Dėl dar vienos lietuvių pavardžių atsiradimo galimybės

V. MACIEJAUSKIENĖ. On another possibility of the emergence of Lithuanian surnames 9 LANGUAGE VITALIJA MACIEJAUSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ABOUT ANOTHER LITHUANIAN SURNAME OPPORTUNITIES OF OPENING In the study of the 19th-century Lithuanian personal name system1, among other things, the aim is to answer the question as detailed as possible, what circumstances and reasons determined the quality of the current set of surnames. When describing the latter from the point of view of structure, attention should be paid to the abundance of names with Slavic suffixes – various -sktipo and -avičius, -evičius. This has already been evaluated in Lithuanian historical anthroponymy studies regarding the peculiarities of the final establishment of Lithuanian surnames, especially regarding the Slavification of these personal names (see Maciejauskienė 1991: 169–214; Ragauskaitė 2005: 63–74) and their gender variation (Maciejauskienė 1997: 73–75, 77–80; Ragauskaitė 2005: 93–94). Furthermore, the most important possibilities of the emergence of all surnames of this structure are also highlighted – glorification and borrowing of personal names – while also acknowledging that surnames with suffixes -avičius, -evičius could have arisen naturally from the 16th century (and later) due to the linguistic situation of the Lithuanian state, particularly frequent and widespread patronymics formed with these suffixes (Maciejauskienė 1993: 82–83, 84–85; 1996: 60). When discussing the Slavification of surnames, among other things, attention was also drawn to the translation of the roots (stems) of these personal names into Polish, usually at the same time fundamentally changing the structure of the translated surnames (Maciejauskienė 1991: 1). 10 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 209–211; 1993: 86–88)2. Such translation undoubtedly influenced not only the final context of the origin of current surnames, in which genetically Lithuanian surnames are relatively few3, but also the overall picture of their structure. While acknowledging that the context of the origin of Lithuanian surnames was determined, among other things, by quite objective reasons (as is known, most of the surnames were formed from Christian names4), and the Slavic structure of these personal names – by the already mentioned possibilities of their emergence, at the same time it must be acknowledged that far from all the questions related to these matters have already been answered. Missing answers, of course, must be sought by further collecting and studying historical anthroponymy data and considering the fact that in this regard, particularly important are the names of the 19th century, the period when the genders of Lithuanian surnames were further stabilized5. It is already obvious that the evaluation of anthroponymics of this century not only confirms the conclusions made so far, but also expands the study with new data of various kinds. Among the latter, there were also those that perhaps could justify the assumption that there were other possibilities of the appearance of our names of Slavic structure and foreign origin, which have not been identified in the current studies. One of such options will be discussed in this article. It was possible to present and at least presumably justify it by means of the names of persons in the 19th century sources, recorded by name and two surnames, combined by words or otherwise. Depending on the language of the sources, these words are given as Latin alias, Russian или, иначе, and the Latin word vel or its abbreviation v is also used: Maciey Wersocki alias Szykszna, Янъ Марцинкевичъ или Клестонъ, Мацей Версоцкiй иначе Шикшна, Casimirus Kiʃʒkis vel Moteiko, Gasper Ajewski v. Margas6. As can be seen, in the names there are two 2 This was based on the Vilnius St. John’s Code of Personal Names from the beginning of the 17th century. In addition to the above mentioned, there are many other examples of such translations (see Zinkevičius 1977: 105–111). 3 It is estimated that such surnames constitute only about 30% of all current surnames (cf. Vanagas 1982: 64). 4 This is evidenced, among other things, by the evaluation of the origin of personal names in the 17th century (the century when Lithuanian surnames were formed most intensively) (see Maciejauskienė 1991: 230–243). 