Daiktavardėjimas ir daiktavardiškumas architektūros ir statybos terminijoje

Lina Rutkienė34 Nouns and nounness architektūros ir statybos terminijoje doi.org/10.35321/term30-2 Substantivization and Nounness in Architectural architektūros ir statybos terminijoje and Construction Terminology LINA RUTKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ORCID id: https://0000-0001-6661-3115 ANNOTATION The article, based on the terms collected from the dictionaries of architecture and construction terms, scientific and educational literature of these fields, examines the issues of noun and nounness. When it is established that in the terminology of architecture and construction adjectives with suffixes -inis, -inė, nominative adjectives, nominative participles and compound adjectives are used as nouns or nouns, the degrees of nounness of these words are discussed. It is assessed which adjectives and participants in the thematic term groups tend to use nouns most often. KEY WORDS: noun, degree of noun, secondary term, term. ABSTRACT The article examines issues of substantivisation and nominalisation based on dictionaries of architecture and construction terminology, as well as scientific and educational literature in these fields. It identifies the degrees to which adjectives with the suffixes -inis, -inė, pronominal adjectives, participles, and compound adjectives in architecture and construction terminology undergo substantivization. It evaluates the thematic groups that tend to undergo the most substantivisation in terms of adjectives and participles included within these terms. KEYWORDS: substantivisation, degree of nounness, secondary term element, term. 35Terminology | 2023 | 30 INTRODUCTION Daiktavardėjimas, arba substantyvizacija, lietuvių kalbotyroje dažniausiai nagrinėjamas kaip objektą pasirinkus bendrosios kalbos žodžius. Išsamiai This topic has been studied by Adelė Valeckienė (1957), Pranas Kniūkšta (1976), Aldona Paulauskienė (1983, 1994), Aurimas Markevičius (2012), and extensively in Lithuanian Grammar (LKG 1965). Deepening into other topics, issues of substantivization in common language have been discussed by Sau- (2019) and liaus Ambrazas (1995), Vincentas Drotvinas (1963), Ramunė Vaskelaitė others. However, this phenomenon is no less relevant to terminology (although, it must be admitted, there is a lack of terminological research on the subject). The above-mentioned words, which are used as terms, can probably be found in all fields of science, but not all of them are recorded in dictionaries. This article, based on the terms collected from the dictionaries of architecture and construction terms, the scientific and educational literature of these fields, aims to discuss the issues of nounization and nounality in the terminology of these fields. 1) to discuss the phenomenon of nouns based on the insights of linguists; 2) to identify thematic groups of terms of architecture and construction, in which noun-like or conjugated words are used; 3) discuss the degrees of nounness of these terms. The main method used in the article is analytical descriptive. This method collects, systematizes and analyzes empirical data, summarizes results. The collected terms are first divided into three groups from a morphological point of view, then divided into thematic groups and examined as members of these groups. The material for the study was mainly collected from sources of the late 20th – 21st centuries: dictionaries of architecture and construction terms (main sources) and from textbooks, monographs, textbooks, collections of articles, abstracts of lectures. The article also refers to several sources from the earlier period (the first half of the 20th century), which are necessary to reveal the development of terms. In total, 165 non-repetitive conjunctive, noun and noun terms were collected from 21 sources. The terms of architecture and construction are discussed together, because these areas are related, many of the same terms are typical of both architecture and construction terminology. For example, in the preface of Valdemar Michalauskas’s dictionary Wooden and brick buildings, structures and elements it is written that the book is “intended for students of architecture and civil and industrial construction” (MMPK 1988: 3), thus both architecture and construction terms are presented in one publication. It should be noted that all the ideas of the article are based only on the architektūros ir statybos terminijoje collected material – the study of another field and other material, of course, can reveal different results. Researching the issues of nounization and nounality is not an easy task, because these processes are gradual, long-lasting, establishing the beginning of nounization of a specific word, the relationship of a biword term and the non-noun element that becomes a noun, making the degree of nounification sometimes very tricky. Nevertheless, the discussion of data from different periods, even of small quantities and of limited coverage in terms of scientific disciplines, can be expected to provide important information on the subject under consideration. 