Asmenvardinių makroekonomikos terminų variantiškumas

95Terminologija | 2023 | 30 doi.org/10.35321/term30-5 Variability of nominative macroeconomic terms Variation of Macroeconomic Terms with a Personal Name RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6063-9699 ANNOTATION The article examines the compound terms used in Lithuanian macroeconomic textbooks, formed with personal names. After reviewing the uncertainties related to the evaluation of such terms, the relationship of the personal and eponymous term, the aim is to reveal the variability of the terms used in these sources. At the same time, some reasons for variantity, peculiarities of the use of personal noun terms are highlighted. KEY WORDS: personal noun term, eponymous term, variantity of terms. ABSTRACT The article deals with compound terms used in Lithuanian macroeconomics textbooks, which are formed with personal names. It reviews the uncertainties related to the evaluation of such terms, the relationship between the term formed with a personal name and the eponymous term, and aims to reveal the variation of terms used in these sources. Some of the reasons for this variation and the peculiarities of the use of such terms are highlighted. KEYWORDS: term with a proper name, eponymous term, term variation. INTRODUCTION Compound terms, formed with personal names, are a phenomenon that is widespread in many fields, but is little studied in Lithuanian terminology works. When discussing various issues of terminology use, in individual works such terms as Ohm’s law or Ohm’s law, Thomson effect or Thomson effect (Kaulakienė 2003: 113–114), Boyle’s and Mariot’s 96 Ramunė Vaskelaitė law, Diuar’s vessel, Simpson’s formula (Kaulakienė 2014: 60), Doppler velocity, Cartesian coordinates, Ebstein syndrome (Gaivenis 1994: 14), there is one other comment on their use, but separately such terms are almost not examined. On the other hand, the comments made in Lithuanian terminology works or the broader discussions on the use of such terms in foreign terminology works show that terms formed with personal names cause various ambiguities and contradictions. For example, in several works of Lithuanian authors such terms are mentioned when discussing eponymous terms, but their relationship with eponymous terms is not named entirely equally. Laimutė Kitkauskienė clearly identifies terms formed with a personal name as eponymous, stating that the article complies with the provision that “a term that has a noun in its structure – a personal name, the name of a city, village, other geographical location, country or nation, tribe – should be called eponymous” (Kitkauskienė 2011: 48). Thus, in examining the terminology of architecture, art and construction, L. Kitkauskienė considers as eponymous terms not only mononymous terms made from a personal name, such as tapestry (see Gobelin), macadam (see McAdam) or mausoleum (see Mauzolo), but also compound terms with a personal name, such as Simmler furniture, Medici porcelain or Victorian style, which can be described as being made with a personal name. As it turns out, Jurgita Mikelionienė also considers both terms as eponymous, although in her article she examines only the first ones – the names of concepts written in lowercase and turned into generic words1. Examining them as the result of appellation (the process of the actual word becoming generic), she mentions that eponymous terms are divided into fully and partially appellationized, and as examples of partial appellation she mentions two compound terms: Caesar’s cut, Bertoleto’s salt (Mikelionienė 2017: 129). It would appear that eponymous terms are also considered composite terms in which the personal noun has not become a generic word, but they are considered to differ from mononyms in the degree of appellation. It is true that the definition of the eponymous term – “the names of concepts made from the actual word” (Mikelionienė 2017: 127) – would encourage doubting whether such terms are really considered eponymous. The definition presented by L. Kitkauskienė, on the contrary, would indicate that it is primarily with the actual 1 They are divided in J. Mikelionienė’s article into terms phonetically adapted to the Lithuanian language system (e.g.: koloradas, celsijus, siluetas, bernardinai) and derivatives (e.g.: spartakiada, bergsonizmas, jakobianas). 97Terminology | 2023 | 30 Names of concepts made up of a word – terms having a noun in their structure. In one of the master’s thesis, where eponymous terms are also examined, there is a tendency to distinguish between them. As eponymous terms are considered here only single words, names of concepts having the status of a generic word, e.g.: fermis, mendelevis, kleveitas, and compound names of concepts having a real word in their structure are called real or real-word-bearing terms, but not eponymous terms, e.g.: „In total, during the study, 247 Lithuanian terms were selected from the dictionary, of which 136 were real (i.e. having a real word, also known as an onimus), and 111 eponymous terms, i.e. those that are made from a real word <...