Jaustukai kalboje ir šnekoje

J. ZABARSKAITĖ. Emoticons in speech and conversation 91 JOLANTA ZABARSKAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Emotions in language and speech Lithuanian is one of the few languages in the world where the grammatical descriptions of emoticons and exclamations consider them as two separate parts of the language. The grammar of the contemporary Lithuanian language states that emoticons, as a separate part of the language, are distinguished from pronouns only in Lithuanian and some non-Indo-European languages (DLKG 2005: 469). Emoticons are words used to express (not name) feelings or acts of will. According to the functions similar to emoticons in language – emotional and appellative – to the words of this part of the language come invocatives, curses, the special vocabulary of language etiquette. Lithuanian language researchers have not studied emoticons in depth. Comprehensive studies (monographs, studies, articles) devoted exclusively to them were not found1. Emoticons are described in LKG (1971: 698–733) and DLKG (2005: 462–468), as well as in Aldona Paulauskienė's morphology textbook (1976: 243–247). This part of the language is mentioned in the works of lexicology (see Jakaitienė 2009: 23). Emoticons, as expressive words, are evaluated when examining the effect of language, for example, in the research of advertising language (see Blažinskaitė 2002: 125–130). Like other expressive vocabulary, emoticons are difficult to translate into other languages, so attention is paid to them when examining theoretical and practical issues of fictional text translation (for translation of Lithuanian curses see Balčiūnienė 2006). The author of this article has mentioned the problems of describing the meanings of emoticons when examining the issues of the selection and presentation of expressive lexicon in dictionaries (see Zabarskaitė 2006: 170–180). Emoticons, as one of the ways of expression, are mentioned by researchers of language etiquette (Kučinskaitė 1985; Čepaitienė, Malakauskas 2006: 22–34; Čepaitienė 2007). In ethnolinguistics, considerable attention is paid to emoticons – curses or phraseologisms performing the functions of emoticons – formulaic curses and formulaic vocabulary of etiquette (see. Jasiūnaitė: about keiks1 Monograph by Irena Jašinskaitė dedicated to the closest part of language to emotions – outliers (1975). 92 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 the relationship of minor words, pejorative and euphemisms (1995: 35–56); about the traditional greetings of the vaishis – „užgerrimus“ (1999: 34–45); about traditional verbal curses with the word tree and its synonyms (2006: 265–281); about Žemaičių formal curses (2007: 257–276) and others. ). In foreign literature, the theoretical problems of the place of emotions in the lexicon and language system are examined. Whether they are “real” words with a distinct semantic content, a concept that has been discussed since the time of Latin grammar (Wharton 2003: 41–49). From a pragmatic point of view, the lexicon of etiquette is examined (cf. Rathmayr 1996; Russian translation 2003), and the expression of emotional experiences in different languages is compared (Wierzbicka 1997: 26–27; cited cf. Gudavičius 2007: 199). Emoticons are a part of the Lithuanian language that is not easy to JAUSMUS REIŠKIANČIŲ ŽODŽIŲ IR PASTOVIŲJŲ ŽODŽIŲ describe. Traditional (descriptive) grammar leaves some words and word combinations expressing feelings outside of the description of this part of the language, or underestimates their differences from the traditionally understood emoticons. Words expressing feelings and acts of will, as mentioned, are traditionally called jaustu kais (they have close invocations2 – sounds of calling or driving of domestic animals and birds). Such words do not name anything, do not indicate, do not perform the functions of connection, clarification, modality. They are used to express (usually consciously3) feelings, e.g.: e – 1. to express negative assessment, usually disappointment, contempt, etc. (emotional function): E, better not start. E, that's all he brought for his salary; 2. when calling someone, to draw the caller's attention (appellative function): E, where are you going? 