Medicinos terminų antonimija „Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje“ (1928–1930 m.)

doi.org/10.35321/term30-8 Antonymy of Medical Terms in the Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlis (1928–1930) Antonymy of Medical Terms in Textbook of Internal Medicine Clinics (1928–1930) PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-3253 A B S T R A C T The article examines antonymic medical terms in the most important five-part work by interwar Lithuanian physician and internist Kazimieras Buinevičius (1872–1953), Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlis (1928–1930). It explores the ways in which antonymy is expressed and discusses the structure of antonymic terms and the types of oppositions linking them. Antonymy is a common semantic phenomenon in the medical terminology of the textbook: pairs of antonymic medical terms most often function in the same sentence, and sometimes in the immediate context (usually on the same or a nearby page). Antonymy in medical terms is formed most often lexically and less often morphologically (the most productive word-formation device is the prefix ne-). Pairs of antonymic medical terms are linked by three types of opposition: contradictory (most often), contrary, and vectorial. It was established that antonymy among the textbook’s complex medical terms arises from antonymically related specific (most often) and generic components. The specific components are expressed mainly by qualitative, relational, and pronominal adjectives, and less often by participles; the generic components are most often expressed by nouns with the suffix -imas. More than one complex medical term is formed using each of these means of expression. Since, as the study showed, the specific components of complex medical terms are largely words from the general lexicon, it can be argued that antonymy in the textbook’s terminology derives from antonymy in the general lexicon rather than from the classification of medical concepts. Characteristic features of antonymy among the medical terms in the textbook include the fact that antonymic components of complex terms are not always parallel in their form; partial antonymy also occurs, while the conflict between antonymy and simple negation makes possible quasi-antonyms or ad hoc (arising in textual discourse) antonyms. 170 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medicinos terminų antonimija Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) KEYWORDS: term, medical term, antonymic term, antonymy, contradictory opposition, contrary opposition, vector opposition. A B S T R A C T The article deals with the antonymic medical terms in Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlis (Textbook of Clinical Symptoms of Internal Diseases) (1928–1930), the landmark five-volume work by Kazimieras Buinevičius (1872–1953), Lithuanian physician of the inter-war era. It explains the ways in which antonymy is expressed, discusses the structure of antonymic terms and the types of the opposites that link them. Antonymy is not a rare semantic phenomenon amidst the medical terms of the textbook: pairs of antonymous medical terms usually function within the same sentence, and sometimes in the contiguous context as well (on the same or an adjacent page, as a rule). Antonymy of medical terms is usually devised by way of lexis, less often through formation (with the prefix ne- ‘non-’ being the most productive means of formation). Pairs of antonymous medical terms are related by three types of opposites: contradictory (most common), contrary, and vector. It was established that the antonymy of compound terms in the textbook (mostly) arises from the subordinate components (which are mostly represented by simple, relative, and pronominal adjectives and less commonly by participles) and the main components (mostly represented by nouns with the suffix -imas) that share antonymic links. Quite a few of these means of expression are involved in forming more than just one compound medical term. Since the research showed that the subordinate components in compound medical terms were largely words of the common lexis, it can be argued that the antonymy in the terminology of the textbook had been inherited from the antonymy of the common lexis rather than from any classification of medical terms. A typical characteristic of the antonymy of the medical terms in the textbook is that the antonymic elements of compound terms are not always consistent in their expression: there are some instances of partial antonymy, while the collision of antonymy and simple negation leads to a possibility of quasi-antonyms and working antonyms (i.e., those that occur in the discourse of the text). KEYWORDS: term, medical term, antonymic term, antonymy, contradictory opposite, contrary opposite, vector opposite. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Antonymy, as one of the semantic categories in general language, is based on the natural human need to juxtapose and examine various oppositions. It is a contrast encoded in its own way, measured by the presence of an assertion and a negation. Antonyms, in turn, are a semantic type of word pairs with opposite meanings that not only distinguish but also determine one another, denote opposing concepts, and are based on both linguistic and logical Terminologija | 2023 | 30 171 elementais (Ermanytė 2008: 9, 11, 15, 18). Antoniminiai santykiai gali susiklostyti tik tarp žodžių, pavadinančių logiškai suderinamas sąvokas ir būtinai turinčių bent vieną bendrą semantinį požymį. Antonimų reikšmė yra dvilypė. Viena jos dalis atsiskleidžia bendraisiais antonimų požymiais, o kita – skiriamaisiais (Jakaitienė 2009: 132–134). In the language of science and in terminology, antonymy and antonyms are understood similarly. Antonymy is defined as a relation of opposition between terminological units of the same level, characterizing different aspects of one phenomenon or the relationship between two concepts (Kvašytė 2005: 12). Antonyms are generally considered to be terms with opposite meanings (see: Danilenko 1977: 79–81; Golovin, Kobrin 1987: 58; Superanskaja, Podolskaja, Vasiljeva 1989: 53; Tatarinob 2006: 16), which designate a concept in the same category that is opposed to another in one particular field on the basis of an essential feature (Kvašytė 2005: 10). In every terminological system, antonyms create certain microfields in which the relation of opposition1 is realized. The Swiss linguist Charles Bally, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, considered antonymic oppositions an innate property of the human mind, arguing that each word invariably evokes the idea of another in one way or another (Bally, cited in Panko, Kočan, Maciuk 1994: 162–163). When one of the words in such a pair, linked by an associative relation based on difference, is uttered, the other also comes to mind; in other words, one member of the pair informs us about the other (Rakhimova 2022: 309). Some terminologists (e.g., Danilenko) note that this semantic phenomenon is even more characteristic of the lexicon of scientific language than of general language (Danilenko 1977: 79), because contrastiveness and oppositionality presuppose semantically polar units only with respect to a denotative (conceptual) feature, which distinguishes terminological antonymy from general-language antonymy (Besekirska, cited in Bagana, Veličkova 2012: 181). The causes of terminological antonymy lie in the very nature of scientific concepts: some maintain that concepts arise in pairs (Danilenko 1977: 79) and exist in pairs, while others argue that every concept has its opposite (Panko, Kočan, Maciuk 1994: 161). Nevertheless, it is hardly possible to agree with such claims. For by no means does every concept have an antonymic pair. In my view, one cannot but agree with the Lithuanian terminology theorist Kazimieras Gaivenis, who argues that antonymy is less pronounced in the language of science and in terminology because, in addition to terms, there are also nomenclatural names, which are very rarely used or not used at all in general language 1 For more on oppositional relations in terminology, see: Amsili 2003; Gagné, L’Homme 2016. 