1. THEORETICAL INSIGHTS IN NOUN CONVERSION AND THE QUESTION OF NOMINALITIES The noun is one of the types of transposition, or hypostasis1. In the Lithuanian Slang Dictionary, nounification, or substantivation, is defined as “the transformation of words from other parts of the language (especially adjectives and numerals, as well as participles in Lithuanian) into nouns” (Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 41). A. Paulauskienė defines this phenomenon, which is attributed to non-formal word formation2, through the criterion of meaning: “<...> it is the transformation of words denoting a characteristic into words denoting an object” (Paulauskienė 1983: 42). It is possible to hear opinions that substantivization should not be confused with paradigmation, for example, such words as daugiabutis (daugiabučiui (būdv.) – daugiabučiui (daiktv.)), laukinis (laukiniam (būdv.) – laukiniam (daiktv.)) are not examples of substantivization, but of paradigmation. However, this article follows the opinion of Vincas Urbutis – he claims that the formal “transformation of the former adjective substitution paradigm into noun substitution” is merely a further nounization (Urbutis 2009: 349). Thus, nounization is primarily related to changes in the categorical meaning – when a noun becomes a noun, the attribute or other (depending on the part of speech) meaning begins to fade and it acquires the categorical meaning of a noun. The definitions of substantivization by Lithuanian linguists emphasize the process of transformation, transition. Hypostasis – “The transformation of a word or form of [one] language part into a word of another language part: the young (adjective, which has become a noun), a little bit (adverb of a noun), thanks to (a noun, which has become a pronoun) and so on.” (Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 79). 2 In the morphology of Lithuanian language, the linguist considers nouns as a phenomenon of functional word formation (Paperback 1994: 43–46). 37Terminology | 2023 | 30 The term of placement, like substantivization, presupposes the semantics of processuality, continuity over time. But, of course, the phenomenon in question can be associated not only with the process of transformation, but also with creation. Stefan Höfler, who has studied the substantivation of adjectives, argues that substantivation in classical Indo-European languages can occur in two different ways: 1) an adjective becomes a noun through word formation when morphological or morphonological operations are applied – this is called ‘direct’ substantivization; 2) an adjective becomes a noun gradually. concept, then the noun is omitted. It is a substantivation due to the ellipse (Höfler 2020: 181–186). One of the reasons for the latter kind of substantivization should be considered the principle of economy of language, as well as of terms. On the other hand, this principle Iš pradžių egzistuoja būdvardžio ir daiktavardžio sintagma, žyminti sudėtinę seems to contradict the principle of terminological accuracy, according to which a composite term expresses the concept of science more precisely and therefore more clearly. Direct substantivation in terminology could be linked to the creation of new terms according to the types of terms formed by substantivation using the ellipse, and with the creation of new terms according to examples, most of which are also the result of substantivation using the ellipse. Based on the collected material, the second case (i.e., creation by examples) would involve noun-like use of nominative adjectives and participants in terminology – when a nominative adjective or participant is immediately selected as a single-word term to satisfy the nominative needs of the scientific field, it is not possible to talk about the creation of the term, because the creation action does not take place here, no creation formant participates in this process. Therefore, it is said that it is the creation of a new term based on already existing examples. When terms are made according to formed types of action, it is more accurate to speak not about nounification (as a process), but about nounification of adjectives and participants – such a term was used by Pranas Kniūkšta in his monograph Priesagos -inis adjectives (Kniūkšta 1976). The term used by Mr. Kniūkšta is relevant in this case and it will be borrowed for this study. The scientist distinguishes several degrees of nounality. With the suffix -inis, the linguist assigns words made immediately as nouns to the group of words of the first3 degree of nounness. Another (in this article we will call it the