„Lietuvos“, „lietuvių“ ar „lietuviškas skalikas“: pavadinimų vartojimo problematika

doi.org/10.35321/term30-4 Lithuanian, of Lithuania, or Lithuanian-language hound: problems in the use of names Lithuanian, of Lithuania, or Lithuanian-language hound: Problems in the Use of Dog Breed Names MARIUS SMETONA Vilnius University ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2816-5504 ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0352-884X A B S T R A C T The article examines the reasons why the national dog breed names Lithuanian Hound and Lithuanian-type Hound may have emerged and are sometimes used in society and the media, even though the established term in cynology is Lithuanian Hound. To this end, 283 breed names were examined, classified into four groups, and assessed to determine whether any system of dog breed names exists. The types of secondary elements used to form other terms in Lithuanian cynology were identified. To establish naming trends for animals bred in Lithuania, their names were checked against official government sources. The article also briefly discusses the international system of dog breed names to determine whether it may have influenced the Lithuanian tradition. KEYWORDS: cynological terminology, dog breed names, toponyms, ethnonyms, variation. A B S T R A C T The article examines the reasons why the names Lietuvos skalikas and lietuviškas skalikas, which are sometimes used in the public and in the media for the national dog breed, may have arisen, although the term lietuvių skalikas [Lithuanian Hound] is well established in the field of cynology. 72 Marius Smetona, Lietuvos, lietuvių ar lietuviškas skalikas: Anželika Smetonienė, pavadinimų vartojimo problematika To achieve this goal, 283 breed names were analysed, classified into four groups, and checked whether a system of dog breed names is available and what type of attributes are used for other terms in Lithuanian cynology. To identify the naming trends of animals that have been bred in Lithuania, the names have been verified in the official sources of the authorities. The international naming system for dog breeds is also investigated to determine whether it may have influenced the Lithuanian tradition. KEYWORDS: cynology, dog breed names, toponyms, ethnonyms, variations. INTRODUCTION Many works on Lithuanian terminology are devoted not only to general principles but also to discussing the terminology of specific fields and examining its problems. Problems and trends in the terminology of astrology, biology, economics, physics, computer science, mathematics, medicine, religion, construction, and law have been studied from one angle or another. Although the Lithuanian Cynological Society (LKD) was founded 30 years ago and has been a full member of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) since 2005, cynological terminology has not yet attracted the attention of Lithuanian scholars. The Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia (VLEe) gives the following definition of cynology: “Cynology (Greek kyōn, genitive kynos – dog + logos – science), the science of dogs. It studies dog breeds, their origins, anatomy and physiology, raising, breeding, training, and use in hunting and for service purposes. Cynology is the theoretical basis of modern dog keeping.” The terms of this fairly broad field include dog breed names. People who are not cynologists and those with little experience of dog keeping often do not know the exact names of less popular breeds. The LKD has evidently noticed this too, and its website therefore provides concise information not only about the correct breed names but also about their forms: “It would be desirable for lovers of pedigree dogs to set a good example and write dog breed names correctly. Here are the basic rules for writing dog breed names correctly. Dog breeds are written with a lowercase initial because a dog breed name is a common Lithuanian word (golden retriever, miniature schnauzer, dachshund, poodle, collie, chow chow, St. Bernard, etc.). A dog breed name is written with an uppercase initial only when it is associated with a clear geographical reference. Most often, this is the place of origin of the dog breed: Yorkshire Terrier, Labrador Retriever, Swiss Mountain Dog, Auvergne Brachet, Weimaraner Short-haired Pointing Dog. Note: in a dog breed name, the proper noun—the name of a country or region—predominates. When a dog breed name is associated with the people who developed the breed, Terminologija | 2023 | 30 73 when it is a name, we write the name with a lowercase initial: Lithuanian Hound, German Shepherd, Australian Silky Terrier, Irish Wolfhound, Czechoslovakian Wolfdog, Italian Bracco, Welsh Corgi Pembroke, Finnish Laika. Please note: not Lietuvos skalikas or lietuviškas skalikas, but lietuvių skalikas” (www.kinologija.lt). This entry also mentions Lithuanian Hounds. Little attention is paid to local animal breeds in Lithuania, but recently the public has become somewhat more interested in our national dog breed, and a tendency is therefore emerging in public discourse to refer to the only Lithuanian dog breed in several different ways – Lithuanian Hound, Lietuvos skalikas, or lietuviškas skalikas. This inconsistency in naming has sparked discussion among enthusiasts, owners, breeders, and cynologists of the breed, since people who work with this breed traditionally call it Lithuanian Hound. In general, judging by the popularity of these names, at least when each is entered into the “Google” search field, the more popular one is Lithuanian Hound (5,740 results), the less popular one is Lietuvos skalikas (1,410 results), and the least popular is lietuviškas skalikas (313 results). Perhaps the best reflection of this problem is the following excerpt from the magazine miškininkas.eu: “It has been on the brink of extinction more than once, but, as the long-time president of the Lithuanian (underlined by the authors – author’s note) Hound Breeders’ Association (the association’s official name is the Lithuanian Hound Breeders’ Association – author’s note), Ri̇čardas Barzdenis, explains, today Lithuanian hounds boldly bay in the forests, and their breeders know that the breed will not disappear. Lithuanian hounds are popular not only in Lithuania—the people of other countries are also keen to keep these dogs, and it is known that the blood of our national dog breed has also been introduced into the hounds of other countries” (Milerytė 2020). As can be seen, all three designations are used in this short excerpt, and their use appears synonymous. If a dog breed name is regarded as a term in the field of cynology, it should be the sole designation for the concept (Jakaitienė 2010: 185). Asta Mitkevičienė notes that terminological synonymy is understood as a negative phenomenon, as is also reflected in the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language’s programme on professional language, where synonymy is presented as one of the shortcomings of terminology (Mitkevičienė 2020: 1–2). Clause 7.2.6 of the ISO standard emphasizes that one of the most important tasks in standardizing terms is to identify terms marked preferred—that is, the primary term. Synonyms (if they do not create ambiguity elsewhere) are assigned the label admitted. 