2 The author of the article believes that invocations would be more appropriately called invocatives, cf. appellatives, expressives, etc. This term is used further in the text. 3 Sounds uttered unconsciously by human beings are not considered words because they do not belong to the act of speaking, which is based on a linguistic action. The latter aims to formulate the idea as accurately as possible for the addressee (listener or reader). The sound oi will not be a word if it is pronounced unconsciously, for example after cutting a finger (Zaikauskas 2002: 10; Jakaitienė 2009: 144–149). However, the question arises as to what to consider a recorded or narrated sound that is unconsciously uttered by a person, which is semantized in the text or narrative, i.e. acquires a lexical meaning, for example: Ee, now I remember well, my friend (here ee is an unconscious interjection used to fill a pause in speech – it will have this meaning once again when the text is told or the situation is recorded). Will such a semantic construct or unconsciously uttered emoticon, later used in the written or verbal retelling of the situation, be considered verbal? J. ZABARSKAITĖ. Emoticons in speech and conversation 93 ech – to express a sigh (emotional function): Ech, schwer war die Laune! ehe – to draw attention, usually without addressing directly (appellative function): Ehe! “I’m around the corner.” ei – to draw attention, usually by addressing directly (appellative function): Hey, let's go together. fe – 1. to express disgust (emotional function): Fe, throw! ; 2. disgust (emotional function): Fe, what a pimple. fi – to express disgust (emotional function): Fi, how disgusting. fu – 1. to signify disgust: Fu, what a black dog; 2. disgust: Fu, netikusizlykštint: I don’t understand those new habits – fu.4 Invocatives are si merga. fui – 1. stipresniam pasibjaurėjimui reikšti: Fui, nevalgyk tų vaisių; 2. labiau pasuitable for emoticons, because as words (although from the periphery of the lexicon) they perform an appellative function. Next to all known ciu ciu ciu; duck duck; kic kic – many invocatives are completely forgotten, little used or not used at all, e.g.: koš – the sound of a horse's call: Koš, koš, koš abrako! Ob. Basket, basket, basket, basket, basket Zp. py – ducks, geese by calling or imitating them: Py py py – so we call ducks Gs.5 Sometimes they can be made up of sound compounds, not characteristic of Lithuanian language, e.g.: tpruka – when calling a cow, calf (e.g. repeated): Tpruka tpruka, te duonos DGL. Run, run, run, sorry! Slm. Invocatives are presented as a type of emoticon in traditional grammar (LKG 1971: 715–718; DLKG 2005: 466–467). Calling and driving sounds of domestic animals and birds are part of our agricultural past, valuable national heritage. They are abundant in folklore, many are in LKŽ and his archive. The invocative is very little studied and almost extinct. The same emotional function as the emoticons are performed by the džia i of the curse, peripheral units of the lexicon, which fluctuate in the system between the emoticons and 4 More examples from the General Lithuanian Language Dictionary are deliberately selected to show how abundant, varied and diverse the linguistic group of emoticons is. The fi:fu:fui triangular opposition of emoticons is the subject of phonosemantics – the interpretation of the expression of language iconicity. 5 Unless otherwise noted, the following examples in the article are from the Lithuanian language dictionary (2005). 94 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 Phraseologisms. In the LKG definition of emoticons, profanity is not discussed. It is a distinct part of figurative lexicon and phraseology. They can be single-semed: Toads! Oh, shit! They are distinguished from nominative words primarily by their intonation. Interestingly, curses are often pronounced not only with a different intonation than ordinary words, but also by unusually extending or shortening sounds. For example, Aleksas Girdenis gives the following illustration of this phenomenon: intense long consonants against the background of unusually shortened vowels mean anger, so the curse word ropūžės is pronounced roughly as follows: rruppūžes (Girdenis 2003: 37). Another group of curses are the so-called formulaic curses: That you drive through dry trees! Sug; Fuck you! Žd; Oh, fuck you! Sug; May the raised one take care of you! 2006; 26: 285–286. In terms of form, such curses are close to phraseologisms, and in terms of meaning – to emoticons. Etiket o lexika – greetings, apologies, condolences, wishes for banquets and work, etc. according to the performed appeal function also close to emoticons words. Many of them are noun-origin emoticons (in Evaldos Jakaitienė’s term – emoticons that have emerged from noun phrases (see Jakaitienė 2009: 156)) or noun phrases that have become emoticons: hello, labukas, labutis, sveiki gyvi, būkit sveiki, iki, bye, lik sveikas, etc. Emoticons can also be used in verb forms. Sometimes their obvious connection with homonyms of the same form performing a nominative function leads to classification confusion, for example, in the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary (DLKŽe 2003) the forms atleiskite / atleisk and atsiprašau of the verbs atleisti and atsiprašyti are not considered emoticons. For the cognitive aspect of their meaning alone, these forms-words should be presented in separate lexicographic articles, as emoticons belonging to the field of etiquette lexicon. According to the form, the vocabulary of etiquette can be monolexic and dilexic units of speech (thank you, thank you very much, to the health) and – like curses – constant compounds close to phraseologisms (help God, honor Jesus Christ; good steam – a wish to go to the sauna). Traditional formal work and banquet greetings are rapidly disappearing, e.g. : Hello murkt! – Thank you gurkt! Srv; Push the tape! - Striped legs! TDr I 34 (Kdn); Given for given, good for good! Bržr7 (Jasiūnaitė 1999: 34–45). 