second) degree of noun-likeness – when the -inis suffix vedic “parallels can be used as a noun, and 3 P. Kniūkšta does not define, does not name by number, what this degree is, when writing the first, the sequence in mind. Lina Rutkienė38 Nouns and nounness in adjectives“. Another degree (which architektūros ir statybos terminijoje we will consider as the third in this publication) is “[d]actyvally used such derivatives of the suffix -inis, which are otherwise common as adjectives” (i.e. occasional conjugated adjectives)4. But, according to P. Kniūkšta, “[It] can also be the opposite: words that have become established as nouns are used as adjectives” (Kniūkšta 1976: 117–118) (fourth degree of nounness). In this study, P. Kniūkštas’s classification is necessary also because it is suitable for other cases of nounification, i.e. for nounification and nounification of nominative adjectives and participant and compound adjectives. Thus, although P. Kniūkšta distinguishes only the degrees of Vedic nounality of the suffixes -inis, -inė, this article will attempt to apply the scientist’s theory to all cases of nounality and nounality found in architecture and construction terminology. Although in common language various parts of language tend to become nouns, empirical material shows that in architecture and construction terminology the noun or adjective is used most often, and less often the participle. In the course of nounification, the meaning of the adjective or participant changes and becomes more specific – it also includes the meaning of the noun. Thus, such a term denotes the whole reality and its characteristic feature, i.e., has a large semantic load. Of course, nouns change grammatical features, and often phonetic features. 2. SUBSTANTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVIZING ADVERBS In common language, as A. Paulauskienė writes, nouns can become “substantive forms of adjectives and participles, suffixes -inis, -inė (málkinė), -ienė (bulviėnė), -ėtis (varškėtis), derivative, compound and prepositional words (juodadaābis, beprųtis, begaėvis), because the meaning and grammatical structure of all of them are suitable to perform the functions of a noun” (Paulauskienė 1983: 43). The data of the present study showed that in the terminology of architecture and construction there are far fewer cases of noun and nounness: 1) adjectives with suffixes -inis, -inė, 2) nominative adjectives and nominative participles and 3) compound adjectives are used as nouns or nouns. Quantitative data are presented in fig. 1. 4 A. Paulauskienė discusses such cases when speaking about noun adjective usage (Paulauskienė, 2008). 1994: 39). 39Terminology | 2023 | 30 2.1. Terminai su būdvardinėmis priesagomis -inis, -inė The problematic aspects of terms with these suffixes should be discussed more extensively. The main question: whether at all derivatives of these čius terminais, galima sieti su daiktavardėjimu? Kalbotyroje yra įvairių adverbs, there areopinions and about the assignment of derivatives of this adverb with noun meaning to the category of the language part. The gramatikoje daiktavardžio kategorijai priskiriamus žodžius su priesagomis -inis, -inė, tokius kaip milinė, nosinė, skardinė, stoginė, vamzdinė ir pan., laiko English-language version of the book is available at: 1976. In an article published almost at the same time, Stasys Keinys discusses such terms as peat, customs, pumping station, etc., as nouns (Keinys 1975: 71). In the grammar of the contemporary Lithuanian language, when speaking about the derivatives of the suffix -inė, it is written that “[Z]ymi part of this suffix (just like the continuing suffix -inis) at the beginning of nouns, apparently, were only simple -inis, -inė adjectives, which only later became adjectives” (DLKG 2005: 115). S. Ambrazas calls -ina, -inė, -inis adjective prefixes (Ambrazas 1995: 191). A. Markevičius points out that “[D]espite the lack of clear criteria for the distinction between adjectives and nouns, there is considerable confusion in various dictionaries” (Markevičius 2012: 144). Returning to the terms of architecture and construction, it should be emphasized that most of them are made as nouns – according to the formed type of word formation. According to Kniūkšta's theory of noun degrees, these terms would be of the first noun degree. Most of these terms probably never used as adjectives, they are not recorded as adjectives in dictionaries (e.g.: areštinė ALKAAŽ 2009, kareivinės ALKAAŽ 2009, liftinė STŽ 2002). So, in this case again, it is appropriate to talk not about nounification, but about nounification. Such terms, assessed synchronously, are related to morphological word formation. As V. Urbutis states, “[D]ating in fig. 1. Cases of noun and nounness in architecture and construction terminology of terms, expressed terms, expressed terms with adjective suffixes -inis, -inė 