presented in the textbooks, also has no significance. If we tend to use the FF, then this form is used in terms composed of two or more words, with different order of the elements. And vice versa, if some secondary element, for example, private, is unpleasant to be expressed in the DF, then it is not expressed in the DF in terms of any syntactic structure (private sector, private transfer payments, gross private domestic investment expenditure, gross private domestic investment, net private domestic investment). 123Terminologija | 2019 | 26 Kai kurie makroekonomikos terminų pateikimo vadovėliuose polinkiai would show that the use of UF corresponds more to the codificated norm than to the exceptions, which in discussing the defining meaning or definibility are mentioned as cases of neutralization of the opposition of UF and NF. In IF almost not used terms, formed with adjectives total, actual, voluntary, consumer, but such neutralization would be more difficult to explain the regular term human capital side effect in IF. As a case of neutralization, the tendency not to use adjectives of the highest degree (LKG 1965: 511; Valeckienė 1986: 171; DLKG 1997: 175) may be reflected in the terminology as an avoidance of indicating those elements of terms in which adjectives denoting the highest degree of specialty (perfect, absolute, optimal) pass through. The prominent tendency not to use only certain adjectives or subjects in the IF seems to be related to a case of neutralization directly related to the species meaning. Both in A. Valeckienė’s detailed article and in the grammar, when discussing the notation of species, it is stated that in some dialects of the Lithuanian language it is unlikely to use distinctive or species marks of specific meaning, which can distinguish objects by their lexical meaning alone (Valeckienė 1957: 303; LKG 1965: 511; DLKG 1997: 175), adding, by the way, that such “cases of inconsistent expression may have influenced and contributed to the beginning of the decline of noun forms and their replacement by ordinary forms” (Valeckienė 1957: 303). Nevertheless, such neutralization would be difficult to explain the differences in the use of the adjectives free, -a and open, -a in the textbooks, especially the different expression of the species elements of the terms formed by the adjectives open, -a and closed, -a, real, -i and nominal, -i, especially in the same textbook. However, the use of FF in textbooks does not fully comply not only with the exception to FF for species designation, but also with the laws indicated. For example, in A. Valeckienės article, as one of the ways of defining objects by species signs, the opposition of different characteristics is mentioned, but the discussed tendencies reveal that even when opposing characteristics, the adjective or participle elements of the terms are not used in the IF (perfect competition and imperfect competition, open economy and closed economy, flexible exchange rate and fixed exchange rate, absolute advantage and comparative advantage, private sector and state (public) sector, crawling inflation and jumping inflation). It is true that both A. Valeckienės article and the LKG discuss only adjectives, and such opposition is mentioned only as one of the ways of designating a species with species signs, and not as a necessary principle. How 124 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Noun forms in macroeconomic terminology: the most vartojimo dėsningumai ir svyravimų priežastys common of the three types of notation with noun adjectives is the mention of the distinction of the object according to an individual, specific feature, and the discussed net, -oji, general, -oji adjectives usage tendencies correspond tų, tačiau dalyvių, irgi išskiriančių daiktą pagal individualią, specifinę ypatybę, ĮF nelinkstama reikšti, išskyrus neveikiamuosius specialesnių to the participants of the meanings. If we analyze the latter, it would become clear that using them, the NF would form a combination of words, which differs significantly in meaning from the term (purchasing power, current account, current unemployment, transitional economy, multiplier multiplier, adjusted operations). The meaning would be very different if the NF were used and the adjective elements of the terms marked in all textbooks (net national product, net exports, net taxes, net investments, gross national product, gross supply, gross equilibrium) were used in the NF. On the contrary, for those terms whose secondary elements are not expressed in the IF or whose expression causes the IF to fluctuate, the IF would not make such a significant difference in meaning (flexible exchange rate and flexible exchange rate, fixed exchange rate and fixed exchange rate, private sector and private sector, absolute advantage and absolute advantage, perfect competition and perfect competition, natural unemployment and natural unemployment, full employment and full employment, nominal interest rate and nominal interest rate, undesirable equilibrium and undesirable equilibrium). In other words, the reasons for