6 Abbreviations of example sources – as quoted in the author’s article. 7 Abbreviations – as quoted in the author’s article. J. ZABARSKAITĖ. Emoticons in speech and speech 95 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPONENTS BY ORIGIN Emoticons have two origins. Many of them are universal, characteristic of several JAUSMUS REIŠKIANČIŲ ŽODŽIŲ IR PASTOVIŲJŲ ŽODŽIŲ languages, formed from voluntary and involuntary vowels, e.g.: ach, och, cha, ha, mmmm, vai, etc. They are considered to be emoticons of primitive origin. Some of the original invocatives are also included in the emoticons of primary origin. Another part of this type of emoticons is related to imitations or visual outliers8, another part of this interesting vocabulary may be of onomatopoeic origin. An example of this is the analysis of the invocative alia. This word is used to scare someone, to chase, e.g.: alia, aliai – Goose chases: when near – alia! alia!, and when far away, it’s aliai! Ali! Vr. It is the sound of animal cries or shouts. Since this expressive word does not imitate the sound or image of reality, does not imitate the feeling experienced – it cannot be considered a phony. A nonverbal cry turned into a word is a sign of will. He is close to such invocatives as ulia, uli, oliui, tule. The invocative alia is connected with the verb alioti, -iója, -iójo, “to drive, to go, to defend, to frighten”, e.g.: alioti – Everyone laughs at him like a dog Jž. What are you doing, have you seen a hare, or even a wolf? Out. Children, don't let the stingray fly away again. Ernst Fraenkel's Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary (Fraenkel 1962 I: 7) considers the old Indo-European verb alioti to be derived from the sound word. The invocative alia refers to the nonverbal voice of human sounds, a shout. It becomes a word when it acquires the meaning of “to drive something away, to defend”. Similar phonetic structures for non-verbal human exclamations are common in many languages, such as ala in Swahili, which means intolerance or amazement, and ēalā in Old English, which means disappointment, grief, or desire for consolation. Similar feelings are expressed in Catalan – ai las, Danish – helaas, French – hélas, Finnish – alas means “down”, “put down”. Thus, one of the most common exclamations, which became a sentiment-invocative, now has different but related meanings in different languages. This word may have a phonosemantic opposition with the invocative aly – alia: aly. It correlates with the phonosemantic oppositions of near invocatives. 8 For more on the concept of imitatives or visual imitatives of invocatives, see. Zabarskaitė 2003: 146–148. 96 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 reflects the goal. The sound e has a slightly lower tone and shorter duration; alia is more likely to be chosen for indiscriminately scaring ulia/ule : uli; olia/ole : oly; tule : tuly ir pan. Kai norima ką pavaryti šalin, nesąmoningai pasirenkamas tas invokatyvas, kurio paskutinis garsas geriau some pet or bird. The long y is a higher-tone, longer-lasting vowel, and gives the invocative aly more power and intensity. It is likely that the speaker would choose the emoticon aly when something stronger should be defended away. Other emoticons, so-called – secondary origin, have arisen from various customs, traditions, beliefs, e.g.: dievmyly – to express the feeling of surprise, surprise: Dievmyly, that I would not see again doing this An; God damn it! An; Why, dear God, are there so many among you who love only beauty? A. Baran. These are emoticons with a semantic basis, usually derived from words with lexical meaning and performing a nominative function. Emoticons derived only from actual words, such as Jergau jergau, are derived from a word that has a deyctic function, but no lexical meaning. Emoticons and phraseological compounds of secondary origin (formular curses, good wishes) emerged from cultural, religious, social experience and are a valuable source of ethnolinguistics. Pragmatics researchers give a chrestomatical example, which reveals the play of both types of emoticons: Patient: Be careful with that needle! / Patient: Be careful with that needle! Dentist: Hell! I’m sorry. Dentist: Oops. Patient: Shit! Get the bloody thing out of my cheek! Patient: Ouch! (see Ameka 1992: 11)9. Grammar usually deals