Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio „Žolyne“: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms

doi.org/10.35321/term27-09 Names of Plant and Fungal Genera by Laurynas Ivinskis in Povilas Matulionis’s Žolynas: On the 210th Anniversary of the Birth of Laurynas Rokas Ivinskis ALBINA AUKSORIŪTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language ANNOTATION The article examines 142 names of plant and fungal genera by L. Ivinskis, included in the first botanical terminology dictionary printed in Lithuania—the plant-name dictionary Žolynas. Parts II. Dictionary of Lithuanian Plants and Plant Index (1906), prepared by Povilas Matulionis. It identifies the methods used by L. Ivinskis to coin names for plant and fungal genera, the word-formation devices and motivation behind his neologisms, compares the names examined with those used for the same genera in L. Ivinskis’s manuscript Prigimtūmenė and with L. Ivinskis’s names given in the Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary, and determines which names of plant and fungal genera became established in usage. KEYWORDS: Laurynas Ivinskis, Povilas Matulionis’s Žolynas, plant genus names, fungal genus names, motivation, neologisms, derivatives, ending derivatives, suffix derivatives, prefix derivatives ABSTRACT The article analyses 142 plant and mushroom genera names by Laurynas Ivinskis, which are presented in the first glossary of botanical terms published in Lithuania – the collection of plant names Žolynas Dalys II. Lietuvos augalų žodynas ir augalų taislas (1906) compiled by Povilas Matulionis. It identifies the methods of creation of plant and mushroom genera names applied by Ivinskis, the means and motivation of the formation of neologisms; the names analysed in the study are compared with the names of the same genera used in Ivinskis’ manuscript Prigimtūmenė (Nature) and Ivinskis’ names provided in Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas (Lithuanian Dictionary of Botany); it is determined which names of the genera of plants and mushrooms established themselves in general usage. KEYWORDS: Laurynas Ivinskis, Povilas Matulionis’ Žolynas, plant genera names, mushroom genera names, motivation, neologisms, compounds, inflectional derivatives, suffixal derivatives, prefixal derivatives 202 Albina Auksoriūtė Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolynė: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms “Now understand, human! And do not forget that trees and grasses, in all their manifestations, teach you too. Only learn and remember to cherish the feelings of living creatures and plants! Wisdom and kindness require this, like two praiseworthy sisters, living together and unable to part.” (L. Ivinskis, Pasauga) INTRODUCTION On August 15, 2020, during the Feast of the Assumption, we commemorated the 210th anniversary of the birth of Laurynas Ivinskis (1810–1881). As Danutė Petkevičiūtė, a researcher of L. Ivinskis’s life and work, writes, “[O]nly outstanding personalities can accomplish great works. The honorable Samogitian Laurynas Rokas Ivinskis stands before us through his works” (Petkevičiūtė 2012: 11). Indeed, he accomplished much: he is remembered first and foremost as the compiler and publisher of the first Lithuanian calendars, having published more than 20 calendars in which he printed works by Lithuanian writers of the time, popular science articles, didactic stories and poems of his own, and translated several works of fiction into Lithuanian (excerpts from poems by D. Milton and E. Jung, K. Schmid’s story Genovaitė, and D. Defoe’s story Robinzono Kruzas) (for more, see: Petkevičiūtė 1988; Mikšytė 1995: 3–14; Čiužauskaitė 2012: 137–146; Maskuliūnienė 2012: 147–160; Petreikis 2012: 76–136). L. Ivinskis also compiled dictionaries: a Polish–Lithuanian dictionary (2,060 pages), a Russian–Lithuanian dictionary (1,193 pages), and a Russian–Lithuanian–Latin–Polish dictionary (96 pages) (for more, see: Kruopas 1960: 191–198; Vitkauskas 1997: 29–32). Only the manuscripts of these dictionaries have survived, but his greatest lexicographic work, the Polish–Lithuanian dictionary, was published in 2010 by the linguist Ona Kažukauskaitė, who emphasized that L. Ivinskis “<...> wrote dictionaries all his life. Through them, as through his other writings in Lithuanian, he bore witness to what he had apparently decided long before: to nurture his native language and affirm it as the nation’s great value” (Kažukauskaitė 2010: IX). Another field that interested L. Ivinskis and in which he left works is natural science. The largest surviving work in the natural sciences is his manuscript Prigimtūmėné turenté sawieje dalijkus žemies, žoliun ir giwunun su parodimu anun wartojimo (Spis minerałów, roślin i tworów żyjących (zwierzęcych) (hereafter, Prigimtūmenė). This is a scholarly work in two parts, written around 1870 and held at the Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków. In the first part, Žemėmina, L. Ivinskis provides an account of mineralogy, while the second part, Žolėmina, is a systematic nomenclature of fungi and plants, in which Terminologija | 2020 | 27 203 218 families and more than 2,520 Lithuanian names of genera are given, along with their equivalents in Latin, Polish, and German (for more, see: Jankevičius, Jankevičienė 1962: 151–163; Auksoriūtė 1998: 102–110; Auksoriūtė 2004: 127–149). In his work Pasauga, of which only one copy was printed in 1876 because the tsarist censorship did not permit a print run, L. Ivinskis raised the issue of nature conservation for the first time (for more, see Tyla 1995: 395–400). At the beginning of the publication he writes: “PROTECTION. For every living creature endowed with natural sensitivity, this is an instruction on how one ought to treat living beings and other animals compassionately, so as to use them in a praiseworthy manner” (Ivinskis 1995: insert). Linguists are interested not only in L. Ivinskis’s lexicographic works or other manuscripts containing linguistic material, but also in his various natural science works, which are rich in Lithuanian terms coined by L. Ivinskis. The terminologist Jonas Klimavičius wrote about L. Ivinskis’s neologisms: “<...> having become more familiar with Ivinskis’s aims and results in neologism formation (including a very large number with entirely individual and difficult-to-understand or wholly incomprehensible motivations), the certain success of this neologism formation, and the efforts now being made to establish more suitable neologisms from his manuscripts, one reflects: such bold, hopeful work, such a living, invigorating source in the years when the Lithuanian language was oppressed <...>” (Klimavičius 2010: 144). The aim of this study is, using descriptive and comparative methods, to analyze 142 names of plant and fungal genera by L. Ivinskis listed in the first botany terminology dictionary printed in Lithuania, the plant nomenclature compiled by Povilas Matulionis, Žolynas. Dalys II. Lietuvos augalų žodynas ir augalų taislas (1906) (hereafter, Žolynas). The objectives are to identify the methods used to create L. Ivinskis’s names for plant and fungal genera, the word-formation devices and motivations behind his neologisms; to compare the names under study with names for the same genera used in Prigimtūmenėje and the names by L. Ivinskis recorded in the Lietuviškame botanikos žodyne; and to determine which names for plant and fungal genera became established in usage and are still used today. P. Matulionis included 716 plant and fungal genera and approximately 2,000 species names in Žolynas (for more, see Auksoriūtė 2019: 1–9). This dictionary contains 142 names of plant and fungal genera taken from L. Ivinskis’s writings. P. Matulionis indicated that one of the sources for his nomenclature was L. Ivinskis’s drawings of “botanical fungi and algae,” provided to him by Mečislovas Davainis Silvestravičius (Ž 3); however, only 17 fungal names are attributed to L. Ivinskis, so they are discussed in the article together with the names of plant genera. 204 Albina Auksoriūtė | Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolyne: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms Nomenclatural botanical names, like other terms, may be motivated or unmotivated, so the concept of motivation should be briefly discussed. Lithuanian linguistics generally distinguishes three types of motivation: derivational (morphological), phonetic (sound-based, imitative), and semantic. “Phonetic (sound-based) or imitative motivation is based on the fact that the phonetic aspect of a word directly reproduces non-linguistic sounds (those of nature, living beings, or unarticulated human sounds) associated with the entity being named” (Urbutis 2009: 72). In this case, the meaning of the word is revealed by its phonetics. Semantic motivation occurs when a word is used figuratively and acquires a new (metaphorical or metonymic) meaning (Urbutis 2009: 73; LKE 2008 123–124). Derivational motivation is defined as “the relationship of a word to other words (and parts of words) that explains the choice of its formal structure and determines its meaning” (Jakaitienė 2010: 238); it arises when an entity is named on the basis of some characteristic. Terminologists take differing views of the motivation of terms and its importance. Sergiusz Grinev-Griniewicz emphasizes that motivation helps people understand and learn the relevant concept more easily. Of the three main types of motivation, structural and semantic motivation are used most widely in the creation of new terms. Structural motivation is evident in words composed of already familiar meaningful elements, whose structure indicates their meaning. Semantic motivation occurs in words with a secondary meaning that can be inferred from the primary meaning (Grinev-Griniewicz 2011: 34). Other terminologists understand motivation as motivation of form, and motivation of semantics and function (Комарова 2009: 175). As the terminologist Vladimir Leychik observes, the understanding of motivation in terminology differs somewhat from its understanding in general linguistics. Motivation of a term’s form is understood as an explanation of the choice of that form by reference to the linguistic substrate of the term—that is, a lexical unit of the language. This kind of motivation is secondary in relation to the motivation of the lexical unit, since an unmotivated lexical unit can become a motivated term. In terms of form, a term may be motivated, partially motivated, incorrectly motivated, or unmotivated. Motivation of a term’s semantics and function is established by directly relating it to the designation of the object and the term’s place in the terminology system (Лейчик 2006: 39). In her study of mushroom names used in dialects, Jūratė Lubienė discusses types of unmotivated (primary) and motivated (secondary) nomination. Terminologija | 2020 | 27 205 She