„Draugiškas“, „Draugingas“, „Draugus“

JONAS KLIMAVIČIUS Institute of the Lithuanian Language FRIENDLY, SOCIABLE, FRIENDLY In a review of Alfonso Eidintas’s book Ieškok Maskvos sfinkso, “An engaging account of the loss of independence in 1940” (Mokslo Lietuva, 2006 22 10, 13), Prof. Arnoldas Piročkinas also found “a considerable number of things that violate language culture” (10). Among several “nonstandard, obsolete, and incorrectly formed words” (10), he lists draugingas as well. However, the reviewer provides neither examples of this word’s use in A. Eidintas’s book nor its meaning, so it remains entirely unclear to us whether the reviewer considers it nonstandard for some reason or wholly incorrect. His argument is an appeal to authority: “One might perhaps justify the words draugingas, draugingumas, often used in A. Eidintas’s book, by citing the examples in the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian. Nevertheless, I think one should follow Jonas Jablonskis’s opinion that these words should not be used: they should be replaced by words characteristic of the Lithuanian language system, draugiškas, draugiškumas” (10). As regards J. Jablonskis’s opinion, the Jablonskis specialist is quite right: J. Jablonskis did indeed correct the word draungingas in the sense “friendly” (JablR IV 1935: 316, 329; V 1936: 223; J.JablRR II 1959: 298, 307, 512). This is a very simple correction—the more characteristic word here is certainly draugiškas, 1. “characteristic of a friend, friendly”: Draugiškas pasielgimas (J. Jablonskis). Sesim draugiškai, esim dešerą šuniškai (J. Brodovskis’s dictionary) LKŽ II₂ 1969. But there is also sense 2: “friendly, inclined to make friends” (J. Šlapelis, M. Šalčius) LKŽ II₂ 1969. Krinta į akis jau Konstantino Sirvydo žodyno (1642) draugingas: Towárzyski / Familiaris, Socialis, Sebribkas / draugingas – taigi vienas –iškas, kitas –ingas. Ferdinando Nesselmanno žodyne (1851) – aiškus skirtumas: draugingas ir draugus – gesellig, o draugiszkas – gemeinschaftlich, allgemein. Draugingas yra ir naujuosiuose raštuose. As early as 1938, a different approach to standardization began to emerge—in the “Question Basket” column of the newspaper Gimtoji kalba, A. S. (that is, Antanas Salys) distinguishes: “The adjective draugiškas expresses essential, more inward qualities—German kameradschaftlich, Russian товарищеский—whereas draugingas means having many friends and, moreover, J. KLIMAVIČIUS. Draugiškas, draungingas, draugus 133 being inclined to make friends, German gesellig, Russian общительный. We say: “A draugin-gas person is usually also draugiškas” (GK 1938: 4 56; A.SalR I 1979: 254). This distinction was also established in the dictionary prepared by Stasys Šalkauskis in 1938, Bendroji filosofijos terminija: A sociable person has many friends, and a person who has many friends is inclined to make friends. A sociable person usually behaves in a friendly manner, too. A friendly attitude toward one’s friends is a mark of friendly loyalty (S.ŠalkR II 1991: 216). A year later it was reinforced in the booklet Kalbos patarėjas (1939), prepared by Leonardas Dambrauskas and edited by Antanas Salys and Pranas Skardžius. The thesaurus LKŽ II₁ 1947 first gives draugingas as derived from the noun draugė, meaning 1. “friendship, company, group, heap” (old writings and dialects) and 2. “family, household” (western Dzūkija dialect), with the sense 1. “having a large family, numerous”: Draugingos bitės Marcinkónys. Kaip tavo bul’bos, ar draugingos (“are there many under the bush?”). Veisiejai. This should be a homonym (this distinction is not made in LKŽ II₂ 1969 either, though here this is already sense 3). This homonymous derivation is also left undisclosed in P. Skardžius’s 1943 book Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba. Next, LKŽ II₁ 1947 gives draugingas 2. “friendly, pleasant” and only then 3. “having or inclined to have friends”; but in LKŽ II₂ 1969 this is already draugingas 1. Aiškiai ėmėsi norminti DŽ₁ 1954: draugingas 1. „turintis ar linkęs turėti draugų“, nors nėra visai nuoseklus: giminingas – ir 1. „turintis daug giminių“, ir 2. „artimas, giminiškas“: giminingi žodžiai – kaip giminiškas: gimininės tautos, giminiški