172 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Medicinos terminų antonimija Vid aus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) are used, and are known and understood only by specialists. On the other hand, terminology is not the same everywhere: antonymy manifests itself differently in different scientific terminologies. In some fields (e.g., psychiatry, philosophy) it is quite pronounced, while in others (e.g., plant and animal taxonomy, chemical nomenclature, human and animal anatomy terminology) there may be very few antonyms or none at all. Contextual, non-cognate antonyms in scientific language are particularly inconspicuous (Gaivenis 2014 [1989]: 171–172). Researchers unanimously recognize that antonymy in terminology plays a positive role in organizing the term system, ensuring the consistency of terminology, systematizing concepts, precisely defining their place and mutual relations within a specific terminological system, highlighting the essence of opposing concepts, and thus contributing to a systematic and holistic understanding of scientific information (see: Panko, Kočan, Maciuk 1994: 161–163; Pasternak 2007: 192; Boguš 2015: 15; Panočko, cited in Us 2018: 228). Relatively little attention has been paid to antonymic relations between terms in Lithuanian terminology. One of the first to write about the concept of antonyms in 1989, address the specific features of terminological antonymy, and discuss characteristic cases of antonym use in Lithuanian terminology was K. Gaivenis (Gaivenis 2014 [1989]: 167–174). More than ten years later, the antonyms of linguistic terms received greater attention (Andriuškaitė 2001: 65–75). Soon thereafter, further publications appeared on antonymy in phonetic (Kazlauskaitė 2004: 212–218), literary studies (Mitkevičienė 2006: 134–148), and computer science (Paura 2010: 101–122) terminology. A few words should be said about the classification of antonyms. Antonyms are generally classified according to more than one criterion. For example, by structure (form), root antonyms and derivational antonyms are distinguished (Ermanytė 2008: 10; Jakaitienė 2009: 136) (cf. different-root and common-root (Pikčilingis 1975: 229), different-root and cognate-root (LKE 1999: 29)); according to whether a word is antonymous to another in the language system or only in a particular context, systemic antonyms (cf. true, permanent; they are also called language antonyms (see LKE 1999: 10)) and contextual antonyms (Pikčilingis 1975: 228; LKE 1999: 29; Jakaitienė 2009: 137–138) (cf. true and contextual (Ermanytė 2008: 10)); the latter are also called speech-based, situational antonyms (see LKE 1999: 10). Antonyms can also be classified according to the concepts they denote (for more, see Pikčilingis 1975: 229). In this article, medical antonyms are classified according to a single criterion—structure—into non-cognate and cognate antonyms. These terms for antonyms seem more systematic, although the traditional terms are also mentioned in the earliest Lithuanian terminology Terminologija | 2023 | 30 173 In studies on antonymic terms (see Andriuškaitė 2001; Kazlauskaitė 2004), the terms lexical antonyms and derivational antonyms have been used. The subject of the article is the antonymic medical terms in the most important five-part work by Kazimieras Buinevičius (1872–1953), a Lithuanian physician and internist of the interwar period, Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlis (1928–1930) (hereafter, the Vadovėlis). Several factors determined the choice of this source. First of all, the textbook in question was an original (non-translated) work written by a Lithuanian physician who served for 16 years (1923–1939) as head of the Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine at the University of Lithuania (renamed Vytautas Magnus University in 1930) (see https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/kazimieras-buinevicius/). Compared with other medical textbooks of the period (and it should be noted that few were published), this was the most extensive medical textbook; generations of medical students studied from it, and it undoubtedly influenced the formation and development of scientific Lithuanian medical terminology. The aim is to investigate the antonymic medical terms in the Vadovėlis. To achieve this aim, the following tasks are set: 1) to identify the ways in which medical-term antonymy is expressed; 2) to examine the structure of antonymic medical terms; and 3) to determine the types of oppositions that link antonymic medical terms. The study primarily uses descriptive-analytical and interpretive methods. Since antonymic terms are compared with one another, the comparative method is also employed. NON-COGNATE ANTONYMIC MEDICAL TERMS In terms of structure, the terms under study are divided into two groups—non-cognate (lexical) and cognate (derivational). Within these groups, the terms are classified according to the semantic and logical oppositions that link them2. Thus, antonymic medical terms linked by contradictory, contrary, and vector oppositions are distinguished. ANTONYMIC MEDICAL TERMS LINKED BY A CONTRADICTORY OPPOSITION In linguistic and terminological literature, contradictory3 opposition is interpreted in different ways. Some authors equate it with complementary 2 Plačiau apie semantines ir logines priešybes žr. Ermантytė 1995: 9–10. 3 In A. Mitkevičienė’s view, it is difficult to strictly distinguish terms identified on the basis of contradictory opposition from antonyms based on contrary opposition. Usually, the question is whether there is a middle term (distinguished on the same basis) or not (Mitkevičienė 2006: 137). 174 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Medicinos terminų antonimija Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) priešybę, t. y. laiko jas tuo pačiu tipu (Ermanytė 1995: 9–10; 2008: 10; Škel 2021: 266), kiti jas aiškina kaip du skirtingus priešybių tipus (Tatarinov 2006: 17; Barvickaja 2014: 17–18). Terminologės Astos Mitkevičienės pastebėjimu, „apskritai kalbotyroje priešybių tipai skiriami ne tuo pačiu pagrindu“ (Mitkevičienė 2006: 136). Proponents of the first approach argue that antonyms related by contradictory relations are based on mutually exclusive concepts (Ermanytė 2008: 41). Such antonyms describe two properties, with an interval understood to exist between these oppositions4. By negating one of the antonymic opposites, we obtain the other—a defined and extreme opposite (e.g., bachelor – not + bachelor = married). In other words, one of the opposites indicates the presence of a certain feature of a concept, while the other indicates not only its absence but also the presence of a completely opposite feature (Paura 2010: 110). Contradictory opposition is most often characteristic of qualitative adjectives or participles functioning as adjectives, nouns, and adverbs (Ermanytė 1995: 9–10; 2008: 23). Other authors also call contradictory opposition complementary. Thus, in