assigns to the first type synchronically unanalyzable indigenous words with faded motivation, as well as loanwords (Lubienė 2015: 26), and understands motivated nomination as a process “in which a naming unit is created to represent a particular realia, or more precisely its concept, and is based on one or more other lexical units of that language or has an onomatopoeic formal structure” (Lubienė 2015: 50). Aurelija Gritėnienė investigated the motivation of plant names in the Northern Panevėžys subdialect. According to her, “when discussing folk botanical terminology, it is essential to address derivational and semantic motivation”; she considers all names formed by suffixation, compounds and complex words, as well as plant names created through semantic transfer, to be motivated if their derivational basis is clear (Gritėnienė 2006: 28). Emphasizing that the entity being named often determines a name’s motivation, A. Gritėnienė notes that “plants have a particularly large number of distinguishing features, and their names are therefore motivated in very diverse ways. Yet even in this case, when the category itself enables a variety of motivations, the choice of a name is often determined not only by an essential distinguishing feature of the plant, but also by incidental associations, the vivid imagination, and the creativity of language users” (Gritėnienė 2006: 27). A. Gritėnienė’s latter observation should be endorsed, since an examination of the plant names created by L. Ivinskis reveals his imagination and creativity in many cases. In analyzing the names of plant and mushroom genera, this article discusses derivational and semantic motivation. NAMES OF PLANT AND MUSHROOM GENERA Suffixal derivatives Most of the Lithuanian names for plant and fungal genera given by L. Ivinskis in Žolynas are names coined by Ivinskis himself. Neologisms account for about 60 percent of all the names by L. Ivinskis presented in the dictionary mentioned above, and about 73 percent of them are suffix derivatives. The most productive suffix, used to form the greatest number of plant and fungal genus names, is -enis, -enė. Sixteen derivatives were formed with the suffix -enis, and the derivation and motivation of most of them are clear. In her analysis of the motivation of suffixed plant names, A. Gritėnienė identifies a group of names formed on the basis of the resemblance of a plant’s fruit, leaves, or flowers to some real-world object (Gritėnienė 2006: 58). Such names are considered figurative 206 Albina Auksoriūtė Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolyne: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms names characterized by semantic motivation. The following derivatives, for example, can be assigned to this group: Latin Cerinthe – snapenis (: beak + –enis), cf. skòner̃tis Pr 233; cerintė BVŽ 79¹; the derivative’s motivation indicates that some part of the plant resembles a beak, a feature most likely chosen because of the shape of the bud; Latin Coronilla – raženis (: ražas + –enis), cf. sùrklãjinis Pr 209; Latin Coronilla varia – dvispalvis raženis (lv) LBŽ 104; raženis “a perennial, more rarely annual herb, usually with a prostrate stem. Leaves imparipinnate. Flowers arranged in axillary inflorescences shaped like umbels, racemes, or heads” VLEe; Latin Helianthemum – saulenis (: sun + –enis), cf. szwìtrūnis Pr 181; Latin Heliánthemum Chamaecistus – paprastasis saulenis (lv, Mln) “(Greek helios – sun and anthemon – flower; the large yellow flowers shine like the sun” LBŽ 164; saulenis BVŽ 149; Latin Libanotis – skarenis (: skara + –enis); Latin Libanótis montána – see Sėsėli Libanótis LBŽ 197, kalninis skarenis [lv, Mln] LBŽ 321; skarenis BVŽ 177; Latin Libanotis montana – kalninis skarenis “leaves pubescent, with an elongated ovate outline, pinnate once or twice; primary leaflets rather broad, toothed or pinnately divided, with membranous bases; lower ones petiolate; upper leaves smaller and less divided” LF V 68. Two fungi are named for the resemblance of their fruiting bodies and stipes to real-world objects: Latin Clavaria – šukenis (: comb + –enis), cf. winėnis Pr 63, Latin Clavaria cristata – szukėnis szakòtāsis F1-661; žagarūnas (P) “(Latin clava – club; the mushroom’s fruiting bodies are shaped like club-like stems)” LBŽ 94; Latin Geoglossum – galvenis (: head + –enis), cf. kùltuvėnis Pr 63; galvenis VLEe; Geoglossum sphagnophilum – kimininė kelmenė “fruiting bodies medium-sized, 5–6 cm high, shaped like a club, cudgel, or tongue” LGA 513. The names of two other fungal genera refer to the appearance of the stem and cap; these fungi are named according to their external features: lot. Coprinus – gaurenis (: gaurai “hair” + –enis), cf. juòdmina Pr 68; mėšlagrybis (Mln, Mr), syn. gaurenis (lv) “grows in dung heaps” LBŽ 102; lot. Coprinus lagopus – ilgakotis mėšlagrybis “the stem <…> white-woolly, hairy, fibrous; smooth when old” LGA 222; lot. Helvella – gniaužtenis (: gniaužtas + –enis), cf. gniaužtėnis Pr 65, lot. Helvella Monachella – gniaužtenis dăngtāsis F1-661; bobausis (Mr), syn. gniaužtenis 1 Examples are presented in the following order: the Latin and Lithuanian plant or fungal genus name from P. Matulionis’s Žolynas; in parentheses after the Lithuanian name, the base word and the word-formation device or components are indicated; the name from L. Ivinskis’s manuscript Prigimtumėnė or his fungal atlas, F1-661, if found; the name given in LBŽ; and the name currently used, from BVŽ, LF, LGA, or VLEe. Terminologija | 2020 | 27 207 (Iv) LBŽ 166; lot. Helvella crispa – garbanotoji alyvtė “cap 2–3 (4) cm in diameter, saddle-shaped, composed of several irregularly folded lobes, whitish, yellowish” LGA 497. Three plant genus names were formed with regard to the plant’s shape (skleistenis) and leaf shape (laiškenis, siaurenis): lot. Herniaria – skleistenis (: skleistas + -enis), cf. liėkandris Pr 184; lot. Herniária glábra – skleistenis plikis [Iv, Mln] “(Latin hernia – kila; formerly this herb was used as a remedy for hernia)” LBŽ 167; skleistenis “an annual or perennial herb with prostrate or ascending, very profusely branched stems. Leaves alternate or opposite, ovate, lanceolate, or heart-shaped” VLEe; lot. Mercurialis – laiškenis (: laiškas “2. a long, narrow leaf of a cereal or herb” LKŽe + -enis), cf. laiškėžetis Pr 150; laiškenis (Iv) LBŽ 220; laiškenis “leaves usually clustered in the upper part of the stem, petiolate, ovate or broadly lanceolate, with toothed or crenate margins” VLEe; lot. Sparganium – siaurenis (: siauras “narrow” + -enis), cf. siaurōnis Pr 120; šiurpis (Mln), syn. saurenis (Iv) “(Greek sparganon – ribbon, band; the plant’s leaves are ribbon-shaped)” LBŽ 327; šiurpis BVŽ 281. The base words of two plant genus names were chosen according to different plant characteristics, while the motivation for the third is unclear: lot. Hottonia – griovenis (: griovys “ditch” + -enis), cf. gròwienis Pr 219; Hottónia palústris – plunksnalapė griovenė (Iv) LBŽ 171; griovenė “a plant of the primrose family, growing in marshes and ditches” LKŽe; griovenė BVŽ 157; the name indicates the plant’s growing habitat; lot. Myrica – vaškenis (: vaškas “wax” + -enis), cf. waszkuonė Pr 145; pajūrinis sotvaras (PR), syn. vaškenis (Iv) “derived from Greek myron – balm, since this plant contains fragrant oils.” Polish Woskownica europejska LBŽ 228–229; sotvaras “wax for making scented candles is obtained from the bog myrtle” VLEe; the motivation for the plant genus name is related to its use; lot. Lotus – garždenis (: garždas “gravel” LKŽe + -enis), cf. dōbietris Pr 207; garždenis (Iv) “similar to clover” LBŽ 203; garždenis “common bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) is an undemanding forage plant of dry meadows and pastures” VLEe; the motivation for this genus name is difficult to trace. The names of two genera are hybrids, with borrowed plant names used as their base words: lot. Corydalus – rutenis (: rūta “rue” + -enis); rūtenis (Iv) “(Greek korydalis – crested lark, korys – helmet; the flower’s spur resembles a crest or helmet)” LBŽ 105; rūtenis BVŽ 97; 208 Albina Auksoriūtė Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolyne: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms Latin Ligularia – papalenis (: papalis, cf. Latvian papele ‘poplar’ LKŽe + –enis, Latin Populus, péplė, pāpelis Pr 146), Polish popelnik; cf. jūmas Pr 255; Siberian ligularia, synonym pepelenis (Iv, St) ‘(Latin ligula – little tongue; the marginal flowers of the inflorescence, the head, are ligulate)’ LBŽ 198; ligularia BVŽ 177. Only seven derivatives with the suffix –enė are presented; for these genus names, both the base word and the motivation are clear. The names of four plant genera in this derivational group are formed with reference to the plants’ external characteristics: Latin Malaxis – laibenė (: laibas ‘slender’ + –enė), cf. silpnis Pr 139; laksva (PR), synonym laibenė (Iv) LBŽ 211; gedutis BVŽ 188; Latin Malaxis monop(h)yllos – vienalapis gedutis ‘inflorescence 8–30 cm long, slender, many-flowered’ LRK 575; this orchid family plant is so named because of the shape of its inflorescence; Latin Meessia – šerene (: šerys ‘bristle’ + –enė), cf. akiėtwenis Pr 109; dantjunga (P), synonym šerenė (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 215; mesija BVŽ 192; Latin Meessia uliginosa – pelkinė mezija ‘an acrocarpous green moss. Stem erect, 1–4 cm high, simple or tuft-branched. Leaves arranged in 8 rows, gradually increasing in size toward the stem tip, gradually narrowing from a lanceolate base, apex obtuse’ LRK 349; the base word was chosen because of the plant’s appearance—its erect, branched stem; Latin Ophioglossum – varpene (: varpa ‘ear’ + –enė), cf. liežuwėnė Pr 116; Latin Ophioglossum vulgátum – vienalapė driežlielė (P) ‘(Greek ophis – serpent and glossa – tongue; the fertile frond of this fern resembles a serpent’s tongue)’ LBŽ 239; driežlielė BVŽ 210; driežlielė ‘the spore-bearing part is ear-shaped’ LF I 20; Latin Pulsatilla – lenktene (: lenktas ‘bent’ + –enė); Latin Pulsatilla see Anemone LBŽ 287, plukė LBŽ 22; šilagėlė BVŽ 246; šilagėlė ‘flowers solitary, large’ VLEe; Latin Pulsatilla pratensis – pievinė šilagėlė ‘flower stalks clustered, erect and bent during fruit ripening. Flowers initially drooping, then erect’ LF III 398, 400. Two plant genus names indicate the plants’ growing sites: Latin Leersia – ravene (: ravas ‘ditch’ + –enė), cf. ravėnis Pr 122; ravenė (Iv) ‘[grows] in wet places, on banks’ LBŽ 242; ravenė BVŽ 174; Latin Leotia – kelmene (: kelmas ‘stump’ + –enė), cf. gėlmina Pr 65; Latin Leotia lubrica – drebulinė gelsvuolė ‘grows singly or in groups in damp, grassy forests; favors oak, hornbeam, and spruce communities’ LGA 514; One derivative is formed by naming an internal characteristic of the plant: Latin Valerianella – sultene (: sultys ‘juice’ + –enė), cf. klãjnis Pr 252; sultenė (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 