jausmai. Subsequently, DŽ followed not the path of strict standardization and unambiguous meanings, but the straightforward path of correctness and stylistic variety: draugingas—1. “having or inclined to have friends,” 2. “inclined to make friends, friendly” DŽ₂ 1972, DŽ₃ 1993; but it is not entirely consistent: giminingas—only “close, akin” in DŽ₂, although later it has 1. “having many relatives,” 2. “kindred in spirit, akin” in DŽ₃. Most importantly, the word draugingas is included in the normative dictionary with another meaning—not the one corrected by J. Jablonskis—but one that the language needs. In some bilingual dictionaries, strings of synonyms are listed without the necessary distinctions: общительный – fond of socializing, sociable, friendly, sociable, friendly; talkative, companionable; public-spirited RLKŽ II 1967; better: fond of socializing, sociable, friendly, talkative, public-spirited RLKŽ II 1983. The distinction is made well in draugiškas – дружеский, товарищеский and draugingas – общительный; компанейский LRKŽ 1971. But LRKŽ 1988 gives only draugiškas, while in place of draugingas it has… draugininkas – общительный <…> человек. The distinction is made between sociable—1. 1) draugingas, draugus, 134 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 81 talkative [2) friendly, warm] and friendly – 1. 1) friendly ALKŽ 1975 (no distinction – both draugingas – friendly, and draugiškas – friendly; amicable LAKŽ 1979 and 1991); sociable (fond of socializing) – sociable; (quick to make friends) – liant LPKŽ 1992 (draugiškas – not listed!..), more precisely – sociable – sociable, pleasant; liant – 2) figuratively, sociable, affectionate; attached and amical – amicable, friendly PLKŽ 1976, although sociable – also social, societal, inclined to socialize PLKŽ 2004; sociable – affable, sociable; (friendly) amichevole, draugiškas – friendly LitKŽ 2003, similarly – draugingas – amichevole, socievole, draugiškas – 1. amichevole, benigno, affabile ItLKŽ 2005, socievole – fond of socializing; friendly, amichevole – amicable, friendly, affabile – ingratiating, sweet, pleasant, favorably disposed, sincere ItLKŽ 2002; sociable – friendly, communicative, amigable – 1) friendly and friendly – amigable, sociable (draugingas – not listed) IspL, LIspKŽ 2004. Thus, we see that in many languages the fairly consistent meanings of “sociable” and “friendly” are expressed by different words; distinguishing sociable and friendly in Lithuanian is therefore entirely justified and necessary, although the distinction is not yet fully established – sociable sometimes also means “friendly,” friendly occasionally also means “sociable,” sociable – also social or is rendered descriptively (less concisely) as fond of socializing. Incidentally, a certain failure to distinguish sociable from fond of socializing should be noted, for example: Another reason people enjoy socializing so much is that they cannot bear being alone A.ŠopenhGIA 1994 185. The thinking and spirit of the vast majority of people are equally monotonous, <...>. This explains not only why they are so sociable and like to wander about in herds so much – <...> A.ŠopenhGIA 1994 186; cf. also inclination to socialize (ibid., 187), need to socialize (ibid., 189), although this is rather sociability. What if J. Jablonskis, too, knew these differences in meaning? He knew languages and was quite attentive to meanings. A. Piročkinas states: “Jablonskis tried to replace the adjectives hospitable = hospitable, generous (V 18, 204), related = kin (V 184–185), and deceitful = false, unlawful, fabricated (V 224)” (A.Piročk[J]KT 1986: 74). In response to the corrections in Viktoras Kamantauskas’s booklet A Short Dictionary of Language Errors and Barbarisms (1928), J. Jablonskis, in his continuing article “Matters of Our Language Dictionary” (1928), criticizes Kamantauskas’s correction of the word hospitable to hospitable, generous: “Here, too, the author really needed to work with clear examples from language texts” (JablR V 1936: 204), that is, to provide examples of corrections—errors. Jablonskis explains: “I myself do not think I have used hospitable in writing J. KLIMAVIČIUS. Draugiškas, draugingas, draugus 135 before, although the word