>“ (Ulkytė 2016: 27). The title of this master’s thesis – Real words and eponyms in chemistry terminology – shows that only the names of concepts that no longer have the status of real words are considered to be eponyms. It is true that in the terminology works published in foreign languages, especially when discussing eponymous medical terms, attention is firstly drawn to the names of concepts that have a proper word (e.g.: Duque-Parra et al. 2006; Becker et al. 2021; Dyda, Pronińska 2021), but from other works it is clear that the concept of eponymous term includes both them and the names of concepts that have lost the status of proper word and have become generic words (e.g. : Cappuzzo 2008; Kucharz 2020). From these works, as well as from the comments of Lithuanian terminologists, another ambiguity or contradiction related to terms with personal nouns emerges – the question of their terminological value. For example, Kazimieras Gaivenis, in an article published in 1994 “Application of International Terminology Principles to our Terminology” mentioned such a positive feature of terms composed with the surnames of scientists, discoverers or inventors as the immortalization of people deserving of science, but also pointed out their shortcoming – these terms are not sufficiently motivated (Gaivenis 1994: 14). The terminological value of such terms is widely discussed in foreign terminology works, where they are widely discussed as eponymous terms, and especially the acceptability of such terms for medical terminology is discussed. The advantages of these terms are mentioned as honoring deserving persons, historical and cultural value of such terms, brevity, practicality, facilitation of communication processes, etc. (e.g. Whitworth 2007; Cappuzzo 2008), but the disadvantages are mentioned as inaccuracy, ambiguity, non-informativeness, etc., as well as complicating communication processes (e.g. Duque-Parra et al. 2006; Woywodt, Matteson 2007; Cappuzzo 2008; Kucharz 2020; Kevlian et al. 2023). Variability of nominative terms in macroeconomics 98 Ramunė Vaskelaitė The contradictions are also reflected in the order of terms. The contradictions of international terminology have been pointed out by K. Gaivenis, discussing the difficulties arising from trying to apply the principles of international terminology to Lithuanian terminology in the aforementioned article. As one of these difficulties he mentioned the contradiction of the recommendations of the international codes on the use of terms derived from the names of scientists, discoverers or inventors: in the International Code of Anatomical Nomenclature their use is prohibited, in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature it is restricted, and in technical terminology it is allowed without any restrictions (Gaivenis 1994: 217). At the same time, it was noted that such terms are avoided in some Lithuanian terminology dictionaries. A dictionary of medical terms is provided, in which they are almost all replaced by other terms. However, other terminographic sources show that terms formed with personal names are included in dictionaries, for example, in the Explanatory Dictionary of Chemistry Terms (Daukšas et al. 2003), the multilingual Dictionary of Physics Terms (Palenskis et al. 2007), the Explanatory Dictionary of Geography Terms (Kavaliauskas et al. 2021), and there are plenty of them in the Explanatory Dictionary of English-Lithuanian Languages in Economics (AEKŽ 2006). Especially, such terms are abundant in dictionaries of eponymous terms (e.g. Firkin, Whithworth 2001; Barankin et al. 2004), one of which – Traumatology and orthopaedics eponims: symptoms and syndromes (Kasradze, Kasradze 2015) – has been published in Lithuanian. From the comments in the terminology works it is also possible to conclude that such terms are widely used. As early as 1994 K. Gaivenis stated that they are abundant in all fields of science, especially in the terminology of medicine, technology, physics, mathematics (Gaivenis 1994: 14). Examples of terms formed with the name of a scientist or inventor are also given by Angelė Kaulakienė (e.g., Kaulakienė 2014: 60), while J. Mikelionienė, choosing to review single-word eponymous terms that have been included in the International Dictionary of Terms published in 2013, points out that there are few compound terms in that dictionary, such as Caesar’s cut or Bertoleto’s salt, but they are very commonly used (Mikelionienė 2017: 129). And the General Requirements for the Preparation of Terms Dictionary, updated by the Minutes of the Meeting of the State Lithuanian Language Commission on 20 December 2007, show that such terms are already being more clearly legalized in the terminology order. It is not stated here that they should be used, but the 29th point of this document governing the compilation of glossaries states that “[p]reference is given to the original forms of proper names that are the elements of terms (except in traditional cases). In this thesis, such terms will be looked at from the perspective of variantity, by choosing the terminology of macroeconomics, one of the two components of economic theory. Thus, the aim of the thesis is to examine the tendency of variantity of terms composed with personal names in macroeconomic terminology. The sources of this terminology will be randomly selected 8 macroeconomic textbooks for higher schools2, including 2 textbooks mainly titled as Macroeconomics. However, the course of macroeconomics can be presented not only in a separate textbook of macroeconomics, but also in a textbook of economic theory, in which macroeconomics and microeconomics 99Terminology | 2023 | 30 are presented in adapted forms as reference articles” (TŽR 2007). It would appear that terms made up of actual words, and therefore also of personal nouns, are considered to be an integral part of the dictionaries of terms (i.e., of terminology). By the way, they are already mentioned in the new compendium of Lithuanian spelling rules – the 2022 publication Lithuanian spelling: rules, comments, advice (Vladarskienė, Zemlevičiūtė 2022: 137–138), albeit with preference given to non-original forms. More specifically, when discussing the spelling of various names, the spelling of terms is also discussed here, and when discussing it, it is stated that person names and place names of other languages are usually transcribed, e.g. : Ohm’s law, Student’s distribution, Brown’s process, Bouguer