5 19th-century anthroponymy is particularly useful for research also because it is separated by a relatively short time interval from the current collection of names – the database of Lithuanian names written from the living language, on the basis of dešimtmetyje). Tai ypač padidina istorinių ir dabartinių pavardžių tapatinimo, jų paplitimo duomenų lyginimo ir, žinoma, su tuo susijusių išvadų patikimumą. which the LPŽ was prepared (the database was compiled in the fourth quarter of the 20th century). 6 Here is presented only one example of such records, assuming that the frequency of use of these words and how the abbreviation is written, as well as other similar things, will be seen from the cases of such designation presented and discussed below. V. MACIEJAUSKIENĖ. For another possibility of the emergence of Lithuanian surnames 11 names, and this distinguishes them all from the context of the usual for this period of the Lithuanian name and surname7. In previous publications it has already been stated that such designations occur in 19th-century sources (see Maciejauskienė 1993a: 104; 1997: 83–84), but a detailed evaluation of them has not been presented so far. Some of these names have been mentioned when discussing the glorification of names (Maciejauskienė 1991: 209–210). Attempting to evaluate the structure and origin of the names recorded in all accumulated names of this type, it became clear that it is possible to distinguish more than one type of these entries. The basis of such distinction would be the uneven connection between the two names, most likely testifying to the different reasons for the emergence of such designations – clear enough and perhaps only guessable. NOMINATIONS OF PERSONS WITH TWO SURNAMES REASONS FOR OPENING As already stated, the reasons for the emergence of such designations can be both clear and only guessed. To the first one belongs the already mentioned translation of the roots (stems) of surnames of Lithuanian origin into the Polish (Russian) language, while changing the structure of personal names. These are easily recognisable cases of writing two names – authentic and glorified – in one nominative. Here are two such names with brief explanations: Georgij Awinas alias Baranowʃki (2, 37; 1819)8 – in the name from the church book of Iñturkės parish (Moltų r.) the surnames *Avinas and *Baranauskas are recorded. The first one can be identified with the current surname Ãvinas, which is derived from Lithuanian ãvinas and is not known not only about Inturkė, but also about Molėtų r. in general (see LPŽ I 142). It is not possible to identify the name of the person who wrote it. The second is identical with the surname Baranauskas, which 7 Because in the 19th century sources this was the standard for naming Lithuanians (see Maciejauskienė 1993a: 100–103). 8 In parentheses, the number of the source in the list of sources at the end of the article, after a comma, the reference to the source sheet or page, and after a semicolon, the reference to the year in which the person was so recorded in the source. We did not want to expand the list of sources too much, so when selecting the names of individuals, we tried to take them from the same sources. For this reason, among the names discussed in the article, there are mostly those that are recorded in the four parishes of Inturkės (Molėtų r.) in the church books. 12 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 is among the most common names in Lithuania9 and it is used in various places in Lithuania, including in Molėtų district (14 families in Joniškis, 23 families in Molėtai and elsewhere). It is obvious that this historical name remained the official name of the person. In assessing the origin of the latter, it is compared with similar Polish and Belarusian surnames, although also mentioning the Slavic barõnas "lamb" (LPZ I 190–191, 199). Therefore, there is no connection with Ãvinas, although the presentation shows another possibility of the emergence of this Lithuanian surname of Slavic structure and origin. Ignatius Wisocki alias Awkʃztolis (3, 5; 1809) – in the name from the church book of Inturkės parish there are the surnames *Visockas or similar. and *Aukštuolis. The first is identical with the current name Visòckas, which also exists in Molėtų district (4 families in Joniškis); when assessing the origin, the surname is compared with similar Slavic (Belarusian, Polish, Russian) surnames (see LPŽ II 1234–1235). The second is identical with the current surname Aukštuõlis, which is also known in Molėtų district (although somewhat further from Inturkės – 40 families