hospitable could of course be used in a particular sense (alongside “fishy lake, poetic land”); in the sense of the words hospitable, generous it (the word hospitable) is of course not used...” (JablR V 1936: 204). J. Jablonskis offers no specific correction here, and his approach is strictly based on word formation. Yet that alone is not enough—there are also lexical meanings established within a microsystem: generous – “liking to entertain, good at entertaining” DŽ₁, “liking to entertain, entertaining well” DŽ₂,₃ (: feast; cf. also to entertain “to provide tasty food or drink” DŽ₃) and hospitable – “one who likes guests, generous” DŽ₁, “liking guests, generous” DŽ₂,₃ (: guest; cf. also to visit “to be visiting, to stay as a guest” DŽ₃, while to be a guest means “to attend a feast or visit, to stay as a guest” DŽ₃). The closeness in meaning of these two adjectives is confirmed by data from living speech in LKŽ XIV 1986: hospitable – “fond of guests, welcoming and receiving them pleasantly and generously”: Those people were hospitable; they would always share everything with those poor folks Veiviržėnai. A hospitable Catholic takes care to make a traveler feel at home A. Baranauskas. [The soldier] was received hospitably and treated as if he were with a very good person J.BasanLP MLM 1902 2 214 (Gražiškiai) // “where one is welcomed and received pleasantly”: Into the cottage (into the cottage wall) put in a floorboard and it will be hospitable [cottage] Valkininkai. Quite justifiably, the dominant word in the synonym series is generous, and within it, hospitable (A.LyberSŽ 1981). V. Kamantauskas’s wording was left unchanged; only this note was added: “Ivinskis and Valančiauskis use ‘deceitful’ in its present-day meaning.” J. Jablonskis (not in this article, but in another) adhered literally only to the derivational meaning [in fact it should be melingas (: lie) – like correct, deceptive], but was apparently unaware of authentic language evidence: deceitful denunciation J.BasanLPY 1904 2 237, falsely accused J.BasanLP MLM 1898 1 41, lied Ramýgala (LKŽ VII 1966). Jablonskis perhaps could not yet have known this, whereas Piročkinas could have... Related is corrected by V. Kamantauskas to kin (which he takes from the writings of Kazimieras Būga). Contrary to what A. Piročkinas claims, J. Jablonskis writes: “I cannot advise readers to replace the word related everywhere with the word kin until I know in what sense the word related is used in each instance, until I know, to put it plainly, what the word kin means in written language: <...>” (JablR V 1936: 184). LKŽ III 1956 defines kin as “related by kinship”: A relative who entered that family through marriage A. Juškos dictionary. The Curonian language was related, but not identical, to Latvian K. Būga. This sentence by K. Būga, in shortened form, is also found in DŽ₂,₃. J. Jablonskis also corrected unfriendly people to unfriendly, unamicable (?)..., unfavorable (JablR IV 1935: 329). Jablonskis scholar A. Piročkinas did not even 136 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 81 does not mention. And LKŽ II₁ draugus, LKŽ II₂ draugus 1. “inclined to make friends, friendly, pleasant” is also illustrated by a sentence from J. Jablonskis: Jis labai draugus (tuoj susidraugauja). This was also carried over into DŽ₁, and retained in DŽ₂, more briefly also in DŽ₃, although this is hardly important evidence for the standard language. But from this we see that J. Jablonskis used the word draugus in two senses—1) “friendly,” 2) “sociable.” Therefore, one cannot claim that he condemned the word draugingas altogether—no, he merely did not regard the sense “friendly” as characteristic. A. Piročkinas is right in saying that adjectives with the suffix -ingas “are very rarely formed from nouns denoting living beings” (A. PiročkĮKT 1986: 73). J. Jablonskis rightly corrected many such forms—poetingas, heroingas, patriotingas, inteligentingas... But one must not approach word formation formally. Entuziastingas is certainly not a Lithuanian derivative of entuziasto; it is the result of substituting a Lithuanian suffix for that of a loanword—Russian энтузиаст-ический, Polish entuzjast-yczny. Entuziastingas belongs to a long series of similar adjectives unrelated to personal designations—ambicingas, ceremoningas, emocingas, energingas, harmoningas, kaprizingas, kompetentingas, konkurencingas, manieringas, pretenzingas, principingas, tendencingas...