and Weber’s law, Joule’s law, Koch’s test, Elizabethan style, Eustachian tube, Tyzenhauer carpets (Vladarskienė, Zemlevičiūtė 2022: 137–138). Compared with the general requirements for the preparation of the Terms dictionaries, there is as if another contradiction related to personal nouns, but, of course, those requirements are focused on special areas of common language use, and the colloquial set of spelling rules – primarily on general usage. As can be seen, there are many contradictions and uncertainties regarding compound terms with personal names, but apart from the master’s thesis and several articles in which such terms have been considered as eponyms, Lithuanian terminologists have hardly examined them, perhaps because of their dubious terminological value, although personal names themselves have received a lot of attention in the works of various branches of linguistics (e.g.: Kniūkšta 2004; Ambrazas 2008; Baltrušaitienė 2009; Gudelienė 2016). As it turns out, it would be relevant to examine various aspects of the names of concepts composed with personal names, for example, their prevalence, structural or semantic characteristics, synonymy, variantity. are separated. Thus, two economic theory textbooks (Andr, Jak) were used as sources, namely the parts of them that cover macroeconomics. All the sources examined are prepared in Lithuanian language, only one is translated (W). 100 Ramunė Vaskelaitė 1994–2017 (they are listed in the list of sources, and in the text, when providing examples, they will be marked with abbreviations characteristic of terminology works). The tasks of the thesis – to select from those sources terms composed with personal names, to identify their variants, to evaluate the variants from the point of view of the typology of variantity of terms, to highlight the main characteristics of variantity characteristic of these terms. When examining the variability of these terms, at least one other reason for their variability should also emerge. However, before proceeding to the analysis, the question of the term still remains to be resolved, because it is already clear from the discussion of the ambiguities related to personal noun terms that the terminology related to the phenomenon chosen to be examined here is quite uneven. The article will examine only those terms that include a capitalized person(s) name(s) that has not lost the status of a proper word. When studying such terms as eponymous, it is possible to distinguish them from other eponymous terms – names of single-word concepts in which the actual word has become a generic – by a term formed taking into account the peculiarities of the term structure, i.e. compound eponymous terms (see Kitkauskienė 2011). However, this article will not look at terms with a personal name from the point of view of eponymy, and the term compound eponymous terms would not allow to distinguish between terms formed with personal names and those formed with other nouns. In addition to the commonly used classification of real names in onomastics, they could be called anthroponymous terms – in this way, terms composed with personal names would be distinguished from terms composed with names of other living beings (mitonyms, zoonyms) or names of dead beings (e.g., toponyms). In terminology, however, there seems to be a different tradition of naming. For example, A. Kaulakienė in several works has identified terms composed with the surnames of scientists or inventors as surnames (e.g., Kaulakienė 2014: 60). However, terms are not only formed with surnames, but also with names, such as Victorian style or Napoleonic style, so the term used by K. Gaivenis, personal noun terms, is more suitable for discussing them. It is true, as can be deduced from K. Gaivenis’s comment3, that he did not only refer to compounds made up of a personal name as personal terms,3 K. Gaivenis pointed out that in Lithuanian there are two kinds of personal terms: single words (joule, kelvin, rentgenas, volts, etc.) and compounds (Archimedes’ law, Addison’s disease, Ebstein’s syndrome, etc.). Also mentioned are popular in Russian terminology adjective-composed personal terms (e.g., markovskij proces), but it is stated that in Lithuanian such terms should be avoided, they would be considered non-normative (Gaivenis 1994: 14). 101Terminology | 2023 | 30 but also one-word terms made from a personal noun, e.g.: joule, kelvin, ohm, x-ray. In order to distinguish between them, the terms single-word personal nouns and compound personal nouns could be used, but this article will only deal with the latter, and in this context the term personal nouns will be sufficient. As can be seen from the aforementioned new Lithuanian spelling publication, it is customary to consider personal names as actual words used to name persons, dividing them further into official personal names (first names, surnames) and unofficial personal names (nicknames, nicknames, etc.) (Vladarskienė, Zemlevičiūtė 2022: 101). In the textbooks of macroeconomics, only compound terms formed with official personal names were found, so the term used here will include only terms formed with them, the majority of which, as it turns out, consists of terms formed with a surname (or several surnames). It can be said in advance that all personal terms found in macroeconomic textbooks are composed only with non-Lithuanian (adapted or unadapted) personal names, so the term personal terms used here will include only such terms, and the personal name will not be avoided as a foreign name. 1. GENERAL PERFORMANCE DATA Selecting compound noun terms from 8 macroeconomic textbooks for higher schools, which, as just written, will be called simply noun terms in this article, it becomes clear that their use in the sources is uneven. In