74 Marius Smetona, Anželika Smetonienė Lietuvos, lietuvių ar lietuviškas skalikas: pavadinimų vartojimo problematika If a synonym is rejected for some reason (for example, because it violates the principle of monosemy), it is labeled deprecated (ISO 2009: 35–36). In practice, however, it is not possible to eliminate synonyms; they arise for various reasons. Sigita Stankevičienė identifies primarily linguistic-cognitive and extralinguistic factors—nominative variation and communicative variation determined by different audiences. Term synonyms are quite common when the terminology of a particular field is still taking shape, but they may also arise after the terminology has become established (Stankevičienė 2012: 22). Thus, it is natural that avoiding undesirable terminological synonyms is difficult in such a broad field, so close to the public, as cynology. Angelė Kaulakienė distinguishes between justified synonymy (for example, Lithuanian and international terms, compound and elliptical terms) and unjustified synonymy, the latter being undesirable (Kaulakienė 1994: 55). The subject of this article is the modifiers in the name of our national dog breed, skalik as: lietuvių, Lietuvos, lietuviškas. The aim is to determine why such a variety of names for this breed arose, how they differ, and which name would be correct after all. To this end, breed names were selected from the latest Lithuanian Kennel Club international dog show catalogs (“Vilniaus pavasaris 2023,” “Lietuvos nugalėtojas 2023,” “Vilniaus taurė 2023,” “Kauno žiema 2023,” “Kauno nugalėtojas 2023,” “Kikos taurė 2023”) and older catalogs (“Litexpo taurė 2018,” “Vilniaus žiema 2018,” “Kalėdų taurė 2018”); 283 different breed names were collected in total, classified into four groups, and examined to see whether there is any system for naming dog breeds. Names of animals bred in Lithuania other than dogs (horses, pigs, etc.) were also examined to determine what place lietuvių skalikas would occupy in the overall system. NAMES OF OTHER ANIMALS BRED IN LITHUANIA Lithuania has not only a national dog breed but also breeds of horses, pigeons, cattle, and other animals. To establish as reliably as possible the trends in the diversification of animals bred in Lithuania, their names were checked against official government sources—the farm animal classifiers of the Agricultural Information and Rural Business Centre. Data from the Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija and the Lithuanian Farm Animal Genetic Resources Conservation Coordination Centre were also included (see Table 1). Terminologija | 2023 | 30 75 Table 1. Names of animals bred in Lithuania AGRICULTURAL CENTRE CLASSIFIERS VISUOTINĖ LIETUVIŲ ENCIKLOPEDIJA LITHUANIAN FARM ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES CONSERVATION COORDINATION CENTRE Lithuanian Heavy Drafts Lithuanian Heavy Drafts Lithuanian Heavy Draft Horses Žemaitukai Žemaitukai Žemaitukai Large Žemaitukai Large Žemaitukai Large Žemaitukai Lithuanian riding horses Lithuanian Whites Lithuanian Whites Lithuanian Whites Lithuanian native pigs Lithuanian native pigs Lithuanian Blackheaded sheep Lithuanian Blackheaded sheep Lithuanian native coarsewool sheep Lithuanian native coarsewool sheep Lithuanian native goats Lithuanian native goats Lithuanian ash-grey cattle Lithuanian white-backed cattle Lithuanian green cattle Lithuanian black-and-white cattle chicken geese Lithuanian Hound Lithuanian Hounds Table 1 shows that some names have no equivalents in one or another source, while others appear in all of them. For example, VLEe has no entries for most local breeds. Lithuanian riding horses are included only in the classifier because this is a relatively new breed and, at present, no measures need to be taken at state level to protect it; however, it should be emphasized that the documents of the organization carrying out its breeding work (the Lithuanian Horse Breeders Association) use precisely the phrase with the component Lietuvos. Cattle names in the classifier are highly abbreviated or simplified and are therefore not included in this table. Lithuanian Hounds are not included in the classifiers because they are not an agricultural subject, but it is necessary to mention here an item published on the website of the Ministry of Agriculture in 2016: “The Ministry of Agriculture prepared and approved in 2008 the Programme for the Conservation of Lithuanian Farm Animal Genetic Resources, which included Žemaitukai, large Žemaitukai and Lithuanian Heavy Draft horses, Old Genotype Trakehner horses, Lithuanian Native and Old Genotype Lithuanian White pigs, Šėmai and 76 Marius Smetona, Anželika Smetonienė Lietuvos, lietuvių ar lietuviškas skalikas: pavadinimų vartojimo problematika White-backed cattle, Old Genotype Lithuanian Red cattle, Old Genotype Lithuanian Black-and-White cattle, native coarse-wool sheep and Lithuanian Blackhead sheep, chicken geese, Lietuvos skalikus (emphasis added by the authors – authors’ note), native goats, and native bees. Their distinctive inherited traits developed in Lithuania, so they have significant breeding, scientific, cultural, historical, ecological, and economic value and are an important part of global biodiversity” (Ministry of Agriculture). This excerpt from a Ministry of Agriculture document shows that if hounds were included in the classifier, the phrase Lietuvos skalikas would most likely be used. The other two sources provide the term lietuvių skaliko. Thus, at least among the names of the local domestic animal breeds presented, lietuvių skalikas