their view, antonyms that express the presence or absence of a particular property or feature are classified as complementary. They presuppose the polarity of the objects, properties, and so on being named, that is, one antonym determines the existence of the other. A characteristic feature of such oppositions is the absence of a middle, intermediate member (Škel 2021: 266). A comparison of the approaches discussed shows that the concept of contradictory opposition is practically the same, except that some use only one term to denote the opposition in question, while others use two terms. The authors who use only the term complementarity, in other words, do not use the term contradictoriness, appear to differ from the authors mentioned above; however, their understanding of the opposition in question clearly shows that they are discussing contradictory opposition. Complementary antonyms do not negate one another but correlate on the basis of the contrast between the features they express; they complement one another in order to express the limits of one feature or another. Complementary antonyms exhaust a hyponymic concept by characterizing it in one way or another (Barvickaja 2014: 18). This opposition is formed by two words that complement one another. Negating one member of such an opposition entails the meaning of the other. There is often no interval between the extreme members of the opposition 4 Here, interval is understood as the absence between these antonymic opposites of a middle member, also called a mesonym (Šestakova 2017: 252). Terminologija | 2023 | 30 175 tarpinio nario (Bilalova 2022: 180). Komplementariniai antonimai dar vadinami papildomaisiais, mat jie išreiškia papildomumą (komplementarumą) (žr. Gorochova 2015: 65). Tai naujas požiūris – atsiranda koreliacijos ir papildomumo sąvoka, kitaip tariant, minėtąją priešybę susiję terminai tarpusavyje koreliuoja ir papildo vienas kitą. Those who hold a different view treat contradictory and complementary oppositions as distinct types of opposition (cf. Tatarinov 2006: 17; Barvickaja 2014: 17–18). Antonyms related by contradictory opposition (in logical terms) denote mutually exclusive concepts. This opposition is based on the presence or absence of a property or feature. The claim that this opposition leaves room for an interval between two features is incorrect. For example, synchronized – unsynchronized. The feature is expressed only by the word synchronized, whereas unsynchronized does not denote any feature; this word negates the feature expressed by the first member of the opposition. Complementary opposition is formed on the basis of a category called relativity in logic. If relativity presupposes the existence of the opposite member, complementary antonymy arises; for example, the concept of hermeticity seems to entail the concept of non-hermeticity, but does not negate its existence—this is the fundamental difference between complementary and contradictory antonymy. An essential feature of complementary antonymy is the inevitability of the second member of the opposition (Tatarinov 2006: 17). To rephrase the point, in complementary antonymy one opposite does not negate the other, unlike in contradictory antonymy. It should be noted that, in distinguishing and naming the opposition under discussion, this article follows the position of Lithuanian linguistics and terminology: the concepts of contradictoriness and complementarity are not opposed but regarded as interrelated, and pairs of antonyms are considered to be related by contradictory opposition when negating one member of the pair yields the other member, which not only lacks the feature of the first member but also denotes the opposite feature. The empirical material is dominated by complex medical terms whose antonymous specific components, usually of Lithuanian origin, have different roots. Thus, it can be said that the antonymy of complex medical terms related by contradictory opposition is determined by the antonymy of their specific components. These components are usually adjectives, most often relational adjectives, for example: [external]5 5 A feature of the textual use of complex terms is that specific or generic components may be omitted in coherent text. Here and in other examples in the article, omitted components that have been restored are written in square brackets. 176 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Medicinos terminų antonimija Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) fistulas – [internal] fistulas VLK II 163, primary anemia – secondary [anemia] VLK III 158–159, primary hypertrophy – secondary hypertrophy VLK I 7, thick upper lip – thick lower [lip] VLK III 46. One of the characteristic oppositions in general vocabulary is the contrast between top – bottom. This opposition also underlies the opposition created by the specific components of compound medical terms such as lower [limb paralysis] – upper limb paralysis VLK V 169, horizontal dissociation – vertical dissociation VLK IV 148, 149, whose specific components are lower – upper, horizontal – vertical. The hybrid components physical (bodily) and psychic (mental) are often contrasted, e.g.: physical [asthenia] – psychic asthenia VLK III 99, physical [infantilism] – psychic infantilism VLK III 61. The opposition between these components could be justified by the fact that one denotes a connection with the body, that is, with what is tangible, whereas the other, conversely, denotes a connection with the psyche, that is, with what is intangible. The opposition between the specific components systolic < systole6 – diastolic < diastole7, atonic – spasmodic ‘spastic’, arises from the classification of medical concepts. In specialist literature, heart murmurs are divided into functional and organic, and the latter into systolic and diastolic; blood pressure is divided into arterial and venous, and arterial pressure into systolic (maximum, upper) and diastolic (minimum, lower); constipation is divided into atonic < atony8 and spasmodic < spasm9. Thus, on the basis of this information, it can be argued that the following terms form antonymic pairs: systolic [murmurs] – diastolic [murmurs] VLK III 448 / systolic murmurs – diastolic murmurs VLK V 143, systolic murmur – diastolic murmur VLK I 5; systolic blood pressure – diastolic blood pressure VLK IV 153 / systolic pressure – diastolic pressure I 154; atonic constipation – spasmodic constipation VLK II 153, 154. The antonymy of the hybrid specific components in the terms peripheral heart – central heart VLK I 54, peripheral heart diseases – central heart diseases VLK I 54 arises from the opposing meanings of the adjectives peripheral ‘located at the edge, on the periphery’ and central ‘located in the center, in the middle’, which function as the components under discussion. 6 Systole (Greek systolē – contraction, compression) ‘contraction of the atria and ventricles of the heart, during which blood flowing into the heart is expelled into the aorta and pulmonary artery’ TŽŽ 2007 1012. 7 Diastole (Greek diastolē – stretching, expansion) ‘expansion of the atria and ventricles of the heart, during which blood flows into the heart’ TŽŽ 2007 240. 8 Gr. atonia – suglebimas, nusilpimas (TŽŽ 2007: 121). 