the 1997 edition of the Basics of Macroeconomics, there are only five such terms: Phillips Curve Dril 48, Laffer Curve Dril 142, See's Law Dril 72, Fischer's Equation Dril 46 and Keynesian Economic Theory Dril 73. There are only a few of them in the 1994 translated textbook – 15: Phillips curve W 248, See's law W 170, Gresham's law W 44, Okun's law W 118 (and Okun's law W 406), Malthus's problem W 315 (and Malthus's problem W 402), Pigou effect W 170, Barrow theory W 336, Gramm-Rudman act W 194, 197, Humphrey-Hawkins's law W 266, etc. In addition, some personal terms are included in the Glossary of Special Terms at the end of this textbook and are not used in the text: Engel’s Rules W 395, Fisher’s Equation W 396, Lorentz Curve W 402, Keynesian Economic Theory W 399. However, for example, in the Vilnius University textbook prepared by the authors, which is the most recent of the reviewed macroeconomic textbooks (published 102 Ramunė Vaskelaitė 2017), 42 terms formed with a personal name or names were used, and in Remigijus Čiegis’ Macroeconomics, published in 2013, there were as many as 62. It is therefore not difficult to assume the spread of personal noun terms. However, two circumstances immediately prompt it to be revised. One of these terms has been used extensively in the Vilnius University textbook published in 2006 (the 2017 textbook was prepared on the basis of it) and in the Kaunas University of Technology Macroeconomics published in 2008: 38 and 43 terms respectively. In the 2016 edition of Economic Theory Macroeconomics only 7 personal nouns are used, although this is also one of the most recent textbooks chosen for this analysis. This suggests that the number of personal nouns in textbooks may also be related to the authors’ choice to use or avoid these terms. In addition, the volume of macroeconomic textbooks varies. The one in which only 5 personal terms are presented comprises 12.75 accounting arcs, while the 2008 textbook, in which 43 personal terms are used, comprises as many as 40 accounting arcs. Without considering the reasons for the uneven distribution of personal nouns, it should be said that there are terms that are used only in one textbook. If such a term appears only in one textbook and is used only once, such as the rules of Engel W 395, Kuhn's theory Sn 60, Popper's theory Sn 60, Valras's law Sn 370, Triffin's paradox Chieg 263, Beveridge's curve Chieg 155, Hume's mechanism Chieg 263, Oliver-Tanzi effect Sn 452 or Humphrey-Hawkins's law W 266, then, of course, he cannot have options. However, even if it is used several times, cases of variantity at the level of a single textbook are rare. For example, in the 1994 textbook Okun’s law is written as W 118, in the Dictionary of Special Terms at the end of this textbook – Okun’s law W 406, in the text – Laffer’s curve W 200, in the dictionary – Laffer’s curve W 401, and also – Malthus’s problem W 315 and Malthus’s problem W 402. However, if a term is used in more than one textbook, it usually has variants, e.g. : Solow residue Cieg 367 and Solou residue Sn 508; Pigou effect Cieg 79, W 170 and Pigu effect Sn 271; Juglar cycles Gav 269, Sk 143 and Žugliaro cycles Cieg 174, Sn 374; Phillips curve Andr 277, Dril 48, Gav 244, Jak 236, Sk 177, Sn 438, W 248 and Phillips curve Č 176; See's law Dril 72, Sn 48, W 170 and Say's law Č 26; Okun's law Andr 259, Cieg 127, Gav 209, Sk 154, Sn 404, Okun's law W 118 and Ouken's law Jak 242; Gresham's law Sk 199, Gresham's law Gav 118, Sn 208 and Gresham's law W 44; Lorenzo curve Cieg 67, Lorenz curve W 402 and 103Terminology | 2023 | 30 Lorentz curve Sn 567; Mundello–Fleming model Sk 265, Mandel–Fleming model Sn 489, Mundello–Fleming model Gav 286. As terms used in several textbooks, but not forming a row of variants, only the following can be mentioned: Havel’s theorem Cieg 168, Sn 182, Wagner’s law Sk 83, Sn 174 and the terms Malthus trap Andr 303, Jak 247, Fischer hypothesis Andr 277, Jak 234, Okun coefficient Gav 209, which only appear in a few textbooks, although other terms composed with the personal names Malthus, Fischer or Okun, as will be shown, are variants. Thus, in the analyzed sources, the variantity of personal noun terms mainly emerges at the intertextual level. In the comparatively abundant studies of variantity in Lithuanian terminology, in which term variants are usually considered to be terms with the same meaning but different expression or different forms of the term (see: Mitkevičienė 2004: 124; Zemlevičiūtė 2012: 106)4, variants are usually divided into certain types. They discuss spelling variants (Zemlevičiūtė 2011, 2018), which are also called orthographic variants (Zemlevičiūtė 2012; Drukteinis 2015), phonetic variants (Zemlevičiūtė 2003: 94–95; 2009: 177), morphological variants (Stunžinas 2008; Zemlevičiūtė 2012) and others. Asta Mitkevičienė (2004), who presents a detailed inventory of variants, lists the following types: phonetic and spelling variants, morphological variants, syntactic variants, verb variants. Morphological variants are further divided into number, gender and other variants, as a separate subgroup of morphological variants also distinguishing the variants of the endings and endings, formula and formula, idilė and idilija, oblis and oblius, turėklas and turėklius, krumplys and krumplis (Mitkevičienė 2004: 133–135; Stunžinas 2008: 124; Zemlevičiūtė 2012: 114). When discussing the variants of limbs and endings, they are also included those variants that arise from the uneven morphological formation of borrowed words, for example, psychological analysis and psychological analysis, epic and epic (Mitkevičienė 2004: 134). At the same time, variantity researchers observe that terms often differ not in one but in several variantity features, and in this respect they are divided into pure and mixed (Mitkevičienė 2004: 139–140; Zemlevičiūtė 2012). However, when classifying and discussing variants, personal noun terms are not included, and therefore the variantity typology does not apply to them. And trying to apply it to such terms also raises certain ambiguities. 