Medicinos terminų antonimija „Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje“ (1928–1930 m.)

Palmira Zemlevičiūtė170 Antonyms of medical terms Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) doi.org/10.35321/term30-8 Antonyms of medical terms Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) Antonyms of Medical Terms in The Medical Dictionary (1928–1930) PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-3253 ANNOTATION The article examines the antonyms of medical terms in the most important five-part work of interwar Lithuanian physician and therapist Kazimieras Buinevičius (1872–1953) Internal Diseases Clinic Handbook (1928–1930). It explains the ways in which antonyms are expressed, discusses the structure of antonym terms and the types of opposites that connect them. Antonym is a common semantic phenomenon in the medical terminology of the textbook – pairs of antonym medical terms usually function in the same sentence, and sometimes in a close context (usually on the same or nearby page). Antonyms of medical terms are usually created in a lexical, less often in a constructive way (the most productive constructive means is the prefix ne-). Antonyms in medical terms are linked by three types of opposites – contradictory (most often), contrary and vector. It has been established that the antonyms of the composite medical terms in the Handbook are derived from species (most often) elements (most often expressed by ordinary, relative and nominative adjectives, less often – by participles) and related elements (most often expressed by suffixes -imas nouns), connected by antonym relations. Not one of these means of expression is involved in the formation of more than one compound medical term. Because, as shown by the research, the antonymy of compound medical terms in menimis didžia dalimi eina bendrosios leksikos žodžiai, teigtina, kad Vadovėlio general terms is derived from the antonymy of the general lexicon, not from the classification of medical terms. The characteristic features of the Handbook’s medical terms antonyms can be considered the fact that the antonym elements of the compound terms are not always combined in their expression, there are also cases of partial antonym, and the collision of antonym and simple negation leads to the possibility of quasi-antonyms or working (emerged in the text discourse) antonyms. 171Terminology | 2023 | 30 ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: terminas, medicinos terminas, antoniminis terminas, antonimija, contradictory antagonism, contrary antagonism, vector antagonism. ABSTRACT The article deals with the antonymic medical terms in Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlis (Textbook of Clinical Symptoms of Internal Diseases) (1928–1930), the landmark five-volume work by Kazimieras Buinevičius (1872–1953), Lithuanian physician of the inter-war era. It explains the ways in which antonymy is expressed, discusses the structure of antonymic terms and the types of the opposites that link them. Antonymy is not a rare semantic phenomenon amidst the medical terms of the textbook: pairs of antonymous medical terms usually function within the same sentence, and sometimes in the contiguous context as well (on the same or an adjacent page, as a rule). Antonymy of medical terms is usually devised by way of lexis, less often through formation (with the prefix ne- ‘non-’ being the most productive means of formation). Pairs of antonymous medical terms are related by three types of opposites: contradictory (most common), contrary, and vector. It was established that the antonymy of compound terms in the textbook (mostly) relative, and arises from the subordinate components (which are mostly represented by simple, pronominal adjectives and less commonly by participles) and the main components (mostly represented by nouns with the suffix -imas) that share antonymic links. Quite a few of these means of expression are involved in forming more than just one compound medical term. Since the research showed that the subordinate components in compound medical terms were largely words of the common lexis, it can be argued that the antonymy in the terminology of the textbook had been inherited from the antonymy of the common lexis rather than from any classification of medical terms. expression: there are some instances of partial antonymy, while the collision of A typical characteristic of the antonymy of the medical terms in the textbook is that the antonymic elements of compound terms are not always consistent in their antonymy and simple negation leads to a possibility of quasi-antonyms and working antonyms (i.e., those that occur in the discourse of the text). KEYWORDS: term, medical term, antonymic term, antonymy, contradictory opposite, contrary opposite, vector opposite. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Antonym as one of the semantic categories in common language is based on the natural need of the human mind to compare and examine various contradictions. It is a sort of encoded contrast, measured by the presence of an assertion and a denial. And antonyms, in turn, are semantic pairs of words of opposite meanings, not only distinguishing, but also determining each other, meaning minčių priešingas sąvokas, tipas, remiamas tiek kalbiniais, tiek loginiais Palmira Zemlevičiūtė172 Antonyms of medical terms by elements (Ermanytė 2008: 9, 11, 15, Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) 18). Antonyms can only be formed between words naming logically compatible concepts and necessarily having at least one common semantic feature. The meaning of antonyms is double. One part of it is revealed by the general characteristics