stands out as non-systematic, since Lietuvos skalikas has become established in state institutions. The naming of local pigeon breeds has a fairly clear system. Usually, a toponym is selected and an attributive word is attached to it—a physical or behavioral characteristic of the pigeon, or a figurative description of it: Sūduvos baltagalvis, Dainavos spalvotagalvis, Kauno drugelis, Kauno baltajuostis vartiklis, Klaipėdos aukštaskraidis, Vilniaus spalvotašonis, Vilniaus ereliukas, Vilniaus naktinis, Šiaulių baltasparniai, Lietuvos šarkelė, Lietuvos pašto-parodinis, Lietuvos žuvėdrėlė, Lietuvos figūrinis. Examples containing the component Lietuvos can be found among these names; standing apart from the entire group of pigeon names is aukštaičių burbulis. There is a clear tendency to use the names of regions and cities in breed names. DOG BREED NAMES The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI), the main international canine organization, recognizes about 360 dog breeds. Each breed has its own name, which functions as a term in cynology. Dog breed names were selected from catalogues of several international shows held in Lithuania. A total of 283 were found. The breed names were divided into groups. The first three comprise names formed by analogy with the Lithuanian dog breed names lietuvių skalikas and Lietuvos skalikas, as well as a small number of intermediate cases (see Table 2); the fourth group consists of names formed on some other basis: affenpinčeris, akita, auksaspalvis retriveris, azavakas, barbetas, barzdotasis kolis, basendžis, basethaundas, biglis, Byverio terjeras, bobteilas, borderkolis, borderterjeras, boseronas, bria ras, broholmeris, bulmastifas, bulterjeras, čiau čiau, čihuahua ilgaplaukis, čihuahua trumpaplaukis, cvergšnauceris baltas, cvergšnauceris juodas, cvergšnauceris juodas su įsidabriu, cvergšnauceris Terminologija | 2023 | 30 77 pepper and salt, Dalmatian, Dandie Dinmont Terrier, Standard Poodle (grey, apricot), Standard Poodle (brown, black, white), deerhound, Doberman, Drever, Jack Russell Terrier, Phalène, phantom miniature, Pharaoh Hound, Field Spaniel, Bladha Hundas, etc. This is the largest group, with 109 cases in total, but it is not examined in this article. Table 2. Structure of compound dog breed names in the catalogues of exhibitions organized by the LKD MAIN NAME COMPONENT SECONDARY NAME COMPONENT (ethnonym or toponym) OTHER COMPONENTS TYPE OF SECONDARY COMPONENT DOG BREED NAME IN THE CATALOGUES Akita American ethnonym American Akita apso Lhasa1 proper name Lhasa Apso shepherd dog American miniature proper noun Miniature American Shepherd Australian nation Australian Shepherd Bosnia and Herzegovina–Croatian proper noun Bosnia and Herzegovina–Croatian Shepherd Swiss white nation White Swiss Shepherd Belgian Groenendael nation Belgian Shepherd Groenendael Belgian Laekenois nation Belgian Shepherd Laekenois Belgian Malinois nation Belgian Shepherd Malinois Belgian Tervuren nation Belgian Shepherd Tervuren Estrela proper noun Estrela Mountain Dog Icelandic people Icelandic Sheepdog Caucasian proper Caucasian Shepherd Dog Polish Lowland people Polish Lowland Sheepdog Maremma-Abruzzo2 proper Maremma-Abruzzo Sheepdog 1 The correctly adapted Lithuanian form of the city name Lhasa is Lhasa (Lhasa Apso), but the catalogue gives Lasa, probably influenced by the name in Chinese Lasa (PVŽ). 2 The name of the region from which the breed originates is Abruzzo in the original language; in Lithuanian it should be adapted as Abrucai (Maremma-Abruzzo Sheepdog) (PVŽ). 78 Marius Smetona, | Lietuvos, lietuvių ar lietuviškas skalikas: Anželika Smetonienė | pavadinimų vartojimo problematika MAIN NAME COMPONENT SECONDARY NAME COMPONENT (ethnonym or toponym) OTHER COMPONENTS TYPE OF SECONDARY COMPONENT DOG BREED NAME IN CATALOGUES Dutch3 long-haired ethnonym Dutch Shepherd long-haired4 Dutch wire-haired ethnonym Dutch Shepherd wire-haired South Russian proper name South Russian Shepherd Dog Podhale proper name Podhale Sheepdog Eastern European proper name East European Shepherd Romanian Carpathian nation; proper name Romanian Carpathian Shepherd Central Asian proper name Central Asian Shepherd German nation German Shepherd German long-haired nation long-haired German Shepherd Basset Artois Norman5 nation; proper name Artois Norman Basset Gascony blue proper name Gascony Blue Basset Vendée large; griffon proper name Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen 3 Nowadays, instead of the traditional names Holland, Hollander, Dutch, the Dutch language, the forms Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Netherlands, Dutch people, the Dutch language are recommended (VLKK); nevertheless, dog breed names that have long been used, such as Dutch Shepherd, do not need to be changed in response to the recommendation (i.e., Netherlands Shepherd). Furthermore, at least the material collected shows that dog breed names are not formed with the suffix –ietis; names for peoples are chosen rather than names for residents of states (not Afghanistani Greyhound), namely, ethnonyms (Afghan Hound). 4 Attention should be drawn to the unusual word order, atypical of Lithuanian, found in the names of some breeds. This is not the subject of this article, but it is worth mentioning that the history of the breed probably influenced this linguistically incorrect phenomenon. Alongside names such as Miniature American Shepherd, White Swiss Shepherd, West Highland White Terrier, Russian Longhaired Greyhound, there are also Mexican Hairless Dog Miniature, German Shepherd Dog Longhaired, and so on. It is possible that the latter and similar names refer to breeds that appeared somewhat later than the main variant, for example, German Shepherd Dog and German Shepherd Dog Longhaired, and that the additional element was simply appended; the naming pattern common in other languages at the time may also have had an influence. When additional elements are given in parentheses (German Great Dane (black, harlequin), German Medium Spitz (brown, black), and so on), this naming practice does not violate the Lithuanian language system. In other cases, however, the incorrect word order is entirely unjustified, especially since there are analogous correctly formed names alongside them (cf. Wirehaired Hungarian Vizsla, Shorthaired Hungarian Vizsla, and Russian Toy Longhaired, Russian Toy Shorthaired). 