in Bálniukai), and is derived from Lithuanian aukštuõlis: áukštas (see LPŽ I 139). Which name remained the official name of the person recorded in this case is not quite clear, but it is likely that Visòckas. Another reason for the appearance of such names is also related to the Slavification, this time only with the change of the structure of the surnames. These cases show that two surnames of the same origin, but with different structures, have been recorded in the naming of persons. And these names are presented with brief comments: Francišek Bortkus or Bortkevičius (8, 29; 1850) – in the revision of the list of residents of Drupiškės manor (Keamė district) the surnames *Bartkus and *Bartkevičius are recorded. The first is identical with the current surname Batkus, and the second – with Bartkẽvičius, both of which function in the places of the former manor and are derived from the Christian name Baltramiẽjus (see LPŽ I 203–204). Which of the two names mentioned in the list remained the official name of the person mentioned in the official source is not clear. However, the notes written to the names Bartkẽvičius, which function in various places in Lithuania, people call Batkus (see LPŽ I 203–204), which undoubtedly shows that the name Batkus could indeed be changed into a name with the Slavic suffix -evičius. Josephi Markuniec alias Markiewicʒ (2, 37; 1819) – the name *Markūnas (*Morkūnas) is recorded in the church register of Inturkės parish 9 It is used by about 800 Lithuanian families – see. Maciejauskienė 1987: 74. V. MACIEJAUSKIENĖ. For another possibility of the appearance of Lithuanian surnames 13 and *Markevičius (*Morkevičius), having Lithuanian patronymic suffix -ūnas and Slavic suffix -evičius. The first is identical with the current surnames Markūnas, Morkėnas, the second – with Markẽvičius. All of them, among other places, also function in Molėtų district, although further from Inturkės (in Balnininkai and Giedraičiai). It is also possible to mention the name Morkẽvičius, which is not known in Molėtų r. All surnames are derived from the genders of the Christian name Mõrkus (see LPŽ II 163, 164, 271). Which of the names in the list remained as the official name of the person is not clear. The name of the village, which is written with two letters, is not mentioned in the 19th-century sources. Most of the other names have been changed. The relationship between the two names is not clear. Therefore, the reasons for the appearance of such names can only be guessed. It is not difficult to see that in the surname pairs there are personal names of different structures. Noteably rarer of these names are those in which two different surnames of different origin are written, without the discussed signs of Slavic structure (-sktipo and -avičius, -evičius suffixes). Here are a couple of examples: Casimirus Kiʃʒkis vel Moteiko (1, 65; 1805), Jerzy Kiʃʒkis alias Moteiko (4, 5; 1814) – the personal names *Kiškis and *Moteika (*Mateika) are recorded in the names from the church books of Inturkės parish. The first is identical with the current surname Kąškis, which functions in the parish places (5 families in Joniškis) and is derived from Lithuanian kąškis (see LPŽ I 1006). The second is identical with the surname Matéika, Mateikà, which is very common in Molėtų district (22 families in Joniškis, 14 in Molėtai and elsewhere) and is formed from the Christian name Motiẽjus (see LPŽ II 178). The current data on the prevalence of surnames do not allow to decide which of the personal names recorded in the nomenclatures remained the official name of the persons mentioned. It is assumed that such designations may have been related to efforts to replace a surname of nickname origin (in this case – clearly Lithuanian) with a more neutral one. Augustyn Kłungis v. Ilgutis (5, 51; 1834–1837) – the surnames *Klungis and *Ilgutis are recorded in the naming from the document of Pãsvalio manor. The first one is identical with the present name Klåois, which is also known in Pasvalys (1 family), and its origin is believed to be unclear (see LPŽ I 1029). The second is identical with the name Ilgùtis, which also functions near Pasvalys (2 families in Salõčiai) and is derived from Lithuanian ullgas (see LPŽ I 766, 765). It remains unclear which of the two personal names remained as the official name of the person and why they are recorded in one name. 14 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 Maцкунасъ or Калладе, Андрей Мартиновичъ (7, 201; 1882) – a village