of antonyms, and the other by the distinctive ones (Jakaitienė 2009: 132–134). In scientific language and terminology, antonym and antonyms are understood similarly. Antonym is defined as the relation of opposite between the units of terminology of the same level, describing different sides of one phenomenon or the relationship between two concepts (Kvašytė 2005: 12). And antonyms are usually considered terms of opposite meaning (see: Danilenko 1977: 79–81; Golovin, Kobrin 1987: 58; Superanskaja, Podolskaya, Vasilyeva 1989: 53; Tatarinob 2006: 16), naming the opposite concept of the same category according to the essential characteristic of a particular field (Kvašytė 2005: 10). In each terminological system, antonyms create certain microfields in which the opposition1 relationship is implemented. The Swiss linguist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Charles Bali, considered antonymic oppositions to be an inherent feature of the human mind, stating that each of the words always invokes the idea of the other in one way or another (Bali, quoted from Panko, Kočan, Maciuk 1994: 162–163). When one of the words of such a pair, linked by an associative bond based on difference, is pronounced, another comes to mind, in other words, one member of the pair informs the other (Rakhimova 2022: 309). Some terminologists (e.g., Danilenko) note that the colloquial semantic phenomenon is even more characteristic of the lexicon of the scientific language than of the lexicon of the general language (Danilenko 1977: 79), because contrast, oppositionality presupposes semantically polar units only according to the denotation (conceptual) feature, which distinguishes terminological antonym from the antonym of the general lexicon (Besekirska, quoted from Bagana, Veličkova 2012: 181). The reasons for terminological antonyms lie in the very nature of scientific concepts – some claim that concepts exist in pairs (Danilenko 1977: 79) and exist in pairs, others – that each concept has its opposite (Panko, Kočan, Maciuk 1994: 161). However, such statements are hardly acceptable. Not every concept has its own antonym pair. Manding, one cannot disagree with the Lithuanian terminology theoretician Kazimieras Gaivenas, who states that in the language of science and terminology antonym is not so pronounced because here, in addition to terms, there are also nomenclatural names, which are very rarely used in common language or not at all 1 More about oppositional relations in terminology see. : Amsili 2003; Gagné, The man 2016. 173Terminologija | 2023 | 30 not used, but known and understood only by specialists. On the other hand, terminology is not equal to terminology – in specific scientific terminology, antonyms are expressed differently. In some fields (e.g., psychiatry, gana ryški, o kitose srityse (pvz.: augalų ir gyvūnų sistematikoje, chemijos philosophy) it is in nomenclature, human and animal anatomy terminology) antonyms may be very few or not at all. Especially vague are the contextual non-cognate antonyms of science (Gaivenis 2014 [1989]: 171–172). In terminology, researchers unanimously recognize the positive role of antonyms in organizing the terminology system, ensuring the consistency of terminology, systematizing concepts, precisely defining their place and interrelationships in a particular terminology system, highlighting the essence of opposite concepts and thus contributing to the systematic and holistic perception of scientific information (see: Panko, Kočan, Maciuk 1994: 161–163; Pasternak 2007: 192; Boguš 2015: 15; Panočko, quoted from Us 2018: 228). Antonyms of terms have received relatively little attention in Lithuanian terminology. One of the first to highlight the concept of antonyms, the specificity of terminological antonyms and to discuss more typical cases of the use of antonyms in Lithuanian terminology in 1989 was K. Gaivenis (Gaivenis 2014 [1989]: 167–174). More than ten years later, the antonyms of linguistic terms received more attention (Andriuškaitė 2001: 65–75). More publications on the antonyms of terms in phonetics (Kazlauskaitė 2004: 212–218), literary science (Mitkevičienė 2006: 134–148), and computer science (Paura 2010: 101–122) appeared shortly thereafter. A few words are said about the division of antonyms. Antonyms are usually divided on more than one basis. For example, according to the structure (form), there are root and derivative (Ermanytė 2008: 10; Jakaitienė 2009: 136) (cf. different roots and common roots (Pikčilingis 1975: 229), different roots and co-roots (LKE 1999: 29)), according to whether a word is antonym to another in the language system or only in a certain context – systemic (cf. real, constant; they are also called antonyms of language (see LKE 1999: 10)) and contextual (Pikčilingis 1975: 228; LKE 1999: 29; Jakaitienė 2009: 137–138) (cf. real and contextual (Ermanytė 2008: 10); the latter are also called speech, situational (see LKE 1999: 10)). Antonyms can also be divided according to the concepts they denote (see Pikčilingis 1975: 229). In this article, the antonyms of medical terms are divided into non-co-root and co-root antonyms on the basis of structure. These terms appear in the works on antonyms (see: Andriuškaitė 2001; Kazlauskaitė 2004) as lexical antonyms and functional antonyms. The object miškesni, nors minimi ir tradiciniai pirmuosiuose lietuvių terminologijos Palmira Zemlevičiūtė174 Medicinos terminų antonimija Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) of this article consists of antonyms of medical terms of the most important five-part work of interwar Lithuanian physician and therapist Kazimieras Buinevičius (1872–1953) Internal Diseases Clinic Handbook (1928–1930) (hereinafter – Handbook). The choice of this source was determined by several things. First of all, the textbook in question was an original (non-compulsory) work, written by Dr. Kazimieras Buinevicius in his capacity as head of the clinic (see https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/kazimieras-buinevicius/). Compared to other lietuvio gydytojo, 16 metų (1923–1939) ėjusio Lietuvos universiteto (nuo 1930-ųjų – Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto) Vidaus ligų medicinos katemedical textbooks of the time (which, it must be said, were published in small numbers), this was the largest medical textbook, from which more than one generation of doctors learned and which undoubtedly had an influence on the formation and development of scientific terminology in Lithuanian medicine. 