365; sultenė BVŽ 307; this plant has thick, juicy leaves. A review of the genus names formed by L. Ivinskis with the suffixes Žolynė –enis, –enė shows that they differ from the names L. Ivinskis gives in Prigimtūmenėje; the same genus name occurs in both sources only Terminologija | 2020 | 27 209 gniaužtenis; the gender of one genus name differs: ravenė in Ž and ravenis in Pr; and in three more names the base words are the same, differing only in their suffixes: laiškenis in Ž and laiškėtis in Pr, siaurenis in Ž and siauronis in Pr, vaškenis in Ž and vaškuonė in Pr. Nearly half of the plant and fungus genus names discussed (11 names) from Žolynas entered LBŽ and became established in usage, while 12 genera are now known by different names (Latin Cerinhe – cerintė, Latin Clavaria – žagarūnas, Latin Coprinus – mėslagrybis, Latin Helvella – alvytė, Latin Myrica – sotvaras, Latin Sparganium – šurpis, Latin Ligularia – liguliarija, Latin Leotia – gelsvuolė, Latin Malaxis – gedutis, Latin Meessia – mesija, Latin Ophioglossum – driežlielė, Latin Pulsatilla – šilagėlė). L. Ivinskis also formed most of his derivatives with the suffix -enis, -enė in Prigim̃tūmenė (for more details, see Auksoriūtė 2000: 82). In Žolynas, nine derivatives with the suffix -ena are listed with a reference to L. Ivinskis; the base words and motivation of most are clear: Latin Cetraria – kerpena (: kerpė ‘lichen’ + –ena); cf. sklejdmenis Pr 76; kerpena (Iv, Mln) “(Latin cetra – a small leather shield; the flattened body of some species resembles a shield)” LBŽ 81; kerpena – “a genus of lichens in the family Parmeliaceae” VLEe; the motivation for this name is associated with taxonomic affiliation; Latin Hieorochloa – žalvena (: žalvas ‘greenish’ + –ena), cf. žalvėnis Pr 123; zubražolė (Gr), syn. žalvenė (Iv) “(Greek ieros – holy, chloé – shoot, grass)” 169 LBŽ; stumbražolė BVŽ 155; the name indicates the plant’s color; Latin Myosurus – strugena (: strugus ‘little thread’ + –ena), cf. strūguras Pr 161; Latin Myosūrus minimus – mažoji strugena (Iv) “(Greek mys – mouse and ura – tail; the fruiting spike resembles a mouse’s tail)” LBŽ 228; strugena BVŽ 201; the name is formed from an external feature of the plant—the shape of its fruiting spike; Latin Polygonum – rietena (: rietė ‘a bend in a tree, a knot’ LKŽe + –ena), cf. rūgtis Pr 157; rūgtis, syn. rietena (Iv) “(Greek polys – many and gony – joint, node; the plant’s stem is distinctly nodose)” LBŽ 270; rūgtis BVŽ 237; the motivation for the derivative is related to an external feature of the plant—the appearance of its stem; Latin Radiola – griovena (: griova ‘ditch’ + –ena); cf. prōlinis Pr 167; Latin Radiola linoides – lininė žarotūnė (P) “(Latin radiola is a diminutive form of the word radius – ray; the plant branches radially)” LBŽ 291; žarotūnė BVŽ 249; the name was formed with reference to the plant’s habitat, as it grows in damp (temporarily flooded) depressions along the shores of small water bodies, in fields, pastures, and beside paths; Latin Scilla – gretena (: greta ‘row, group’ + –ena), cf. skielotis Pr 132; scylė (P), syn. gretenė “(from Greek schizein – to split, because the fleshy leaves of the bulb easily separate from one another)” LBŽ 315; scylė BVŽ 270; scylė “flowers are clustered in racemes at the top of the flowering stem, more rarely solitary” VLEe; the name apparently refers to the growth habit of the flowers and the plant itself, since not only are the flowers usually clustered in racemes, but the plant also grows in groups rather than singly; 210 Albina Auksoriūtė Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolyne: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms Latin Scleranthus – klestena (: klėsti ‘12. to flourish, grow well, thrive, prosper’ LKŽe + -ena), cf. pīltrowis Pr 184; klėstenė (Iv) ‘(Gr. scleros – dry and anthos – flower; the perianth segments have dry, papery margins and look as though they have dried up)’ LBŽ 316; klėstenė VLEe; klėstenė BVŽ 271; the stem is erect or prostrate and very branched; the branches spread out in all directions, so the derivative reflects the plant’s growth habit; Latin Scutellaria – glaudena (: glaudus + -ena), cf. nàszłuwa Pr 230; kalpokė (P), synonym glaudena (Iv, Mln) ‘(Latin scutellum – little shield; the flower calyx has a shield- or helmet-shaped protuberance)’ LBŽ 317–318; kalpokė ‘the flowers grow in pairs in the axils of leaves or bracts, clustered in panicles or spikes’ VLEe; the motivation for the formation is associated with the growth pattern of the flowers. The base word of one further derivative can be inferred, but its motivation is unclear: Latin Dipsacus – veltena (: velti, veltas? + -ena), cf. sąnwarśis Pr 25; karšulis, synonym veltenė (Iv), veltena (Mln) ‘(Gr. dipsao – I thirst; the plant’s opposite leaves, fused at their bases, form a cup around the stem in which rainwater collects, as if to quench thirst)’ LBŽ 123; karšulis ‘the fruit is a four-angled, hairy achene’ VLEe; Comparing L. Ivinskis’s names given in Žolynas with the names for the same plant or fungus genera included in Prigimtūmenė shows that they differ; only one name has the same derivational base: žalvena in Ž and žalvenis in Pr. Of L. Ivinskis’s derivatives with the suffix -ena listed in Žolynas, only kerpena and strugena are in use today. The derivatives with the suffixes -ūnė, -ūnis and -ūnas should also be considered together. Four derivatives with the suffix -ūnė are found in Žolynas: Latin Lemanea – nerune (: nerti, neria + -ūnė); cf. grìėdminīs Pr 94; Latin Lemánea fluviátilis – upinė nerūnė (Iv, Mln), synonym nerenės (Iv, St) ‘in flowing water, rivers and streams’ LBŽ 193; the base word was chosen according to the habitat and growth pattern; Latin Polygonatum – vasarūnė (: vasara + -ūnė), cf. kantūtwis Pr 131; baltašaknė (K), synonym vasarūnė (Iv) ‘(Gr. polys – many and gony – joint, node; the rhizomes are distinctly articulated, as if knotted)’ LBŽ 269; baltašaknė BVŽ 237; the plant was named after its flowering season; Latin Sanicula – girūnė (: giria + -ūnė), cf. lemiētras Pr 191; Latin Sanicula europaea – pauksminė girūnė [Iv] ‘in shady forests and thickets, not infrequently’ LBŽ 311; girūnė BVŽ 266; the genus name indicates the plant’s habitat; Latin Malcolmia – vėjūnė (: vėjas + -ūnė); Latin Malcólmia aficána – afrikinė malkolmija [P], synonym vėjūnė (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 211; malkolmija BVŽ 188; the motivation for this plant’s genus name can only be conjectured; perhaps it is associated with the species pajūrinė malkolmija, which grows on the coast, where the wind blows fiercely. Terminologija | 2020 | 27 2 1 1 One hybrid should also be discussed alongside these genus names; its derivational base is a borrowing used by L. Ivinskis: Lat. Holcus – tomkune (: tomka + –ūnė, cf. Anthoxánthum odorátum – kvapioji gardūnytė [P], syn. tomka (Iv), Pol. Tomka wonna LBŽ 25), cf. wilnumiė Pr 122 (123); vilnunė, syn. tomkinė (Iv) “(this herb draws out splinters)” LBŽ 170; vilnunė BVŽ 156. Another derivative with the suffix –ūnė worth mentioning is dygunė, which Žolyne is identified as a name coined by L. Ivinskis, although LBŽ already cites Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža in connection with this name. Checking the name of this plant genus in J. A. Pabrėža’s Taisliuje augyminiame established that the name was provided by J. A. Pabrėža; therefore, P. Matulionis apparently erred in attributing it to L. Ivinskis: Lat. Torllis – dygune (Iv), cf. sājtlētis Pr 195; Tórilis Anthriscus – builinė dy-gūnė (P), syn. skudrūnas (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 349; Tórilis – diguuny (~ dygūnė) TA I 336 (198). With derivatives formed using the suffix –ūnis, fungal genera are named according to characteristics of their fruiting bodies: the first indicates their size, and the second their resemblance in shape to an ear: Lat. Marasmius – mažunis (: mažas + –ūnis); mažūnis (Iv, Mln), syn. smulkenės (Iv, St) “(Gr. maraino – I dry up, disappear; the fruiting bodies of these fungi are so tiny, as if dried up and withered)” LBŽ 213; Lat. Marasmius oreades – lauminis mažūnis LGA; Lat. Peziza – ausunis (: ausis + –ūnis), cf. àusūnis, bòbausis Pr 64; Lat. Peziza coccinea – àusūnis, bòbausis F1-661; ausūnis (Mln) LBŽ 253; ausūniniai “the fruiting bodies of the cup fungi <...> are shaped like a bowl or saucer” VLEe. Two derivatives with the suffix –ūnas were found: Lat. Cucubalus – vogunas (: uoga + –ūnas), cf. uògmiėnis Pr 182; Lat. Cucúbalus báccifer – uoginė krūmsargė (P), syn. vogūnas (Iv) “an herb used in some places for cooking leafy soup” LBŽ 109; krūmsargė BVŽ 102; the plant genus name is formed on the basis of the fruit type; Lat. Geum – bajorunas (: bajoras + –ūnas); cf. ragī klas, bajorūnas Pr 203; žiognagė (P), syn. bajorai (Iv), bajorūnas (Iv) “(Gr. geyo – I smell good; the plant’s roots are fragrant)” LBŽ 155; žiognagė BVŽ 142; as A. Gritėnienė notes, “a considerable number of plant names recorded in Lithuanian dialects have the root bajor- <...>. The shared feature of all these plants is their blue, violet, or dark red flowers, whose color motivates the abundance of names (cf. myths about the supposedly blue blood of the nobility, and the like)” (Gritėnienė 2006: 87). Comparing the –ūnė, –ūnis, and –ūnas derivatives given in Žolyne with the names of the genera under discussion provided in Prigimtūmenėje, it can be seen that in Prigimtūmenėje the nam- 212 Albina Auksoriūtė Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolyne: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms … seven derived forms, whose names differ from those given in Žolynas, except for one—ausūnį. It should be noted that in Prigimtūmenė the second most productive suffix in L. Ivinskis’s neologisms is –ūnis, characteristic of the Samogitian dialect (see Auksoriūtė 2000: 86–89 for more detail). Only the names of two plant genera (girūnė and nerūnė) and two fungal genera (ausūnis and mažūnis) are in use today. One more small group of derivatives can be distinguished—those formed with the suffixes -ėmynas, -minas and -menė. Two fungal genus names are motivated by characteristics of the undersides of their caps: Latin Boletus – skilemynas (: skylė ‘hole’ + -ėmynas), cf. skiliėmina Pr 67, Latin Boletus perennis – skiliėminis twērantēsis F1-661; baravykas, synonym skilemynas (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 50; Latin Boletus edulis – baravykas, tikrinis baravykas LGA 49; Latin Hydnum – dygminas (: dygus ‘prickly’ + -minas), cf. dīgminīs Pr 66, Latin Hydnum Auriscalpium – dīgminīs smūlkēsis F1-661; dyglutis, synonym dygminas (Iv, Mln), dyguoneitis (Iv, St) LBŽ 172; Hydnum repandum – raukšlėtasis dyglutis ‘on the underside [of the cap], whitish, yellowish, soft, brittle, decurrent spines’ LGA 408. The motivation of derivatives with the suffix -menė varies: one genus name indicates the plant’s color, while another genus is named after its habitat: Latin Digitalys – rusmenė (: rusti? + -menė), cf. ruswēnis Pr 222; Latin Digitalis – rusmenė (Iv, Mln), synonym rusenės (Iv, St) LBŽ 121; rusmenė ‘flowers clustered in terminal, mostly spike-like, one-sided racemes. Corolla yellow, red, violet, pink, often multicolored and spotted, tubular or bell-shaped’ VLEe; Lat. Salvinia – waterweed (: plūda ‘current’ LKŽe + -menė), cf. float Pr 117; Lat. Salvinia natans – floating fern (Iv, Gr), syn. waterweed (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 310; floating fern BVŽ 265; floating fern “grows in standing and slowly flowing fresh waters” VLEe. Prigimtūmenė’s third most productive group of suffix-derived neologisms is formed with the suffixes -menis, -minis, -mina and their various variants (see Auksoriūtė 2000: 90–92 for more detail). However, among the L. Ivinskis genus names given in Žolynas, only four names can be assigned to this group of derivatives, while Prigimtūmenė gives neologisms formed with other suffixes for these genera, although the derivational bases of three names are the same. For two derivatives with the suffix -einis, both the derivational base and the motivation are clear; these genus names are still in use today: Latin Echium – ežeinis (: ežys ‘hedgehog’ + -einis), cf. brąnszwas Pr 232; Latin Échium vulgáre – paprastasis ežeinis (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 127; ežeinis ‘leaves entire, lance- Terminologija | 2020 | 27 213 “spiny, hairy” VLEe; the entire plant is covered with two kinds of hairs—some are thin and appressed, others coarse, erect, and long, growing from white bumps; hence the figurative name was chosen on the basis of its resemblance to a hedgehog; Latin Fucus – guveinis (: guvus + –einis), cf. pūslietis Pr 96; Latin Fūcus vesiculōsus – pūslėtasis guveinis (Iv) “Brown algae commonly found on the Baltic Sea floor, in the littoral and sublittoral zones. Abundantly washed ashore by waves” LBŽ 147; guveinis “attaches to the substrate by rhizoids or floats freely” VLEe; the alga was named for its characteristic feature—its ability to float freely. The derivative keleinė, formed with the suffix –einė, whose formation and motivation are unclear, did not find its way into terminographic sources, and, at the suggestion of the Terminology Subcommittee of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language, this plant genus was designated by a neologism of L. Ivinskis from Prigimtūmenė: Latin Glaucium – keleinė (: kelias? + –einė), cf. wājiklas Pr 175; vaiklas “a genus of plants in the poppy family (Papaveracea)” LTB (see also Auksoriūtė 2008: 132–141). Another 14 suffixal derivatives were formed with different suffixes; the motivation of 10 of them can be traced, for example: Latin Daedalea – vinguris (: vingis + –uris), cf. Latin Daedalea quercina – wìnguris anžuolinis F1-661; Daedálea cinérea – pilkasis vinguris (Iv) “the underside of this fungus’s fruiting body is furrowed in winding lines, like a labyrinth” LBŽ 115; Daedalea quercina – ąžuolinis vinguris “fruiting bodies corky, shaped like lateral caps, with an uneven, ridged, rough surface <...>” LGA 414; the fungus was named for the shape of its fruiting body; Latin Echinospermum – žiaudrinys (: žiaudrus “rough, hard” LKŽe + –inys), cf. Latin Echinospermum Lappula see Lappula echinata LBŽ 127, gudinis žiaudrinys [Iv, Mln] LBŽ 189; Latin Lappula – žiaudrinys “the fruits cling like burdock burs” BVŽ 171; the name refers to an external feature of the plant’s fruit; Latin Fontinalis – nervtė (: nertis ((Iv, St) LBŽ 80) + –vė), cf. nasrovėnis Pr 111; Fontinális antipyrética – tribri a unė nervtė “a moss frequently found in still and flowing water, on stones and the submerged roots of trees” LBŽ 145; nervtė BVŽ 133; the base word is borrowed from the name of another plant because both plants live in water; Latin Fritillaria – karunuonė (: karūna + –uonė), cf. sąnswadis Pr 134; margutė (P), synonym karūnenė (Iv) LBŽ 147; margutė “leaves alternate or are clustered into whorls in the upper part of the stem” VLEe; in this case the semantic motivation is evident: the plant was named for the resemblance of its inflorescence in shape, since above the flowers of this species, daugiažiedės margutės, rises a tuft of elongated upper leaves arranged in whorls on the stem; Latin Hypopitys – glusnė (: glusti “to press close, cling tightly” LKŽe + –nė); Latin Hypópitys multiflora see Monótropa Hypópitys LBŽ 176, miškinė gluosvė (Iv), synonym glunsvės (Iv, St), glusnė (Iv, Mln) “isolated small plants that in shady 2 1 4 Albina Auksoriūtė Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolyne: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms in coniferous forests, stands beneath spruces” LBŽ 225; willowherb BVŽ 198; the base word was chosen according to the plant’s growth habit; Latin Lythrum – raudoklis (: raudas + –oklis), cf. lakantras Pr 200; raudoklė (Iv), syn. raudūnas (Iv, St) “the plant’s flowers are red, like blood” LBŽ 208; raudoklė BVŽ 186; the plant was named for a characteristic feature—its flower color; Latin Mucor – pelėjas (: pelėti, pela + –ėjas), cf. pelėjas Pr 54; Latin Múcor mucédo – paprastasis pelėsis, syn. pelėjas (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 226; the base word was selected with regard to the genus’s principal characteristic; Latin Myrrhis – garduoklis (: gardus + –uoklis), cf. gardóklis Pr 195; Latin Myrrhis odoráta – kvapioji garduoklė (Iv) “this name is given to our plant because it smells just like true myrrh” LBŽ 229–230; garduoklė “the garduoklė plants are aromatic, with an anise scent” VLEe; the name points to an intrinsic characteristic of the plant—its fragrant smell; Latin Plantago – gyslotis (: gysla + –otis), cf. ginslóžė Pr 219; gyslotis (Iv) LBŽ 264; gyslotis “the leaves are grouped in a rosette or are opposite” VLEe; the motivation is associated with the plant’s external features, since its leaves have clearly visible veins; Latin Sisymbrium – garstynekas (: garstinis (Iv) (Bunias orientalis) LBŽ 59 + –ykas), cf. garštitininkas Pr 179; pikulė, syn. garstininkas (Iv) LBŽ 324; pikulė VLEe; the base word for this genus name was taken from the name of another genus, and its motivation rests on the plants’ similarity, since both genera belong to the same family, Brassicaceae. The base word of the names of four plant genera can be identified, but their motivation is harder to trace; apparently, it is related to the author’s personal association: Latin Dracocephalium – meiližė (: meilūs + –ižis), cf. liėkandra Pr 230; meiližė (Iv, Mln), syn. meilisa (Iv, St) LBŽ 124; žiomenė “a perennial, rarely annual herb with an erect or prostrate stem. Leaves entire or pinnately lobed. Flowers clustered in whorls in the leaf axils or forming head- or spike-shaped terminal inflorescences” VLEe; Latin Epipogum – paskinis (: paskui + –inis), cf. pāškinis Pr 140; Latin Epipogum aphyllum – antbarzdė (P), syn. paskinis “the flower’s lip is directed upward” LBŽ 132; antbarzdė “the rhizome is fleshy and branched. The stem is yellowish. Leaves small, scale-like, yellowish. Flowers irregular, 12–14 mm long, drooping, fragrant, several arranged in a terminal raceme” VLEe; Latin Erineum – rudetras (: rūdė “rust” + –ėtras), cf. rudiėtras Pr 48, Latin Erineum populiunum – rudiėtras papelinis F1–661; Latin Heracleum – stumėnys (: stumti, stumia + –enys), cf. nerėjvis Pr 194; Latin Heraclēum sibiricum – lankinis barštis, syn. stumėnys (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 167; barštis “these are biennial, sometimes perennial, herbs containing essential oils and of low fodder value. They grow up to 150 cm; the stem is hollow, ribbed, and hairy. Leaves pinnate, covered with rough hairs; young leaves are suitable for food. The umbel rays are hairy, and the petals yellowish green” VLEe. Terminologija | 2020 | 27 215 As the genus names presented show, the base words for the great majority of L. Ivinskis’s suffixal coinages included in Žolyne are nouns—39 derivatives; considerably fewer base words are adjectives and verbs or their forms, accounting for 12 and 10 derivatives, respectively. The percentage distribution of the base words is shown in Figure 1. Fig. 1. Base words of L. Ivinskis’s suffixal coinages included in Žolyne (percent) A review of L. Ivinskis’s suffixal coinages and comparison with the plant and fungus genus names used today shows that as many as 23 of L. Ivinskis’s names given in Žolyne are still in use, for example: ežėinis, galvenis, garždenis, girūnė, gniaužtenis, kerpena, laiškenis, nerūnė, sultenė, strugena. Three genus names are noteworthy because a different grammatical gender form is used today: garduoklis Ž and garduoklė BVŽ 201, griovenis Ž and griovenė BVŽ 157, raudoklis Ž and raudoklė BVŽ 186, and one genus name differing only in its ending—klėstena Ž and klėstenė BVŽ 271. Prefixal Derivatives Only five prefixal derivatives coined by L. Ivinskis to name plant and fungus genera are found in Žolyne. Three names are formed with the prefix pa-; the motivation for the first two genus names is unclear and is most likely associated with the author’s individual association: 216 Albina Auksoriūtė Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolyne: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms Latin Cytisus – palepštis (pa- + lėpšti, lėpšta ‘to become limp, to soften’), cf. pāgausis Pr 206; palepštis (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 114; raipstas BVŽ 106; raipstas ‘a densely branched shrub. Young branches are ridged, sometimes winged, and green. Leaves are trifoliate. Flowers occur singly or in clusters of several in the leaf axils. The corolla is bright yellow, sometimes pink or orange, and more rarely multicolored’ VLEe; Latin Hypochaeris – pasienis (pa- + siena ‘wall’), cf. kòliėtris Pr 260; džiugūnė (PR), syn. pasienis (Iv, Mln), posainis (Iv, St) ‘(Gr. hypo – under, beneath, and choiros – pig; pigs eat these plants readily)’ LBŽ 176; džiugūnė BVŽ 160; Latin Psalliota – paplempis (pa- + plempė ‘Latin Collybia – plempė (R, Ml, N, Iv, K)’ LBŽ 99)), šamp ionas, cf. nuometinis Pr 68; Psalliota campestris – valgomasis pievagrybis, syn. paplempis (Iv), šampinjonas (Iv) LBŽ 283; this fungus genus was apparently named so because of its resemblance to another fungus. One derivative each was found with the prefixes pro- and be-: Latin Genista – prožirnis (‘pro- + žirnis’), cf. rãipstas Pr 206; prožirnis (Iv) LBŽ 152; prožirnis “a genus of plants in the legume (Fabaceae) family <…>. The fruit is a linear, more rarely almost circular pod” VLEe; the genus was named thus because its fruits resemble those of another plant in the same family; Latin Laserpitium – begalis (‘be- + galas’), cf. begalis, begalinis Pr 194; begalis (Iv, Mln), syn. begalinis (Alk, Iv, St) LBŽ 190; begalis BVŽ 172; begalis “leaves twice pinnate. Inflorescences with involucres. Flowers white, more rarely pinkish or yellowish, bisexual. Fruit yellowish-brown. Flowers in