with the čių luomui priklausančio Bùrgėnų dvaro (Pasvalio r.) savininko įvardijime10 užfiksuotos pavardės *Mackūnas (*Mockūnas) ir *Kaladė. Pirmoji tapatinticurrent surname Mockūnas, which functions in the manor places (2 families in Daujonai, 12 in Krinčėnai, 1 in Pasvalys) and is formed from the Christian name Motiẽjus genders (see LPŽ II 263). The second is identical with the surname Kalãdė, known only further away from Pasvalys or other places of the manor and derived from the Slavic kalãdė (see LPŽ I 892). It can be assumed that the name reflects an effort to replace a clearly nickname origin, as if too bad name with a more acceptable, in a certain sense - more neutral. As can be seen, the reasons for writing two names in such designations may be unclear or only speculative. This is confirmed by other names of this type. For example, comparison of the names recorded in the inscription Jan Grygzentis v. Tomaszunas (611; 1835) with the current ones, according to the latter’s prevalence data, shows that the second name Tamošiennas has been preserved, and from the name of the woman Anna Grodziowna v. Pakultiniowna (1, 85; 1810) reconstructed her father’s names *Gruodis and *Pakultinis comparison with the current ones revealed that the official name of the person probably remained Pakultienė of unclear origin. From the names *Ilgius and *Ožkaragis or similar in the inscription Michaelis Jlgius alias Aszkaragis (2, 46; 1821), the first one remains official, probably the variant of its ending Iiggis. Which of the two personal names remained the official name of the person named Vincenty Kierulis alias Markuniec (1, 64; 1805) – *Kerulis or *Markūnas (*Morkūnas) – is not quite clear, probably Kerùlis is especially common in the parish areas, although it may be otherwise. Also worth considering is the name Adam Szakarnis v. Bedel (5, 52; 1834–1837), which records two surnames associated with the present Šakanis and Bedelis or Bẽdalis, Bedãlis. It can be assumed that the status of the personal names written in such designations is unequal – only one of them is an official name and the other is a nickname. However, the general context of the 18th-19th century Lithuanian name-giving, which has been sufficiently well studied, denies such usage of these personal names. Thus, it is assumed that these designations could most often be related to efforts to replace the name that was unacceptable for one reason or another with another – a more neutral one from the point of view of origin, a “prettier” one or simply different. Thus, we can also talk about a certain instability of the already formed Lithuanian surnames, its “movement” related to the supposed change of some surnames by others. 10 It is from the abealphabetical list, so that both surnames are written first, and only the person’s name and first name are written after them. 11 The pages of the source are not numbered, therefore only the number is given in the list at the end of the article. V. MACIEJAUSKIENĖ. 15 This assumption is supported by the most common names of the type in question. They contain two surnames of different origins, one of which in all cases has Slavic suffixes (the already mentioned -sktipo or -avičius, -evičius). At the beginning – three such names from ecclesiastical sources of Inturkės parish with brief explanations: Gabrielis Jusiewicz alias Mizaniec (2, 26; 1817) – the surnames *Jusevičius and probably *Miežonis are recorded when naming a person. The first is identical with the current surname Jusẽvičius, known among other places in Molėtai (2 families) and derived from the Christian name Justūnas (see LPŽ I 872, 873). The second is identical with the surname Miežónis, which functions almost exclusively in Molėtų district (15 families in Giedraičiai, 1 family in Molėtai); because of its origin from lit. barzdas, miẽžis see 224 pp.. In this case, it is not quite clear which personal name remained as the official name of the person mentioned, apparently both possibilities are possible. Joannes Butera alias Pawłowski (4, 10; 1819) – the surnames *Butera and *Paulauskas are written in the name. The first one has not survived to our days, and the second one can be identified with the current surname Paulauskas, which, among other very different places in Lithuania, functions also very close to Inturkės (5 families in Joniškis, 4 families in Molėtai and elsewhere). It is one of the most common Lithuanian surnames (it is the seventh in the top ten)12, formed from the Christian name