1) to analyze the structure of the antonym medical terms, 2) to identify the types of Siekiama ištirti Vadovėlio antoniminius medicinos terminus. Šiam tikslui pasiekti keliami tokie uždaviniai: 1) išsiaiškinti medicinos terminų anopposites connecting the antonym medical terms. Mostly applied descriptive analytical, interpretation methods. Since the antonyms are comparable to each other, the comparative method is also used. NON-COMMON ROOT ANTONYMS MEDICINOS TERMINAI In terms of structure, the researched terms are divided into two groups – non-co-rooted (lexical) and co-rooted (verbal). Within these groups, the terms are grouped according to their semantic and logical opposites2. Thus, the contradictory, contrary and vector-related antonyms of medical terms are distinguished. In the linguistic and terminological literature, contradictory3 antagonism is evaluated in a ambiguous way. Some authors identify it with complementary 2 More on semantic and logical contradictions see. Ermanytė 1995: 9–10. 3 According to A. Mitkevičienė, it is difficult to strictly distinguish terms named on the basis of contradictory opposition from antonyms based on contradictory opposition. It is usually considered whether there is a middle member (assigned on the same basis) or not (Mitkevičienė 2006: 137). 175Terminologija | 2023 | 30 Škel 2021: 266), others interpret them as two priešybe, t. y. laiko jas tuo pačiu tipu (Ermanytė 1995: 9–10; 2008: 10; different types of opposites (Tatarinov 2006: 17; Barvickaja 2014: 17–18). "Astronomical Observations" (PDF) (2006): 136. pastebėjimu, „apskritai kalbotyroje priešybių tipai skiriami ne tuo pačiu Proponents of the first approach argue that the contradictory relationships connect the existing antonimai yra grindžiami prieštaraujančiomis sąvokomis (Ermanytė 2008: 41). Tokiais antonimais nusakomi du požymiai, turint galvoje tarp šių priešgap of enemies4. Negating one of the antonyms, we get another – definite and extreme opposite (e.g., single – not + single = married). In other words, one of the opposites indicates the presence of a certain feature of the concept, and the other not only its absence, but also the possession of the opposite feature (Paura 2010: 110). Contradictory antagonism is most often characteristic of qualitative adjectives or participants performing the functions of adjectives, nouns and adverbs (Ermanytė 1995: 9–10; 2008: 23). Other authors call the contradictory opposition complementary. Thus, in their view, to complementary, antonyms are distinguished, which express the presence or absence of a certain feature or characteristic. They presuppose the polarity of the objects, characteristics, etc., i.e. one of the antonyms determines the existence of the other. A characteristic feature of such oppositions is the absence of a middle, intermediate member (Škel 2021: 266). A comparison of the approaches discussed shows that there is no practical difference in the concept of contradictory opposition, except for the fact that some use only one term to describe the opposition in question, while others use two terms. The authors who operate only with the term of complementarity, in other words, do not use the term of contradiction, seem to differ from the aforementioned authors, but their concept of verbal opposition clearly shows that we are talking about contradictory opposition. Complementary antonyms do not exclude each other, but rather correlate on the basis of the contrast of the characteristics expressed by them. Complementary antonyms exhaust the species concept by describing it in one aspect or another (Barvickaja 2014: 18). This opposite is created by two words that complement each other. The denial of one member of such an opposition presupposes the significance of the other. There is often no space between the extreme members of the opposite 4 The space here is understood as the intermediate member between these antonyms, pagrindu; jie papildo vienas kitą, kad išreikštų vieno ar kito požymio rialso called the meson (Szestakova 2017: 252), absence. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė176 Antonyms of medical terms of intermediate member (Bilalova 2022: 180). Complementary Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) antonyms are also called complementary, because they express complementarity (complementary and the concept of complementarity, in other words, the terms related to the aforementioned opposite correlate and mą) (žr. Gorochova 2015: 65). Tai naujas požiūris – atsiranda koreliacijos complement each other. Those who hold a different view treat contradictory and complementary oppositions as different types of oppositions (see Tatarinov 2006: 17; Barvickaja 2014: 17–18). Antonyms related to the relation of contradictory opposition (in terms of logic) mean contradictory concepts. This opposition is based on the presence or absence of a characteristic or feature. The assertion that this opposition gives space between the two characteristics is false. For example, synchronized – unsynchronized. The sign is expressed only by the word synchronized, and unsynchronized does not mean any sign, this word negates the sign expressed by the first opposition member. Complementary opposition is created on the basis of a category called relativity in logic. If relativity is an antonym, for example, the notion of hermeticity as if attracts the notion of non-hermeticity, but does not deny the latter’s existence – this is the main difference between complementary and contradictory antonyms. A mandatory characteristic of complementary antonym is the inevitability of the second member of opposition (Tatarinov 2006: 17). In the case of a complementary antonym, one of the opposites does not negate the other, unlike in the case of a contradictory antonym. It is worth mentioning that in this suponuoja priešingo nario egzistavimą, tada atsiranda komplementarinė article, when distinguishing and naming the preposition in question as interrelated, and antonym pairs are considered as interrelated contradictory opposition, when denying one member of that pair results in another member, not only not having the characteristic of the first member, but also denoting the opposite characteristic. The empirical material is predominantly composed of medical terms with antonyms of different species roots, mostly of Lithuanian origin. Thus, it can be said that the antonym of compound medical terms related to contradictory opposition is determined by the antonym of species points. Usually, these elements are adjectives, usually relative, e.g.: [outside]5 5 A feature of the textual use of compound terms is that in the linked text, general or relative elements can be omitted. Here and in other examples in the article, the missing points šybę palaikoma lietuvių kalbotyros ir terminologijos nuostata, t. y. kontradikciškumo ir komplementarumo sąvokos ne priešinamos, o laikomos are replaced in square brackets. 177Terminologija | 2023 | 30 fistulas – [intermediate] fistulas VLK II 163, primary anaemia – secondary VLK III 158–159, pirminė hypertrofija – antrinė hypertrofija VLK I 7, stora [anaemia] upper lip – thick lower [lip] VLK III 46. One of the characteristic oppositions of the general lexicon is the top-bottom opposition of words. This contradiction is also determined by such composite medical terms as paralysis of lower [limbs] – paralysis of upper limbs VLK V 169, horizontal dissociation – vertical dissociation VLK IV 148, 149. The hybrid elements physical (physical) and mental (mental) are often opposed, e.g.: physical [asthenia] – mental asthenia VLK III 99, physical [infantilism] – mental infantilism VLK III 61. The opposite of these elements could be based on the fact that one of them represents the connection with the body, i.e. with what is tangible, and the other, on the contrary, the connection with the psyche, i.e. with what is intangible. From the classification of medical concepts, there is an antonym of species spots systolic < systole6 – diastolic < diastole7, atonic – spastic “spasmodic”. In the scientific literature, heart murmurs are divided into functional and organic, and the latter into systolic and diastolic, blood pressure is divided into arterial and venous, and arterial into systolic (maximum, upper) and diastolic (lowest, lower); constipation is divided into atonic < atony8 and spasmodic < spasm9. Thus, on the basis of this information, it can be said that the antonym pairs are formed by the terms systolic – diastolic VLK III 448 / systolic murmurs – diastolic murmurs VLK V 143, systolic murmur – diastolic murmur VLK I 5; systolic blood pressure – diastolic blood pressure VLK IV 153 / systolic pressure – diastolic pressure I 154; atonic constipation – spastic constipation VLK II 153, 154. The antonym of the terms peripheral heart – central heart VLK I 54, peripheral heart diseases – central heart diseases VLK I 54 hybrid species domains comes from the opposite meanings of the adjectives peripheral “located at the edge, on the edge” and central “located in the center, in the middle”, running through the speech domains. 6 Systole (Greek: systolē – contraction, compression) “the contraction of the atrials and ventricles of the heart, through which the blood flowing from the heart is pushed into the aorta and pulmonary artery” TŽZ 2007 1012. 7 Diastole (Greek: diastolē – stretching, expansion) “the expansion of the atrials and ventricles of the heart, through which blood flows into the heart” TŽZ 2007 240. 8 Gr. atonia – flaccidity, weakness (TŽZ 2007: 121). 9 Gr. spasms – convulsions (TŽŽ 2007: 1028). Palmira Zemlevičiūtė178 Antonyms of medical terms Antonym pairs Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) transverse increase of the heart – longitudinal increase of the heart The transverse – longitudinal opposition of the VLK I 2 species dots is determined by the transverse – longitudinal antonym of the words of the general lexicon. Neretai antoniminių sudėtinių medicinos terminų rūšiniai dėmenys are expressed by nominative adjectives, e.g. right ventricular hypertrophy – left ventricular hypertrophy VLK I 7, artificial jaundice – true jaundice VLK III 313, VLK IV 114, left atrial – right atrial VLK I 1, hard palate defects – soft palate defects VLK II 111, hard palate scars – soft palate scars VLK II 111, small bowel cancer – large bowel cancer VLK II 159, large bronchial catarrh – small bronchial catarrh VLK II 25, large bowel catarrh – small bowel catarrh VLK II 106. Most of these envy shows that the Handbook of medical terms antonym comes from the