the non-use of the IF may be related to the significance factor. At the same time, the analysis of the intertextual layer shows that many of the terms in the LF that tend to be marked are also defined in the textbooks, while the definitions of terms in the LF that are not marked or are marked only in some textbooks are formulated less often. However, both the factor of significance and the possible connections with the formulation of the definition could only be revealed more clearly in a broader context. Terms are not only defined in textbooks, but also used, and their use in the text reveals the analysis of the connections with the intertextual level of the use of terms. The terms that are marked with IPA in the intertextual level are not marked with IPA in this indicator, nor are they marked with this indicator in the kliu žymimi ir terminą vartojant tekstuose. Terminai, kurie nustatyti kaip text. The most fluctuating is the marking of those terms, whose definition is set as fluctuating in the intertextual equal menu. 125Terminologija | 2019 | 26 Raiškos nuoseklumo atvejai Terms that are marked in the IF on the intertextual level, thus when interpreting concepts or formulating definitions, are also marked with this indicator when using the terms in texts. For example, the terms net national product, net domestic product, net exports, net taxes, net income, net interest, net investments, net capitalism, net economic welfare, net taxation system, gross national product, gross domestic product, gross demand, gross supply, the curve of gross demand, etc., are not used in the textbooks of NF, as are the terms purchasing power, purchasing power parity, current account, current unemployment, comparative or comparative advantage, transitional economy, multiplier effect, adjustment operations. The adjective general, -a is used in textbooks, but those uses are obvious cases of designating the property: In the latter case, the equilibrium of all markets as a whole is meant, i.e. the general equilibrium Dav 243; Total demand is the total sum of demands for final goods Sn2 125. In addition, the phrases that are not marked with FF in the intertextual conjugation are not marked with FF in the text. The terms flexible exchange rate and fixed exchange rate are used only in the texts of the NF and are secondary elements of the UF that may have: Let us consider two extreme exchange rate systems: flexible and fixed exchange rate Dril 171; In the case of a flexible exchange rate, the role of the IS curve is passive Dril 191; An important argument of the proponents of flexible exchange rates is freedom Jak1 255; An alternative to a flexible exchange rate system is a fixed exchange rate system Jak2 273; The situation is quite different in the case of fixed exchange rates Dav 363. The term floating exchange rate, used in some textbooks, is also not denoted by IF: Here we will confine ourselves to two extreme cases – fixed and floating exchange rate Sn1 468; However, floating exchange rates do not maintain purchasing power parity in the short term Jak2 279. These terms are not defined in all textbooks, but even if a definition is formulated, the term "F" does not mean: Floating/flexible exchange rate regime – a method of exchange rate regulation where the exchange rate changes depending on changes in currency demand or supply, i.e. where the government does not intervene in the currency market Sn2 469; Fixed or fixed exchange rate system – a method of exchange rate regulation where the government undertakes to maintain a certain exchange rate Dril 171. 126 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Substantive forms in macroeconomic terminology: The vartojimo dėsningumai ir svyravimų priežastys adjective privatus, -i is generally used in textbooks only in NF, even when the context indicates that it denotes a certain type and the characteristics are opposed: Employment changes are taking place in the private and public sectors Luk 107; The modern economy can no longer function solely on the basis of private expenditure (C, I). It also requires government expenditure (G) for roads, airports, schools, education, health care, social security, etc. Treasury policy can be directed against the private sector (C, I) or the government sector (G) Dril 86; thus, as a separate case, public goods are distinguished here. They, unlike private goods, can be consumed by an individual without reducing the possibility for other individuals to consume them at the same time Cieg 38. However, the ambiguous terms private sector, private expenditure, private investment, private goods are not defined in textbooks. The term private good is defined in perhaps the only textbook, and its adjective accent is used in the IF: Net public goods and private goods are extreme cases of economic goods Dav 219; Mixed goods may be closer to either private or public goods Dav 219. Only in the NF texts are given the secondary elements of the terms perfect competition and imperfect competition used: The model of perfect competition was severely criticized by K. Marx Cieg 33; Under the