with single-vowel sentiments of primary vowel origin (A, how fat you are! J; Oh, I did wrong! Kp; A a a – and your 9 When translating into Lithuanian, the most typical emoticons for this situation are chosen, cf. : Patient: Be careful with the needle! Dentist: Oh! Patient: Oh, my God! Dentist: Damn it! I'm sorry! Patient: Oh, yeah. Get that damn thing out of my mouth! J. ZABARSKAITĖ. Emoticons in speech and speech 97 gi singing! Traditionally, it has been used as a secondary and sometimes as a primary language. Traditionally, invocatives are distinguished as a separate group, but unilexemial and bilexemial curses are not distinguished. We would think that it would be appropriate to distinguish them as a separate group of emoticons, because their sources of origin, semantics and structure have characteristic features only for them. In the sections on emoticons of traditional grammar descriptions, traditional formulaic curses are also not examined, according to the semantic structure – giniai jaustukai (Kad tave devyni perkūnai užmuštų!; Kad jus giltinė pagrobtų!; phraseologyLai tave pyklė atima! ; see. Jasiūnaitė 2007: 257–276) as well as traditional formulaic expressions of etiquette (while working, serving dinner, bathing in the sauna, etc., e.g., Man to health, to enemies in the quarab KrvP (Vlkv)). The description of such phraseological structures in the system of emoticons would help to reveal this phenomenon in more detail and find a clear place for these structures in the lexical system of Lithuanian language, as well as give benefits to research. Sometimes, when classifying and describing emoticons for scientific and teaching purposes (for students attending a lexicology course, young lexicographers), it is difficult to distinguish more complex emoticons from emoticons. It is possible to check the DLKŽ, which distinguishes between emoticons and outliers, but the LKŽe is not such a source that could help in classifying these two parts of the language, because it denotes emoticons and outliers with the same abbreviation interj. (interjection). See examples of rarer emoticons from LKŽe: acit interj. cit (silenced): Acit, you're screaming! Ms. ač interj. (?) 1. N duokš: Ač mi tvojega sina BB 1 Kar 17, 19. ači interj. see ač 1: Ači-m nu mana ženu, nesa čēsas is go jospi BB 1 Mos 29, 1 ačià interj. 575: Hey here, hey see (to express surprise, surprise). 2 àčia interj. Kuku! - Thank you! 21. (man answers) Mr. thanks interj. dėkui: You won't get paid for your thanks, you'll have to put some money in your pocket Sln. Confusion sometimes arises because emoticons, like stickers, do not perform a nominative function, are similar in form (unchangeable, short words), have common usage features – they are often used in repetition. The main of them 98 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 The difference is that the outliers belong to the so-called iconic vocabulary10. Emoticons, not being arbitrary language signs11, are close to signs of simpler structure – indexes12 (in Lithuanian these signs should be called references). In order to make an impression on the listener/reader (these words are close to expressive ones; see about this in the next section of this article), the speaker/writer uses accidents to imitate the objective impression caused to him by the sound he heard (Belpelis dilin dilin po pamokų Lkš), the image he saw (Berniokas kai užsėdo sartį, tai kabaldai, kabaldai ir pralenkė mum Vad), the feeling he experienced (Kliokt kliokt ėmiau vemti Šts). Emoticons express mus arba valią, kuriuos koks įspūdis arba pojūtis sukėlė (tai gali būti ir objektyvus potyris, ir subjektyvus noras). subjective feelingsRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEELINGS, EMOTIONS AND EXPRESSIVE PRONOUNS It may arise a legitimate question why the lexicon denoting feelings, which has the status of a separate part of speech, is compared with the units of the level of use – figurative verbs and nouns, i.e. expressive and emotional. By revealing the differences between emoticons and words belonging to other parts of the language, it is possible to better highlight the semantic and functional nature and structure of the former, because in the semantic structure of expressive and emotive, the emotional-expressive element is also the basis of their presence in the language. Words that not only name an action, object, phenomenon, state, etc., but also provide additional expressive information about the named denotative, are called expressives in the scientific literature (Jakaitienė 2009: 164). For example, to evaluate a person who walks slowly and hard, the speaker can choose the expressive dumbling: 10 The iconic word is a word that has no nominal meaning, i.e. it does not name reality, but imitates it. The simplest example is an onomatopoeia, e.g.: kukū, miau, kre, kva and so on. This is a case of lexical iconism in language. 