9 Gr. spasmos – traukulys (TŽŽ 2007: 1028). Terminologija | 2023 | 30 177 The opposition between the specific components transverse – longitudinal in the antonymic pair transverse enlargement of the heart – longitudinal enlargement of the heart VLK I 2 is determined by the antonymy of the general-vocabulary words transverse – long. Often, the specific components of antonymic compound medical terms are expressed by definite adjectives, e.g.: hypertrophy of the right ventricle – hypertrophy of the left ventricle VLK I 7, artificial jaundice – true jaundice VLK III 313, VLK IV 114, left atrium – right atrium VLK I 1, hard [palate defects] – soft palate [defects] VLK II 111, hard [palate scars] – soft palate scars VLK II 111, cancer of the small intestine – cancer of the large intestine VLK II 159, catarrh of the large bronchi – catarrh of the smaller [bronchi] VLK II 25, catarrh of the large intestine – catarrh of the small intestine VLK II 106. Most of these examples show that antonymy in the medical terminology of the Handbook derives from antonymy in general vocabulary: the opposites of the words hard, thin are soft, thick. Distinct are antonymous terms whose specific components are adjectives red and white, e.g., red blood cell10 appearance changes] – white blood cell11 appearance changes VLK III 449. Such antonyms are also referred to in Lithuanian terminology as terminological (Andriuškaitė 2001: 72), or terminological (Kvašytė 2005: 12), antonyms, since their opposition has formed within the terminology system itself (in this case, medical terminology). Although in general vocabulary the meanings of the words red and white are not opposed, oppositional relations between these words are possible in a particular context; in other words, the adjectives in question are contextual antonyms (see Erm anytė 1993: 78). Thus, the question arises whether the red – white opposition should be considered to have arisen in general language or whether it is, rather, a new antonym pair formed within the medical terminology system. Incidentally, the relation of such adjectives as hard – soft, thin – thick, when used as specific components, to contradictory opposition may also be interpreted in more than one way. In general vocabulary, they should be considered related by contrary, rather than contradictory, opposition; however, in anatomical nomenclature, the terms hard palate – soft palate, small intestine – large intestine have no intermediate members (mesoterms). Such debatable cases also occur in the terminology of other fields, for example, literary studies (see Mitkevičienė 2006: 139–140 for more). 10 Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, have no nucleus (Stropus, Tamašauskas, Paužienė 2005: 47–48). 11 White blood cells, or leukocytes, have a nucleus (Stropus, Tamašauskas, Paužienė 2005: 47–48). 178 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Medicinos terminų antonimija Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) In the Textbook, participles are less often used to express the specific components of antonymic compound medical terms: sunken chest – protruding chest VLK II 1, [sunken] eyes – bulging [eyes] VLK III 443, congenital [renal resistance] – acquired [renal resistance] VLK III 266, congenital mitr[al] stenosis – acquired mitr[al] stenosis VLK I 16, “hanging, drop-shaped heart” – descended heart VLK I 58, inherited [renal weakness] – acquired renal weakness VLK III 271. Rare or isolated cases involve simple and derived adjectives as the relevant components (large bronchi – small bronchi VLK II 38, 41; thoracic breathing type – abdominal breathing type VLK II 2), adverbs (bleeding outward – bleeding inward VLK I 45), and a prepositional construction (curvatures of the spine [forward] – curvatures of the spine [backward] VLK I 1). Terms such as low temperature – high temperature KVL 30, tall [stature] – short [stature] VLK III 443 likewise clearly attest to the influence of general-language antonymy on terminological (medical) antonymy – high – low is one of the characteristic lexical oppositions (cf. Erm anytė 1984: 44–45; 1995: 21–22, 29; 2008: 16, 31, 34, 41, 44–47, 76, 85–87). The examples discussed show that, in terms of form, opposed specific components are expressed by adjectives of the same type—that is, a simple adjective with a simple one, a pronominal adjective with a pronominal one, and so on; in other words, the antonyms are matched in form. There are, however, cases in which the specific components differ in this respect. For example, antonymic relations occur between components expressed by a pronominal and a relational adjective (general [infantilism] – partial [infantilism] VLK III 61), and by a simple and a relational adjective (acidic reaction – alkaline reaction VLK III 241, acidic urine – alkaline (neutral) urine VLK III 196, complete [excitation of the Vagus system] – partial [excitation of the Vagus system] VLK III 62). A single pair of antonymic compound medical terms with antonymic generic components is pleural exudate12 – [pleural] transudate13 VLK II 14. The opposition between exudate and transudate is clear only within the system of medical terms. Most of the examples presented show that the Textbook contains pairs of adjectives (less often, participles) linked by antonymic relations, which serve as specific components in more than one antonymic compound medical term (see Table 1). 12 Exudate is a body fluid containing an inflammatory component (see https://www.ligos.lt/lt/laboratoriniai-tyrimai/punktatai-transudatai-ir-eksudatai/636/). 13 Transudate is a body fluid lacking an inflammatory component (see https://www.ligos.lt/lt/laboratoriniai-tyrimai/punktatai-transudatai-ir-eksudatai/636/). Terminologija | 2023 | 30 179 Table 1. Components determining the antonymy of complex medical terms ANTONYMOUS COMPONENTS ANTONYMOUS MEDICAL TERMS large – small enlarged liver – small liver VLK III 325 large white or lardaceous kidney – small white or mottled kidney VLK III 265 large quantity of cloudy urine – small quantity of clear urine VLK III 257 enlargement of the liver – reduction in liver size VLK III 298 Lenneck’s cirrhosis with an enlarged liver – Lenneck’s cirrhosis [with a small liver] VLK III 299 low fever – high fever VLK II 60 small quantity of urine – large quantity of urine VLK III 12 lesser curvature – greater curvature VLK II 88 increase in pressure – decrease in pressure VLK III 389 moist – dry moist [skin] – dry [skin] VLK III 443 / dry skin – moist skin VLK V 26 moist [tongue] – dry [tongue] VLK III 450 dry [mucous membrane] – moist [mucous membrane] VLK III 450 dry [patient’s birth site] – moist [patient’s birth site] VLK III 436 dry gangrene – moist gangrene VLK I 50 dry bronchitis – moist bronchitis VLK II 25 dry pericarditis – moist pericarditis VLK I 39 dry rales – moist rales VLK II 8, VLK III 445, VLK V 67 mild – severe mild form of scarlet fever – severe [form of scarlet fever] VLK V 162 mild illness – severe illness VLK V 20 mild attacks – severe attacks VLK I 61 mild forms of cholera – severe [forms of cholera] VLK V 98 severe [acute infections] – mild [acute infections] VLK III 206 severe forms of angina – mild [forms of angina] VLK III 269 severe cases – mild cases VLK II 30 severe case – mild case VLK III 268 180 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Medicinos terminų antonimija Vid aus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) ANTONYMIC COMPONENTS ANTONYMIC MEDICAL TERMS good – bad good sympathicus – bad sympathicus VLK III 64 good reproductive organs – bad reproductive organs VLK III 64 benign neoplasms – malignant neoplasms VLK II 160, 186 improvement in compensation – deterioration in compensation VLK I 27 worsening of symptoms – improvement [in symptoms] VLK II 141 right – left right atrial enlargement – left atrial enlargement VLK I 2 right heart contractions – left heart contractions VLK IV 148 left heart (aortic) defect – right heart (aortic) defect VLK I 24) congenital – acquired congenital [weakness of the blood-forming organs] – acquired weakness of the blood-forming organs [weakness] VLK III 167–168 congenital weakness of the connective tissues – acquired weakness of the connective tissues VLK I 49 congenital defects – acquired defects VLK I 24 thin – thick thin [neck] – thick [neck] VLK III 48 small intestine [distension by gas] – distension of the large intestine by gas VLK II 149 small intestinal cancer – large intestinal cancer VLK II 159 diseases of the large intestine – diseases of the small intestine VLK II 145 high – low high [birthplace of the patient] – low [birthplace of the patient] VLK III 436 high temperature – low temperature VLK III 194 tall [stature] – short [stature] VLK III 443 low tones – high tones VLK II 4 physical – psychological physical [weakness] – psychological weakness VLK III 79 physical [ailment] – psychological ailment VLK III 306 genuine – false attacks of false angina pectoris – attacks of true angina pectoris VLK I 60, 62 “false leukemia” VLK III 156–157 – true leukemia VLK III 156–157 true [jugular venous pulsation] – false [jugular venous pulsation] VLK III 449 true angina pectoris – false angina pectoris VLK I 62, 64 Terminologija | 2023 | 30 181 ANTONYMIC COMPONENTS ANTONYMIC MEDICAL TERMS red – white red [face] – pale [face] VLK III 43 red [blood changes] (anemia) – white blood changes (leukaemia) VLK III 118 changes in the appearance of red [blood cells] – changes in the appearance of white blood cells VLK III 449 pallor of the face – reddening of the face VLK III 16 strong – weak [body] strength – [body] weakness VLK III 10 constitution strength – [constitution] weakness VLK III 38 hard – soft defects of the hard [palate] – defects of the soft palate VLK II 111 scars of the hard [palate] – scars of the soft palate VLK II 111 hard [arteries] – soft [arteries] VLK III 449 liquid – thick liquid [mud baths] – thick mud baths VLK III 390 thick [urine] – liquid [urine] VLK III 440 thick [sputum] – liquid [sputum] VLK III 441 As can be seen, contradictory opposition usually links compound medical terms whose antonymy, as already noted, is determined by individual components (either specific or generic). Antonymic medical terms linked by a contrary opposition Contrary opposition14 is expressed by the extreme members of a symmetrically arranged set, between which there is a middle (intermediate) member15, and sometimes there may be several. This type of opposition is also called contrastive opposition (Černenko 2010: 185). The extreme members16 are at the beginning and end, starting from the centre (Ermanytė 2008: 23), i.e. they are distant from one another. Such members are strong antonyms, whereas adjacent members17 are non-contiguous, i.e. weak (Rakhimova 2022: 310). Terms expressing the opposition in question denote the extreme (boundary) concepts of the terminological field (Andriuškaitė 2001: 69; Mitkevičienė 2006: 140; Paura 2010: 110). Some authors argue that, although these antonyms are clearly 14 Ši priešybė dar vadinama gradualine (Škel 2021: 266). 15 Šis narys dar vadinamas mezonomu (Šestakova 2017: 252), loginiu centru (Rakhimova 2022: 310), neutraliu nariu (Šumailova 2014: 142). 16 Dar vadinami išoriniais nariais (Škel 2021: 266). 17 Dar vadinami viduriniais nariais (Škel 2021: 266). 182 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Medicinos terminų antonimija Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) opposed to each other, their meanings do not allow us to state unequivocally that one determines the other; on the other hand, at least one neutral (intermediate) member is nevertheless implied between them (the antonymic poles) (Šumailova 2014: 142). In the research material, only a few pairs of simplex antonymic terms expressing contrary (as well as contradictory) opposition were found, e.g.: dampness – dryness VLK II 101, improvement – deterioration VLK III 22, weight loss – obesity VLK III 12–13, cold – heat VLK III 30, diarrhoea – constipation18 VLK III 29, VLK IV 21, VLK II 148. It is interesting to note that the same adjectives or their derivatives, serving as specific components of compound medical terms, may be related by different types of opposition. This is true of the adjectives already discussed, red and white (see p. 178). The components of the simplex terms pallor – reddening VLK III 34 and the compound terms red [face] – pale [face] VLK III 43, pallor of the face – redness of the face VLK III 16 are contrary in nature, since an intermediate member is implied. In the Textbook, compound medical terms predominate, and their antonymy is likewise based on antonymic relations between related or specific components (usually of Lithuanian origin). It was observed that derived nouns with the suffixes -imas and -umas are antonymous; several (usually two) related terms are formed with each, e.g.: dilation of the artery – contraction of the artery VLK IV 143 and dilation of the lungs – [lung] contraction VLK II 35, enlargement of the liver – reduction of the liver VLK III 298 and increase in pressure – decrease in pressure VLK III 389, onset of shivering – [shivering] cessation VLK III 126 and onset of the disease – end of the disease VLK V 50, 173, improvement in compensation – deterioration in compensation VLK I 27 and deterioration of symptoms – improvement [of symptoms] VLK II 141. Some related components, e.g. dilation, reduction, contraction, are antonymically related to other nouns, e.g.: decrease in blood sugar – excess sugar [in the blood] VLK III 107, dilation of vessels – narrowing of vessels VLK IV 10, distension of the intestine – [intestinal] contraction VLK II 89. The largest number of compound medical terms linked by antonymic relations were found to have antonymic specific components expressed by simple adjectives 18 It should be noted that cases occur in which one member of an antonym pair has synonyms, e.g.: diarrhoea – constipation / intestinal obstruction / hardening, slowing of the pulse – acceleration of the pulse / increase in pulse rate, closed pneumothorax – open / patent pneumothorax. Synonymy among antonymic terms has been noted and discussed in some of the studies already mentioned (see Mitkevičienė 2006 et al.), but the phenomenon in question is not examined in greater detail in this article. Terminologija | 2023 | 30 183 with components, e.g.: broad [chest] – narrow [chest] VLK III 444, fine [crackles] – coarse [crackles] VLK III 445 ‖ coarse crackles – fine crackles VLK II 8, thick [bones] – slender [bones] VLK III 443, dark [urine] – light [urine] VLK III 440, short neck – long neck VLK III 31–32. Another pair of adjectives should also be mentioned, characterized both by contradictoriness (see p. 178) and contrariety: hard [arteries] – soft [arteries] VLK III 449. In the textbook, antonymous pairs of specific components are sometimes formed by the secondary meanings of the polysemous adjectives serving as those components, or by the primary meaning of one member of the pair and the secondary meaning of the other, e.g.: high19 concentration – low concentration VLK III 386, [dull]20 sound – clear21 sound VLK II 9, dull22 [pain] – sharp [pain] VLK III 442, high23 pressure – low24 pressure VLK IV 155, clear25 (transparent) [urine] – cloudy [urine] VLK III 440, low blood pressure – high blood pressure VLK IV 145. Such antonyms are considered partial (on these, see Erm anytė 2008: 84). Notable are pairs of antonymous adjectives, less often participles, which serve as specific components in more than one compound medical term, e.g.: good appetite – poor appetite VLK II 139, 141 / good marrow – poor marrow VLK III 64, superficial pressure – deep pressure VLK IV 23 / superficial [glandular swelling] – deep glandular swelling VLK III 147 / superficial [rectal fissures] – deep [rectal fissures] VLK II 162, diminished vocal fremitus – increased [vocal fremitus] VLK II 61 / increased [respiratory excursions] – diminished [respiratory excursions] VLK III 444. In other words, recurring antonymous specific components were found in the source under study; these give rise to antonymy between compound medical terms (see Table 1). Compound medical terms with antonymous specific components expressed by relational adjectives are uncommon (partial pericardial adhesions – complete pericardial 19 See high 4. “large” LKŽe. 20 See 3 dull 4. “muffled” LKŽe. 21 See clear 4. “clearly audible, resonant, loud” LKŽe. 22 See 3 dull 1. “mild” (of pain) LKŽe. 23 See large “considerable in number or quantity, abundant, plentiful” LKŽe. 24 See 2 low 4. “of small quantity, strength, temperature, distance, etc.” LKŽe. 25 See clear 2. “transparent” LKŽe. 184 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Medicinos terminų antonimija Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) adhesions VLK I 39, external [hemorrhages] – internal hemorrhages VLK III 42), pronominal (hot baths – cold baths VLK III 393–394, lesser curvature – greater curvature VLK II 88, dry pericarditis – wet pericarditis VLK I 39), and derived (early period of syphilis – late period of [syphilis] VLK III 259) adjectives. According to the data of the Academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, the adjectives benign – malign, which serve as specific components of the compound terms benign neoplasms – malignant neoplasms VLK II 160, 186 / benign neoplasm – malignant [neoplasm] VLK III 240, are related by a relation of opposition and function in the medical field—as indicated by the label med. There are few cases in which the specific components determining the antonymy of compound medical terms are participles, e.g.: protruding ears – attached earlobes VLK III 58, lying position – sitting position VLK IV 141, negative [pressure] – positive [pressure] VLK II 58. In isolated cases, opposition is created by the polar-meaning prepositions be and su, e.g., sympathicotonia with goiter – [sympathicotonia] without goiter VLK III 96. Among the specific components of antonymous medical terms related by contrariety (as well as contradiction), there are also some that are not matched in their form, e.g.: a new attack – the old [attack] VLK V 180, permanent [renal insufficiency] – temporary renal insufficiency VLK III 266, constant pain – transient [pain] VLK III 442, first attack – last attack VLK V 79–80. This is a natural feature of the text, since its author is free to choose which forms of terms to use. Nor can the possibility of using terms with different forms be ruled out. Generally speaking, in a technical text, it seems, greater attention is paid to content than to form. Another factor that may determine the form in question is the absence or lack of standardization of terms. Antonymous medical terms linked by vector opposition Antonymous terms of this type denote various directional oppositions. The members of pairs linked by vector opposition share the general meaning of movement in opposite directions (Ermanytė26 2008: 46); they name opposite-direction 26 It should be noted that E. Jakaitienė calls only those members that denote actions or processes in opposite directions vector-opposed members (see Jakaitienė 2009: 134), whereas, in I. Ermanytė’s view, vector-opposed members may include words denoting not only actions in opposite directions but also various directions and features. For example, the scholar regards pairs such as left – right, here – there as vector antonyms (see Ermanytė 1995: 9). Nevertheless, it is difficult to agree with this view, since the word pairs mentioned express not direction but position in space. Accordingly, this article follows E. Jakaitienė’s conception of vector antonyms. Terminologija | 2023 | 30 185 veiksmus ar vyksmus (Jakaitienė 2009: 134). Tiriamajame šaltinyje kalbama priešybė susijusių antoniminių medicinos terminų reta. Dažniausiai ši priešybė kuriama leksiniu būdu, priešinant daugiausia lietuviškos kilmės sudėtinių medicinos terminų skirtingų šaknų giminiinius dėmenis, reiškiančius veiksmų pavadinimus, kuriais paprastai eina priesagos -imas vediniai, pvz., temperatūros kritimas – temperatūros pakilimas VLK IV 53, 54, VLK V 186 / temperatūros pakilimas – temperatūros kritimas VLK II 56, nors pasitaiko ir vektorinės priešybės santykiu susijusių vientisinių terminų, pvz., išsikišimas – įdubimas VLK II 88. Kai kurie giminiiniai dėmenys sudaro antonimines poras su skirtingais terminais, kuriuos sieja sinoniminiai santykiai²⁷, pvz.: dalini atsikėlimai – dalini [įsitraukimai] VLK II 1 ir krūtinės ląstos atsikišimas – krūtinės ląstos įdubimas VLK II 1, kraujagyslių išsiplėtimas – kraujagyslių [susitraukimas] VLK III 49 ir vyziukų susiaurėjimas – vyziukų išsiplėtimas VLK III 46, VLK IV 9. LKŽe iliustracinių sakinių duomenimis, paprastai susitraukia raumenys, kraujagyslės, o susiaurėja akies vyzdys. Taigi, galima teigti, kad pastarųjų terminų porų antonimija būsianti nulemta bendrosios leksikos antonimijos. Some terminologists claim that vector opposition is further reinforced by so-called polar-meaning prefixes (see Panko, Kočan, Maciuk 1994: 163). The pair of antonymous terms in the Textbook rise in blood pressure – fall in blood pressure VLK I 48 would support this claim, but such cases are not common in the textbook. Here, the verb derived with the prefix pa-, from which the noun serving as the generic component of the first member of the antonym pair is formed, denotes a direction from below upwards, while the verb derived with the prefix nu-, from which the noun serving as the generic component of the second member of the antonym pair is formed, denotes a direction from above downwards. COMMON-ROOT ANTONYMOUS MEDICAL TERMS The opposite meaning of the antonymous terms discussed in the previous section lies in different roots. In the Textbook there are also same-root antonyms whose opposite meaning is imparted by derivational devices. In linguistic and terminological literature, same-root antonyms whose opposite meaning is imparted by derivational devices are called derivational (Gaivenis, 27 Tokias paradigmas I. Erm anytė yra vadinusi lygiagrečiaisiais lizdais (Ermanytė 2008: 84). 