26 % daiktavardiškais įvardžiuotiniais būdvardžiais ir dalyviais 61 % 13 % daiktavardiškais sudurtiniais būdvardžiais Lina Rutkienė40 Nounification and nounity can end up in the fact that the architektūros ir statybos terminijoje former adjective suffix is synchronously already perceived as a noun construction suffix” (Urbutis 2009: 350). However, when assessed diachronically, the connections with nouns are seen, the reasons for the emergence of the type of action are seen. Thus, often terms with suffixes -inis, -inė are not considered examples of nouns, only the connections are seen and, according to P. Kniūkštas, it is possible to talk about their degree of nounness. On the other hand, some monosyllabic terms with suffixes -inis, -inė can also be the result of noun. However, when studying synchronously, without seeing the competition of the one-word and two-word term, it is difficult to determine exactly which are made by the type of action and which are the result of the transition. There are many single-word terms with suffixes -inis, -inė in architecture and construction terminology: 101 terms were found, which can be assigned to two main thematic groups: names of places and structural parts of the structure. As empirical data shows, most often the suffixes -inis, -inė are used to name places. This group can be further divided into smaller subgroups: 1.These are mainly the names of buildings, premises, institutions, in which is, is done, is produced what is said in the reference word. This can be seen not only from the meaning of the word, but also from the definitions of the terms: peathouse “place where peat is piled” STŽT 1978: 49; barracks “rooms for soldiers since Roman times” ALKAAŽ 2009: 23; girl’s room “girl’s room” ALKAAŽ 2009: 32; toolhouse “place, room for storing tools” MMPK 1988: 44; birdhouse “bird shed, poultry house” MMPK 1988: 75; guardhouse “watchman’s shed or tower, built at the castle, manor house or city gate” ALKAAŽ 2009: 23; bellhouse “a separate building or part of a building attached to a church, intended for hanging bells” ALKAAŽ 2009: 26; feedhouse “part of the flooring for pouring pellets, feed” MMPK 1988: 75; tar house “room or pit where tar is burned” STŽT 1978: 43. 2. the -inis, -inė derivatives of the adjectives give a shade of purposeful meaning to the place, which is kas pasakyta pamatiniu žodžiu. Nors pirmosios grupės žodžiai irgi turi intended for that purpose, but here the purposeful meaning is more pronounced, and in addition, the basic words of the first group are concrete nouns, and these are abstract nouns. However, in many cases, the definitions do not update the meaning of the purpose, e.g.: gazebo “a small light summer building in a garden, park, usually without doors and windows” MMPK 1988: 79, “a small alkano-shaped building, characteristic of 16th–19th century gardens and parks 41Terminology | 2023 | 30 for architecture; [A]part of an architectural complex, usually a single-storey building standing alone” ALKAAŽ 2009: 124. Other subgroups have few terms. Terms with adjective suffixes -inis, -inė can also be used to refer to a building that is in the place indicated by the reference word: žeminė „building dug in the ground” ALKAAŽ 2009: 55, or that was made in the manner indicated by the reference word: krėstinė „hut built of clay” ALKAAŽ 2009: 5. Most of the suffixes -inis, -inė of the derivatives of architectural and construction terms, denoting places, based on Kniūkšta’s degrees of nounity, would be of the first degree of the four listed. However, in the dictionaries of V. Michalauskas, a couple of terms of second degree of nounality, i.e. the derivatives of the suffixes -inis, -inė are used both in the adjective meaning as attributes of the main element of the two-word term, and in the noun meaning as a one-word term, e.g., mėsinė – mėsinė kamera MMPK 1988. In these dictionaries, the competition of suffixes used to make place names is much more frequent than this competition, cf.: arklinė – arklidė STŽT 1978, avinė – avidė STŽT 1978, kiauulinė – kiaulidė, kiaulinis STŽT 1978, ledinė – ledainė MMPK 1988, paukštinė – paukštidė, paukštininkas MMPK 1988. Regarding place names, which were immediately made as nouns, attention should be drawn to S. Ambrazo’s diachronic studies of Lithuanian place names: the scholar stated that in Lithuanian the name of premises with the suffix -inė could have been encouraged by the Slavic names with -ьn’a. According to S. Ambraz, “[T]hese kinds of Vedas are already found in ancient writings” (Ambrazas 1995: 191). Thus, such words formed according to the model of construction of Slavic languages could be regarded as constructive values – in this case we are already dealing with nounification or nounity in another language, this is not a phenomenon of our language. However, such functional values could also help to form the Lithuanian functional type. This type of construction has become quite productive in the terminology of architecture and construction – both in the 20th and 21st century scientific literature of the fields discussed, there are a number of place names – monosyllabic terms with adjective suffixes -inis, -inė. In the dictionary of construction terms (STŽ 2002) 21 of them were found, and in the English-Lithuanian Explanatory Dictionary of Architecture (ALKAAŽ 2009) – 16. It is worth mentioning that earlier, according to P. Kniūkštas, such a type of construction should not have been productive, because then, in the linguist's opinion, "words with the hybrid suffix -ynčia <...