11 An arbitrary sign is a freely chosen plan of expression, the content of which means something that exists without it. In semiotics, arbitrary signs are called symbols. In lexicology, these are words that have a nominal meaning. More on the types and characteristics of signs (Fiske 1998: 57–114 ). 12 Index – a sign whose plan of expression refers to the plan of content in an agreed sign system (ODP 190–191). J. ZABARSKAITĖ. Emotions in speech and speech 99 I dump, i.e. I walk clumsily, stumbling, from easy J. Dump head down Shkn. And she understands – subari, that’s why Pbs squeezes his ears. Someone is dumping somebody on the road. I'm gonna go home. I'm gonna go home. Let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go. He saw how a fox slammed M.S. through the field. In Lithuanian, there are a lot of figurative verbs meaning movement (walking, running, driving) and eating and drinking: plumpinti "to walk hard": Vaikas su kailiniais plumpina par lauką Jnš. I’m plumping about the house – my shoes are clean Bsg; kicenti „slowly, with a small stick to run, to rush“: He kiceno after me, waving a long stick rš. Good was the horse: always kicena and kicena, no step goes Lnkv. He was ill at the end of the day and kicena Slm. With such a fucked-up mare, you're a bitch. Let kicena horses – not tired: nearby road Rs. Rudis always kiced with me, I was accompanied by Vb. Children kiceno path Lnkv; curse "to drink greedily, to sräbti": Now all the helpers curse beer E.g. Everyone eats the thick one, no one eats the liquid one Ml; marmalyti "to eat, to eat": Marmalyk, i kvit KlvrŽ. All these words have a predominant expressive component of lexical meaning, which, of course, is associated with feelings. The speaker who strives for expressiveness is not satisfied with dry information alone, but by choosing a figurative word he strives for the recipient of the information to accept it not only with the mind, but also to evaluate the image created by the expressive with the senses13. The main distinctive feature of expressive and emoticon is that the former perform a nominative function, are associated with an objective denotation that can be specifically described, the expressive element as a connotative component in their meaning structure, although predominant, is not the only one. The denotation of an emoticon (a specific feeling and/or act of will in a specific situation) is individual, it is described when the emoticon appears in an oral or written narrative. The meaning of a sentiment is always marginal: in the system of language it is very abstract – “expressing a feeling”, in every act of speech it is very concrete – “expressing pain”, “expressing sadness”, “expressing joy”, “expressing fear”, “expressing disappointment” and so on. Emotives are also words that express the speaker’s feelings towards someone (see Jakaitienė 2009: 161–164). What is the difference between these words and emoticons? 13 Dulina tired person or animal – the listener is intended to cause sympathy, mixed with discontent over the slow action; marmalyja hungry, greedy, seemingly careless person – intended to cause a feeling of germination, etc. 106 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 The narrator, using emoticons, repeats them more than once. One who does not use emojis does not use them completely. In some places, emoticons are used to fill mams ar valiai reikšti, o kaip pertarai, pasakojimo tempui reguliuoti, pauout non-emotions in speech, etc. In these cases, they perform the function of particles. As has already been said, these primary data on the use of emoticons should be refined and supplemented, and the use of emoticons in dialogues should be investigated. It seems that they should be used more frequently in that area of speech. More detailed studies of the use of this part of the language require an analysis of the use of emoticons in urban colloquial language. The use of electronic smileys in the language of information technology should not displace the words of the living language, which – especially those of secondary origin – preserve far more important things for the vitality of the language, national identity and social history of the language than it may seem at first glance16. CONCLUSIONS Without limiting ourselves to the formal structure of emoticons, and considering the similar or identical functions and uses in the language, more language phenomena can be assigned to this part of the language than is now the case in traditional grammar. Emotions express subjective feelings or will, which some impression or sensation – it can be both objective experience and subjective desire – caused. Emoticons as communication signs are closest to signs-references. Their meaning in the system of language is very abstract “expressing a feeling”, and very concrete during each act of speech: “expressing pain”, “expressing sadness”, “expressing joy”, “expressing fear”, “expressing disappointment” and so on. Therefore, in order to reveal the place of emoticons in the language system, their role in the lexical hierarchy and to develop methodologies for presenting emoticons in dictionaries and description databases, annotated texts, consistent and comprehensive studies of their use are necessary. Such research would also give results in the opposite direction – they would be useful for ethnolinguistics. It is also important to encourage the use of Lithuanian emoticons in the spoken and information technology language. 