July–August. Grows in forests and scrub” VLEe; the motivation for the derivative is unclear. Prefix derivatives are also scarce in Prigim tūmenė, where the most productive prefix is likewise pa- (see Auksoriūtė 2000: 98–102). A comparison of the prefix derivatives under discussion with the names given in Prigim tūmenė shows that only one name coincides—begalis. Only two genus names are now in use: begalis and prožirnis. Suffixal derivatives The number of suffixal derivatives coined by L. Ivinskis in Žolynas is the same as that of prefix derivatives. Only three derivatives with the suffix -is and one each with the suffixes -as and -a can be counted as such: Latin Cortinarius – nuosėdis (‘nusėdo + -is’), cf. wilktūmina Pr 68; nuosėdis (Iv, Mln) “the fruiting body of these fungi remains connected to the stem by a web-like veil for a longer time” LBŽ 105; Latin Cortinarius praestans – valgomasis nuosėdis LGA 357; the motivation for the fungal genus name is unclear; Latin Lysimachia – šilingis (‘šilingas + -is’), cf. rògaunis Pr 219; šilingė (Iv) LBŽ 208; šilingė; poraistė BVŽ 186; šilingė VLEe; the derivative was formed on the basis of the fruit’s resemblance in shape to a coin; Terminologija | 2020 | 27 217 Latin Stratiotes – agaris (: agaras “Latin Trāpa nātans – agaras (Iv, B)” LBŽ 350 + –is), cf. asžtrej, agarāj Pr 120; Latin Stratiōtes aloides – alijošinis aštrys (Iv), synonym agaris LBŽ 335–336; aštrys BVŽ 288; the name indicates resemblance to another plant, since both plants grow in water; Latin Nymphea – glūdas (: glūdus “secluded” + –as), cf. liepis Pr 176; vandens lelija, synonym glūdas (Iv, St) LBŽ 236; vandens lelija BVŽ 207; the motivation for the genus name is difficult to trace; Latin Cicuta – nuokana (: nukanoti “to kill” + –a), cf. siūtminis Pr 191, Latin Cicūta virōsa – nuodingoji nuokana (Iv) “a highly poisonous plant” LBŽ 89; nuokana VLEe; the base word of the derivative refers to the plant’s primary intrinsic characteristic and its effect on humans. L. Ivinskis’s neologism nuokana has already been discussed, and this plant name has been interpreted in various ways. Bernd Gliwa explains the name as a derivative formed from the prefix nuo- and the root –kan- “to torment, trouble, destroy,” with the motivation being “that which torments” (for more detail, see Gliwa 2002: 3–5). Roland Kregždys criticizes B. Gliwa’s conjecture for its lack of morphological analysis, and regards nuokaną as a prefixal derivative (for more detail, see Kregždys 2011: 141–142). In the view of terminologist J. Klimavičius, “nuokana was coined by Ivinskis, a Samogitian, from nukanoti ‘to kill’ (kanoti – ‘to destroy; to torment’, cf. also nukanėti ‘to perish’)” (Klimavičius 2010: 149). J. Klimavičius’s explanation is convincing. Compounds Žolynas presents 13 compounds formed by L. Ivinskis. As A. Gritėnienė notes, “when naming plants, not just one but at least two significant features are often highlighted, which cannot be expressed by a single base word”; compounds are therefore a very convenient word-formation device (Gritenienė 2006: 123). Both the components and the motivation of nine compounds presented in L. Ivinskis’s Žolynas are clear: Latin Cimifuga – blakežudė (: blakė “bedbug” + žudyti “to kill”), cf. blākžudė Pr 162; Latin Cimifūga foetida – blakežudė smirduolė (Iv) “(Latin cimex – bedbug, fuga – flight; the plant has an unpleasant smell and is used to destroy bedbugs)” LBŽ 89; blakežudė BVŽ 86; the compound indicates the plant’s purpose—it is used to destroy bedbugs; Latin Cynosurus – kietavarpe (: kietas “hard” + varpa “spike”), cf. liėpotis Pr 125; Latin Cynosūrus cristātus – paprastoji kietavarpe [Iv, Mln] LBŽ 113; kietavarpe “an annual or perennial herb 5–80 cm tall with a very dense one-sided spike” VLEe; the plant is named for the characteristic of its spike; 218 Albina Auksoriūtė Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolyne: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms Latin Ficaria – švitriešis (: švitėti, švita + riešis “nut” LKŽe?), cf. Latin Ficaria ranunculoides see Ranunculus Ficaria – vėdrynas švitriešis (Iv) “(Latin ficus – fig; the plant’s tubers resemble figs)” LBŽ 292; švitriešis BVŽ 131; švitriešis “a perennial herb that produces a tuber and long, slender adventitious roots. The leaves are succulent, deep green. Sometimes tubercles form in the leaf axils, by which švitriešis propagates vegetatively. The stem is prostrate or reclining. The petals are deep yellow” VLEe; Latin Ficaria verna – pavasarinis švitriešis “The leaf blades are succulent, rather thick, bright green, glossy, as if smeared with grease. <...> The petals-nectaries <...> yellow, glossy” LF III 408; the appearance of the plant’s leaves and flowers is reflected in the motivation of the derivative; Latin Lithospermum – kietagrūdis (: hard + grain), cf. grãjvas Pr 232; kieta-grūdis (Iv) “(Greek lithos – rock, stone and sperma – seed; it has hard seeds, like stones)” LBŽ 200; kietagrūdis BVŽ 180; the compound denotes a feature of the seeds—their hardness; Latin Lycogala – pienraudis (: milk + ruddy), cf. raudmenė Pr 59; Latin Lycógala epidéndrum – raudenė (Iv, St), syn. pienraudis (Iv, Mln) “(Greek lykos – wolf and gala – milk <...>). A slime mold often found on decaying trees, trunks, and stumps” LBŽ 206; Latin Lycogala epidendrum – rutulinė raudenė “the fruiting bodies <...> young—orange-pink, mature—yellowish-brown, yellowish-gray, covered with reddish-brown warts; the internal mass is liquid, soft, and pink” LGA 526; the fungus is named for the color of the slime mold; Latin Lunaria – plataukšlė (: broad + silicle), cf. platãnkštis Pr 176; blizgė (P), syn. plataukšlė (Iv) LBŽ 204; blizgė “(Latin luna – moon; the fruits are round and shine like the moon)” BVŽ 183; blizgė “the fruit is a large membrane or an almost round silicle. When its valves fall away, a shiny septum remains” VLEe; the plant genus is named by reference to a feature of its fruit and its resemblance to a silicle; Latin Onopordon – piktadagis (: fierce + thistle), cf. pìktdãgis Pr 254; Latin Onopórdon Acánthium – kard ažolė (DS), syn. piktadაგis “Greek akanthia – thorn, prickly plant” LBŽ 239; Latin Onopórdum – kard ažolė BVŽ 209; the plant is named for its principal characteristic—its prickliness; Latin Ornithogalum – paukštpienė (: bird + milk), cf. gėltras Pr 132; Ornithóg alum umbellátum – skėtinė paukštpienė (Iv) “(Greek ornis, ornithos – bird and gala – milk; the plant’s flowers are white like milk)” LBŽ 241; paukštpienė BVŽ 211; the compound is formed following the Latin plant name and its motivation—the resemblance of the flower color to the color of milk; Latin Thesium – linovietis (: flax + place), cf. linòwietis Pr 153; Thésium ebracteátum – plikažiedis linlapis (PR, F), syn. linovietis (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 345; linlapis BVŽ 294; linlapis “nearly all linlapiai are semiparasites, sucking water and mineral substances from the roots of other plants” VLEe; the first component of the compound indicates resemblance to flax, but the feature motivating the second component is unclear. Terminologija | 2020 | 27 219 For three compounds, not only is the motivation for their formation unclear, but the components of the compounds are also not entirely clear: Latin Crataegus – sabinkaulis (: buttocks? + bone), cf. kaulenis Pr 202; gudobelė (P), syn. kaulinis (Iv, Gr), sabinkaulis (Mln from Iv), subinkaulis (Iv) LBŽ 107; gudobelė BVŽ 99; Latin Melittis – medumelė (: honey + mėle “blue color” or mėles “dyer’s madder” LKŽe), cf. mėdūnis Pr 231; Melittis Melissophyllum – melisalapė medumėlė (Iv) LBŽ 218; medumėlė “(Greek melitta or melissa – bee)” BVŽ 193; Latin Listera – dviguonė (: two + guonia “head”?), cf. brašzis Pr 141, dviguonė (Iv) LBŽ 200; dviguonė BVŽ 180; Latin Listera cordata – širdinė dviguonė “leaves 2 (3), nearly opposite, sessile, heart-shaped ovate or heart-shaped triangular-ovate, obtuse or subobtuse, with apices terminating in a very short point” LF II 581–582; the motivation of the second component of the compound is unclear, since this species, širdinė dviguonė, has two broad leaves. One hybrid should also be mentioned, whose first component is borrowed: Latin Taxus – tysmedis (: tysas (Russian мисс) + medis)), cf. cicas, cico medis Pr 144; Latin Táxus baccáta – kukmedis (Mln), synonym tysmedis (Iv) LBŽ 342; kukmedis “a genus of evergreen coniferous trees or shrubs of the yew family (Taxaceae). 8 species. Distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Grows to a height of 32 m” VLEe. Summarizing the compounds formed by L. Ivinskis discussed above, it can be noted that the second component of nearly all compounds is a noun; only one compound was found with a verbal second component (blakėžudė) and one with an adjectival second component (pienraudis). Most compounds with a noun as the second component are also found in Prigimtūmenė (84%), so the same tendency is evident in the plant and fungus genus names presented in Žolynas. In compounds with a noun as the second component, the first component is also most often a noun; only four have an adjective as the first component (kietagrūdis, kietavarpė, piktadagis and plataukšlė), and one compound each was found with a verb and a numeral as the first component (švitrešis and dviguonė). Of the 13 plant and fungus genus names formed by L. Ivinskis through compounding in Žolynas, seven names were included in other terminographic sources and became established in usage: blakėžudė, dviguonė, kietagrūdis, kietavarpė, medumėlė, paukštpienė, švitrešis. A review of L. Ivinskis’s neologisms presented in Žolynas shows that the largest groups are suffixal derivatives (62) and compounds (13). The percentage distribution of neologisms by derivational formant is shown in Figure 2. 