conditions of a perfectly competitive market, prices move towards an equilibrium in which the quantities of demand and supply coincide Jak2 44; Many producers operate in a market of imperfect competition, the prices of their products sold are controlled Luk 94. These terms, as mentioned, are not defined in the textbooks of macroeconomics, and in the chapter of microeconomics, the concepts they represent are more inclined to be explained in detail, but in explaining or even defining the term, the adjective accent is expressed NF: The model of perfect competition, as an economic system based on the laws of self-regulation, began to be developed by A. Smith, who wrote his famous "Wealth of Nations" in 1776, although such concepts were not used Jak1 72; Meanwhile, other markets are varieties of imperfect competition Dav 99; Two forms of competition are distinguished - perfect and imperfect competition. Perfect competition is competition where there are many buyers and sellers in the konkurencija – tai konkurencija, kai atskiras pirkėjas arba pardavėjas gali market, and no individual buyer or seller has any influence on the market price. Imperfect influence on the market price Dav 73. In some textbooks, the term "full employment" is interpreted rather than defined, but either in its interpretation or definition, or in the use of the term 127Terminologija | 2019 | 26 in the text, the accent is not marked with a "F": Let's now discuss full employment. Thus, full employment does not mean zero unemployment; therefore, in economic theory, the concept of full employment does not mean that the unemployment rate is 0%. Full employment is employment that corresponds to the natural unemployment rate and does not cause unacceptable increases in inflation Dav 271; This equilibrium state will correspond to full employment and a higher national currency rate Dav 381. The term absolute advantage is defined in some textbooks, but the side effect of the term used in the text, unlike the side effect of the term (pa)comparative advantage used next to it, is not indicated in the IF: It is said that each country, in producing the relevant product, has an absolute advantage Dav 329; Then it makes sense for each country to specialize in producing the product that it has an absolute advantage in producing, i.e. that it can produce at lower costs than its partner Dav 329; Thus, the US in the turi absoliutų pranašumą kompiuterių, automobilių, televizorių ir tekstilės production of products, and Great Britain in the production of shoes and glass. However, the absolute advantage plays an indirect role in the analysis of Sn2 522. Participatory elements of the terms, the terms of which are completely unwilling to be defined or interpreted to mean NP, are also not indicated in NP when using the terms in the texts: The only significant difference between the Solow and Ramsey-Casso-Koopman models of balanced growth trajectories is that in the Ramsey-Casso-Koopman model it is not possible to achieve a balanced growth trajectory with capital reserves exceeding the level of the golden rule NP 394; This is called the balanced budget multiplier, which is equal to 1 NP 168; The full utilization of these capacities is ensured by the guaranteed rate of growth GW (warranted rate of growth) NP 391; Disposable income breaks down into consumption expenditure and personal savings NP 59; Residents, receiving higher disposable income, save more NP 64; We will call it an undesirable equilibrium NP 27; In this topic we will discuss the factors of GNP growth, its cyclical nature, overall demand, overall supply, overall equilibrium, undesirable overall equilibrium and the main directions of economic theory (classical, Keynesian, monetarist and supply) to unwantedly remove the equilibrium NP 21; When the quantity of national product balances, it is important to distinguish between actual and desirable investments NP 179. There are only a few exceptions, for example, two textbooks prepared by the same authors use disposable income Jak1 156, Jak2 163, 164. 134 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Įvardžiuotinės formos makroekonomikos terminijoje: vartojimo dėsningumai ir svyravimų priežastys cycle theory 499, floating interest rate 597 UF possible elements. The following are some examples: Full employment 399, full employment budget 191, actual prices 70, actual growth rates 361, actual real interest rate 450. The use of FF in the text also differs accordingly. In the 2005 edition of the handbook, all the terms listed and used in the text are in the GF: However, the FRS does not control discount policy in the same way as it controls open market operations, and it is much more difficult to change discount policy than to conduct open market operations Sn1 292; Each country specializes in the supply of the product in which it has the absolute advantage of production Sn1 564; Figure 4.2 shows the unforeseen investments shown by vertical arrows Sn1 145; Since the fixed exchange rate system could not cope with the nominal and real distortions of the world economy, it was replaced