Linksnių vartojimas veiksmažodžių abstraktų junginiuose

R. VladaRskienė. use of inflections in abstract verbs 173 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ Lithuanian language institute linksniŲ VARTOJiMas VeiksMaŽOdŽiŲ aBsTRakTŲ In the Lithuanian language, verbs are used to form nouns, but the nouns are made from verbs, whose compounds are used instead of verb expression. Linguistic recommendations often mention verb abstractions as an inappropriate way of expression where the thought can be expressed more fluently with verbs. In administrative language, the most problematic is the use of abstract verbs with the suffix -imas (-ymas), e.g., the noun of abstract nouns should not be used to indicate a purpose with a purpose connotation (kP s1: 49, 50). However, without verbs, abstract Lithuanian cannot be translated, even less in administrative or scientific language, because in these areas of use of the language we often talk about generalized actions and abstract things. The article deals with the combinations of nouns denoting action names1 (abstract verbs). Such an object of the article was chosen for two reasons – action names are nouns, usually made from verbs, and another thing – in administrative language due to its specificity such nouns are especially common and raise some practical questions of use. The aim of this article is to discuss the structure of abstract verb combinations and to examine the use of conjugations in these combinations relevant to administrative language. The article focuses on the derivatives of the most recent suffix -imas (-ymas). The structure and meaning of noun compounds in Lithuanian language are described in Lithuanian language grammar, Contemporary Lithuanian language grammar, in the works of Jon Balkevičius, Vito labutis, Jurgis Pakeris. when examining the verb1, the expression of necessary predicates is not examined; for them, see Pakerys 2009:125–145. 174 kalBOs kUlTūRa | 83 ji’s abstract compounds, it is emphasized that most of them are derived from the corresponding verb compounds, but they denote different relationships2. Verb compounds denote objective relationships, and the corresponding nouns denote attributive relationships (lkG 1976: 17), cf. check documents – checking documents; employees participate: employee participation. However, it is acknowledged that abstract verb combinations, in addition to their attributive meaning, have additional nuances. Vitas labutis describes the meaning of such compounds as “[s]oviet attributive descriptive meaning with a deeper subjective, objective or some circumstantial shade” (labutis 2002: 91). In contemporary Lithuanian grammar, abstract verb combinations are examined in the chapter “Connective connection”, discussing the expression of object, subject and circumstances (dlkG 2006: 512, 514–515, 517, 519, 526, 555). When verbs become nouns, the meaning of the dependent elements remains the same. In the present Lithuanian language, the abstracts of verbs usually form compounds with the genitive. This is because most Lithuanian verbs are transitive, and nouns made from them join the genitive, i.e. the ending of the dependent part of the verb compound becomes the genitive of the noun compound, cf. patvirtinti biudžetą – budget approval; ‘use resources’ means the use of resources; limit arms – limitation of arms; distribute work – the distribution of work. This is the direct object of the word combination. Also, the noun of the verb becomes the parent of the noun compound, e.g. bendrovės skyla – company splitting; ‘workers participate’ means employee participation; ‘capital moves’ means the movement of capital; tax decreases – tax decrease; regions cooperate – interregional cooperation. Here the originator has a subjective meaning – it denotes the actor of the action of the compound. If the verb possesses a noun, the inflection does not change when the verb is made into a noun: szukanie pracy (szukać pracy), brak demokracji (brakować demokracji), niedobór ludności (brakować ludności), brak żywności (brakować żywności), unikanie podatków (evading taxes), utrata obywatelstwa (utrata obywatelstwa), odrzucenie oferty (odrzucić ofertę), nieprzestrzeganie prawa (nieprzestrzeganie prawa). the originator is also used in compounds, the second article of which does not go into the discussion of the types of syntactic connections (see. Vaskelaitė 2003: 143–158; Pakerys 2006: 127–133. R. VladaRskienė. 175 main elements are nouns made from negative transitive verbs, e.g.: report not approved (not approved report), gink lų neplatinimas (not distribute weapons), customs not applied (not applied customs). Possible cases of ambiguity, when it is not clear what shade of meaning has the originator – objective or subjective, for example: customs inspection – customs inspects or customs inspects; community financing – the community finances or is financed by the community. The nouns denoting verb names form compounds with the noun, when the verbs from which they are made control the noun: returning to the recipient (return to the recipient), press release (report to the press), belonging to the territory (belong to the territory), approving of trade (approve of trade), managing the service (manage the service). a user-defined object. This verb may also be used in noun compounds, the main focus of which is made of a verb that does not control the noun verb, e.g.: rešpektovanie ľudských práv (respecting human rights), nenávisť nepriateľa (hating the enemy), podpora rodine (supporting the family), vplyv na životné