2 2 0 Albina Auksoriūtė Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolyne: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms Fig. 2. L. Ivinskis’s neologisms by derivational formatives (%) Plant and fungus genus names of unclear formation Žolynas contains plant and fungus genus names whose formation and motivation are unclear; there are 27 such names. First, 11 genus names used in current botanical nomenclature should be noted. For most, a prefix can formally be distinguished, but the base words are unclear: Latin Cephalanthera – garbenis, cf. galvōmìntris Pr 141; garbenis (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 79; garbenis BVŽ 76; Latin Clinopodium – dašis; Latin Clinopódium vulgáre see Saturéja vulgáris LBŽ 96, Latin Saturéja – dašis (Iv) LBŽ 312; dašis BVŽ 276; Latin Gymnadenia – plauretis, cf. plìntis Pr 140; plauretis (Iv, Mln), synonym pluoretis LBŽ 161; plauretis BVŽ 147; Latin Lejeunia – plojene, cf. wienoražis Pr 100; įgaubtalapė plojenė (Iv) LBŽ 193; plojenė BVŽ 174; Latin Montia – menuva, cf. szaltréné Pr 184; menuva (Iv, Mln), synonym menuvas (Iv, St) LBŽ 225; menuva BVŽ 198; Latin Neslia – prošiklė, cf. grudėnė Pr 176; Néslea paniculáta – prošiklė LBŽ; prošiklė BVŽ 205; Latin Onosma – liesmuo, cf. liesmuō Pr 233; liesmuo LTB; Latin Polypodium – šertvė, cf. kojùminis Pr 114; šertvė (Iv) LBŽ 272; šertvė BVŽ 238; Terminologija | 2020 | 27 221 Latin Scrophularia – bervidis, cf. ropėjn̄is Pr 222; bervidis (Iv) LBŽ 317; bervidis BVŽ 271; Latin Sesleria – mielitas, cf. miẽlitis Pr 126; Latin Sesléria caerúlea – mélitas (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 321; mélitas BVŽ 275; Latin Swertia – patvenis, cf. gajūstras Pr 236; Latin Sweeŕtia perénnis – daugiametis patvenis [Iv] LBŽ 337; patvenis BVŽ 289. Another name whose gender has merely been changed can be added to the currently used genus names in this group: Latin Melica – striepsnis, cf. stiẽpris Pr 125; Latin Mélíca nūtans – striepsnė (Iv) LBŽ 217; striepsnė VLEe. Other plant and fungus genus names of unclear formation have not entered current usage: Latin Coremium – kaine, cf. gālwietis Pr 51; Latin Gratiola – gaukras, cf. jāukras Pr 222; Latin Gratiola officinális – vaistinė raitinytė (P), synonym gaukeras (Iv) LBŽ 160; raitinytė VLEe; Latin Lepidium – ložukas, cf. žažukas, skāminas Pr 177; pipirnė (P), synonym lažukas (Iv, St), ložukas (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 195; pipirnė BVŽ 175; Latin Majanthemum – miejugas, cf. pādžiaugsmis Pr 131; Latin Majánthemum bifólium – medutė, synonym miejūgas (Iv) LBŽ 210; Latin Maiánthemum – medutė BVŽ 188; Latin Marchantia – apiželė, cf. īwa iris Pr 99; Latin Marchantia polymórpha – paprastoji maršancija LBŽ 213; maršantija BVŽ 190; Latin Morchella – gmartė, cf. bridielus Pr 65; briedžiukas, synonym gmartė (Iv) LBŽ 225; Latin Morchella esculenta – valgomasis briedžiukas LGA 490; Latin Osmunda – klastotras, cf. roglēnis Pr 115; Latin Osmúnda regális – karališkasis klestetras (Iv), synonym klastotras (Mln) LBŽ 242; osmunda BVŽ 214; Latin Peucedanum – grinuvas, cf. kartējnīs Pr 194; salia vas (P) LBŽ 252; saliavas BVŽ 222; Latin Sagitaria – vilytė, Latin Sagittária sagittifólia – papliauška, synonym vilytė (Iv) LBŽ 306; Latin Sagittaria – papliauška BVŽ 262; Latin Splachnum – prastus, cf. pumpūrėžis Pr 105; Latin Spláchnum ampulláceum – mešlius paputžandis LBŽ 332; mešlius BVŽ 285; Latin Struthiopterys – sparmenas, cf. ugniėtis, ugnies papartis Pr 115; Latin Struthiopteris germanica see Onocléa Struthiopteris LBŽ 336; jonpapartis, synonym sparmenas papartuolis (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 238; Latin Tagetes – kronis, cf. maźžiėstras Pr 257; serentis LBŽ 340; serentis BVŽ 291; 222 Albina Auksoriūtė Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolyne: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms Latin Teesdalia – trintus, cf. širpstas Pr 178; Latin Teesdália nudicáulis – smiltyninė paš uolė (P), synonym jodalis (Iv, St), trintus (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 342–343; pašuolė BVŽ 292; Latin Trapa – agaras, cf. àgaras Pr 199; Latin Trápa nátans – agaras (Iv, B), synonym agarūnas (Iv, St) LBŽ 350; agaras BVŽ 299. Another genus name should also be mentioned among the unclear genus names, since it was not possible to determine which plant or fungus was named by this name: Latin Machalocarpus – liem uonė. Comparing the names in Žolynas with the names of the same plants given in Prigimtūmenė, it can be observed that only two names coincide—agaras and liesmuo. Terminologized plant and fungus genus names One of L. Ivinskis’s methods of creating nomenclatural names in the natural sciences was the terminologization of colloquial words (for more detail, see Auksoriūtė 2000: 75–68). Among the terminologized plant and fungus names, compounds should be mentioned first. L. Ivinskis adopted 11 compound plant and fungus names from colloquial language: Latin Dactylis – šunažolė, cf. pievėnis Pr 125; šunažolė (Iv, Mln), synonym pamienis (Iv, St) LBŽ 115; šunažolė VLEe; šunàžolė “sf. (1) DŽ, OGLII26, NdŽ, KŽ, LTEXI14, šunažolė (1) BŽ136; Mt, Rtr, EncVI281, LBŽ bot. grass of the grass family, suitable for fodder (Dactylis): Common cock’s-foot (D. glomerata) LFLI233. Kp calls this grass šunažolė” LKŽe; šunažolė BVŽ 107; Latin Filipendula – vingiorykštė; vingiorykštė LBŽ 143; vingiórykštė “sf. (1) DŽ¹, DrskŽ, vingiorýkštė (1) DŽ, NdŽ; EncVIII190 1. DrskŽ bot. meadow plant of the rose family (Filipendula): Elm-leaved meadowsweet (F. ulmaria) Mt. Marsh meadowsweet (F. ulmaria) LBŽ. Meadow meadowsweet (F. hexopetala) LBŽ. Glabrous-leaved meadowsweet (F. denudata) rš. The meadowsweet flowers smell fragrant, the hollow is full of them Svn. Meadow meadowsweet and marsh meadowsweet grow in Lithuania LTEXII282” LKŽe; vingiorykštė BVŽ 132; Latin Fragaria – wild strawberry, cf. wild strawberry Pr 203; wild strawberry LBŽ 145; wild strawberry “sf. (1) KBII98, K, Jn, K.Būg(Kv), Š, NdŽ, KŽ, wild strawberry (1) Š, DŽ, NdŽ, Tv, Erž, Dkš, SmIn, Aln, wild strawberry (3ᵇ) Brs, Vkš 1. SD¹138, SD287, R, R123, MŽ, MŽ161, Sut, Kos137, P, F, N, M, MitIII138, L, LL176, ŠT54 bot. a wild or cultivated herbaceous plant of the rose family that bears juicy red berries (Fragaria)” LKŽe; wild strawberry; strawberry BVŽ 133; the diphthong ie written in the first component of the compound is most likely a proofreading error, since no such form of this plant name has been found; Latin Fumaria – žvirblėrute, cf. žvirblārūtė Pr 175; žvirbliarūtė (Iv, Mln, Rk) LBŽ 147; žvirbliarūtė “sf. (1) DŽ, NdŽ, žvirbliārūtė (1) NdŽ, KŽ, Sv; Mt, Terminologija | 2020 | 27 223 LBŽ, EncVIII703, LEV427, Brs bot. a garden weed with gray-green leaves and pink or red flowers (Fumaria): Common fumitory (F. officinalis) LFIII476” LKŽe; fumitory BVŽ 135; Latin Gnaphalium – cat’s-foot, cf. kãtpiedė Pr 255; cat’s-foot (Iv) LBŽ 158; kãtpėdė “sf. (1) bot. 1. N, K, P, Mt, DŽ, EncIX198, Yl, Skd a plant of the genus Gnaphalium (Gnaphalium): Cat’s-foot blooms yellow, and cures jaundice J. Cat’s-foot grows on nearly every tussock in the pasture Žgč. Common cat’s-foot (G. dioecum) F. Yellow cat’s-foot (G. luteo-album)” LKŽe; downy cudweed BVŽ145; Latin Merulius – leaf-licker, cf. gaidkojis, lapiėlaižis Pr 66; house fungus, synonym leaf-licker (Iv) LBŽ 220; leaf-licker “sm. (1) bot. 1. Kos86, J, Šts, Vvr, Tv a mushroom of this kind, chanterelle, brown mushroom, golden chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius): Look, what a leaf-licker, like a milk-cap Lkv. Leaf-lickers grow in clusters Kv. I picked a whole lot of leaf-lickers, but not a single boletus Tl. 2. NdŽ, LBŽ house fungus (Merulius): tearful leaf-licker (M. lacrymans) Mt” LKŽe; Latin Nardus – deergrass, cf. brìdgãuris Pr 127; Latin Nárdus stricta – deergrass (Iv) LBŽ 231; deergrass BVŽ 202; deergrass “sf. (1), deergrass (2) see briedgauris: go cut deergrass when the dew is still on Šll. Deergrass is a poor kind of grass, not eaten much, growing in dry clumps Š” LKŽe; deergrass BVŽ 203; Latin Phalus – pig mushroom, cf. kautãgribis Pr 62; Latin Phállus impúd icus see Ithyphallus impúd icus LBŽ 254, witch’s egg (S), synonym pig mushroom (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 181; Latin Phallus impudicus – common stinkhorn LGA 470; pig mushroom “sm. (1) NdŽ bot. 1. LBŽ, Mt witch’s egg (Ithyphallus impudicus)” LKŽe; “the names kiaulbudė <...>, pig mushroom for the stinkhorn (Phallus impudicus) could also be motivated by the pale color of the young mushroom” (Lubienė 2015: 141); Latin Sedum – stonecrop, cf. drūžmas Pr 187; stonecrop (Pet, dr), synonym drugenis (Iv), drugiažolė (Iv), riebunis (Iv) LBŽ 318; drūgiažolė sf. (1), drugiažolė (1) “bot. 1. Mt, Ak, I stonecrop (Sedum): Stonecrops are small and yellow, growing on fallow land Alv. There were few stonecrops on the hills this year Kp” LKŽe; stonecrop BVŽ 272; Latin Suillus – velvet bolete; Latin Suillus castáneus see Bolétus castáneus LBŽ 337, sandy bolete, synonym velvet bolete (Mln) LBŽ 51; velvet bolete “sm. (1) J, DŽ, Brs, Yl, Rdn, Krš, Stl, Šll, Srd, Grnk, Krs, Skrb, Ppl, Brž, velvet bolete (1) Lkv, Bsg, velvet bolete (2) KŽ; Kos152, L bot. 4. LBŽ, NdŽ, KŽ sandy bolete (Gyroporus castaneus)” LKŽe; Latin Gyroporus castaneus – sandy velvet bolete LGA 47; Latin Taraxacum – dandelion, cf. jòstuwis Pr 257; Latin Taraxacum officinále – spotted dandelion [Mln], synonym dandelion (Iv, R, S, V) LBŽ 342; dandelion BVŽ 292; dandelion sf. (1) NdŽ, Ky, Lkž, Pn, Grg, Lkv, Šts, dandelion (2) BŽ314: Mt “bot. a plant of the family Asteraceae (Taraxacum): Spotted dandelion (T. officinale) LBŽ. Small dandelion (T. levigatum) P.Snar” LKŽe; dandelion BVŽ 292. According to LKŽe, the following names may also be included among the genus names terminologized by L. Ivinskis: 2 2 4 Albina Auksoriūtė Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolyne: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms Latin Agaricus – plempė, cf. plauskis Pr 67; plempė sf. (2) K, plėmpė (1) BŽ104 1. R, K, LBŽ “bot. a fungus of the family Tricholomataceae (Collybia): Plempių, rudmesių, storkočių bei baravykų jos sau taip daug prisirvoė K.Donel. Tokių dailių parsinešiau plempių Ktč” LKŽė; Latin Agaricus arvensis – dirvinis pievagrybis LGA 212; Latin Carlina – sausžiedis, cf. sausunis Pr 254; sausžiedis (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 73; sausžiedis “1. a dry flower: What of vetches, pea-vetches, bellflowers of various colors and thousands of other flowers and dry flowers Vaižg. 2. DŽ bot. a plant of the daisy family, whose flower head’s involucre is made of dry leaves (Carlina): Common carline thistle (C. vulgaris) LBŽ” LKŽė; karlina BVŽ 71; Latin Myosotis – miegažolė, cf. minėtinis Pr 232; nemiršėlė (Iv), syn. miegažolė (P, Iv, Pn), minėtenė (Iv) LBŽ 227; miegažolė “1. LBŽ black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger). 2. Mt, LBŽ, NdŽ nemiršėlė, neužmirštuolė (Myosotis)” LKŽė; neužmirštuolė BVŽ 200; Latin Caltha – purena, cf. purenė Pr 161; Latin Cáltha palústris – puriena lukšta [Mln], syn. purena (Bz, Mln), purenė (Alk, St), LBŽ 63; purena sf. (BzF160, Mt, LBŽ) LKŽė; puriena BVŽ 62; Latin Ulmus – guoba, cf. winkszna Pr 147; guoba sf. (1) Br, Dkš, Pjv, Plk, Vl, Jrb, Gl, Ūd, Vs, Ds, guobà (2) J, J.Jabl, (4) DŽ, Sv “1. bot. elm, wych elm (Ulmus): Guoba pavėsi daro Dkš. Guobos žievė duonai kepti J. Iš guobos karnas plėšia J. Guoba neauga į didį medį Klp. Guobos karnos nestiprios Brž. Guobos medis labai diržingas Rgv. Kas ten stovi ties guoba? Jrb. Parsivežiau dvi guobas iš miško Žsl. Visa pakelė guobom apsodinta Vl. Pilnos pakriūtės guobų priaugę Sv” LKŽė. L. Ivinskis may have taken some plant genus names not only from the spoken language of the time; he may also have found them in older dictionaries. Which dictionaries L. Ivinskis used can be learned from his 1868 letter, written in Russian, to Vasilijus Kulinas. In the letter, L. Ivinskis writes about compiling a Lithuanian-Samogitian dictionary: “<...