186 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medicinos terminų antonimija Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) Keinys 1990: 20; Andriuškaitė 2001: 70; Kvašytė 2005: 10; Mitkevičienė 2006: 136; Jakaitienė 2009: 137), bendrašakniais (Mitkevičienė 2006: 136; LKE 2008: 27) antonimais. Antonimiškumui realizuoti pasitelkiamos darybos priemonės dažniausiai yra priešdėliai. Produktyviausias iš jų yra priešdėlis ne-, su kuriuo išvesti dariniai kaip tik ir žymi pagrindiniu žodžiu pasakyto daikto priešybę (LKG I 1965: 428). Irenos Ermanytės pastebėjimu, leksiniai vienetai su neiginiu kiekvienu atveju turi kontradikcinę prasmę (Ermanytė 2008: 32). Antoniminės poros sudaromos minėtąjį neigiamos reikšmės priešdėlį prijungiant prie vieno iš tos poros narių. Taigi, priešdėlį ne- turintis neigiamos semantikos narys perteikia dalyko, įvardijamo kitu, t. y. teigiamos semantikos, nariu, nebuvimą, dėl to atsiranda priešpriešos santykis (Boguš 2015: 15; plg. Panko, Kočan, Maciuk 1994: 163–164). The prefix in question is exceptionally active in creating antonymic relations in the medical terminology of the Textbook as well. As the empirical material shows, these relations are uncommon among simplex medical terms with the same root—only two antonymic pairs were found; one consists of members with a common native root, one of which has the prefix ne-: inflammatory exudates – non-inflammatory [exudates] VLK II 65, while the other consists of members with a common foreign-origin root, one of which has the international prefix anti-, meaning opposition to something (TŽŽ 2007: 86): toxins – antitoxins VLK V 6. Antonymic relations mostly link complex medical terms whose specifying constituents differ by the prefix ne-. Usually, antonymic pairs are formed between specifying constituents sharing the same Lithuanian-origin root, e.g.: deep ulcers – shallow ulcers VLK V 102–103, [incomplete] fistulas – complete fistulas VLK II 163, non-resonant rales – resonant rales VLK II 15–16, VLK III 445, dull [rales] – resonant [rales] VLK II 48, true [jugular venous pulsation] – false [jugular venous pulsation] VLK III 449, true angina pectoris – false angina pectoris VLK I 62, 64, attacks of false angina pectoris – attacks of true angina pectoris VLK I 60, 62. It should be noted that it cannot always be stated with certainty that the terms are antonyms; in other words, a conflict between antonymy and simple negation can sometimes be discerned, e.g.: high [temperature] – not high [temperature] VLK V 51, slight pains – notable pains VLK III 250, healthy kidneys – unhealthy kidneys VLK III 276, calm [facial expression] – restless [facial expression] VLK III 443. Let us consider, for instance, the specifying constituents of the term pairs mentioned above Terminologija | 2023 | 30 187 inflammation and non-inflammation. Inflammation denotes a concept and is therefore a term. But does non-inflammation denote a concept? If the latter simply negates the concept denoted by inflammation, then it is a false antonym (quasi-antonym). The same applies to the pairs high – not high temperature, deep – shallow ulcers, notable – slight pains. Such term pairs could also be regarded as working antonyms that have arisen in medical discourse. A few pairs are also formed between specifying constituents with a foreign-origin root; here, too, antonymy among the specifying constituents of two-word complex terms predominates, e.g.: formal [elements] – non-formal elements VLK II 60, consonant rales – non-consonant [rales] VLK II 9, leukemic tumors – non-leukemic tumors VLK II 159, non-organic extrasystoles – organic extrasystoles VLK I 58, non-toxic adenoma – toxic adenoma VLK III 97, syphilitic aneurysms – non-syphilitic aneurysms VLK I 45, organic insufficiency of the tricuspid valves – non-organic insufficiency of the tricuspid valves VLK I 17. Antonymic oppositions can also be expressed using different prefixes (Černenko 2010: 184), for example į- and iš-: depth of inspiration – depth of expiration VLK II 61, force of inspiration – force of expiration VLK III 445, prolonged inspiration – prolonged expiration VLK II 74, 75. A few compound terms (simplex terms and complex terms with compound constituents) were found that occupy an intermediate position between same-root and different-root antonyms (see Mitkevičienė 2006: 142; cf. also Andriuškaitė 2001: 72). Antonym pairs are formed by derivatives with the suffix -ystė, whose base words are the compounds aukštažiūris and žemažiūris and tolregis and trumparegis, e.g.: augštažiūrystė28 (long-sightedness) – žemažiūrystė29 (short-sightedness) VLK III 454, short-sightedness – long-sightedness VLK III 442. A few foreign-origin compound terms were found whose first elements have antonymic meanings, e.g.: tachykardija30 – bradykardija31 VLK I 57, hipoglikemija32 – hiperglikemi- 28 According to LKŽe, aukštai has the shade of meaning “far,” while žemas means “short.” 29 See footnote 30. 30 Tachycardia (Greek tachys – fast + kardia – heart) “increased heartbeat (more than 100 beats per minute)” (see https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/tachikardija/). 31 Bradycardia (Greek bradys – slow + kardia – heart) “slow heartbeat (fewer than 60 heart contractions per minute)” (see https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/bradikardija/). 32 Hypoglycemia (Greek hypo – below (a prefix indicating being beneath something, a decrease, or reduction relative to the norm) + glycemia) “a decrease in the amount of glucose in the blood” (see https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/hipoglikemija/). 188 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Medicinos terminų antonimija Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) it33 VLK III 107. The antonymy of such complex terms as insufficiency of the bicuspid valves – insufficiency of the tricuspid valve VLK I 15, 17, insufficiency of the tricuspid orifice – insufficiency of the bicuspid orifice VLK I 17 is determined by the adjectives bicuspid – tricuspid, whose oppositional relationship arises not from general language, as is presumably the case, for example, with the adjectives serving as specific components in the complex terms unilocular echinococcus – multilocular echinococcus VLK III 322–323, unilocular – multilocular, but from the classification of medical concepts. Pairs whose members are opposed by the international element pseudo-, which denotes unreality, are worth noting separately. This element is added to the foreign-origin root component denoting the specific feature in one member of a pair: diphtheritic [Hoffmann’s bacillus] – pseudo-diphtheritic Hoffmann’s bacillus VLK V 166. The other pair is more interesting because its members have different structures, namely, a simplex term and a two-word complex term: “pseudoleukemia” – true leukemia VLK III 156–157. The first member of this pair also has the synonym “false leukemia” VLK III 156–157. Other specific components containing international elements with opposing meanings were also found. Antonymic relations are formed by exo-, indicating a connection with the outside (TŽŽ 2007: 275), and endo-, denoting presence inside (TŽŽ 2007: 296), e.g.: exogenous [poisons] – poisons of endogenous origin VLK III 161, endogenous origin – exogenous origin VLK II 160; hyper-, indicating that a norm is exceeded (TŽŽ 2007: 430), and hypo-, meaning “under, below, less than the norm” (TŽŽ 2007: 433), e.g., hyperchromic anemia – hypochromic [anemia] VLK III 159. CONCLUSIONS In the five-volume Clinical Manual of Internal Diseases (1928–1930) by K. Buinevičius, an interwar Lithuanian physician and internist, pairs of antonymic medical terms most often function in the same sentence, that is, in regular context⁽³⁴⁾, and sometimes also in irregular context (confined to the same or a nearby page). Their analysis shows that antonymy, as one of the semantic categories, is characteristic of the interwar medical language, which is represented by 33 Hyperglycemia (Greek hyper – above, beyond (the first element of compound words, indicating that a norm is exceeded) + Greek glȳkys – sweet + haima – blood) “an increase in the amount of glucose in the blood” (see https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/hiperglikemija/). 