prostredie (impact on the environment), poškodenie životného prostredia (damaging the environment). with the adverb of verbs abstract forms compounds in cases where the corresponding verb controls the following verb: housing (to provide housing), exchange of currencies (exchange currencies), food poisoning (to poison food), exchange of workers (to exchange workers), enjoyment of rights (to enjoy rights), disappointment system (disappoint system), mail sales (to sell by mail), satisfaction with work (to be satisfied with work), trust in the state (to trust the state), relying on conclusions (to rely on conclusions), monitoring by video cameras (to monitor by video cameras). The agent can mark an object (exchange of currencies) or a tool (labeling). The dependent pronoun also remains unchanged when the verb compound becomes a noun, e.g.: accident at work (accident at work), participation in an event (participate in an event), storage in a warehouse (keep in a warehouse), migration in the city (migrate in the city), training in the workplace (teaching in the workplace), adaptation in school (adapt in school), advertising in a store (advertise in a store), checking on roads (checking on roads), farming in hilly areas (farming in hilly areas). The placeholder has the meaning of a specific place, area, sphere. Abstracts of verbs can form compounds with prepositions that remain as in the corresponding verb combination, e.g.: protection from fraud (protect from fraud), exemption from punishment In summary, it can be said: most often the abstract of the verb joins the genitive (it becomes the ending 176 Languages | 83 (exonerate from punishment), work at the conveyor (work at the conveyor), dispute about jurisdiction (dispute about jurisdiction), retirement (retire), education according to needs (educate according to needs), sale from auction (sell from auction), appointment to a position (assign to a position), distribution by age (distribute by age), notification of investment (report an investment). and the noun of the verb combination), such a compound can have subjective, objective, and in rare cases circumstantial shade of meaning. The object of the verb remains unchanged in the noun, but sometimes the noun can become the object of the verb or other verbs. The placeholder remains unchanged, and the conjunctive and prepositional structures are usually unchanged. When speaking about the abstract use of verbs, the question often arises: with what verbs to use them? In Lithuanian grammar it is written that a large part of noun compounds related by control are derived from the corresponding verb compounds and changing the form of the main object the form of the dependent object in most cases does not change, e.g.: trokšta mokslo – the desire for science; devoted to the family – devotion to the family; resisted the order – resistance to the order; argued with parents – a dispute with parents. However, in certain cases the form of the dependent part of the verb and the corresponding noun combination does not coincide, for example, verb combinations are formed with the suffix, and nouns with the genitive, e.g.: fűzi a fát – fűnyírás (lkG 1976: 16). From this wording it is unclear whether the specific cases where the form of the dependent element of the verb and the corresponding noun combination does not coincide are only the transformation of the final to the genitive, or whether there may be other cases. other such cases emerge when discussing verb noun combinations with the adjective, although this does not emphasize the change of control and does not describe the conditions under which this could occur, but this is clearly shown by the examples given. In Lithuanian grammar, it is written: „kilmininkas can also mean an indirect object of action, e.g. : Birutė's song (cf. R. VladaRskienė. 177 ja apie Birutę and daina apie Birutę), war song (cf. sings about war), father’s assistant (cf. helps father), representative of the people (cf. represents the people), handwork (cf. works with his hands)” (lkG 1976: 205). Also, the object of the object can be said with some nouns made from transitive, less often other verbs, e.g.: love for parents, respect for man, sympathy for parents, attention to the child, hatred for the enemy (lkG 1976: 206). The circumstantial causative also appears instead of another expression: air battle, classroom noise, forest sounds, environmental shocks. Thus, the examples show that verb nouns can be joined to other vowels than their base words only when they are made with a suffix other than -imas (-ymas) or in the form of the ending. In the book of Jons Jabād Lonskis Linksniai ir prefiksai (Linguistics and Prepositions) you can find examples of verb compounds with prepositions corresponding to noun compounds of the genitive, e.g. : He climbed then over the fence, went into the city. He will remember the climbing of the fence, the walking in the city for a long time (Jablonskis 1957: 572), but such words are rare in the current usage. In modern Lithuanian grammar, the ability of verb nouns to join certain verb nouns is described by describing the expression of object, subject and circumstances. This can be summarized as follows: when a verb compound is translated into a noun, the origin remains unchanged, this vowel becomes the ending of the verb compound and other forms can also be transformed (the examples are the same as in lkG) (dlkG 2006: 512). nouns associated with the noun verb derived from verbs that control the noun and from some verbs that control other nouns (dlkG 2006: 514–515). Nouns derived from verbs associated with the object participle join the object participle (dlkG 2006: 517), and verb abstracts join the same circumstantial word forms as the corresponding verbs (dlkG 2006: 555). PROBLEMATIC ACTIONS Management aTVeJai Vitas labutis very clearly formulated the principle of the syntactic transformation of a verb compound into a noun compound: “when making an abstract noun (usually with the suffix ėmimas, ėmimas) from a final verb, the word indicating the active subject (object) acquires the genitive pronoun [...]