16 In 2010, the Lithuanian Studies Center, the division of the Lithuanian Language Institute for the dissemination of scientific knowledge and popularization of the language, announces a competition for pupils and students to decipher digital smileys in the most interesting and varied way. J. ZABARSKAITĖ. Emoticons in speech and conversation 107 LITERATŪRA Ameka F. 1992: Interjections: The universal yet neglected part of speech. – Journal of Pragmatic 18, 101–118. 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Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Girdenis A. 2003: Theoretical foundations of Lithuanian phonology, Vilnius: Institute for Publishing of Science and Encyclopedias. Gudavičius A. 2007: Accelerating semantics, Šiauliai: Šiaulių University. Jakaitienė E. 2009: Leksikologija, Vilnius: Vilnius University Press. 1995. (in Russian) "Первый аниме-сериал "Анна Каренина"". (Negative descriptions of human beings). – Kalbotyra 44(1), 35–58. 1999: "To your health, to my žyvatas!" Traditional greetings of vaishis. – Lituanistica 2(38), 34–45. Jasiūnait ė B. 2006: Tree in Eastern Lithuanian Folklore. – Baltistica 41(2), 265– 283. 2007. pp. 10. "The Land of the Lost". – Folklore works 34, Jašinskaitė I. 1975: 257–276. Lithuanian language outliers, Vilnius: Mintis. Kučinskaitė A. 1985: Lithuanian language etiquette, Vilnius: Mokslas. KTŽ 1990: K. Gaivenis, S. Keinys. The Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. LKG 1965, 1971, 1976: Lithuanian Grammar 1-3, Vilnius: Mintis. 108 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 LKTCH 2004: Chrestomacy of Lithuanian Dialects. Compiled by: R. Bacevičiūtė, A. Iva nauskienė, A. Leskauskaitė, E. Trumpa, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. LKŽe 2005: Lietuvos kalbos žodynas 1–20 (electronic version). The editorial board: G. Naktinienė (editor), J. Paulauskas, R. Petrokienė, V. Vitkauskas, J. Zabarskaitė, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. – Access via the Internet: www.lkz.lt ODP 1996: S. Blackburn. Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, Oxford–New York: Oxford University Press. 1976: Morphology of the Lithuanian language, Vilnius: Mokslas. Rathmayr R. 1996: Pragmatics of Apologies, Cologne, Weimar, Vienna: Böhlou Verlag. Wharton T. 2003: Interjections. Language and the ‘showing/saying’ continuum. – Pragmatics & Cognition 11(1), 39–91. Wierzbicka A. 1999: Language–mind–culture, Warsaw: PWN. Zabar read J. 2003: Presentation of the meanings of outliers in dictionaries. – Problems of lexicography and lexicology, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute publishing house, Zabar skaitė J. 2006: Expressive lexicon of 136–150. Lithuanian language and usage dictionaries. – Current Issues of Explanatory General Language Dictionary, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute Publishing House, 170–180. Zaikauskas E. 2002: Theoretical foundations of performatives. Doctoral dissertation in humanities, Vilnius: VUB Manuscripts Department. Received 11/11/2009 INTERJECTIONS IN LANGUAGE AND SPEECH Summary Interjections make up a part of speech which is much more complex and varied than it looks at first sight. Without limiting to their formal structure and considering similar or equivalent functions and usage, the part of speech might include more linguistic phenomena than are usually attributed to interjections in traditional grammars. In dialects interjections are not so numerous. They are mostly used in re/telling a story, i.e. in telling about the past, in fairy-tales etc. J. ZABARSKAITĖ. Research into the usage of interjections, their motivation and expression of national identity could promote their more frequent usage. This is particularly relevant today, when we can witness the evolvement of the language of information technologies. To identify the position of interjections in the system of language, to clearly define their role in the lexicon, to include them in dictionaries and define in the databases and annotated corpora, further detailed and consistent research into their usage would be indispensable. Such research could also contribute to ethno-linguistic investigation. JOLANTA ZABARSKAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]