—which merely express personal qualities. And there is no need, out of fear of formalists, to invent a distinction that does not exist: entuziastingas “full of enthusiasm,” whereas entuziastiškas means “having enthusiasm.” Naturally, one should observe the micro-system: if only antipatiškas exists, it is pointless to prefer simpatingam. Nor should differences in meaning be overlooked. Surely no one still confuses priešingo (“opposite”) with priešiško (“hostile”); sometimes the distinction is even emphasized: “entirely opposite and irreconcilably hostile” NŽA 2006 12 569. But it is abnormal that the normative dictionary includes only sistemingas (and, of course, the other sense of sisteminis), while linguists themselves—rightly, no doubt—also use sistemiškas and sistemiškumas: <...>, “the standard language must be not only systematic” GK 1997 4 1. “The systematicity of language is a variable phenomenon with internal contradictions” (ibid.). “Structuralists particularly stress the systematicity of language and insist that language be studied as a system” K.Gaiv, S.KeinKTŽ 1990. “Systematicity of terminology” K.GaivLT 2002 40. “The factor of systematicity is very important for the theory and practice of language culture” A. PupkKKS 2005 51. Nevertheless, among Lithuanian personal designations there are the already mentioned melagingas, svetingas, as well as pakeleivingas, paleist uvingas, ręksningas; niekšingas (and niekšiškas), pranašingas (and pranašiškas), veidmain ingas (and veidmainiškas). This does not make the word-formation system collapse. J. KLIMAVIČIUS. Draugiškas, draugingas, draugus 137 But is draugingas really formed from draugas? P. Skardžius says: “In certain cases, it seems that derivatives with the suffix –inga– can be formed from both nouns and adjectives” (P. SkardLKŽD 1943 – RR I 1996: 114). Those cases take up two pages; among them is draugingas “friendly, companionable” SzDi 371 (K. Sirvydas’s dictionary, 1713) (: draũgas ir draugùs “freundlich, freundschaftlich, leutsellig”) (ibid., 115). This is also noted in the academic three-volume grammar LKG I 1965: 558). But there is another possible derivation as well—draugingas “fond of company, of being among friends”: draugė 2. // “company” // “gathering, entertainment,” 4. “family; household (kin and hired hands)” LKŽ II2. P. Skardžius considers this alternative derivation quite common—bailingas (: báilė), baimingas (: báimė), baisingas (: báisas, baisà), gailingas and gáilingas (: gáilas, gáilė), laimingas (: láima, láimė), maloningas (: malónė), mėlingas (: mélė), mokslìngas (: mókslas), narsingas (: narsas), noringas (: nóras), vargingas (: várgas)... P. SkardRR I 1996 114–116. The accentuation of some derivatives and their base words strongly supports this alternative: báilingas (: báilė), báimingas (: báimė), gái-lingas (: gáilė), mél ingas (: mélė). CONCLUSION The correctly formed word draugingas—formed not from draugas but from draugė—whose correction to the sense “friendly” is justified, should not only be retained in the sense “inclined to make friends, fond of company, sociable,” but also promoted in usage. J. Jablonskis was a systematic thinker in matters of word formation; this was paramount for him, but the study of word formation has advanced greatly since his time. Moreover, one must recognize that some meanings of derivatives (svetingas, melagingas,...) are the result not of word formation but of semantic development. Nuanced language also needs draugingas (perhaps even as an equivalent of socialaus), and bendringas (: bendrauti? compare nértingas: nertėti), bendringumas—to replace komunikabilus, komunikabilumas when referring to intrusive outsiders. ŠALTINIAI ALKŽ 1975 – Anglų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas. Sudarė A. Laučka, B. Piesarskas, E. Stasiulevičiūtė, Vilnius. J.BasanLPY II 2004 – Lietuviškos pasakos įvairios 2. Surinko J. Basanavičius, Chicago. 