34 Regular context is a context in which both antonyms are used in the same or adjacent sentences (Ermantytė 1995: 11; 2008: 73). Terminologija | 2023 | 30 189 represented by the terminology of the Manual under study. This confirms the idea advanced in the second half of the twentieth century that the phenomenon in question is no less characteristic of terms (in this case, medical terms) than of general-language words. In the medical terminology of the Manual, antonymy is most often expressed lexically and less often through word formation. These modes give rise to two structural groups: non-cognate and cognate antonyms. Non-cognate antonyms involve three types of opposition—contradictory, contrary, and vectorial—whereas cognate antonyms are related by contradictory opposition. The latter antonyms acquire their opposite meaning through the prefix ne–, the most productive word-formation device, although there are isolated cases of other forms (the oppositional prefixes į- and iš-, as well as the international elements endo- and exo-, hyper-, and hypo-). The most characteristic type is antonymy in complex medical terms, arising from antonymy between the aforementioned types of opposition among specific components, which are most often of Lithuanian origin and are expressed mainly by adjectives (simple, relational, and pronominal), and much less often by participles. Antonymy in the terms under discussion also less frequently derives from antonymic relations between generic components, which are mostly of Lithuanian origin and most often expressed by nouns with the suffix -imas. More than one complex medical term is formed using each of these means of expression. It was found that the antonymy of complex medical terms is most often determined by the antonymy of specific components that are general-language words (e.g., large – small, wet – dry, light – heavy, good – bad). Thus, it can be argued that the antonymy in the terminology of the Manual is largely inherited from general-language antonymy, since pairs of antonyms whose opposition is formed and clear only within the terminology of the field in question, and derives from the classification of medical concepts, are rare (e.g., systolic murmur – diastolic murmur). Characteristic features of antonymy in the medical terminology of the Manual include the fact that the components of complex terms linked by antonymic relations do not always correspond in their form of expression, and that instances of partial antonymy also occur. It is sometimes difficult to say whether the opposition between a pair of medical terms is antonymy or merely simple negation determined by the text itself. This conflict therefore implies the possibility of quasi-antonyms or working antonyms (arising in textual discourse). 190 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Medicinos terminų antonimija Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.) ŠALTINIAI VLK I–V – Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlis 1: Širdies ir kraujagyslių ligos, Kazimieras Buinevičius, Kaunas: Lietuvos Universiteto Medicinos fakultetas, 1928. Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlis 2: Kvėpavimo ir virškinimo organų ligos, Kazimieras Buinevičius, Kaunas: Lietuvos Universiteto Medicinos fakultetas, 1928. Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlis 3: Klinikinio tyrinėjimo metodika. Patologiškos konstitucijos. Apykaitos ir vidujinės sekrecijos ligos. Kraujo ir kraujo gaminamųjų organų ligos. Inkstų ir šlapimo takų, kepenų, blužnies ligos. Teraputinė technika. Ligonių slaugymas. Dietetika. Klimato ir balneoterapija. Farmakoterapija, Kazimieras Buinevičius, Kaunas: Švietimo Ministerijos Knygų Leidimo Komisija, 1929. Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlis 4: Intoksikacijos. Traumatizacijos. Simuliacijos. Allerginės ligos, Kazimieras Buinevičius, Kaunas: Švietimo Ministerijos Knygų Leidimo Komisija, 1930. 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ANTONYMY OF MEDICAL TERMS IN VIDAUS LIGŲ KLINIKOS VADOVĖLIS (1928–1930) Summary The article deals with the antonymic medical terms in Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlis (Textbook of Clinical Symptoms of Internal Diseases) (1928–1930), the landmark five-volume work by Kazimieras Buinevičius (1872–1953), a Lithuanian physician of the inter-war era. This textbook was used by several generations of medics and has undoubtedly affected the formation and evolution of Lithuanian medical terminology. The article explains the ways of expression of the antonymy of medical terms, analyses the structure of antonymous terms, and discusses the types of the opposites that link them. It was established that pairs of antonymous medical terms usually function within the same sentence, i.e., in the regular and sometimes in the irregular context (which is limited to the same or an adjacent page). Analysis of these pairs revealed that antonymy as a semantic category is typical of inter-war medical terminology, which the examined textbook represents. This supports the idea, advanced in the second half of the twentieth century, that the phenomenon discussed is just as typical of terminology (in this case, medical terms) as it is of the words in standard language. In medical terminology of the textbook, antonymy mostly manifests itself in lexically and less commonly derivatively. These methods presuppose two structural groups: non-conjugate (kairysis prieširdis–dešinysis prieširdis ‘left ventricle–right ventricle’) and conjugate (trumparegystė–tolregystė ‘short-sightedness – long-sightedness’) antonyms. Non-conjugate antonyms are defined by three types of opposites – contradictory, contrary, and vector, while conjugate antonyms are linked by contradictory opposites. The latter antonyms derive their opposite meaning from the prefix ne- ‘non-’, which is the most productive means of term formation, although isolated instances of other forms of expression also exist (such as opposite prefixes į- ‘into’ and iš- ‘out’ and foreign elements endo- and egzo-, hiper- and hipo-). The most characteristic is the antonymy of compound medical terms arising from the antonymy of words mostly of Lithuanian origin related by the above-mentioned types of the opposites, mainly expressed by adjectives (simple, relative, and pronominal) and less commonly by participles. The antonymy of the terminology discussed, predominantly based on antonymic main components of Lithuanian origin, which are mainly expressed by nouns with the suffix -imas, is less frequent. Quite a few of these means of expression are involved in forming more than just one compound medical term. Terminologija | 2023 | 30 193 It was established the antonymy of compound medical terms is most frequently the product of the antonymy of the subordinate components that function as words of the standard lexis (e.g., didelis–mažas ‘large-small’, drėgnas–sausas ‘wet-dry’, lengvas–sunkus ‘light-heavy’, geras–blogas ‘good-bad’). Hence the antonymy of the terminology in the textbook can be said to have been largely derived from the antonymy of the standard lexis, for the pairs of antonyms whose opposites evolved from and is clear only in the terminology of the field discussed are few (e.g., sistolinis ūžesys–diastolinis ūžesys ‘systolic murmur–diastolic murmur’). A typical characteristic of the antonymy of the medical terms in the textbook is that the antonymic elements of compound terms are not always consistent in their expression: there are some instances of partial antonymy. Sometimes it is not easy to tell whether the opposites of a pair of medical terms is an antonymy or a simple negation determined by the text itself. As a result, this collision presupposes a possibility of quasi-antonyms and working antonyms (which emerge in the discourse of the text). Gauta 2023-09-19 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] 194 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medicinos terminų antonimija Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlyje (1928–1930 m.)