5 The second element of the name should probably be Norman, as indicated also by the word Normand in the breed’s name in the original language (Artésien-Norman Basset). Terminologija | 2023 | 30 79 MAIN NAME ELEMENT | SECONDARY NAME ELEMENT (ethnonym or toponym) | OTHER ELEMENTS | TYPE OF SECONDARY ELEMENT | DOG BREED NAME IN CATALOGUES Bichon | Bolognese | | proper name | Bolognese Bichon | Havanese | | proper name | Havanese Bichon | Maltese | | proper name | Maltese Bichon | Russian | spotted | nation | Russian Spotted Bichon | Tulear6 | | proper name | Tulear Bichon Boxer | German | | nation | German Boxer Bracke | Bourbon7 | | proper name | Bourbon Bracke | Italian | | nation | Italian Bracke | Auvergne | | proper name | Auvergne Bracke | Portuguese | | nation | Portuguese Bracke | French Pyrenean | | nation, proper name | French Pyrenean Bracke Buhund | Norwegian | | nation | Norwegian Buhund Bulldog | English | | nation | English Bulldog | Majorcan | | proper name | Majorcan Bulldog | French | | nation | French Bulldog Bull | American | | proper name | American Bull Bull Terrier | Staffordshire | | proper name | Staffordshire Bull Terrier Bouvier | Flemish | | nation | Flemish Bouvier Chin | Japanese | | nation | Japanese Chin Great Dane | Argentine | | nation | Argentine Great Dane | Bordeaux | | proper name | Bordeaux Great Dane | Canary | | proper name | Canary Great Dane | German | (black, harlequin) | nation | German Great Dane (black, harlequin) | German | (fawn, brindle) | nation | German Great Dane (fawn, brindle) | German | (blue) | nation | German Great Dane (blue) Drathaar | German | | nation | German Drathaar 6 The breed’s name is associated with the name of the port city Toliara. The catalogue name was apparently influenced by the city’s former name, Tulear. The city’s name is now adapted in Lithuanian as Toliara (Toliara Bichon) (PVŽ). 7 The Bourbon Bracke is an old breed originating in the historic French region of Bourbonnais (French Bourbonnais); therefore, the breed’s name in Lithuanian is inaccurate and should be Bourbonnais Bracke. 80 Marius Smetona, Anželika Smetonienė Lietuvos, lietuvių ar lietuviškas skalikas: pavadinimų vartojimo problematika MAIN NAME ELEMENT SECONDARY NAME ELEMENT (ethnonym or toponym) OTHER ELEMENTS TYPE OF SECONDARY ELEMENT DOG BREED NAME IN CATALOGUES Spaniel Breton proper name Breton Spaniel Deerhound fox nation fox deerhound griffon Belgian nation Belgian griffon Brabant proper Brabant griffon Brussels proper Brussels griffon husky Siberian proper Siberian husky heeler Lancashire proper Lancashire heeler corgi Welsh cardigan nation Welsh corgi cardigan Welsh Pembroke nation Welsh corgi Pembroke cocker spaniel American nation American Cocker Spaniel English nation English Cocker Spaniel greyhound Afghan nation Afghan Hound Spanish nation Spanish Greyhound Polish nation Polish Greyhound Russian long-haired people Russian Longhaired Sighthound Sicily proper name Sicilian Hound Hungarian people Hungarian Greyhound German Shorthaired Pointer German people German Shorthaired Pointer Laika Yakutia proper name Yakutian Laika Karelian bear people Karelian Bear Laika Finnish people Finnish Laika Swedish people Swedish Laika West Siberian proper name West Siberian Laika Malamute Alaskan proper name Alaskan Malamute mastiff Neapolitan proper name Neapolitan Mastiff Tibetan proper name Tibetan Mastiff hound Polish nation Polish Hound bird dog Munster small proper name Small Münsterländer Weimaraner short-haired proper noun Weimaraner short-haired pointing dog tracking hound Bavarian people Bavarian tracking hound Terminologija | 2023 | 30 81 MAIN COMPONENT OF THE NAME SECONDARY COMPONENT OF THE NAME (ethnonym or toponym) OTHER COMPONENTS TYPE OF SECONDARY COMPONENT DOG BREED NAME IN CATALOGUES podengo Portuguese smooth-haired miniature ethnonym Portuguese Podengo, Smooth-haired Miniature pointer English ethnonym English Pointer retriever Chesapeake8 Bay proper Chesapeake Bay Retriever Labrador proper Labrador Retriever Nova Scotia proper Nova Scotia Retriever ridgeback Rhodesian proper Rhodesian Ridgeback Thai proper Thai Ridgeback setter Irish nation Irish Setter Irish red-and-white nation Irish Red and White Setter English nation English Setter Scottish nation Gordon Setter hound Estonian nation Estonian hound Polish nation Polish hound Lithuanian nation Lithuanian hound Finnish nation Finnish hound spaniel Irish water nation Irish water spaniel American water nation American Water Spaniel Clumber proper name Clumber Spaniel Polish nation Polish Spaniel Dutch nation Dutch Spaniel Russian nation Russian Spaniel Sussex proper name Sussex Spaniel Tibetan proper name Tibetan Spaniel German nation German Spaniel spy Italian nation Italian spy springer spaniel Welsh nation Welsh Springer Spaniel 8 Although the catalog lists Česapyko, the correctly adapted form Česapeake should be Česapikas (Chesapeake Bay Retriever) (PVŽ). 82 Marius Smetona, Anželika Smetonienė Lietuvos, lietuvių ar lietuviškas skalikas: pavadinimų vartojimo problematika MAIN NAME COMPONENT SECONDARY NAME COMPONENT (ethnonym or toponym) OTHER COMPONENTS TYPE OF SECONDARY COMPONENT DOG BREED NAME IN CATALOGS spitz Sámi ethnonym Sámi spitz Eurasian proper name Eurasian spitz Japanese ethnonym Japanese spitz Norrbotten proper name Norrbotten Spitz Norwegian gray nation Norwegian Gray Spitz Finnish-Lappish nation Finnish-Lappish Spitz German large (brown, black) nation German Large Spitz (brown, black) German small (white) nation German Miniature Spitz (white) German Miniature (other colors) nation German Miniature Spitz (other colors) German Miniature (brown, black) nation German Miniature Spitz (brown, black) German Dwarf nation German Dwarf Spitz German Medium-sized (white) nation German medium Spitz (white) German medium (other colors) nation German medium Spitz (other colors) German medium (brown, black) nation German medium Spitz (brown, black) dog Australian herding nation Australian cattle dog Chodsko proper Chodský dog Danish-Swedish farmers’ people Danish-Swedish Farmdog Ibizan wire-haired proper Ibizan Hound wire-haired Ibizan short-haired proper Ibizan Hound short-haired Spanish water people Spanish Water Dog Chinese crested people Chinese Crested Dog Terminologija | 2023 | 30 83 MAIN NAME COMPONENT SECONDARY NAME COMPONENT (ethnonym or toponym) OTHER COMPONENTS TYPE OF SECONDARY COMPONENT DOG BREED NAME IN CATALOGUES Corsican9 proper noun Corsican Dog Drenthe partridge proper Drentsche Partridge Dog Mexican Hairless Miniature nation Mexican Hairless Dog Miniature Mexican Hairless Standard nation Mexican Hairless Dog Standard Mexican Hairless Medium nation Mexican Hairless Dog Medium Peru Hairless proper noun Peruvian Hairless Dog Pyrenean Mountain proper noun Pyrenean Mountain Dog Portuguese water nation Portuguese Water Dog Romanian water proper noun Romanian Water Dog terrier Irish nation Irish Terrier American hairless nation American Hairless Terrier American Staffordshire10 nation, proper noun American Staffordshire Terrier Australian nation Australian Terrier Australian silky nation Australian Silky Terrier Bedlington proper name Bedlington Terrier Boston proper name Boston Terrier Brazilian nation Brazilian Terrier Airedale proper name Airedale Terrier Glen of Imaal proper name Glen of Imaal Terrier Yorkshire proper name Yorkshire Terrier Lakeland11 proper noun Lakeland Terrier Manchester proper noun Manchester Terrier Norfolk proper noun Norfolk Terrier 9 This is an inaccurate name; consideration is currently being given to how the original breed name Cane Corso should be adapted in Lithuanian. 10 Staffordshire is the name of a county (PVŽ), so it should be written with a capital letter; cf. Staffordshire Bull Terrier. 11 The name uses Lakeland, but the toponym Lakeland is adapted in Lithuanian as Leiklandas (Leiklandas Terrier) (PVŽ). 84 Marius Smetona, Anželika Smetonienė Lietuvos, lietuvių ar lietuviškas skali̇kas: pavadinimų vartojimo problematika MAIN NAME ELEMENT SECONDARY NAME ELEMENT (ethnonym or toponym) OTHER ELEMENTS TYPE OF SECONDARY ELEMENT DOG BREED NAME IN CATALOGUES Norwich proper name Norwich Terrier Russian black nation Black Russian Terrier Sealyham proper name Sealyham Terrier Skye proper Skye Terrier Scottish nation Scottish Terrier Tenterfield12 proper Tenterfield Terrier Tibetan proper Tibetan Terrier West Highland White proper West Highland White Terrier Welsh nation Welsh Terrier Toy Terrier English nation English Toy Terrier Vallhund Swedish nation Swedish Vallhund Wolfhound Irish nation Irish Wolfhound Wolfdog Czechoslovak nation Czechoslovakian Wolfdog Vizsla Hungarian wire-haired nation Wire-haired Hungarian Vizsla Hungarian short-haired nation Short-haired Hungarian Vizsla mountain dog Appenzell proper noun Appenzell Mountain Dog Bernese proper noun Bernese Mountain Dog Entlebucher proper noun Entlebucher Mountain Dog toy Russian long-haired nation Russian Toy Longhair Russian short-haired nation Russian Toy Shorthair rat-catcher Prague proper noun Prague ratter It must be emphasized that no breed names with the suffix –iškas were found (cf. Lithuanian hound). The examples collected reveal a fairly clear system (listed from most to least numerous): a) original breed names are usually adapted grammatically 12 For some reason, the unadapted city name Tenterfield is given; the adapted form is Tenterfildas (Tenterfield Terrier) (PVŽ). Terminologija | 2023 | 30 85 names (for example, bobtail < Eng. bobtail, jagterjeras < Ger. Jagdterrier); often these names reflect the dog’s purpose (for example, fox terrier < Eng. fox ‘fox’), a person’s surname (for example, Sarlosi wolfhound), or even a literary character (Dandie Dinmont Terrier is named after a character in Walter Scott’s novel Guy Mannering) (109 cases); b) somewhat fewer breed names are formed using demonyms (98) (for example, English bulldog, German shepherd); c) the names are based on toponyms (72); d) in very rare cases, names include both an ethnonym and a toponym (4) (for example, French Pyrenean Pointer, Romanian Carpathian Shepherd). Thus, breed names containing toponyms do not form the largest group, at least in this small-scale study. Moreover, they show that country names do not predominate. There are a few names based on oronyms (Pyrenean Mountain Dog), hydronyms (Chesapeake Bay Retriever), a valley (Entlebucher Mountain Dog), a park (Clumber Spaniel), and an estate (Sealyham Terrier). Most breed names in this group, however, are formed from toponyms denoting a part of something larger—a continent, country, and so on. These include city names (Bedlington, Boston, Brussels, Drenthe, Manchester, Prague, etc.), names of historical or present-day regions—depending on the country, states, counties, provinces, cantons, or similar entities (Alaska, Appenzell, Gascony, Nordbotten, Norfolk, Rhodesia, Western Siberia, etc.)—and a prominent group of islands (Ibiza, the Canaries, Corsica, Majorca, Skye, etc.). Regions are clearly reflected in the names Eurasian Spitz, Caucasian Shepherd Dog, East European Shepherd, Central Asian Shepherd Dog. The breed names American Bully, Bosnian and Herzegovinian–Croatian Shepherd, Maltese Bichon, Miniature American Shepherd; Peruvian Hairless Dog, Thai Ridgeback; Tibetan Mastiff, Tibetan Spaniel, and Tibetan Terrier seem inconsistent. American Bully is a relatively new breed and apparently does not yet have an established name in Lithuanian; consequently, other sources yield names containing both Amerikos and amerikiečių. The breed’s English name is american bully. Other breeds originating in the USA—American akita, American cocker spaniel, American Staffordshire terrier—are called amerikiečių akita, amerikiečių kokerspanielis, amerikiečių Stafordšyro terjeras in Lithuanian. Thus, consistency requires the form amerikiečių bulis. The same should apply to miniatiūriniu Amerikos aviganiu (cf. miniature American shepherd): according to the system, this breed’s Lithuanian name should be miniatiūrinis amerikiečių aviganis. 