> could not have spread. In addition, and Lithuanian places Lina Rutkienė42 Noun and noun-like names were more popular with architektūros ir statybos terminijoje suffixes -idė, -udė“ (Kniūkšta 1976: 117). Perhaps it is possible to assume that terminology helped to establish this type of verb in Lithuanian. As can be seen from the examples, all the mentioned place names are feminine. This is probably a formal indicator of the connection of the secondary biword term element with the former main term element, such as room, chamber, etc. However, the names of the other thematic group – structural parts of the structure – are made in both feminine and masculine gender. Sometimes the same concept is referred to by nouns with adjective suffixes of different genus: garinis / garinė „angas vapors išeiti į kaminą“ STŽT 1978. However, there are consonant terms, the masculine gender of which denotes one concept of the same thematic group and the feminine one of another, e.g.: transversinė – spyrys, skersinis – traversa STŽ 2002. And, for example, smokinis ("high"), dūminė ("smoking room; poor room; dwelling house without chimney" MMPK 1988: 47) names members of different thematic groups. The thematic group in question consists of two subgroups: the names of various openings in the building for the improvement of the indoor air and the names of beams, logs and boards that perform a certain structural function. The first subgroup would belong, for example, to such terms as: aukštinis, dūminis, kuaurinis „smoke outlet window in the ceiling“ STŽT 1978: 27, 84; mignė „vapor outlet hole in the chimney“ MMPK 1988: 33; orinė „orlaidė“ MMPK 1988. Examples of terms of the second subgroup would be: beam “a tree on which beams are placed” STŽT 1978: 29; guide “a log in the roof shelf” STŽT 1978: 52; longitudinal “a longitudinal support beam” ALKAAŽ 2009: 26; inlaidinė, spraustlentė STŽ 2002; longitudinal “a saw, log, beam, rack, placed alongside” STŽT 1978: 66; pagegninis “a beam-holding wall-builder” MMPK 1988: 46; pamatinis “the primary, lower wall log, placed on the foundation” MMPK In terms of the 1988: 58; pavartinė „pavartėje uždedama lenta“ MMPK 1988: 78. meaning of the word, this thematic group is dominated by names whose reference word indicates for whom the object is intended (orinė “a hole, a window for air”) or where it is (pavartinė “a board in a doorway”) or how it is placed (ilginis “placed alongside”). As can be seen, the first two values coincide with the constructive values of the place names. However, unlike the first thematic group, in the 21st-century literature of architecture and construction science no new term with suffixes -inis, -inė has been found, with which the openings of the building would be named. 49Terminology | 2023 | 30 SP – Building Basics, aut. A. Ilyichev, A. Kokinas, J. Rebortovičius, vert. R. Kuosaitė, Vilnius: Vaizdas, STŽ – 1965. Construction Terms Dictionary, aut. A. Kudzys, A. Rosenas, B. Kudzienė, Vilnius: Lietuvos mokslas, 2002. The Dictionary of Construction Terms. Trobesiai, author V. Michalauskas, Vilnius: VISI, 1978. SŽD – Construction II. Earthworks, aut. J. Šimoliūnas, Kaunas: Spindulys, 1939. HVAC – Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning: Theory and Practice, aut. J. Čiuprinskienė, K. Čiuprinskas, V. Motuzienė, Vilnius: Super namai, 2019. LITERATŪRA Ambrazas Saulius 1995: Lietuvių kalbos kuopinių ir vardažodinių vietų pavadinimų darybos raida. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai: gramatika ir leksikologija 33, 180–200. DLKG – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, red. V. Ambrazas, 4-as patais. leid., Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2005. Drotvinas Vincentas 1963: Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos sudurtinių būdvardžių struktūriniai-semantiniai tipai (remiantis XVI—XVIII a. raštų medžiaga). – Kalbotyra 6, 75–97. Gaivenis Kazimieras 2014 [1966]: Sudėtiniai terminai su žodžiu mašina. – Kazimieras Gaivenis. Rinktiniai raštai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 505–506. Gaivenis Kazimieras, Keinys Stasys 1990: Kalbotyros terminų žodynas, Vilnius: Šviesa. Höfler Stefan 2020: Substantivization of adjectives. – Indo-European linquistics 8, 181–204. Keinys Stasys 2005 [1975]: Priesaginė lietuviškų terminų daryba. – Dabartinė lietuvių terminologija, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 21–77. Kniūkšta Pranas 1976: Priesagos -inis būdvardžiai: daryba, reikšmės, gramatiniai sinonimai, Vilnius: Mokslas. Kudzys Antanas 2002: Kad susikalbėtume. – Mokslo Lietuva 19(265). Prieiga internete: http://mokslasplius. lt/mokslo-lietuva/2002-2004/200219/20021902.htm [žiūrėta 2019 m. sausio–kovo mėn.]