4 In Lithuanian terminology works, the variants understood in this way are distinguished from different terms – synonyms – that designate the same concept (see: Mitkevičienė 2004; Vaskelaitė 2022a: 90–93). Variability of nominative macroeconomic terms 110 Ramunė Vaskelaitė fluctuates. For example, the terms composed with the name of the English scientist John M. Keynes, considered the creator of macroeconomics, who developed his basic theory in a book published in 1936, are also spelled differently. In textbooks, the terms formed with it are used not one by one, and in one place it is written Keynesian (economic) theory Dril 73, W 399, elsewhere – Keynesian theory Gav 170, Sk 130, in one place – Keynesian liquidity preference theory Sk 206, elsewhere – Keynesian liquidity preference theory Gav 116, etc. Such fluctuations would indicate that the concept of traditional form can be problematic. Probably that is why in one textbook no exceptions are made – almost all personal terms used here have a personal name written in the original language, i.e. Phillips curve Chieg 68, Fisher equation Chieg 67, Fisher relation Chieg 318. Such a tendency, which is only evident in this textbook, also increases the number of lines of variants related to the different spelling of the name. And the few cases of transcribed forms of personal names that occur in such a context would rather indicate carelessness than fluctuations. Here in this textbook there is only Fisher equation, Fisher relation, but when the term Fisher index is used only once in Chieg 81 the same name is given transcribed. In two textbooks, where the opposite tendency – writing terms with transcribed personal names – is evident, one exception also occurs. This is the spelling of the name of an American scientist, with which the terms Okun’s law Andr 259, Sn 404 and Okun’s coefficient Andr 259 are composed – it is written in the original form (see here the term Okun’s law). The fact that the third textbook with the same tendency writes Ouken's law Jak 242 would indicate that the other two textbooks probably support the surname as of non-English origin and that its spelling may indicate an adaptation of a surname of non-English origin. The spelling of the term Gresham’s Law Sk 199, derived from the name of the finance minister Thomas Gresham (1519–1579), also shows the inconsistencies of phonetic adaptation at the intertextual level: one textbook writes Gresham’s Law Sn 208, the other – Gresham’s Law W 44. Thus, it becomes clear that the variability of terms in textbooks, which can be seen from the differences in spelling, is determined by the choice of a different way of writing the person's name in the secondary accent of the term, and by the exceptions and variations associated with them. This is due to the lack of evidence or the uncertainty of the interpretation of the text. In total, this variability is shown by 38 lines of variants, but most of them are expanded by other variants discussed below. 111Terminologija | 2023 | 30 3. NON-UNIFORM MORPHOLOGICAL PRESENTATION From the discussed cases of variantity it becomes clear that the sources analyzed tend to use personal nouns after adapting them to the morphological system of the Lithuanian language, i.e. after adding a Lithuanian ending. As provided for in the spelling rules for non-Lithuanian personal names in force at the time of publication of all these textbooks, set out in LKRS (1992: 81–89), as well as in the updated spelling rules (see Vladarskienė, Zemlevičiūtė 2022: 179–206), endings are added in the textbooks to both transcribed and originally written personal names, e.g. : Fisher equation and Fisher equation, Phillips and Phillips curve, Gresham, Gresham and Gresham law. The examples given also show that the endings are mostly placed directly next to the personal noun. In the 1994 edition of the textbook, they are attempted to be written after an apostrophe: Okun's law W 118, Malthus's problem W 315, A. Laffer's curve W 200, Humphrey-Hawkins's law W 266. If such a term is used in other textbooks, it is formed from cases of use of the term that seem to differ only by an apostrophe: Okun’s law W 118 and Okun’s law Andr 259, Čieg 127, Gav 209, Sk 177, Sn 404; Malthus’s problem W 315 and Malthus’s problem Andr 304; A. Laffer’s curve W 200 and Laffer’s curve Dril 142. Other pronoun terms in the 1994 textbook are presented with the transcribed pronoun, their ending, as provided by the rules, being added directly, without apostrophe: Gresham's law W 44, Phillips curve W 248, Fisher's equation W 396, Lorentz curve W 402. Other textbooks also use apostrophes for some terms: Say's law Chieg 26, Dril 72, Hume's mechanism Chieg 90, Ramsey-Casso-Koopmans model Chieg 365. However, the latter two are used only in one textbook and are not variants. However, only certain personal names with an apostrophe are provided for by the rules for writing non-Lithuanian personal names. As already discussed in paragraph 1 of this article, the LKRS provides that an apostrophe is to be written when a non-Lithuanian real name ends in an unpronounced vowel or in an unpronounced consonant (LKRS 1992). The use of the apostrophe in textbooks could indicate the application of such an exception. However, it is not easy to determine when a non-Lithuanian personal name ending in a consonant is unpronunciable, for this it is necessary to know the origin of the personal name. Thus, it is possible that the variants found in the 1994 