86 Marius Smetona, Lietuvos, lietuvių ar lietuviškas skalikas: Anželika Smetonienė, pavadinimų vartojimo problematika Thai Ridgeback, Tibetan Spaniel, Tibetan Terrier also raise questions. The names of these breeds in the other main FCI languages are English Thai ridgeback dog, Tibetan spaniel, Tibetan terrier; French Chien thailandais a crete dorsale, Epagneul tibetain, Terrier tibetain; and German Thailand-ridgeback, Tibet-spaniel, Tibet-terrier. Thus, the English and French terms use Thai and Tibetan, while only German uses the forms Thailand and Tibet. Following the logic of translation and consistency, these breeds in Lithuanian should be named tailandiečių ridžbekas, tibetiečių spanielis, tibetiečių terjeras. Nevertheless, Tibeto mastifas is justifiably so named because, judging from examples in other languages and facts about the breed itself, the name refers to the Tibetan Plateau, and the secondary element Tibeto does not violate the system. The name Maltese Bichon may seem ambiguous, given that the Republic of Malta is located in an archipelago. However, Malta is also the name of the largest island in the archipelago, which belongs to the republic; in this respect, then, the name does not fall outside the system. The remaining two breed names, Peruvian Hairless Dog and Bosnian and Herzegovinian–Croatian Shepherd, although they do not conform to the system, may be justifiable. This is probably due to the difficulty of defining the ethnic composition of the populations of these countries; for example, VLEe states only that most of Peru’s population are mestizos (VLEe). Moreover, the Bosnian and Herzegovinian–Croatian Shepherd originates from an area lying within the territories of both states. For a more detailed breakdown of the groups of breed names discussed (i.e., excluding names consisting only of a grammatically adapted original breed name), see Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Distribution of elements in compound dog breed names Terminologija | 2023 | 30 87 There is also a certain international system of dog-breed names. It is useful to compare a dozen or so names in English, French, and German—the main FCI languages¹³—with Lithuanian breed names whose secondary component is an ethnonym (following lietuvių skalikas) or a toponym (following Lietuvos skalikas) (see Tables 3 and 4). Table 3. Breed names in the main FCI languages (following the name lietuvių skalikas) LITHUANIAN | ENGLISH | FRENCH | GERMAN | Irish Terrier | Irish Terrier | Terrier Irlandais | Irischer Terrier | Afghan Hound | Afghan Hound | Levrier Afghan | Afghanischer Windhund | Brazilian Terrier | Brazilian Terrier | Terrier Bresilien | Brasilianischer Terrier | Czechoslovakian Wolfdog | Czechoslovakian Wolfdog | Chien Loup Tchecoslovaque | Tschechoslowakischer Wolfhund | Estonian Hound | Estonian Hound | Chien courant d’Estonie | Estnische Bracke | Spanish Greyhound | Spanish Greyhound | Levrier Espagnol | Spanischer Windhund | Japanese Chin | Japanese Chin | Epagneul Japonais | Japan-Chin | Russian Black Terrier | Russian Black Terrier | Terrier Noir Russe | Russischer Schwarzer Terrier | Polish Greyhound | Polish Greyhound | Levrier Polonais | Polnischer Windhund | Mexican Hairless Dog | Xoloitzcuintle | Xoloitzcuintle | Mexikanischer Nackthund | French Bulldog | French Bulldog | Bouledogue Français | Französische Bulldogge | Finnish Spitz | Finnish Spitz | Spitz Finlandais | Finnen-Spitz | Scottish Terrier | Scottish Terrier | Terrier Ecossais | Schottischer Terrier | Dutch Shepherd | Dutch Shepherd Dog | Berger Hollandais | Holländischer Schäferhund | German Spitz | German Spitz | Spitz Allemand | Deutscher Spitz 13Dog-breed names in the languages mentioned are taken from the FCI website https://www.fci.be/en/Nomenclature/races.aspx; in some languages, original names are given (for example, English Dogue de Bordeaux). 88 Marius Smetona, Lietuvos, lietuvių ar lietuviškas skalikas: Anželika Smetonienė | pavadinimų vartojimo problematika Table 4. Breed names in the main FCI languages (following the name Lietuvos skalikas) LITHUANIAN | ENGLISH | FRENCH | GERMAN | Alaskan Malamute | Alaskan Malamute | Malamute de l’Alaska | Alaskan Malamute | Bedlington Terrier | Bedlington Terrier | Terrier de Bedlington | Bedlington Terrier | Dogue de Bordeaux | Dogue de Bordeaux | Dogue de Bordeaux | Bordeauxdogge | Boston Terrier | Boston Terrier | Terrier de Boston | Boston terrier | Brittany Spaniel | Brittany Spaniel | Epagneul Breton | Bretonischer Spaniel | Havanese | Havanese | Bichon Havanais | Havaneser | Yorkshire Terrier | Yorkshire Terrier | Terrier du Yorkshire | Yorkshire Terrier | Caucasian Shepherd | Caucasian Shepherd Dog | Berger du Caucase | Kaukasischer Schäferhund | Corsican Dog | Italian Cane Corso | Chien de Cour Italien | Italienischer Corso-hund | Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever | Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever | Retriever de la Nouvelle Ecosse | Nova Scotia Retriever | Norrbotten Spitz | Norrbottenspitz | Spitz de Norrbotten | Norrbottenspitz | Peruvian Hairless Dog | Peruvian Hairless Dog | Chien Nu du Perou | Peruanischer Nackthund | Prague Ratter | Prague Ratter | Ratier de Prague | Prager Rattler | Podhale Shepherd | Tatra Shepherd Dog | Chien de Berger des Tatras | Tatra-Schäferhund | Siberian Husky | Siberian Husky | Husky de Sibérie | Siberian Husky Comparing breed names in different languages is somewhat complicated by the differences between language systems. However, both tables show that in English, French, and German, dog-breed names generally do not include a state name; their secondary components are most often associated with the names of peoples. In the first group, corresponding to Lithuanian airių terjeras, afganų kurtas, brazilų terjeras, and so on, only a few names stand out, for example, German Japan-Chin or French Chien courant d’Estonie—here, state names are used. It is worth noting that the Estonian Hound is a breed recognized by the FCI only quite recently, which may explain the appearance of this unsystematic form in French. In the other group (Aliaskos malamutas, Bedlingtono terjeras, Bordo dogas, and so on), as in Terminologija | 2023 | 30 89 Lithuanian, French already shows a predominance of cases with toponyms; only Bichon Havanais falls outside the pattern. English and German canine-breeding traditions generally avoid toponyms; Table 4 shows that even where Lithuanian uses a toponym, these languages sometimes do not, as in German Bretonischer Spaniel. It is also necessary to consider the name lietuviškas skalikas, which is sometimes used, though much less often than lietuvių skalikas and Lietuvos skalikas. As the names given above show, similar dog names, such as angliškas buldogas, are not found in Lithuanian canine terminology. It would, however, be wrong to assume that adjectives cannot be part of a term at all. Together with nouns or noun phrases, they can form terminological units (Mitkevičienė 2022: 7); in other words, they can be secondary components of a term. When adjectives are used in Lithuanian dog-breed names, for example amerikiečių plikasis terjeras, australų šilkinis terjeras, Miunsterio mažasis paukštšunis, and so on, they perform an attributive function. Sometimes breed names differ only in the adjective (ilgaplaukis taksas / trumpaplaukis taksas); these are clearly part of the terminological unit. Nevertheless, in all cases, adjectives describe a characteristic of the dog—coat color, length, type, the dog’s size, and so on—and not its affiliation with a nation; that is, names such as angliškas buldogas or vokiškas aviganis are not used. It is true that in some Slavic languages dog names are formed precisely with adjectives: Polish gończy polski, polski owczarek nizinny, Russian русская псовая борзая, русский той, and so on. As noted, the language system also has considerable influence. The influence of neighboring languages may perhaps also be discernible in the compound lietuviškas skalikas, which is sometimes used today. An interesting point, however, emerges from interwar and somewhat later articles. For example, an article from 1927 on the state of canine breeding in Lithuania at the time uses the following names: anglų pointeriai, airių seteriai, vokiečių vižlai (Sary-kurt 1927: 12). Another, somewhat later, article again uses anglų pointeris, vokiečių trumpaplaukis pointeris (Medėjas 1936: 9), but also uses angliškų veislių šunys (Medėjas 1936: 10). This article clearly shows that, when specific breeds are discussed, the compounds with ethnonyms familiar to canine-breed specialists today and established in usage are employed; when one thing is to be distinguished from many, in this case dogs bred in England, a derivative with the suffix -iškas is used. This is entirely consistent with one of the most common meanings of the denominal adjective-forming suffix -iškas: “<...> characteristic of, usual for, or assigned to the thing denoted by the base word, associated with that 90 Marius Smetona, Anželika Smetonienė Lietuvos, lietuvių ar lietuviškas skalikas: pavadinimų vartojimo problematika daiktų“ (DLKG 1997: 207). Tą patį galima pasakyti ir apie lietuviškas medus, lietuviški arkliai (Nedideli lietuviškų arklių ūgį liudija ir rašytiniai šaltiniai (Vitkūnas 2006: 12)), olandiškas sūris, šveicariškas peilis ar lietuviški agurkai. Būtina paminėti, kad senesniuose lietuvių kalbos raštuose (XV–XIX a.) priesagos –iškas būdvardžiai, išvesti iš daiktavardžių, turi ir priklausymo kam reikšmę, pavyzdžiui, kaimyniškas butas „kaimynų butas“ (LKG 1965: 559). Tačiau lietuviškas skalikas, angliški šunys ir panašūs junginiai neatlieka termino funkcijos, savaime suprantama, kad ir būdvardžiai čia nėra termino dalis, jie tik leidžia patikslinti pateikiamą informaciją. CONCLUSIONS In official government sources, names of breeds of domestic animals bred in Lithuania are customarily formed with the word Lietuvos. The dog is not included in the local animal classifier, but an excerpt from an MoA document indicates that, if it were, it would most likely be named Lietuvos skaliku, while the name lietuvių skalikas would be non-systematic. Such usage can be explained by the internal procedures of government institutions: apparently, an attempt is being made to create a single system, probably influenced also by translations from and into the languages used in the European Union, without taking account of the traditional use of breed names specifically in cynology. However, a clearer tendency to form names using regional or city names can already be seen in the names of Lithuanian pigeon breeds (Sūduvos baltagalvis, Dainavos spalvotagalvis, Kauno drugelis, etc.). Dogs and their breeds belong to the field of cynology, so the correct breed name depends first and foremost on traditional usage in this field and on the provisions of the breed club. The LKD website’s guidelines for the correct use of breed names may seem somewhat vague, as it is sometimes difficult to understand whether a breed name should emphasize its place of origin or its connection with the people who developed the breed. Following this logic, one might reasonably ask why, for example, it is vokiečių aviganis, and not Vokietijos aviganis, if the breed originated in that country. Nevertheless, a closer examination of breed names reveals a consistent system with few exceptions (not only in Lithuanian, but also in English, French, and German). Forming breed names with country names is avoided in all the languages mentioned. Most toponyms in breed names are names of regions, mountains, cities, valleys, and so on (69 in total). Of all 283 breed names examined in this study, there is just one case in which the element denotes a country Terminologija | 2023 | 30 91 other case (Amerikos bulis, Bosnijos ir Hercegovinos–Kroatijos aviganis, miniatiūrinis Amerikos aviganis, Peru plikasis šuo, Tailando ridžbekas). Some such names can be explained quite simply (for example, Peru pilkasis šuo), while others seem unjustified (for example, miniatiūrinis Amerikos aviganis). The breed name Maltos bišonas, if the element Maltos is associated with the name of the island, is consistent with the system. The names Tibeto spanielis, Tibeto terjeras are harder to assess, since their English and French equivalents use tib itiečių, whereas the German uses Tibeto. Country names are also absent in cases where a breed name is double, that is, where it contains both an ethnonym and a toponym. The second-largest group (with the most cases—109—in which the original breed name is simply grammatically adapted) consists of breed names whose element is a name of a people. Thus, from the perspective of cynology, there is no basis for a breed name such as Lietuvos skalikas to arise; therefore, the form Lietuvos skalikas, which occurs in usage most likely because of the breed name’s use in government institutions, is an unjustified synonym of lietuvių skaliko and should be avoided. The less common lietuviškas skalikas should not be regarded as a cynological term at all and should not be used to denote the breed. Lietuvos skalikas and lietuviškas skalikas are most likely communicative variants, that is, forms arising from communication between different participants—specialists in the relevant field (cynologists and others) and non-specialists. PAGRINDINIAI ŠALTINIAI FCI – The Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Available online: https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature [accessed January 2023]. Catalogues of exhibitions organized by the Lithuanian Kennel Club. Available online: https://kinologija.lt/parodos-renginiai/parodos/ [accessed January 2023]. Coordination Centre for the Conservation of Lithuanian