Paũlius (cf. 408 pp. (2nd ed.). Jacobi Kulwinʃki alias Kulszys (1, 92; 1811) – įvardijime užrašytos pavardės *Kulvinskas ir *Kulšys ar pan. Pirmoji tapatintina su dabartinėmis panames Kulvūnskas, Kulvūnskis, whose prevalence data do not testify to their functioning near places in Molėtų r. (see LPŽ I 1118). The second is related to the surnames Kùlšis, Kulšėss, which are also known in Molėtų r. (Giedraičiai, Joniškis, Molėtai), and are derived from Lithuanian kùlšė, kùlšis (see LPŽ I 1117). Therefore, the official remaining name is probably Kulšās or Kùlšis. As can be seen, in all three cases, the two surnames recorded in such names are of completely different origin, and one of them has a Slavic suffix (-evičius, -auskas and -inskas or -inskis). It is important to note that this type of designation, as already mentioned, was the most common in the 19th-century sources reviewed, and that they show a somewhat unusual use of names with Slavic suffixes alongside names of different structure and origin. As is known, such surnames (especially with suffixes of the -sk type) make up a fairly large part of the totality of our surnames, and some of them are still very or at least quite 12. 16 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 common. However, neither the abundance of these surnames in the general context of our surnames, nor the remarkable frequency of some of them can be essentially linked to the natural laws of the formation of our surnames or only to the already discussed peculiarities of the final establishment of these genders of personal names (here we are referring primarily to their glorification), and even less can be explained by the borrowing of surnames13. Therefore, other possibilities of their occurrence must be sought. Could it be that one of them is evidenced by the names we have just discussed? Probably – yes, if the reasons for their emergence were linked to the efforts to artificially replace part of the already formed Lithuanian structure (infrequently – and origin) of our surnames with other surnames in the 19th century. The latter had Slavic suffixes, were as if more universal or neutral, and were often characteristic of the nomenclature of neighboring Slavic languages. It would not be easy to answer the question, for whom such supposed change of names could have been important and necessary – for the persons named or for those who wrote the sources (it is quite possible that in each specific case it was different). Therefore, the following descriptions only try to show which names and which surnames could have been attempted to change, thus justifying as convincingly as possible the possibility of such a change. The names are presented in three groups, which are distinguished according to which of the two personal names recorded in them remained (could have remained) the official name of the persons mentioned. Firstly, cases are presented that show that the official remained surnames with Slavic suffixes, which in specific cases could replace all or at least part of the names of a different structure. This is because the names of these people are not officially recognized by the authorities. The third group contains names that may supplement both the first and second cases of writing with two surnames, since the data of comparison of the names recorded in them with the current surnames do not allow to precisely determine which of the two personal names remained the official name of the person so recorded. Not Janùtis, but Mackẽvičius, not Ladùkas, but Sakaláuskas In the first group, the names showing that the official surname remained (could have remained) a personal name with a Slavic suffix were found in 13 sources. Maciejauskienė 1991: 207–208. V. MACIEJAUSKIENĖ. There is another possibility of Lithuanian surnames appearing 17 most often. The name of the subsection contains two pairs of surnames written in such names of persons from the church books of Inturkės parish. These are: Jgnatij Mackiewicʒ alias Janutis (2, 14; 1814) – the name contains the surnames *Mackevičius (*Mockevičius) and *Janutis (*Jonutis). The first is identical with the current surname Mackẽvičius, which also functions in Molėtų district (5 families in Giedraičiai, 3 in Joniškis, 10 in Molėtai) and is derived from the Christian name Motiẽjus (see LPŽ II 125–126). The second can be linked to the surnames Janùtis, Jonùtis, which are derived from the Christian name Jõnas, both of which are widespread far from Molėtų district (see LPŽ I 807, 