textbook, namely Okun’s Law W 118 and Okun’s Law W 406, A. Laffer’s Curve W 200 and Laffer’s Curve W 401, have arisen from such ambiguities. Already from the cases of writing analyzed in the previous chapter, the general tendency to use terms with one or 112 Ramunė Vaskelaitė is added in a different way with a Lithuanian ending, in this respect some personal names are also made an exception. The following terms are used without the Lithuanian ending: Gini coefficient Cieg 67, Barrow theory W 336, Ricardo–Barro theorem Cieg 203, Pigou effect Cieg 79, W. W. Rostow model Gav 263, F. Modigliani life cycle theory Gav 50, Solow savings paradox Cieg 394, Solow residue Cieg 367, Solow economic development model Sk 195. However, such an exception also complies with the rules of writing non-Lithuanian personal names in Lithuanian, which also provide for their morphological form. The rules in force at the time of writing the textbooks, as set out in the LCRS, provide that endings are not added to proper names of other languages that end with a stem vowel or a diphthong, such as Dombey, Fanny, Manzoni, Spandau, or that end with an accented vowel, e.g. : Meillet, Camus (LKRS 1992: 89). Moreover, they already provide for morphological variants, i.e. it is stated that endings may be added to personal names ending with a stem vowel or a diphthong, if necessary – in this case they should be written after an apostrophe. Thus, the morphological variants Paasche (price) index Sk 157 and Paashe’s index Sk 34 of the term composed with the personal name Paashe, which occur in textbooks, may be a reflection of this variantity foreseen by the rules. Cases of variants related to the morphological form of a personal name, which do not comply with the rules of writing non-Lithuanian personal names valid at the time of the textbook release, are rarely found in textbooks. For example, terms formed with the personal name Solow are used without the addition of the Lithuanian ending, as provided by the rules, but a term formed with this personal name used in one textbook shows that the ending is added, and it is added not after an apostrophe, as provided by the LKRS, but directly – Solowo growth model Sk 11. Otherwise, the personal name, which, according to the rules, should not be written infinitive, is written without ending – J. R. Hicks model Čieg 284 (see J. Hicks model Sk 250). Several cases of variantity related to the extremities and endings show the uncertainties arising from the softness notation in the morphological adaptation of the personal name: Laffer curve Sn 263, W 200, Laffer’s curve W 200 and Laffer’s curve Dril 142; Mundel and Fleming model Gav 286 and Mundel and Fleming model Gav 287. Fleming's model Gav 286. 4. OTHER CASES In addition to the previously discussed, there are more individual variants in textbooks. Already from the analysis carried out so far it was possible to see that these sources 113Terminologija | 2023 | 30 are the most typical terms formed with one personal noun of another language, namely the surname, and for them – the already discussed signs of variantity. The total number of these terms in all textbooks is 85, but 11 terms with two surnames have been used in the analyzed sources. Some are used in only one textbook, such as Humphrey–Hawkins’s Law W 266, Gramm–Rudman’s Act W 194, 196, 197, Reagan–Thatcher model Sn 31, Ricardo–Barr theorem Chieg 90, Keynes’s income–expenditure model Sk 50, Solow–Swann model Chieg 377, and have no variants. Several terms composed of two personal names are used more widely and thus highlight not only the variability related to the spelling of the personal name, but also the variability that could be described as related to the connection of the elements of the term. In one case, the elements of the term are connected by a hyphen and in another case – by a dash or hyphen, e.g. : Heckscher-Olin model Andr 318, Heckscher-Olin model Cieg 79; Baumol-Tobin model Gav 133, Baumol-Tobin model Sk 209; Mundell-Flemming model Gav 286, Mundell-Flemming model Sk 265, Mandel-Flemming model Sn 489. These few instances, together with the writing of terms composed of two surnames without variants (e.g., Humphrey-Hawkins’s law W 266, Gramm-Rud man’s act W 194, 196, 197, but Solow-Swann’s model Cieg 377, Ramsey-Casso-Koopmans’s model Cieg 365) indicate that a fact ascertained on the basis of terminology from other fields (e.g. : Refresh 2002: 38; Drukteinis 2015), can also be confirmed based on the terminology examined here – there are also ambiguities in the writing of the dash and the dash. As can be seen from the examples given, in some cases they are avoided by choosing to connect the terms with the conjunction and. On the other hand, attention has also been drawn to the ambiguities of the codified norms that provide for the writing of a dash and a dash (Keinys 2005; Gudzinevičiūtė 2012), as well as to the unclear norms related to the writing of a dash between actual words (Vaskelaitė 2022b: 106–109). Only in the new compendium of spelling rules Lithuanian spelling: rules, comments, advice, published later than the sources analyzed here – in 2022, a clearer boundary is drawn between dash and dash (Vladarskienė, Zemlevičiūtė 2022: 230–242). As has already been pointed out, it considers not only a hyphen as a spelling mark, but also a volume hyphen, and therefore such a hyphen is considered as a spelling mark. And until this clarity was not there, the variants of terms related to the use of a dash and a dash, probably, could have been considered as variants of punctuation (2017-07-22). The typology of variantity of terms used in Lithuanian terminology works does not provide for the variants of distinction, but the material under consideration highlights several cases that could be considered