. LKG – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1: Fonetika ir morfologija, vyr. red. K. Ulvydas, Vilnius: Mintis, 1965. Markevičius Aurimas 2012: Kalbos dalių paribio problemos. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 67, 140–155. Paulauskienė Aldona 1983: Lietuvių kalbos morfologijos apybraiža, Kaunas: Šviesa. Paulauskienė Aldona 1994: Lietuvių kalbos morfologija: paskaitos lituanistams, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Umbrasas Alvydas 2010: Lietuvių teisės terminija 1918–1940 metais: pagrindinių kodeksų terminai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Urbutis Vincas 2009: Žodžių darybos teorija, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Valeckienė Adelė 1957: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos įvardžiuotinių būdvardžių vartojimas. – Literatūra ir kalba 2, 161–328. Vaskelaitė Ramunė 2019: Įvardžiuotiniai dalyviai su priklausomais žodžiais: kodifikuotoji norma ir jos neaiškumai, – Bendrinė kalba 92. Prieiga internete: https://etalpykla.lituanistika.lt/fedora/objects/LTLDB-0001:J.04~2019~1583831591243/datastreams/DS.002.0.01.ARTIC/content. SUBSTANTIVISATION AND NOUNNESS IN ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION TERMINOLOGY Summary Substantivisation is an old yet ongoing linguistic phenomenon that encompasses both general language words and terminology. This article explores substantivisation and nounness issues based on architectural and construction terminology, drawing from dictionaries of architectural and construction terms and other scientific and educational literature. The research material was mainly collected from sources dating from the late twentieth century to the twenty-first century, resulting in 165 terms compiled from a total of 21 sources. While various parts of speech tend to undergo substantivisation in everyday language, empirical evidence shows that in architectural and In construction terminology, adjectives are most frequently nominalized or used in a architektūros ir statybos terminijoje noun-like way, while participles are less common. Substantivization is both an ongoing an action performed from an external source, linked to morphological term formation process in terms of time, related to morphological and syntactic term formation, and according to formation types and term creation by examples. During substantivizaits characteristic feature, which means it has a significant semantic load. Grammatical tion, the meaning of the adjective or participle becomes more specific and concrete, encompassing the meaning of a noun. Thus, such a term denotes the entire reality and features often change due to substantivization, including phonetic characteristics. It was found that there are three cases of substantivization in architecture and construction terminology, namely, adjectives with the suffixes -inis, -inė, definite adjectives and adjectival participles, and compound adjectives. Most derivatives with adjectival suffixes -inis, -inė in architecture and construction terms refer to places (buildings and other structures related to human activity) or structural components of a building. Nominalized definite adjectives and participles are also typically used as place names, albeit less commonly used for materials and structural components. Compound adjectives undergoing substantivization encompass the names of places, machinery, tools, and materials. According to the formation type that has developed due to substantivization, terms are usually in the first degree of nounness (in terms of the nounness degrees sequence by P. Kniūkšta), and as the process of secondary element nominalization progresses, they reach the second degree of nounness. When an adjective or participle takes on the meaning of a two-word term, expressed by a noun, the primary element may be omitted, and the secondary element becomes the name of the entire entity. However, as science develops and more complex compound terms emerge, where the attribute of the primary element is the same adjective or participle, parts of speech used in a noun-like way may lead to ambiguities. In such cases, de-substantiation is expected. This phenomenon has been observed in the group of compound adjectives that have undergone substantivization in architecture and construction terminology. Received 2023-10-06 Lina Rutkienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail: [email protected]