by the floating exchange rate system Sn1 607; It is clear that in the fixed nominal exchange rate system only the second way remains, and in the case of a floating exchange rate - both Sn1 546; In search of a criterion that would help to assess the validity of the government's fiscal policy, the concept of a full employment budget was developed Sn1 203. In the 2008 edition of the textbook, the terms in the NF are ignored when formulating the definitions and the NF is used in the text: However, the FRS does not control discount policy in general as it controls open market operations, and changing the discount policy is much more difficult than the open market operations Sn2 262; Each country specializes in supplying the product in the production of which it has an absolute advantage Sn2 517, etc. In the 2005 edition of the textbook, the NF also notes those terms whose definitions are not given: The multiplier of a balanced budget is equal to one 196; Therefore, an unbalanced budget is entirely justified if the government pursues appropriate fiscal policy 203; Many economists have felt that it is the government, and not the private sector, that has become a source of economic instability 340; Real income is also an important factor in determining the amount of capital 131; The combined effect of government expenditure and proportional taxes on the equilibrium national income is shown in Figure 1. Figure 198. The 2008 edition of the textbook uses NF in all these cases: The multiplier of a balanced budget is equal to 183, and so on. The 2005 edition of the textbook even chooses to use IF when discussing the possibility of dividing all variables into real and nominal: As early as the 18th century, Hume, a famous Scottish philosopher, argued that the quantity of money in a country had no effect on its real wealth, and, in support of the quantitative theory of money, proposed the use of the NF in all these cases. 135Terminology | 2019 | 26 sius variables, quantities, determined by value lymą visus ekonominius kintamuosius suskirstyti į dvi grupes: nominaliuoexpression; real variables, quantities, determined in physical, natural units. For example, the price of tomatoes or apples is a nominal variable, because when assessing it in the 2008 edition of the textbook, neither neutralization litais arba kitais piniginiais vienetais, tuo tarpu daržovių ar vaisių derliaus dydis – realusis kintamasis, nes nustatomas tonomis arba centneriais 505. cases, nor the exceptions provided for in the codified norm or other laws can explain the decision to use only the adjective realus (real variable, real variables) in IF, and to present the nominals as NF (nominal size, nominal variables) Sn2 499–500. There are also differences in the use of the UF in two textbooks prepared by other authors – in the 2000 edition of A. Jakutis, V. Petraškevičius, A. Stepanovas, L. Šečkutė and S. Zaicevas Fundamentals of Economic Theory and in the 2007 edition of the 6th revised and supplemented edition of the textbook Theory of Economics prepared by the same authors. The textbook published in 2007 is a supplemented or revised edition, but it also contains some language corrections, although the language editor is mentioned in the textbook published in 2000. For example, instead of the term reconstruction investment Jak1 152, the more representative term renewal investment Jak2 159 has been introduced, and instead of non-regenerative resources Jak1 233, non-regenerative resources Jak2 247. Instead of active participants (restrained fiscal policy Jak1 193, guiding series Jak1 185) in the terms are used more acceptable inactive participants (restrained fiscal policy Jak2 203, guiding series Jak2 194). The adverb or conjunct of the joined participants’ NF has been changed to NF, so the terms regulated floating exchange rates Jak1 260, indirectly linked exchange rates Jak1 261, basket-linked exchange rates Jak1 262 are now provided as regulated floating exchange rates Jak2 280, indirectly linked exchange rates Jak2 281, basket-linked exchange rates Jak2 281. The language corrections also include the use of FF. For example, the terms open market operations Jak1 206, reserve requirement Jak1 206, restrictive monetary policy Jak1 219, which were not marked in the 2000 IF manual, are now marked as open market operations Jak2 217, reserve requirement Jak2 216, and varžančioji (restrikcinė) monetarinė politika Jak2 219. Tekste terminai irgi are used in a somewhat more consistent manner. In the 2000 edition, the term real GNP was defined and NF was immediately used: The increase in real gross national product over a certain period is called economic growth Jak1 136 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Įvardžiuotinės formos makroekonomikos terminijoje: vartojimo dėsningumai ir svyravimų priežastys 148. The 2007 edition already uses IF in this context: The increase in real gross national product over a period of time is referred to as economic growth. Jak2 148. However, many of the terms defined, interpreted and used in the 2007 edition textbook, unlike the 2005 