as variants of distinction. For example, in the 2006 textbook, the personal noun forming the term is written in italics in some cases, such as Laffer curve Sk 11, Gav 11, Solowo growth model Sk 11, Keynes cross Sk 11, Laspeyres price index Sk 157, Tobin q Sk 737, and such writing would correspond to the allocation of the foreign language element in the text. It is true that this method of designation is provided for non-Lithuanian common words or sayings and non-Lithuanian (or Lithuanian) symbolic names, not personal names. However, clearer formulations regarding its application have been provided only recently (e.g.: Linkevičienė 2013: 56; ESIV 2014: 38; Vladarskienė, Zemlevičiūtė 2022: 177), so the variantity occurring in the textbook of the earlier period may be related to codification ambiguities. Only one textbook uses two terms composed of three surnames, namely the Ramsey-Casso-Koopmans model Chieg 365 and the Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides model Chieg 154. One of them is used only once, so there are no options. But together with the second term is used several times and has an abbreviation – DMP model Čieg 154, 155. Although abbreviations are not discussed as variants of terms in Lithuanian terminology, based on the variability studies developed abroad (e.g., León-Araúz, Cabezas-García 2020), abbreviations or terms composed with them could also be considered as variants of terms. In any case, such variantity could be discussed more broadly on the basis of other sources – such abbreviation is not characteristic of the personal noun terms of the sources analyzed here. However, there are other ways of abbreviating in the sources examined. For example, a term is abbreviated by omitting its non-personal element or elements. Thus, the same textbook uses both the Harrod-Domar model of economic growth Cieg 388, and the Harrod-Domar model Cieg 379; and the Solow model of economic development Cieg 193, and the Solow model Cieg 194. However, the forms resulting from such abbreviation are not readily considered as variants of the term – A. Mitkevičienė (2015a) has discussed both them and the so-called long and short forms as textual usage of terms 7 Since the examples in this article are written in italics, the italics used in textbooks are shown when writing the corresponding word in vertical font. 115Terminology | 2023 | 30 typical cases. There are only two cases of so-called long and short forms of the personal noun term in the sources examined: the short-term Phillips curve Gav 244, Sk 176, Sn 322 and the short-term Phillips curve Jak 238, the long-term Phillips curve Sk 180, Sn 441 and the long-term Phillips curve Jak 238. How 238. However, neither from the point of view of textual usage of terms, nor from the point of view of variantity, cases related to the abbreviation of the personal noun element of the term are evaluated, and they are abundant in the examined sources. Although, as can be seen from the examples already given, macroeconomic textbooks use mainly surname-only terms, some textbooks have a marked tendency to use terms that include the first development of the name (or several names). For example, in a textbook published in 2006 by Vilnius University we find I. Fisher’s interim consumer budget constraint Sk 54, I. Fischer’s interim choice theory Sk 54, I. Modigliani’s lifetime theory Sk 59, J. A. Hobson’s theory Sk 123, J. M. Keynes’s consumption function Sk 50, 52, J. M. Keynes’s income-expenditure model Sk 50, W. D. Nordhaus and J. Tobin’s index Cieg 72, R. Lucas’s production function Cieg 131, A. Spiethoff’s hypothesis Cieg 124, A. Aftalion’s hypothesis Cieg 123, J. Hicks’s model Cieg 250, E. S. Phelps’s rule Cieg 377, T. Malthus’s theory Cieg 362, although other terms used here do not have the first letter of their name (cf.: Wagner’s law Cieg 83, Ricardo’s equivalence Cieg 100, Kitchin’s cycles Cieg 123, Juglar’s cycles Cieg 143, Okun’s law Cieg 177, Phillips curve Cieg 177). There are many terms with the first letter of the name in the textbook of Vilnius University published in 2017, which, as it appears, was prepared on the basis of the previous one. Many of them are also in the 2008 edition of the textbook of Kaunas University of Technology, e.g. : J. Neiman model Sn 370, Dali and Kobo index of balanced economic well-being Sn 347, J. Keynesian model Sn 324, Laffer curve Sn 432, Fisher equation Sn 450, Fisher effect Sn 450, Keynesian cross Sn 249. Thus, in textbooks, there are such writing inequalities as Laffer curve and A. Laffer curve, Fischer equation and I. Fischer equation, Keynesian model and J. The Keynesian model, the Keynesian cross and the Keynesian cross, etc., which raise the question of assessing such cases in terms of the variability of terms. It also happens that the name of a theory, model, phenomenon, equation or similar is used as a combination of words with a full name or several names, for example: "The most famous representatives of this neokeynesian theory are the American economists Eusebius David Domar (Evesy David, born 1914), Ray Harrod Forbes (Harrod, Ray, Forbs, 1980–1978) and Robert A. 116 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Merton Solou (Solo, Robert Merton, b. 1924) economic growth models“ Sn 57; „Alongside the most well-known economic equilibrium models, it is necessary to note the model of the growing economy of the American economist Jerzy Neyman (Neyman, 1903–1957)“ Sn 369. However, such cases are rare, and cases of use of the name letters occur frequently, for example: „This is called I. Fischer effect“ Sn 450; „The lower part of A. Laffer curve shows the opposite situation <...>“ W 200; „The conditions of long-term equilibrium in the money market are expressed by M. Friedman equation, named after the famous American economist <...>“ Sn 274; „M. Friedman equation is a generalization of the Friedman equation, which is a generalization of the Friedman equation. Friedman's theory of continuous income complements Modigliani's life cycle theory" Chieg 50. This tendency can be explained by the influence of context. Textbooks not only use personal noun terms, but also reveal the circumstances of their emergence, indicating the person in whose name one or another thing is named, and when indicating it, not only the surname, but also the name is written, later it is abbreviated – only the first letter of the name is written. Thus, in such a context, it would be possible to explain some cases of the use of terms with a noun letter, for example: "The first theory of long waves was founded by the Russian economist Nikolai Kondratyev (1892-1938) in his article,,The long waves in economic life" (1926). On the basis of information on the evolution of consumer prices In France, Great Britain, the United States and Germany, N. Kondratyev raised the hypothesis that industrial development is cyclical. Schumpeter confirmed the concept of the Russian scientist, calling the long waves the Kondratyev cycle. Since the 1930s, the long-wave cycle has been known in economic literature as the Kondratyev cycle. On the other hand, although the surname is usually used with the first letter of the name, there are also cases of use of one surname, which could be considered as negligence, e.g.: „I. Fisher believed that the rate of money was more or less constant in the short term" Sn 205 and "Fisher first formulated the equality of exchange" Sn 204. Thus, the term I. Fisher’s equality of exchange („This allows I. Fisher’s equality of exchange to be transformed into quantitative money theory“) used in such a context could also be considered as a result of negligence. On the other hand, the latter example can also show the circumstances of the formation of the personal noun term in the macroeconomic textbook. If this is the case, then it would be possible to explain further how much personal terms in macroeconomic textbooks are borrowed from foreign publications and how much are created by textbook authors. All of them, as we have seen from this article 117Terminologija | 2023 | 30 analyzed examples are composed with a non-Lithuanian personal name (because the laws, theories, models, equations, etc. discussed in them were not created by Lithuanians), but the context to which attention is drawn here would indicate that the authors of Lithuanian textbooks may have contributed to the creation of the personal term. Such assumption would be made possible by the unequal quantitative data of personal noun terms in the textbooks examined, mentioned at the beginning of the article – in certain textbooks or in textbooks of certain personal noun terms, it can be avoided by mentioning the person or persons related to a certain phenomenon, but without using the personal noun term, for example, in the following way: „According to the prevailing characteristics of consumption, several main consumption models are distinguished in economic theory: <...> Constant income hypothesis (Milton Friedman, 1957). <…> The Life Cycle Hypothesis (Franco Modigliani and Richard Brumberg, 1954) <…>“ Andr 180–181. However, this question of the use of personal nouns should be considered separately, since it is not a question of their variability alone. CONCLUSIONS After examining the variability of personal terms used in macroeconomic textbooks for higher schools, it becomes clear that it is mainly related to the peculiarities of personal spelling and morphological adaptation. The most characteristic feature of these sources is the variability resulting from the unequal way of writing the personal name: in some textbooks the personal name is written in the original, in others – in Lithuanian characters, in the latter case it is adapted according to approximate pronunciation. There are also different ways of spelling the personal names in the Lithuanian language. They also provide an exception for traditional forms of personal names, and the sources examined show cases of variantity that can be linked to the application of this exception, as well as to the ambiguities of the concept of traditional form. In the terminology of macroeconomics textbooks there is a marked tendency to adapt non-Lithuanian personal names to the morphological system of the Lithuanian language by adding a Lithuanian ending to them, and the occurring exceptions reflect the exceptions provided for by the codified rules of writing non-Lithuanian personal names in the Lithuanian language. Some variants in macroeconomic textbooks are related to the ambiguity of the phonetic adaptation of the personal name. Although the reasons for the variability of personal nouns should be investigated separately, using not only macroeconomic sources, here Čieg – Čiegis Remigijus 2012: Makroekonomika: Vilniaus universiteto vadovėlis, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. 118 Ramunė Vaskelaitė’s material, showing the correspondence of the trends in the use of personal names and the spelling rules of non-Lithuanian personal names, would lead to the conclusion that one of those reasons could be the variantity, foreseen by the codification of spelling norms. There are few other cases of variantity in the sources examined, and from the occurring ones it can be concluded that also in macroeconomic terminology there are ambiguities related to the use of dash and hyphen. The analysis of the use of personal nouns not only reveals the most typical types or characteristics of variantity in macroeconomic textbooks, but also raises questions of variantity typology. 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