. 178 kalBOs kUlTūRa | 83 when we make an abstract noun from a verb that requires an object or circumstance expressed by other verbs, the verb depending on such a noun is the same as that of the base verb.“ (1995: 13–14). This principle is generally followed in the correction of the use of verbs in noun compounds. when the noun is not made with the suffix -imas, then the control of the base verb can be retained and the genitive can be used, for example, the European dictionary provides the following compounds with the word prekyba: prekybos knygomis, prekybos meno kūriniais, prekybos ginklais, taip pat prekybos produktais, prekybos moterimis, prekybos vaikais, prekybos žmonėmis, prekybos žmogaus organais. The examples show that the adjective is used more often when the object is a person, because it may be unclear what shade of meaning the adjective will have – subjugate or objective. However, this is not a lawfulness that is strictly observed. The terms in the term bank are trade in plant protection products, trade in wild animals, although there could also be trade in plant protection products, trade in wild animals. In the language advice booklets there are a number of non-normative cases of use of amusements in verb nouns, e.g.: resentment to whom, trusting to whom, adapting to whom, complaining about what, worrying about what, settling for what, affecting what, influencing what, pressing what, believing in what (kP s1, s2). However, these errors are no longer very relevant in the edited administrative language3. With regard to the normativity of abstract verb combinations, it is first of all necessary to emphasize the fact that the problems arise from the combinations of nouns made from those verbs whose regularity of management is violated. mainly fixed the matching management of the verb to and the noun made from it. The history of correction of this verb begins with the works of Jonas Jablonskis, later this error of use of the noun was mentioned in Viktoras Kamantauskas’s Short Dictionary of Language Irregularities and Barbarisms (1928) and in Kalbos patarėjas (1939). The correct management of the verb to conform is constantly recalled in language normative and educational publications, this error of the user’s use is included in the list of major language errors, approved by the State Lithuanian Language 3 The use of the aforementioned compounds was checked in the search base of the legislation of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania – in legislation prepared in Lithuania and in translations of European Union documents. Only a few cases of irregular use of compounds were found. R. VladaRskienė. the use of inflections in abstract verbs 179 commission. However, at present, the use of the compound with the abstract of the verb is more frequently mistaken than with the verb (see Vladarskienė 2004). This is also shown by the case when a verb with a suffix is used in the same document, and a noun with a noun is made from it: Įstatymo projektas a t i t i n k a Valstybinės kalbos įstatymo ir kitų teisės norminių aktų r e i k a l a v i m u s. [...] Draft a t i t i k i m a s (= c o n f i g u r a t i o n) of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms to the law of the European Union (Explanatory Memorandum, 07/10/2010). Such statements, which are particularly typical of administrative language, are constantly being corrected, but, as it turns out, they are still relevant. The noun compound is confusing because it must indicate both the subject and the object of the action, and both are indicated as the originators. The drafters of the documents did not agree with the linguists' proposal to write the subject's pronoun before the abstract of the verb, and after it the object's pronoun, such a statement was not adopted because of its roughness and unstylishness, cf. project compliance with the provisions. However, another proposed variant of corresponding to who was established in usage, which was based on the cases described in Lithuanian grammar, when the object-user can be said with some nouns made from final verbs without the suffix -imas: gerbti ką, gerbimas ko, bet pagarba kam. another case that raises questions of usage is the combination of the verb abstract representation. There is also a possible connection with the unpresented control of the verb to represent, because those who improperly use to represent what may use the incorrect representation of what. In the opinion of Vito labutis, if it is said to represent the state, it is also representation of the state. The word representation of the state would be appropriate if it were said that one state represented some group of states, union, community (labutis 1995: 14). Here the author recalls the possible subjective meaning of the noun in the noun compound, discussed in grammar. Vytautas Būda thinks differently: acknowledging that representation lawfully requires a beneficiary, it does not deny the representation of the claims of Lithuanian citizens by a nobleman (Būda 1996: 15). However, it should be noted that the justification of such an originator, which can only be understood as having an objective connotation, i.e. the possibility of ambiguity is ruled out. in documents are used both the one and the other structures of this verb abstract. sometimes even in the same sentence with the noun the origin is used, and with the verb form (participant) – 180 kalBOs kUlTūRa | 83 user: In joint-stock companies and private limited liability companies, a requirement has been added to point 25 of the procedure that the entities of a joint-stock company must nominate at the general meeting of shareholders as many candidates for the supervisory board or board of directors that the ratio of their number to the number of members of the supervisory board or board of directors is not less than the proportion of the votes cast by the shares held by the state (Valstybės žinios, 2007m02m03, No. 14m0524). This usage confirms the tendency to use the genitive with the abstract of the verb, regardless of the control of the verb, and at the same time excludes the possibility that the compound was regularly made from a verb compound of an unpresentable structure. In compounds with word representation, the nuances of meaning are important, because the originator can have both subjective and objective descriptive meaning. In cases where it is important to distinguish these meanings strictly, the subject (who represents) should be designated as the originator and the object (who represents) as the beneficiary, e.g. : Attention should also be paid to the gender gap in management positions in the sport sector (European Commission White Paper, 2007/07/11); An analysis of the composition of the councils and senates of scientific and study institutions shows that the proportion of women is significantly lower than that of men (Valstybės žinios, 2008h06h12, no. 67h2537); although the object is not specified, but implied, women represent certain groups of people; Representation of some political parties in this institution does not ensure equal rights of all political parties and other participants in political processes (explanatory note, 2009h04h28); At present, the LRT Council does not provide for t a u t i ni ų m a ž u m ų s s tov a v i m a s (= representation of national minorities) (explanatory note, 2007r09r26); when indicating the object represented, the originator is ambiguous and inappropriate. separately should discuss the compound crime to. The term is used to describe a person who is not responsible for a crime, such as a crime against the state. next, it is noted that such a compound can be used when the object of the crime is understood as the addressee (kP s1 40). Pranas kniūkšta, speaking about the special needs of the administrative language, notes that “the nature (content) of the crime is convenient to describe everywhere in the code in one common formula, therefore the scope of use of the beneficial compound is expanded, according to the crime against the subject (crime against man) when the word combination is not considered a term, the control of the base verb should be maintained, e.g. : For the purposes of information and experience exchange, the Directorate General for Transport and Energy will regularly organize meetings of R. VladaRskienė. 181 the content of other crimes is also formulated in this way: crime against nature (transitional degree) and crime against life (object of the crime)” (kniūkšta 2005: 33–34). Apparently, this is why the consultation bank of the State Lithuanian Language Commission also justifies the use of crimes against finances. Conjunctions with the noun have been established in the legal language, especially in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, e.g.: crimes against children and the family; crimes against human health; offences against public safety; offences against public order; crimes against intellectual property; crimes against the financial system; crimes against the economy and business order. from this code, such formulations have spread to other legislation, and such terms with a noun are also in the European dictionary, e.g.: environmental crime; crime against the tax system; crime against property; crime against peace; a crime against international law; crime against state security; crime against humanity; true, here the type of crime is also indicated by an adjective: economic crime, computer crime. the noun in these noun combinations is justified by verb control characteristics. It must be acknowledged that the dominant verb in abstract verb combinations is the originator, therefore sometimes this verb is used instead of another expression: the noun, e.g. railroad connection (connect with railroads, cf. railroad connection), road traffic (go on roads, cf. road traffic), in such a combination the descriptive meaning is emphasized, and the connection with the base verb becomes less important; prepositional constructions – by analogy with the compounds life insurance, property insurance, loan insurance, property insurance, the Accident Insurance Rules (= Accident Insurance Rules) also appeared, regardless of the fact that in this compound it is not necessary to indicate what is insured, but from what it is necessary to insure. European coordinators (European Commission Decision, 2009h07h22); The holder(s) of the previous registration and the applicant […] shall take appropriate steps to agree on the sharing of information (= usage information) (Special Edition, 2004aj12aj30, No. 1, Council Directive).