edition textbook prepared by other authors, which is distinguished by the regularity of the use of the IF, are not indicated by IF: open economic system and closed economic system Jak2 157, creeping inflation, jumping inflation Jak2 232, unexpected inflation Jak2 232, flexible exchange rate Jak2 271, flexible exchange rate system Jak2 272, fixed exchange rate Jak2 273, natural unemployment rate Jak2 230, actual investments Jak2 180, desirable investments Jak2 180, accumulation of undesirable reserves Jak2 180, undesirable decrease of reserves Jak2 180, balanced budget Jak2 197, disappointed workers Jak2 228, real natural resources and potential natural resources Jak2 300, etc. And this would show not only the different level of textbook preparation from the linguistic point of view, but also the fact that it can greatly determine the further development of the use of UF in terminology. CONCLUSIONS The presentation and use of macroeconomic terms in textbooks for higher education reveals considerable fluctuations in the expression of the secondary accent in LF and at the same time shows that the principle of the minimum term marking in LF, which is provided for by the codified norm, is not adhered to. In the IF, there is a consistent tendency to designate only those terms that are distinguished from the combinations of words denoting the quality or characteristics of the object by an obvious difference in their terminological meaning. In other cases, there is no such clear and pronounced distinction, and the use of the FF is influenced by both its absence and the unclear status of the word combination as a term. However, clearer cases of establishment of this status show that the ending of the fluctuation between the noun and the ordinary form does not necessarily result in the expression of the term in the IF. Some terms are also NF, and they are not linked by common morphological, lexical or syntactic characteristics. Therefore, the exceptions to the use of IF in terminology are irregular. To conclude that the terminology of IF is disappearing, as it tends to be said about the use of IF in general, would not allow macroeconomic textbooks, in which IF is used more consistently or at least make more regular exceptions. Thus, the future fate of the LF in terminology may depend not only on objective factors, but also on a subjective factor – the level of text preparation from a linguistic point of view. 137Terminology | 2019 | 26 Čieg – Čiegis R. 2012: Macroeconomics. Vilnius: Vilnius University Press. ŠALTINIAI Dav – Davulis G. 2009: Theory of Economics. The second supplemented and revised edition, Vilnius: Mykolas Romeris University. Dril – Drilingas B., Čiburienė J., Snieška V. 1997: Basics of Macroeconomics, Kaunas: Technologija. 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Zemlevičiūtė P. 2014: Pirmojo lietuviško medicinos mokslo žurnalo dvižodžiai ir trižodžiai sudėtiniai terminai. – Terminologija 21, 160–175. PRONOMINAL FORMS IN ThE TERMINOLOgY OF MAcROEcONOMIcS: USAgE PATTERNS AND REASONS FOR FLUcTUATIONS Summary The article investigates the usage of pronominal forms (hereinafter referred to as PF) in terminology on the basis of the terminology of macroeconomics, which is a component of economic theory. It is aimed at establishing usage patterns and reasons for fluctuations by selecting a wide context material, i.e. macroeconomics textbooks for higher schools. After establishing how PFs tend to be used on the intertextual level, the PF usage is investigated on the textual level. A certain compliance is determined: those terms, which have a tendency to be defined by using only a pronominal or nonpronominal form in the subordinate component in all textbooks, are accordingly used within the text, i.e. the subordinate component of the term is regularly expressed by using a pronominal or nonpronominal form, while those terms, which have a tendency to be defined in the textbooks by using a PF in the secondary component in a fluctuant manner, are expressed within the text by irregular PF usage. 139Terminology | 2019 | 26 When studying such cases of irregular usage, it is established that the boundary between denoting a specific meaning and denoting a peculiarity is often insignificant and unclear; consequently, a nonpronominal form is selected as a universal one, and the uncertainty of this boundary is thus reflected. In these cases, PFs do not perform as obvious distinctive function as they do in the cases of regular usage. These might be the factors determining fluctuations of the PF usage in the terminology. However, the comparison of different editions of the textbooks prepared by the same authors allows a conclusion that regularity or irregularity of PFs usage is significantly influenced by the quality of text preparation in linguistic terms. Consequently, the further destiny of PFs usage in the terminology will mostly depend not only on objective factors, but also on the level of textbook preparation in linguistic terms. Received 2019i10i14 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail ramune.v[email protected]