138 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 81 J.BasanLP MLM I 1898 – Lietuviškos pasakos 1. Medega lietuviškai mitologijai. Surinko J. Basanavičius, Shenandoah Pa. J.BasanLP MLM II 1902 – Lietuviškos pasakos 2. Medega lietuviškai mitologijai. Surinko J. Basanavičius, Shenandoah Pa. DŽ1 1954 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius. DŽ2 1972 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius. DŽ3 1993 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius. K.GaivLT 2002 – K. Gaivenis. Lietuvių terminologija, Vilnius. K.Gaiv, S.KeinKTŽ 1990 – K. Gaivenis, S. Keinys. Kalbotyros terminų žodynas, Vilnius. GK – Gimtoji kalba (žurnalas). IspL, LIspKŽ 2004 – V. V. Petrauskas, A. Rascón. Ispanų–lietuvių, lietuvių–ispanų kalbų žodynas, Vilnius. ItLKŽ 2002 – V. V. Petrauskas. Italų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas, Vilnius. LAKŽ 1979 – B. Piesarskas, B. Svecevičius. Lietuvių–anglų kalbų žodynas, Vilnius. LAKŽ 1991 – B. Piesarskas, B. Svecevičius. Lietuvių–anglų kalbų žodynas, Vilnius. LitKŽ 2003 – S. M. Lanza. Lietuvių–italų kalbų žodynas, Vilnius. LitKŽ 2005 – B. Žindžiūtė-Michelini. Lietuvių–italų kalbų žodynas, Vilnius. LKŽ II1 1947 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 2, Kaunas. LKŽ II2 1969 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 2, Vilnius. LKŽ III 1956 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 3, Vilnius. LKŽ VII 1966 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 7, Vilnius. LKŽ XIV 1986 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 14, Vilnius. LPKŽ 1992 – I. Karsavina, S. Kairiūkštytė. Lietuvių–prancūzų kalbų žodynas, Vilnius (I leid. – 1962). LRKŽ 1971 – A. Lyberis. Lietuvių–rusų kalbų žodynas, Vilnius. LRKŽ 1988 – A. Lyberis. Lietuvių–rusų kalbų žodynas, Vilnius. NŽA – Naujasis židinys – Aidai (žurnalas). PLKŽ 1976 – Prancūzų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas. Sudarė A. Juškienė, M. Katile-nė, A. Kaziūnienė, Vilnius. PLKŽ 2004 – J. J. Balaišienė. Prancūzų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas, Vilnius. A.PupkKKS 2005 – A. Pupkis. Kalbos kultūros studijos, Vilnius. RLKŽ II 1967 – Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas 2. Paruošė V. Baronas, V. Galinis, Vilnius. RLKŽ II 1983 – Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas 2. Sudarė Ch. Lemchenas, Vilnius. A.ŠopenhGIA 1994 – A. Šopenha(u)eris. Gyvenimo išminties aforizmai. Vert. A. Tekorius, Vilnius. J. KLIMAVIČIUS. Draugiškas, draugingas, draugus 139 LITERATŪRA J.BalčRR I 1978: J. Balčikonis. Rinktiniai raštai 1, Vilnius. GK – Gimtoji kalba (žurnalas). JablR IV 1935: Jablonskio raštai 4. Red. J. Balčikonis, Kaunas. JablR V 1936: Jablonskio raštai 5. Red. J. Balčikonis, Kaunas. J.JablRR II 1959: J. Jablonskis. Rinktiniai raštai 2. Sudarė J. Palionis, Vilnius. A.LyberŠŽ 1981: A. Lyberis. Sinonimų žodynas, Vilnius. LKG I 1965: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1. Vyr. red. K. Ulvydas, Vilnius. A.Piročk]JKT 1986: A. Piročkinas. Jono Jablonskio kalbos taisymai, Kaunas. A.SalR I 1979: A. Salys. Raštai 1, Roma. P.SkardLKŽD 1943 – RR I 1996: P. Skardžius. Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba. – Rinktiniai raštai 1, Vilnius. S.ŠalkR II 1991: S. Šalkauskis. Raštai 2, Vilnius. Gauta 2008 04 21 DRAUGIŠKAS, DRAUGINGAS, DRAUGUS S u m m a r y The well-formed word draugingas built from draugė (and not from draugas) is usually corrected when it has the meaning of ‘friendly’. However, it should be preserved in the meaning of ‘fond of being with other people, sociable’ and disseminated in actual use. Jablonskis was very consistent in building new words; however, linguistics, and word-building in particular, has developed much further since then. Moreover, it cannot be overlooked that the meanings of some derivatives (e.g. svetingas, melagingas) are the result of semantic development rather than word-building. To express different shades of meaning, the language needs both: draugingas (which might serve as an equivalent of socialus) and bendringas (:bend-rauti? cf. nėrtingas: nėrtėti), bendringumas which could replace more irritating foreign words komunikabilus, komunikabilumas. JONAS KLIMAVIČIUS Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius 140 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 81