Farm Animal Genetic Resources. Available online: https://gic.lsmuni.lt/ [accessed January 2023]. VLEe – Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia, electronic version, Vilnius: Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing Centre. Available online: https://www.vle.lt/ [accessed April 2023]. Classifiers of farm animals of the Agricultural Information and Rural Business Centre. Available online: https://www.vic.lt/gpsas-apskaita/ukiniu-gyvunu-klasifikatoriai/ [accessed January 2023]. MoA – Lithuanian livestock breeds—a part of global agricultural diversity. Available online: https://zum.lrv.lt/lt/naujienos/lietuviskos-gyvuliu-veisles-pasaulines-zemes-ukio-ivairoves-dalis [accessed January 2023]. LITERATŪRA DLKG – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, sud. A. Vytautas, K. Garšva, A. Girdenis, E. Jakaitienė, P. Kniūkšta, S. Krinickaitė ir kt., Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1997. ISO – International standart. Terminology work – Principles and methods, e. leidinys, 2009. Jakaitienė Evalda 2010: Leksikologija, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. 92 Marius Smetona, Lietuvos, lietuvių ar lietuviškas skalikas: Anželika Smetonienė | pavadinimų vartojimo problematika Kaulakienė Angele 1994: Fizikos ir technikos terminų sinonimijos vertinimas. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 31, 51–56. LKG – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika I, vyr. red. K. Ulvydas, Vilnius: Mintis, 1965. Medėjas 1936: Reproduktoriai ir augintojai. – Medžiotojas 27, 8–11. Milerytė Rasa 2020: Lietuviški skalikai – nacionalinė veislė, ne mažiau populiari ir užsienyje – nutolo nuo išnykimo ribos. Prieiga internete: http://miskininkas.eu/lietuviski-skalikai-nacionaline-veisle-ne-maziau-populiari-ir-uzsienyje-nutolo-nuo-isnykimo-ribos/ [žiūrėta 2023 m. balandį]. Mitkevičienė Asta 2020: Ar terminų sinonimija yra trūkumas? – Bendrinė kalba 93. Prieiga internete: https://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba/article/view/899/1112 [žiūrėta 2023 m. balandį]. Mitkevičienė Asta 2022: Terminiai būdvardžiai internetinėje žiniasklaidoje. – Terminologija 29, 6–22. PVŽ – Pasaulio vietovardžių žodynas. Prieiga internete: https://vietovardziai.melc.lt/ [žiūrėta 2023 m. balandį]. Sary-kurt 1927: Šunų, standartų ir lauko bandymų reikalų. – Medžiotojas 1, 11–14. Stankevičienė Sigita 2012: Variantinė ir sinoniminė lietuvių ir vokiečių kalbų elektrostatikos terminų raiška. – Kalbų studijos 21, 21–27. Vitkūnas Manvydas 2006: Gyvulininkystė. – Mokslo darbai 47, 3–22. VLKK – Valstybinė lietuvių kalbos komisija. Prieiga internete: https://www.vlkk.lt/naujienos/kitos-naujienos/nyderlandai-nyderlandieciai-nyderlandu-kalba [žiūrėta 2023 m. balandį]. LIETUVOS, LIETUVIŲ OR LIETUVIŠKAS SKALIKAS: PROBLEMS OF USING DOG BREED NAMES Summary Lately, a number of works on Lithuanian terminology have been dedicated to the general principles and the terms of individual fields, but the terms of cynology have not yet received the attention of Lithuanian researchers. In Lithuania, indigenous animal breeds receive very little attention and are not well known to the general public. Cynologists and enthusiasts of the only Lithuanian dog breed have noticed that this breed is called differently – lietuvių skalikas, Lietuvos skalikas, or lietuviškas skalikas – in the media and other sources. If the name of a dog breed is seen as a term in the field of cynology, it should be unique to the concept. Synonymy is one of the shortcomings of terminology, but it is usually unavoidable in practice for a variety of reasons, e.g., linguistic-cognitive or extra-linguistic factors, and it can also occur after the terminology of a particular field has been established. Naturally, it is difficult to avoid unwanted synonyms in a field as broad and close to society as cynology. The authors identified the reasons for the emergence of the variety of the names for this dog breed: lietuvių skalikas, Lietuvos skalikas, or lietuviškas skalikas. They also discuss the differences between them, and which of the names should still be used. For this purpose, 283 dog breed names in total were selected from the latest catalogues of international dog shows of the Lithuanian Cynological Society and classified into three groups. The authors also checked if a system for naming dog breeds was available. Not only the names of dogs, but also those of other animals (horses, pigs, etc.) that have been bred in Lithuania are studied to determine the place of lietuvių skalikas in the general system. In official government sources, it is customary to use the word Lietuvos in the names of domestic animal breeds originating in Lithuania, so the name lietuvių skalikas would appear to be unsystematic. This usage can be explained by the internal procedures of Terminologija | 2023 | 30 93 the authorities: apparently by an attempt to create an orderly system, probably also influenced by translations from/into the languages used within the European Union, and by disregarding the traditional use of the term in the field of cynology, where lietuvų skalikas has been used for a long time. In the field of cynology, there is an orderly system of dog breeds with rare exceptions (not only in Lithuanian, but also in English, French, and German). The use of countries in breed names is discouraged, and most toponyms in breed names are those of regions, mountains, towns, valleys, etc., whereas there are only a few other cases where the name of a country is used, which can usually be explained. Thus, there is no reason for such a breed name as Lietuvos skalikas. The less common lietuviškas skalikas should not be considered a cynological term at all and should not be used to describe the breed name as the adjective is not part of the term but merely allows for clarification of the information given. Lietuvos skalikas and lietuviškas skalikas are most likely communicative variations that occur due to communication between different participants in this process, i.e., the specialists in the respective field (cynologists, etc.) and non-specialists. Gauta 2023-05-08 Marius Smetona Vilniaus universitetas Universiteto g. 3, LT-01513 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] Anželika Smetonienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] 94 Marius Smetona, Anželika Smetonienė | Lietuvos, lietuvių ar lietuviškas skalikas: pavadinimų vartojimo problematika