general lexical antonym – the words hard, thin opposite meaning pair is soft, thick. There are such antonyms, whose specific elements are the adjectives red and white, e.g., red [body10 appearance changes] – white body11 appearance changes VLK III 449. Such antonyms in Lithuanian terminology are also called terminological meanings (Andriuškaitė 2001: 72), or terminological (Kvašytė 2005: 12), antonyms, since their opposition has been formed in the very system of terminology (in this case – medicine). Although the words red and white do not have opposite meanings in the general lexicon, oppositional relations between these words are possible in a certain context, in other words, the adjectives mentioned are contextual antonyms (see Ermanytė 1993: 78). Thus, the question arises, is the opposition of red and white to be considered as formed in the common language or is it a new pair of antonyms formed in the medical terminology system? By the way, the relationship of such adjectives as hard – soft, thin – thick, which are used in the kinds, with the contradictory opposite can also be treated in a ambiguous way. In general vocabulary, they should be regarded as related not by contradictory, but by contradictory opposition, but in the nomenclature of anatomy, the terms hard palate – soft palate, small intestine – large intestine do not have middle members (mesoterms). Such cases of discussion occur in the terminology of other fields as well, for example, in literary studies (for more details see. Mitkevičienė 2006: 139–140). 10 Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, do not have a nucleus (Stropus, Tamašauskas, Paužienė 2005: 47–48). 11 White blood cells, or leukocytes, have a nucleus (Stropus, Tamašauskas, Paužienė 2005: 47–48). 185Terminologija | 2023 | 30 suaugimai VLK I 39, išoriniai [kraujaplūdžiai] – vidujiniai kraujaplūdžiai VLK III 42), įvardžiuotiniais (karštosios tynės – šaltosios tynės VLK III 393–394, mažoji kurvatūra – major curvature VLK II 88, sausas perikarditas – wet pericarditis VLK I 39), derived (ankstybas syfilis perijodas – late [syphilis] period VLK III 259) adjectives. According to the Academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, adjectives related to opposite relations benign – malignant, continuing compound terms benign newcomers – malignant newcomers VLK II 160, 186 / benign newcomer – malignant [newcomer] VLK III 240 with species elements, function in the field of medicine – they are accompanied by the statement med. Reta atvejų, kai sudėtinių medicinos terminų antonimiją lemiantys rūšiniai dėmenys eina dalyviais, pvz.: atsikišusios ausys – priaugusios ausys VLK III 58, lying position – sitting position VLK IV 141, negative [pressure] – positive [pressure] VLK II 58. In individual cases, the opposite is created by polar prepositions without and with, e.g. sympathocotonia with struma – [sympaticotonia] without struma VLK III 96. Tarp kontrarine (kaip ir kontradikcine) priešybe susijusių antoniminių medicinos terminų rūšinių dėmenų esama ir tokių, kurie nėra suderinti its expression, e.g.: new attack – old [attack] VLK V 180, permanent [renal insufficiency] – temporary renal insufficiency VLK III 266, constant pain – transient [pain] VLK III 442, first attack – last attack VLK V 79–80. This is a natural feature of the text, since the author is free to choose the form of the terms used. The possibility of unintentional use of terms of different meanings cannot be ruled out. Generally speaking, a factor that can influence speech is the absence or non-establishment of terms. Antonyms of medical terms connected by vector antagonism Antonyms of this type denote various directional antagonisms. The kiniame tekste, manding, labiau žiūrima turinio, o ne formos. Kitas dalykas, members of pairs associated with vector opposition are linked by the general meaning of movement in opposite directions (Ermanytė26 2008: 46), they are called opposite direction 26 It should be noted that E. Jakaitienė refers to members associated with vector opposition only as those members that name actions or events in the opposite direction (see Jakaitienė 2009: 134), and, in the opinion of I. Ermanytė, members associated with vector opposition can be called not only words naming actions in the opposite direction, but also words naming various directions and characteristics. For example, the researcher considers such pairs as left – right, here – there as vector antonyms (see Ermanytė 1995: 9). However, it would be difficult to agree with this view, since the aforementioned word pairs do not express a direction, but a position in space. Thus, the article follows E. Jakaitienė’s concept of vector antonyms. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė186 Medical terms antonym actions or events (Jakaitienė Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) 2009: 134). In the investigated source, a list of antonyms of medical terms related to the spoken opposition. Most commonly, the compound medical ši priešybė kuriama leksiniu būdu, priešinant daugiausia lietuviškos kilterms consist of relative elements of different roots, denoting the names of actions, which are usually followed by the suffix -imas, although there are also vediniai, pvz., temperatūros kritimas – temperatūros pakilimas VLK IV 53, 54, VLK V 186 / temperatūros pakilimas – temperatūros kritimas VLK II 56, solid terms related to the vector opposition relationship, e.g., protrusion – dent in VLK II 88. Some related terms form antonym pairs with different terms, which are linked by synonymic relations27, e.g.: partial dislocations – partial [insertions] VLK II 1 and thoracic dislocation – thoracic dent VLK II 1, vasodilatation – vasoconstriction VLK III 49 and pupillary narrowing – pupillary expansion VLK III 46, VLK IV 9. According to the illustrative sentences in LKŽ, muscles and blood vessels usually contract, and the pupils narrow. Thus, it can be said that the antonym of the latter term pairs will be determined by the antonym of the general lexicon. Some terminologists argue that the vector opposition is further reinforced by the so-called polar prefixes (see Panko, Kočan, Maciuk 1994: 163). Such a statement would be supported by a pair of the Handbook’s antonyms blood pressure rise – blood pressure fall VLK I 48, but such cases are not frequent in the handbook. The verb derived with a prefix, from which the noun with the genus of the first member of the antonym pair is made, indicates the direction from the bottom to the top, and the verb derived with a prefix, from which the noun with the genus of the second member of the antonym pair is made, indicates the direction from the top to the bottom. ANTONYMES OF COMMON ROOTS MEDICINOS TERMINAI The opposite meaning of the antonyms discussed in the previous section lies in different roots. The textbook also contains antonyms of the same root, which have the opposite meaning given by the means of making. In the linguistic and terminological literature, antonyms of the same root, to which the means of action give the opposite meaning, are called action paradigms (Gaivenis, 27). Such paradigms have been called parallel nests by I. Ermanytė (Ermanytė 2008: 84). 187Terminology | 2023 | 30 Keinys 1990: 20; Andriuškaitė 2001: 70; Kvašytė 2005: 10; Mitkevičienė 2006: 136; Jakaitienė 2009: 137), common root (Mitkevičienė 2006: 136; LKE 2008: 27) antonyms. In order to realize the antonymism, the prefix neis darybos priemonės dažniausiai yra priešdėliai. Produktyviausias iš jų yra used, with which the derived derivatives denote precisely the opposite of the thing said by the main word (LKG I 1965: 428). According to the observation of Irena Ermanytė, lexical units with a negative in each case have a contradictory meaning (Ermanytė 2008: 32). Antonyms are formed by adding a negative prefix to one of the members of the pair. Thus, a member of negative semantics that does not have a prefix conveys the absence of the thing named by another, i.e., a member of positive semantics, which results in a relationship of opposition (Boguš 2015: 15; cf. Panko, Kočan and Maciuk 1994: 163–164). The verbal prefix is characterized by exceptional activity in creating antonym relations and in the Handbook medical terminology. As the empirical material shows, these relations are not characteristic of terminams – pasitaikė tik dvi antoniminės poros; viena iš jų sudaryta iš homogeneous medicines of the same root, consisting of members having a common root of native origin, to one of which the prefix neis added: inflammation exudates – non-inflammation [exudates] VLK II 65, and the other – from members having a common root of foreign origin, to one of which the international prefix antihas been added, having the meaning of opposite to something (TŽZ 2007: 86): toxins – antitoxins VLK V 6. Antonyms are generally used to refer to compound medical terms whose specific elements differ by the prefix non-. Typically, antonym pairs are formed between species having the same Lithuanian origin root: dė15–16, VLK III 445, menų, pvz.: gilios opos – negilios opos VLK V 102–103, [nepilnos] fistulos – pilnos fistulos VLK II 163, neskambūs karkalai – skambūs karkalai VLK II neskardūs [karkalai] – skardūs [karkalai] VLK II 48, tikroji [cervical vein pulsacija] – netikroji [cervical vein pulsacija] VLK III 449, tikroji krūtinės angina – netikra krūtinės angina VLK I 62, 64, netikrosios krūtinės angina priepuoliai – tikroji krūtinės angina priepuoliai VLK I 60, 62. It should be said that it is not always possible to say that the terms are antonyms, in other words, sometimes it is possible to see a collision between antonym and simple negation, for example: high [temperature] – not high [temperature] VLK V 51, minor pains – significant pains VLK III 250, healthy kidneys – unhealthy kidneys VLK III 276, calm [facial expression] – restless [facial expression] VLK III 443. Let's take even the species elements of the already mentioned term pair Palmira Zemlevičiūtė188 Antonyms of medical terms inflammation and Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) non-inflammation. Inflammation denotes a concept, therefore there is a term. ar žymi sąvoką neuždegimas? Jei pastarasis tik paprasčiausiai paneigia uždeIn the case of an antagonist, this is called an antagonistic (antagonistic) effect. The same applies to pores high – low temperature, deep – shallow ulcers, significant – minor pain. Such pairs of terms could also be regarded as working antonyms that have emerged in the medical discourse. A few antonym pairs are formed between species with foreign origin roots; The antonyms of the species elements of the two-word compound terms also prevail here, e.g.: formal [elements] – non-formal elements VLK II 60, consonant carcals – non-consonant [carcals] VLK II 9, leukaemic newborns – non-leukaemic newborns VLK II 159, inorganic extrasystoles – organic extrasystoles VLK I 58, non-toxic adenoma – toxic adenoma VLK III 97, syphilitic aneurysms – non-syphilitic aneurysms VLK I 45, organic insufficiency of the tricuspid valves – inorganic insufficiency of the tricuspid valves VLK I 17. Antonyms can also be expressed by using different prepositions (Cherenko 2010: 184), for example, in and out-: depth of inhalation – depth of exhalation VLK II 61, inhalation [force] – force of exhalation VLK III 445, prolonged inhalation – prolonged exhalation VLK II 74, 75. There were a few compound terms (singular and compound with compound elements) that occupy an intermediate position between co-rooted and non-co-rooted antonyms (see Mitkevičienė 2006: 142; also cf. Andriuškaitė 2001: 72). Antonyms pairs are made up of -ystė suffixes, whose base words are punched high-sighted and low-sighted and far-sighted and near-sighted, e.g.: augštažiūrystė28 (farsightedness) – žemažiūrystė29 (short-sightedness) VLK III 454, trumparegystė – toliregystė VLK III 442. There were several foreign-origin punching terms, the first syllables of which have antonymic meanings, e.g.: tachycardia30 – bradycardia31 VLK I 57, hypoglycaemia32 – hyperglycaemia28 According to LKŽe, high has a meaning shade of “far” and low – “short”. 