> I have long been resolved to carry out this enormous undertaking, but it will still take considerable time to complete it; words must be collected from dictionaries already printed and those in manuscript, about which I recently received information: 1. Milkus, 2. Nesselman, 3. Haack, 4. Sirvydas, 5. A dictionary manuscript in Riga, 6. The same in Kazan, 7. Rev. Juška, 8. Rev. Miežinis. I have already selected words from the first. The necessary task remains of copying out the words unknown to me from the others mentioned above and contacting their authors”2 (Ivinskis 1995: 483). 2 The following dictionaries are mentioned in L. Ivinskis’s letter: 1. Ch. G. Milkus’s Lithuanian-German and German-Lithuanian dictionary, 2. G. H. F. Nesselman’s Lithuanian dictionary, 3. T. V. Haack’s Lithuanian-German dictionary, 4. K. Sirvydas’s Polish-Latin-Lithuanian dictionary. No. 5 probably refers to the manuscript of M. Miežinis’s Lithuanian-Latvian-Polish-Russian dictionary, No. 6 to the manuscript of A. Ugianskas’s Lithuanian dictionary, and No. 7 to the manuscript of A. Juška’s dictionary Slownik polsko-litewski (1853–1854) (Ivinskis 1995: 568). Terminologija | 2020 | 27 225 The following names, also inherited from Proto-Indo-European or Proto-Baltic, should likewise be considered plant and fungus genus names terminologized by L. Ivinskis: Latin Digitaria – millet; sóra sf. (1) K, K.Būg, Rtr, DŽ, NdŽ, PrL, sorà (3) K.Būg (Kv), (4) NdŽ, soros pl. SD73,290, R, MŽ, D.Pošk, Kos53 “bot. 2. finger grass (Digitaria): Wild sóra (Soros laukinės P) (D. sanguinalis) BŽ492; Mt. Sora finger grass (D. ischaemum) LBŽ. Red millet (D. sanguinalis) LBŽ” LKŽe; sora EŽDB; Latin Linum – flax, cf. linas Pr 167; lìnas m. n. pl. (4) SD131, K “bot. a fibre and oil plant (Linum): Flax has been cultivated in Lithuania since ancient times sp. Long-stemmed and short-stemmed flax Grž. Flax is not sown in the forest hut [j] Trš. Flax was green like rue rš. The flax is like a forest (tall, beautiful) Zt. Our flax grew from small seeds, but did not catch up with the large ones (of medium size) MŽ. Didn't I tell you, girl: don't go through the flax field JD179 <...>” LKŽe; flax, flax plants Sabaliauskas 1990: 41; Latin Pinus – pine, cf. pūšzis, kwaǰė Pr 143; pušìs sf. (4) 1. KIG62, SD346, MŽ¹20, B, P, Sut, N, K, Slnt, Šln, Jnš “bot. an evergreen tree with long needles and rounded cones (Pinus); the trunk of that tree: Cedar pine (P. cembra) Mt. Scots pine (P. silvestris) Mt. Black pine (P. nigra) LBŽ. Mountain pine (P. montana) P.Snar. Common pine (P. silvestris) P.Snar. Split resin from a pine JI315 <...>” LKŽe; pine Sabaliauskas 1990: 42–43; Latin Rubus – raspberry, cf. awiètė Pr 203; awiètė sf. (2), avietė (3ᵇ) Dsn, Nj “a shrub with sweet berries (Rubus); its berry: Raspberries grow in forests and orchards or gardens Dkš. A little raspberry bush blossomed in the green garden (d.) Ds. A raspberry bush SD141. Black raspberry (R. occidentalis) rš. Bramble (R. fructicosus) LBŽ <...>” LKŽe; raspberry Sabaliauskas 1990: 154. Comparing the terminologized names with the names of the same genera given in Prigimtūmenė shows that slightly more than half of them coincide. This subsection should also discuss borrowed genus names that are listed in Žolynas with a reference to L. Ivinskis. L. Ivinskis may have taken most of the borrowings from the spoken language of the time or found them in old texts. Nine such names were found: Latin Allium – blodustas, cf. blodūstas, bladūstas, czesnākas Pr 132; česnakas (P), syn. blodustas (Iv) LBŽ 15; blodustas “(l. plodzist) m. MitI223 garlic: To get rid of them (worms), boil goat's milk with blodustas (garlic) IM1851,45” LKŽe; garlic VLEe; Latin Centaurea – vosilka, cf. grasenė Pr 254; bajorė (P, Kr), syn. šimterūnis (Iv, St) LBŽ 77; ×vosilkà “(Belarusian bacilok, Polish wosilka) sf. (2) NdŽ, FrnW, (4) K, KI705, Rtr, FrnW, NdŽ, KŽ, vosilka (1) LzŽ, Graž, vósilka (1) JT24, vosylkà (2) Plšk; Lex55, SD¹83, SD154, Q305, R229, BS154, MŽ, MŽ306, P, N, M, 226 Albina Auksoriūtė Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolyne: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms L, Š, MitIV182(Ašm) cornflower; its flower: Vosilka bajorė (Centaurea scabiosa) Mt, LBŽ“ LKŽe; bajorė BVŽ 75; Latin Cinchona – kinina, cf. kinina or kinkina Pr 251; kinmedis (Gr), syn. kinina (Iv) LBŽ 89; kinina “(Lith. chinina) noun f. 1. LBŽ, Mt bot. kinmedis (Cinchona succirubra)” LKŽe; chininmedis BVŽ 86; Latin Cinnamomum – cinamonas, cf. cināmonas, cinēmonas Pr 155; cinamonas (Iv, Klv) LBŽ 89; cinamōnas noun m. (2) DŽ, KŽ, Smn, cināmonas (1) NdŽ, KŽ, Gs, Slnt, Pgr, cinamōnas (2) NdŽ, KŽ “bot. a tropical tree or shrub used as a spice (Cinnamomum); the bark of this tree, used as a spice: When boiling berries, cinnamon should be added for its aroma Grg. Grind cinnamon for sprinkling Pn. Having crushed cinnamon and tied it in a clean white cloth with a clean little stone, I lower it on a thread through the bung into the very middle of the small cask [of mead] S.Dauk” LKŽe; cinamonas BVŽ 86; Latin Cochlearia – krienas, cf. skabietras Pr 177; krienas (Iv, Mln), syn. kriena (Iv), Latin Cochlearia Armorácia – valgomasis krienas (Iv, Mln) LBŽ 97; 1 krienas “(Slavic) noun m. (4) 1. SD27, MP337, J, P, LBŽ, NdŽ, DŽ, Trg, Brs, Brž, Rm, Kp bot. a plant of the crucifer family, with a thickened, fleshy root and underground stem (Armoracia): Valgomasis krienas (A. rusticana) P.Snar” LKŽe; skabētras BVŽ 91, Latin Armorácia – krienas BVŽ 41; krienas Sabaliauskas 1990: 240; Latin Eugenia – gvazdikas, cf. gwajzdikas Pr 201; Latin Eugénia caryophylláta – gvaizdikmedis LBŽ 137; gvazdikas “(Lith. gwoździk) noun m. (2) J, Dkš; R, Mt, LBŽ bot. a garden-grown plant of the Caryophyllaceae family (Dianthus)” LKŽe; gvazdikmedis “noun m. (1) DŽ; LBŽ bot. a tropical plant whose flower buds contain strongly aromatic essential oil, used medicinally and as a spice (Eugenia caryophyllata)” LKŽe; eugenija BVŽ 127; Latin Ruta – ruta, cf. rūta Pr 165; 1 rūtà “(Belarusian рута, Lith. ruta) noun f. (2), (4) Kp, Sb, Km 1. DP314, SD328, Q407, H, R, K bot. a garden plant of the Rutaceae family, with upright branching stems, small leaves, and a strong scent (Ruta): Žalioji rūta (R. graveolens) P.Snar” LKŽe; rūta BVŽ 261; rūta Sabaliauskas 1990: 242; Latin Triglochin – naryčia, cf. nariczė Pr 119; ×naryčia “(Lith. norzyca, Russian норица) noun f. (1) 2. Kos38, I a disease of horses’ glands, strangles. <...> 4. P, LBŽ, Mt bot. a plant of the Juncaginaceae family; narytžolė (Triglochin)” LKŽe; narytžolė BVŽ 301; Latin Zingiber – imbiras, cf. imbieras Pr 138; imbiras “noun m. (1) BŽ187 see imbieras: We bought ginger, cloves, and all sorts of other spices rš. With little peppers, with little pieces of ginger, we’ll drink a little glass of vodka JD987 LKŽe; imbieras (Lith. imbier) “noun m. (1) DŽ; SD78, LBŽ bot. a tropical plant (Zingiber); its rhizomes (Rhizoma Zingiberis), used medicinally and as a spice” LKŽe; imbieras BVŽ 317. Essentially, all the borrowed plant genus names discussed have entered our language from Slavic languages or via Slavic languages. Terminologija | 2020 | 27 227 CONCLUSIONS 1. The plant and fungal genus names by L. Ivinskis presented in P. Matulionis’s Žolynas are mostly neologisms coined by L. Ivinskis. They account for about 60 percent of all the names by L. Ivinskis presented in the dictionary mentioned above. About 51 percent of the names were formed by derivation and about 9 percent by compounding. A considerable number of names of unclear formation were also found—about 19 percent of all the plant and fungal genus names examined. 2. Among derivatives, suffixal derivatives predominate, accounting for about 86 percent of all derivatives. The most productive suffixes, used to form the greatest number of plant and fungal genus names, are -enis, -enė; less than a third are derivatives with the suffix -ena. Most of L. Ivinskis’s plant and fungal genus names from P. Matulionis’s Žolynas were included in LBŽ and subsequently in other botanical dictionaries, and are therefore still in use today. Twenty-three plant and fungal genus names formed with suffixes are in current use, for example: ežeinis, garždenis, gniaužtenis, laiškenis, girūnė, nerūnė, sultenė, kerpena, strugena, nertvė. 3. Prefixal and ending derivatives each account for only 6 percent of all clearly identifiable neologisms. Two prefixal derivatives are in current use: begalis and prožirnis, as are two ending derivatives: nuosėdis and nuokana. Only thirteen compounds coined by L. Ivinskis are listed in Žolynas, constituting 15 percent of all clearly identifiable neologisms; seven of them are still in use: blakėžudė, dviguonė, kietagrūdis, kietavarpė, medumėlė, paukštpienė, švitriešis. 4. Two types of motivation can be distinguished for neologisms: word-formation and semantic. The base words and components of compounds indicate various characteristics of plants and fungi: their growing location, color, purpose, and the resemblance of plant flowers, leaves, fruits, or fungal fruiting bodies to some object found in reality, another plant, or other features. Some neologisms have motivations that are difficult to trace, apparently reflecting L. Ivinskis’s individual associations and creativity. 5. Eleven plant and fungal genus names of unclear formation have also become established in current usage. For some of them, a word-formation formant might perhaps be formally identified, but the base word is unclear, for example: garbenis, patvenis, plauretis, šertvė. 