845). The presented data indicate that in this case the name Janùtis or Jonùtis, which functioned in the parish, could have been replaced by Mackẽvičius. It is a relatively common Lithuanian surname (about 570 families), and it is also known in the names of neighboring Slavic peoples – Belarusians, Poles (see. 125–126 (2nd ed.). Joannes Ładuk alias Sokołowski, Petri Ładuk alias Sokołowski (2, 2; 1813), Joannis Sokołowski alias Ładukas (2, 28; 1817), Petri Sokołowski alias Ładuk (2, 46; 1821), Antonii Sokołowski alias Ładuk (2, 47; 1822), Antonius Ładuk v Sokołowski, Petrus Ładuk v Sokołowski, Vincentus Ładuk v Sokołowski (4, 15; 1823) – the surnames *Ladukas and *Sakalauskas or similar are recorded in the names. The first one is identical with the current surname Ladùkas, which is of unclear origin, and which, due to the difference in the places of distribution (see LPŽ II 14), there is no basis to associate it with a historical personal name. The second is related to the name Sakaláuskas, which is common in various places in Lithuania, including Molėtų district (11 families in Giedraičiai, 8 in Molėtai). It is the tenth most frequent Lithuanian surname14, which also functions in the names of Slavic peoples – Belarusians, Poles, Russians (for its origin see LPŽ II 659). The data provided suggest that in this case Sakaláuskas probably remained the official name of the persons named in the sources, replacing the second name Ladùkas recorded in the names. Other names of this type are listed in the alphabetical order of the first names written in them: Georgij Cziulis alias Czywinʃki (1, 90; 1811), Jakób Cziula alias Czywinʃki (4, 8; 1818) – the surnames *Čiulis, *Čiula and *Čivinskas are recorded in the names from the church books of Inturkės parish. There are currently no surnames that could identify the gender of the first historical personal names. From the point of view of origin, these were probably surnames formed from nicknames, whose root *čuulsietina with Lithuanian čiulénti, čùlyti “to suck”, čiuliuoti “to sway, to swing” 14 It is used by about 900 Lithuanian families (see Maciejauskienė 1987: 74). 24 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 On the other hand, the recognition that some Lithuanian surnames of foreign origin with Slavic suffixes (especially -sktipo and -avičius, -evičius) could have arisen by replacing names of Lithuanian structure (and often also of origin) with them, would help to answer more clearly the questions, why there are so many such surnames, why most of them are relatively or even very common, why they do not have more defined areas of distribution, etc. As mentioned, this cannot be explained by the peculiarities of the spontaneous formation of our surnames, nor by the glorification of these personal names alone or, even less, by borrowing. Another possibility of the emergence of names of foreign origin and Slavic structure was tried to be justified. It should undoubtedly be associated with the Slavification of the whole of Lithuanian surnames, or more precisely – with its manifestation not yet identified in the current studies. SOURCES17 1. Baptismal Metrics from 1794 February 2 day to 1812 July 13 day. [Inturkės parish (Molėtų r.) baptismal metrics registration book, February 2, 1794 – July 13, 1812]. It is stored in the Church archives. 2. Baptismal Metrics from 1812 July 26 – to 1824 August 15. [Registration book of baptismal records of Inturkės parish (Molėtų r.), July 26, 1812 – August 15, 1824]. It is stored in the Church archives. 3. Funeral Records from 1807 August 21st to 1812 July 16th. Inturkės parish (Molėtų r.) metric death registration book, August 21, 1807 – July 16, 1812. It is stored in the Church archives. 4. Funeral Records from 1812 July 18 to 1825 January 22. Inturkės parish (Molėtų r.) metric death registration book, July 18, 1812 – January 22, 1825. It is stored in the Church archives. 5. Pasvalio Manor income and expenditure accounts for the years 1829–1830 and 1834–1837. Preserved in the Manuscripts Department of the Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences 43-15254. 6. Rachunek z Włoscianami Pocztowskiemi… [A systematic list of duties, taxes and labor of the peasants of the Post Office Estate (Kauno r.) in 1835]. Library of the Academy of Sciences of Lithuania, 38-55. 17 This is an alphabetical list, in which the title of the original (sometimes slightly abbreviated) is written first when presenting manuscript sources, and in parentheses - as far as possible its more detailed equivalent in Lithuanian. In one case (see item 5) the source name is taken from the library directory because the original could not be identified. After the names, it is indicated where the sources are stored. V. MACIEJAUSKIENĖ. On another possibility of the emergence of Lithuanian surnames 25 7. Alphabetical list of landowners of the Coventry Governorate. Coventry, 1882. 8. Ревизская сказка... именiя �руви�екъ... [Drupiškės dvaro (Kelmės r.) revi-iя �руви�екъ... [Drupiškės dvaro (Kelmės r.) revi-я �руви�екъ... [Drupiškės dvaro (Kelmės r.) revi-[Drupiškės dvaro (Kelmės r.) reviziniai sąrašai. 1834, 1850 m.]. Saugoma Mokslų akademijos bibliotekos Manuscripts Department, 37-62. LITERATŪRA LKŽ II 1969 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 2, Vilnius: Mintis. LPŽ I 1985 – Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas 1. Ats. red. A. Vanagas, Vilnius: Mokslas. LPŽ II 1989 – Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas 2. Ats. red. A. Vanagas, Vilnius: Mokslas. Maciejauskienė V. 1987: Dažniausios lietuvių pavardės. – Kalbos kultūra 52, 70–75. Maciejauskienė V. 1991: Lietuvių pavardžių susidarymas, Vilnius: Mokslas. Maciejauskienė V. 1993: Kriaunų parapijos XVII–XVIII a. asmenvardžiai. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 32, 34–99. Maciejauskienė V. 1993a: Lietuvių įvardijimas XIX a. pirmojoje pusėje. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 32, 100–113. Maciejauskienė V. 1996: Dėl lietuvių pavardžių su priesagomis -avičius, -evičius vertinimo. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 36, 60–70. Maciejauskienė V. 1997: Lietuvių pavardžių lyčių varijavimas XIX amžiuje. – Lituanistica 2 (30), 71–88. Rag auskaitė A. 2005: XVI–XVIII a. kauniečių asmenvardžiai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla. Va nagas A. 1982: Mūsų vardai ir pavardės, Vilnius: Mokslas. Zinkevičius Z. 1977: Lietuvių antroponimika. Vilniaus lietuvių asmenvardžiai XVII a. pradžioje, Vilnius: Mokslas. Received 30 April 2009 26 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 ON ANOTHER HYPOTHETICAL ORIGIN OF LITHUANIAN SURNAMES Summary The paper attempts to provide arguments for one more hypothetical claim con-pts to provide arguments for one more hypothetical claim concerning the foreign origin and Slavic structure of some Lithuanian surnames. They include surnames with the suffixes of the -sktype and the suffixes -avičius, -evičius. Such surnames are numerous; some of them are among the most frequent. They are not limited to particular territories and are found throughout the country. They look universal and are also frequent in Slavic languages (Byelorussian, Polish and Russian) outside Lithuania. In Lithuanian anthroponymic research such surnames have been treated as resulting from Slavic influence on Lithuanian names or as borrowings from Slavic languages. However, it is also admitted that the surnames with the suffixes -avičius, -evičius may have evolved rather naturally. In the 16th century and later due to a specific linguistic situation in the Lithuanian State patronymics with such suffixes were quite frequent. Still such circumstances of the evolution of the names do not seem sufficient; they fail to account for a large number of such names in the Lithuanian onomastics and their highly frequent use. The anthroponymic research into the 19th century names and surnames identified a peculiarity of referring to people by their names and two surnames joined by the words arba, kitaip (‘or’, ‘otherwise’), e.g. Jacobi Wadil alias Rutkowʃki, Maciey Wersocki alias Szykszna, Thomas Pietkiewicz alias Smeledis. The analysis of the structure and origin of such pairs, their identification with the present surnames, especially considering the historic and present-day data referring to the spread of personal names, helped establish which of the two surnames were later preserved as an official surname. The investigation has also contributed to formulating one more hypothetical claim concerning surnames of foreign origin with Slavic suffixes (-sktype and -avičius, -evičius). Such surnames might have artificially replaced Lithuanian surnames which had already had a well-established Lithuanian structure (often they were also of Lithuanian origin). This would be another, previously not identified, indication of the development of Lithuanian surnames under the influence of Slavic languages. VITALIJA MACIEJAUSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, Vilnius LT-10308 [email protected]