29 See footnote 30. 30 Tachycardia (Greek tachys – fast + kardia – heart) “accelerated heartbeat (more than 100 times per minute)” (see https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/tachikardija/). 31 Bradycardia (Greek bradys – slow + kardia – heart) “slow heartbeat (less than 60 heartbeats per minute)” (see https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/bradikardija/). 32 Hypoglycemia (from Greek hypo – below (prefix indicating being below, decrease or reduction compared to the norm) + glycemia) “decrease in blood glucose” (see https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/ hypoglykemija/). 189Terminology | 2023 | 30 The antonymy of the adjectives divartis – trivartis, ja33 VLK III 107. Tokių sudėtinių terminų kaip dvivarčių vožtuvų nepakanwhose opposite relationships do not arise from the native echinococcus – polyvalent echinococcus in VLK III 322–323, but from the classification of medical concepts, is determined by the insufficiency of the tri-gate valve iš bendrosios kalbos, kaip, pavyzdžiui, manytina, sudėtinių terminų vieVLK I 15, 17, the insufficiency of the tri-gate opening – the insufficiency of the bi-gate opening VLK I 17. Separately mentioned are such antonym pairs, between whose members the oppositional relationship is created by the international element pseudo-, which has the meaning of uncertainty. The aforementioned element was added to the root spot of alien origin of one of the pair members: diphtheria [Hoffmann’s rod] – pseudo-diphtheria Hoffmann’s rod VLK V 166. The other pair is more interesting in that it consists of members of different structure, i.e. a solid and composite two-word term: “pseudoleukemia” – true leukemia VLK III 156–157. The first member of this pair also has its own synonym "false leukemia" VLK III 156-157. There are also more species features with international elements of opposite significance. Antonyms are formed by exo-, indicating the interface with the outside (TŽZ 2007: 275), and endo-, indicating the presence inside (TŽZ 2007: 296), e.g.: exogenous [origin poison] – poison of endogenous origin VLK III 161, endogenous origin – exogenous origin VLK II 160, hyper-, indicating exceeding the norm (TŽZ 2007: 430), and hypo-, meaning “below, less than the norm” (TŽZ 2007: 433), e.g., hyperchromic anemia – hypochromic anemia. [anemia] VLK III 159. CONCLUSIONS In the five-part manual of the Clinic of Internal Diseases (1928–1930) by the interwar Lithuanian physician and therapist K. Buinevičius, pairs of antonym medical terms usually function in the same sentence, i.e. in the regular34 and sometimes in the irregular (limited to the same or nearby pages) context. After analyzing them, it was found that antonym as one of the semantic categories is characteristic of interwar medicine, which also 33 Hyperglycemia (Greek hyper – above, beyond (the first part of the compound words, indicating the exceeding of the norm) + Greek glykys – sweet + haima – blood) “increase in the level of glucose in the blood” (see https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/hiperglikemija/). 34 The regular context is a context in which both antonyms are used in the same sentence or in adjacent sentences (Ermanytė 1995: 11; 2008: 73). Palmira Zemlevičiūtė190 Antonyms of medical terms to terms (in this case – Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) reprezentuoja tiriamasis Vadovėlis, terminijoje. Tai patvirtina XX a. antrojoje pusėje iškeltą mintį, kad kalbamasis reiškinys ne mažiau būdingas medical) than common language words. In the medical terminology of the textbook, antonym is usually expressed in lexical, less often in constructive way. These methods presuppose two structural groups – non-consonant and consonant antonyms. There are three types of opposites: contradictory, contrary, and vector, and common-rooted antonyms are related by the relationship of contradictory opposition. The latter antonyms have the opposite meaning given by the prefix ne- – endoand exo-, produktyviausia darybos priemonė, nors esama pavienių ir kitokios raiškos atvejų (priešingos reikšmės priešdėliai įir išbei tarptautiniai elementai hyperand hypo-). The most characteristic is the antonym of compound medical terms, which arises from the antonyms of species elements of Lithuanian origin, expressed mainly by adjectives (ordinary, relative and noun), much less frequently by participants, associated with the opposites of the nų antonimija rečiau pareina taip pat daugiausia iš antoniminiais santykiais susijusių lietuviškos kilmės gimininių dėmenų, dažniausiai einančių above-mentioned types. Speech term adjectives -ing nouns. Not one of these means of expression is involved in the formation of more than one compound medical term. It has been found that the antonyms of the most common compound medical terms are determined by the antonyms of the species elements, which are words of the general lexicon (e.g.: big – small, wet – dry, light – heavy, good – bad). Therefore, it can be said that the antonym of the yra parėjusi iš bendrosios leksikos antonimijos, mat antonimų porų, kurių Handbook terminology is largely an opposite formed and clear only in the terminology of the spoken area itself and arising from the classification of medical concepts, rare (e.g., systolic wheezing – diastolic wheezing). The characteristic features of the Handbook medical terms antonyms can be considered that the elements of compound terms related by antonym relations are not always combined in their expression, and there are also manifestations of partial antonym. Sometimes it is difficult to tell whether the opposite of a pair of medical terms is an antonym or just a simple denial determined by the text itself. Thus, this collision presupposes the possibility of quasi-antonyms or working antonyms (emerged in the text discourse). 191Terminology | 2023 | 30 ŠALTINIAI VLK I–V – Manual of the Clinic of Internal Medicine 1: Cardiovascular Diseases, Kazimieras Buinevičius, Kaunas: University of California Press, 1928. Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlis 2: Kvėpavimo ir virškinimo organų ligos, Kazimieras Buinevičius, Kaunas: University of California Press, 1928. Clinical Investigation Methodology: A Handbook for Clinical Investigators. Pathological constitutions. Buinevičius, sekrecijos ligos. Kraujo ir kraujo gaminamųjų organų ligos. Inkstų ir šlapimo takų, kepenų, blužnies ligos. Terapeutinė technika. Ligonių slaugymas. Dijetetika. Klimato ir balneoterapija. Farmakoterapija, Kazimieras Kaunas: Ministry of Education's Book Publishing Commission, 1929. 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ANTONYMY OF MEDICAL TERMS IN VIDAUS LIGŲ KLINIKOS VADOVĖLIS (1928–1930) Summary The article deals with the antonymic medical terms in Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlis (Textbook of Clinical Symptoms of Internal Diseases) (1928–1930), the landmark five-volume work by Kazimieras Buinevičius (1872–1953), a Lithuanian physician of the inter-war era. This textbook was used by several generations of medics and has undoubtedly affected the formation and evolution of Lithuanian medical terminology. The article explains the ways of expression of the antonymy of medical terms, analyses the structure of antonymous terms, and discusses the types of the opposites that link them. It was established that pairs of antonymous medical terms usually function within the same sentence, i.e., in the regular and sometimes in the irregular context (which is limited to the same or an adjacent page). Analysis of these pairs revealed that antonymy as a semantic category is typical of inter-war medical terminology, which the examined textbook represents. This supports the idea, advanced in the second half of the twentieth century, that the phenomenon discussed is just as typical of terminology (in this case, medical terms) as it is of the words in standard language. In medical terminology of the textbook, antonymy mostly manifests itself in lexically and less commonly derivatively. These methods presuppose two structural groups: non-conjugate (left atrium–right atrium ‘left ventricle–right ventricle’) and conjugate (short-sightedness–long-sightedness ‘short-sightedness – long-sightedness’) antonyms. Non-conjugate antonyms are defined by three types of opposites – contradictory, contrary, and vector, while conjugate antonyms are linked by contradictory opposites. The latter antonyms derive their opposite meaning from the prefix ne-, which is the most productive means of term formation, although isolated instances of other forms of expression also exist (such as opposite prefixes į- 'into' and iš- 'out' and foreign elements endoand egzo-, hiperand hipo-). The most characteristic is the antonymy of compound medical terms arising from the antonymy of words mostly of Lithuanian origin related by the above-mentioned types of the opposites, mainly expressed by adjectives (simple, relative, and pronominal) and less commonly by participles. The antonymy of the terminology discussed, predominantly based on antonymic main components of Lithuanian origin, which are mainly expressed by nouns with the suffix -imas, is less frequent. Quite a few of these means of expression are involved in forming more than just one compound medical term. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė194 Medicinos terminų antonimija Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) It was established the antonymy of compound medical terms is most frequently the product of the antonymy of the subordinate components that function as words of the standard lexis (e.g., didelis–mažas ‘large-small’, drėgnas–sausas ‘wet-dry’, lengvas–sunkus ‘light-heavy’, geras–blogas ‘good-bad’). Hence the antonymy of the terminology in the textbook can be said to have been largely derived from the antonymy of the standard lexis, for the pairs of antonyms whose opposites evolved from and is clear only in the terminology of the field discussed are few (e.g., systolinis ūžesys–diastolinis ūžesys ‘systolic murmur–diastolic murmur’). A typical characteristic of the antonymy of the medical terms in the textbook is that the antonymic elements of compound terms are not always consistent in their expression: there are some instances of partial antonymy. Sometimes it is not easy to tell whether the opposites of a pair of medical terms is an antonymy or a simple negation determined by the text itself. As a result, this collision presupposes a possibility of quasi-antonyms and working antonyms (which emerge in the discourse of the text). Received 2023-09-19 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail [email protected]