6. L. Ivinskis also terminologized plant and fungal names from the colloquial language of his time; these account for over 20 percent of all genus names by L. Ivinskis presented in Žolynas. Most of these terminologized names are compounds—eleven of them, for example: briedgaurė, kiaulgrybis, kiaulpienė, žvirbliarūtė, vingiorykštė—as well as names that entered our language from Indo-European or Baltic proto-languages, 228 Albina Auksoriūtė Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolyne: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms for example: avietė, linas, pušis. Nine borrowed names can also be classified as terminologized colloquial names, for example: blodustas, cinamonas, krienas, rūta. 7. A comparison of the plant and fungal genus names attributed to L. Ivinskis in Žolynas with those in Prigim­tūmenės showed that most names given in the two works differ. It is therefore clear that P. Matulionis did not take the plant genus names coined by L. Ivinskis for Žolynas from Prigimtūmenės. P. Matulionis stated that he used only L. Ivinskis’s drawings of fungi; it has not been possible to determine which other works by L. Ivinskis containing plant names he used. ŠALTINIAI F1-661 – Ivinskis Laurynas. Scaurus Agaricus rufo divaceus, rankraštis saugomas Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos instituto bibliotekos Rankraštyne, F1-661. Ivinskis Laurynas 1995: Pasauga. – Laurynas Ivinskis. Raštai, Vilnius: Vaga, įklija. LBŽ – Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas, sud. Botanikos žodyno komisija, red. J. Dagys, Kaunas, 1938. Pr – Ivinskis Laurynas. Prigim­tūmenė (Prigimtūmenė turėtent savieje dalijkus žemės, žoliun ir giwunus su parodimu anun wartojimo), rankraštis saugomas Lenkijos mokslų akademijos bibliotekoje Krokuvoje, 1 d. katalogo nr. 1801; 2 d. katalogo nr. 2824. TA I – Pabrėža Jurgis Ambraziejus. Taislius augyminis. I–223, par. O. Kažukauskaitė, R. Šepetytė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2009. Ž – Matulionis Povilas. Žolynas. Dalys II. Lietuvos augalų žodynas ir augalų taislas, Vilnius: M. Kutkos spaustuvė, 1906. LITERATŪRA Auksoriūtė Albina 1998: Lauryno Ivinskio rankraščiai Krokuvoje. – Terminologija 5, 102–110. Auksoriūtė Albina 2000: Lauryno Ivinskio terminologijos darbai: daktaro disertacija, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Auksoriūtė Albina 2004: Neaiškios darybos L. Ivinskio Prigimtūmenės naujažodžiai. – Terminologijos istorijos ir dabarties problemos, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 127–149. Auksoriūtė Albina 2008: Keletas atgaivintų Lauryno Ivinskio augalų vardų. – Terminologija 15, 132–141. Auksoriūtė Albina 2019: Povilo Matulionio „Žolyne“ pateiktų augalų genčių vardų autoriniai šaltiniai. – Bendrinė kalba 92, 1–21. DOI: doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.11. BVŽ 1998: Botanikos vardų žodynas, sud. R. Jankevičienė, Vilnius: Botanikos instituto leidykla. Čiužauskaitė Iona 2012: Laurynas Ivinskis: nuo lietuviškų kalendorių leidėjo iki didaktinės prozos kūrėjo. – Priešaušrio mokslas, kultūra ir švietimas: Lauryno Ivinskio 200-osioms gimimo metinėms, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 137–146. EŽDB – Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė. Prieiga internete: https://etimologija.baltnexus.lt/ [žiūrėta 2020-11-20]. Gliwa Bernd 2002: Nuodingų augalų nuokana ‘Cicuta Virosa L.’ bei nuokanis ‘toks grybas, Lactarius Turpis Weinm.’ pavadinimai lietuvių kalboje. – Onomasiology Online 3, 1–7. Grinev-Griniewicz Sergiusz 2011: Terminological Methods in the History of Terminology Science. – Terminologija 18, 27–42. Gritėnienė Aurelija 2006: Augalų pavadinimų motyvacija šiaurės panevėžiškių patarmėje, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Jakaitienė Elda 2010: Leksikologija: studijų knyga, antras pakart. leid., Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. Terminologija | 2020 | 27 229 Jankevičius Karolis, Jankevičienė Ramunėlė 1962: Kai kurie nauji duomenys apie L. Ivinskio darbus lietu-viškos botanikos terminijos srityje. – Botanikos klausimai 2, 151–163. Kažukauskaitė Ona 2010: Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas. – Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, IX–XXV. Klimavičius Jonas 2010. Terminas prie termino. VI. – Terminologija 17, 144–150. Kregždys Rolandas 2011: Rytų baltų fitonimų morfeminio skaidymo ypatumai (etninės žodžių identifikacijos problematika). – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 64–65, 137–164. Kruopas Jonas 1960: L. Ivinskio leksikografiniai darbai. – Lietuvos TSR Mokslų Akademijos darbai 1(8), 191–198. LF – Lietuvos TSR flora I (1959), II (1963), III (1961), Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, V (1976), Vilnius: Mokslas. LGA – Urbonas Vincentas. Lietuvos grybų atlasas, Kaunas: Lututė, 2007. Sabaliauskas Algirdas 1990: Lietuvių kalbos leksika, Vilnius: Mokslas. LKE – Lietuvių kalbos enciklopedija, antras patiksl. ir papild. leidimas, sud. K. Morkūnas, red. V. Ambrazas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (I–XX, 1941–2002), e. variantas, vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005. Prieiga internete: www.lkz.lt LRK – Lietuvos raudonoji knyga, vyr. red. Valerijus Rašomavičius, Vilnius: Lututė, 2007. LTB – Lietuvos Respublikos terminų bankas. Prieiga internete: http://terminai.vlkk.lt/. Lubienė Jūratė 2015: Lietuvių kalbos mikonimai: nominacija ir motyvacija: monografija, Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla. Maskuliūnienė Džiuljeta 2012: Lauryno Ivinskio grožinės prozos didaktika. – Priešaušrio mokslas, kultūra ir švietimas: Lauryno Ivinskio 200-osioms gimimo metinėms, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 147–160. Mikšytė Regina 1995: Lauryno Ivinskio literatūrinis palikimas. – Laurynas Ivinskis. Raštai, Vilnius: Vaga, 3–14. Petkevičiūtė Danutė 1988: Laurynas Ivinskis: monografija, Vilnius: Mokslas. Petkevičiūtė Danutė 2012: Pro laiko ūką: Laurynas Ivinskis. – Priešaušrio mokslas, kultūra ir švietimas: Lauryno Ivinskio 200-osioms gimimo metinėms, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 11–43. Petreikis Tomas 2012: Lauryno Ivinskio metsktailiai Žemaičiuose: regioninės knygos kultūros aspektas. – Priešaušrio mokslas, kultūra ir švietimas: Lauryno Ivinskio 200-osioms gimimo metinėms, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 67–136. Tyla Antanas 1995: Lauryno Ivinskio knygos „Pasauga“ likimas. – Laurynas Ivinskis. Raštai, Vilnius: Vaga, 395–400. Urbutis Vincas 2009: Žodžių darybos teorija, antras leid., Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Vitkauskas Vytautas 1997: Lauryno Ivinskio leksikografiniai principai. – Lauryno Ivinskio Kalendoriaus 150-mečiui, Vilnius, 29–32. VLEe – Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras, 2001–2020. Prieiga internete: http://www.vle.lt/. Комарова Зоя Ивановна 2009: Проблема мотивированности термина в различных научных парадиг-мах. – Современные тенденции в лексикологии, терминоведении и теории LSP: сборник научных трудов посвящается 80-летию Владимира Моисеевича Лейчика, Москва. Лейчик Владимир Моисеевич 2006: Терминоведение: Предмет, методы, структура, изд. второе, Москва. LAURYNAS IVINSKIS’ NAMES OF PLANT AND MUSHROOM GENERA IN POVILAS MATULIONIS’ ŽOLYNAS: DEDICATED TO THE 210TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF LAURYNAS ROKAS IVINSKIS S u m m a r y The article addresses 142 plant and mushroom genera names by Laurynas Ivinskis, which are presented in the first glossary of botanical terms published in Lithuania – the collection of plant names Žolynas Dalys II. Lietuvos augalų žodynas ir augalų taislas (1906) compiled by Povilas Matulionis. Ivinskis’ names of plant and mushroom genera presented in Žolynas are mainly the neologisms coined by Ivinskis, which ac- 230 Albina Auksoriūtė Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolyne: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms count for around 60 per cent of all Ivinskis’ names presented in the aforementioned glossary. Roughly 51 per cent of the names are formed by way of derivation; about 9 per cent of the names are composed by way of compounding. The number of names whose formation is unclear is also rather high – they account for approximately 19 per cent of all the names of plant an mushroom genera under analysis. The group of derivatives is dominated by suffixal derivatives, which account for roughly 86 per cent of all the derivatives. The most productive suffixes prevailing in the names of plant and mushroom genera are -enis, -ene; the derivatives with the suffix -ena account for less than one-third. Most of the names of the genera of plants and mushrooms composed by Ivinskis travelled from Matulionis’ Žolynas into Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas (Lithuanian Dictionary of Botany), were later included in other botanical dictionaries and have been used to this day. As far as suffixal derivatives are concerned, 23 names of plant and mushroom genera are still used today, e.g., laiškenis (Lat. Mercurialis, Eng. Mercury), girūnė (Lat. Sanicula, Eng. Sanicle, Black snakeroot), sultenė (Lat. Valerianella, Eng. Lamb’s lettuce, Cornsalad), strugena (Lat. Myosurus, Eng. Mousetail). Prefixal and inflectional derivatives each account for only 6 per cent of all the neologisms whose method of formation is clear. Two prefixal derivatives – begalis (Lat. Laserpitium, Eng. Laserwort, Woundwort), prožirnis (Lat. Genista, Eng. Greenweed, Broom, Woodwaxen) – and two inflectional derivatives – nuosėdis (Lat. Cortinarius, Eng. Webcap, Cort) and nuokana (Lat. Cicuta, Eng. Water-hemlock, combane) – came to contemporary usage. Only 13 compounds composed by Ivinskis are provided in Žolynas, which accounts for 15 per cent of all the neologisms in clear formation of which seven are also used today, e.g., blakėžudė (Lat. Cimifuga, Eng. Bugbane), kietagrūdis (Lat. Lithospermum, Eng. Gromwell, Pearlplant), paukštpienė (Lat. Ornithogalum, Eng. Star-of-Bethlehem). The motivation of neologisms of two types can be singled out: word-formation and semantics. Base words and the components of compounds point to various features of plants and mushrooms: growing site, colour, use, resemblance of blossoms, leaves, fruits of plants or the fruitbody of mushrooms to some item existing in reality, to another plant or other properties. There are also neologisms whose motivation is difficult to trace; that is a sign of Ivinskis’ individual associations and creativity. Eleven names of plants and mushrooms of unclear formation also established themselves in contemporary usage; in case of some of them the type of word-formation could be formally distinguished but the base word remains unclear, e.g., garbenis (Lat. Cephalanthera, Eng. Helleborine), plauretis (Lat. Gymnadenia, Eng. Rein orchid, Gymnadenia), šertvė (Lat. Polypodium, Eng. Polypody). Ivinskis terminologised the names of plants and mushrooms from the spoken language of that time; they constitute over 20 per cent of all the genera names proposed by Ivinskis and included in Žolynas. Most of such terminologised names are compounds – there are eleven of them, e.g., biedgaurė (Lat. Nardus, Eng. Mat-grass), kiaulpienė (Lat. Taraxacum, Eng. Dandelion), vingiorykštė (Lat. Filipendula, Eng. Dropwort); another group consists of the names which came into our language from Proto-Indo-European or Proto-Baltic, e.g., avietė (Lat. Rubus, Eng. Blackberry, Bramble, Terminologija | 2020 | 27 231 Logan berry, Raspberry), linas (Lat. Linum, Eng. Flax), pušis (Lat. Pinus, Eng. Pine. Nine borrowed names can also be attributed to terminologised names of the spoken language, e.g., cinamonas (Lat. Cinnamomum, Eng. Cinnamon), gvazdikas (Lat. Euge-nia, Eng. Rose-apple), ruta (Lat. Ruta, Eng. Rue). After comparing the names of plant and mushroom genera provided in Žolynas with a reference to Laurynas Ivinskis and the names found in Ivinskis’ manuscript Prigimtūmenė, it was concluded that most of the names presented in both works differ. It is therefore obvious that Matulionis did not take the names of plant genera coined by Ivinskis into his Žolynas from Prigimtūmenė. Matulionis pointed out that he had only used Ivinskis’ drawings of mushrooms; it could not be determined what other works of Ivinskis in which plant names are provided were used by Matulionis. Gauta 2020-10-20 Albina Auksoriūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] 2 3 2 Albina Auksoriūtė Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolyne: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms