„Murdyti(s)“, „murgdyti(s)“, „murkdyti(s)“ pateikimas žodynuose ir dabartinė vartosena

D. MurMulaitytė. Murdyti(s), murddyti(s), murkdyti(s) presentation in dictionaries and current usage 151 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ lietuvių kalbos institutas MURDY(S), MURGDY(S), MURDY(S) PRESENTATION IN WORDS and DABartiNė INTRODUCTION TO USE One of the innovations of the forthcoming General Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (hereinafter – GDL) (and one of the reasons for its delay) is the writing and editing not alphabetically, as was done before, but by grouping words according to their common semantic characteristics and construction (liutkevičienė 2006: 9). the aim is to make the vocabulary as systematic as possible. The starting point was the computerized version of the 3rd edition of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary (hereinafter – DŽ). Its heading words are divided into lexical semantic groups, the data are analyzed, corrected, supplemented, current usage and the latest lexicographic sources (including later editions of the DZ) are examined, and all this eventually turns into new dictionary articles1. When writing articles of -yti verbs and their derivatives (one of the subgroups of this group), it was observed that the relationships between the verbs murdyti, murddyti, murkdyti (as well as their derivatives) are treated quite differently in various editions of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (hereinafter – lKŽ). Current usage shows them as variants2: the verbs of the roots muri and murk- (with one other exception) have identical meanings, and the less frequently used verbs of the root murg usually have fewer meanings than the main variant with murk-. Therefore, when writing the articles of these verbs and their derivatives, the following questions had to be solved: how much can be relied on previous lexicographical 1 See also D. liutkevičienė’s article in this volume of Kalbos kultūra (p. 141–150). 2 In linguistics, the concept of variant is understood differently (ЛЕС 1990: 80). In this article, variants are referred to as differences, variants, of the same language unit, in this case a word, with identical semantics and different expressions. The main, established, required variant in common language is the norm (KtŽ 1990: 225, 134). 152 Language Culture | 83 sources, whether it is possible to maintain the continuity of the presentation of these words in them, whether it is possible to give preference to the present use of these verbs, if its examination allows the mentioned words to be considered variants and shows the obvious dominance of one of them, how to reconcile BZ and lKŽe, in which one of the variants is considered an error, etc. the answers to these questions are not yet completely clear, so this article is expected to stimulate discussion3, to receive criticism and proposals that would allow these words to be presented in BZ properly, without violating the requirements of the norm and without distorting the facts of the real use. 1. STUDENTS' ACTIONS WITH LITTLE WORDS IN THE SAME WORDS 1.1. DŽ1 presents all three verbs in question, two of them – murdyti and murgdyti – in one article: mùr(g)d‖yti, ~o, ~ė 1. gramzdinti, dirdyti į vandenį, į dirvyną: M., įm. What the hell. The village roads (in spring) are muddy, you can't drive. 2. krūšti, kišti, grūsti: Hay in the garden. The restraint is clogged, numbered and with plenty. A full shed of hay is in front of us. 3rd Sngr. klampoti, maudytis (dumble): To swim in the river. ~ymas (1) mùrkd‖yti, ~o, ~ė 1. put into a pool, dive, kill: Animals in pools ~o. ~pulling hay out of the pool. All the clothes were thrown into the cauldron. 2. prk. get into trouble. ~ymas (1) In the articles of DŽ1 non-prepositional verbs, together with examples of usage, the prepositional and conjunctive derivatives of the prepositional verbs (DŽ1 Vii, Xi) are also presented, thus in this edition of the dictionary also entered ímurdó, kimurdó, számozott, primurdó, mur(g)dőni and murmurkítani. Obviously, for reasons of economy, the words murdyti and murgdyti are treated as variants of the same meaning in the same article. In the case of the first-person shooting, the only way to determine whether a person is dead is to look at the scene. It is explained and presented in a separate article murkdyti, which only at the first request of the editors of the 3 Dictionary (through the mediation of the State Lithuanian Language Commission senior specialist aistis Pangonytė), their opinions on the issue have expressed doc. dr. Jurgis Pakerys and doc. dr. albinos Drukteinis. It would be very helpful if they agreed to develop their ideas and make them publicly available to the wider public. D. MurMulaitytė. The presentation of murdyti(s), murgdyti(s), murkdyti(s) in dictionaries and the current usage 153 coincides in meaning with the other two verbs and in addition has a figurative meaning not yet characteristic of them. The recursive derivative murkdytis is not distinguished by a separate meaning (cf. mur(g)dyti 3. Sngr. ). 1.2. in DŽ2 only two of the non-prepositional verbs discussed are given: mùrd‖yti, ~o, ~ė 1. grind, immerse in water, dirt: Nemùrdyk taip mùrkd‖yti, ~o, ~ė 1. immerse in water, murdyti: ~o vaiką į upę – dar prigirdys. ‖ sngr. : ~pulling hay giliai. ‖ sngr.: Po dumblą ~ytis. 2. kimšti, kišti, grūsti: Šieną ~o į maišą, į daržinę. ~ymas (1) from the pool. 2. prk. get into trouble. ~ymas (1) and DŽ2, and later editions, prepositional verbs, except those without a preposition, are given in separate articles. This edition contains several prepositional verbs with the root murg-, so basically DŽ2 presents verbs of all three roots (mur-, murg-, murk-). It is interesting that kill and murd and kill and murd are presented in separate articles. The derivatives of other prepositions with their variants having the root murgare presented in the same article (išmur(g)dyti, numer(g)dyti, primur(g)dyti, sumur(g)dyti, užmur(g)dyti), except pamurdyti and pamurgdyti, which are presented separately. By the way, pamurgdyti is interpreted as "to subdue" (not referring to it). illustrative examples (both abbreviated and continuous) in this case do not give an opportunity to guess which of the options is considered the main. Pvz.: išmùr(g)d‖yti, ~o, ~ė išmaudyti, panardinant į vandenį: I. šunelį. ‖ sngr. : He fell into the river and died. 1. to put a stopper on a bottle, to close a bottle with a stopper ~o. 2. murgdant užkamuoti: Children ~ys kitten. 3. muzzle: U. hat on the head. The semantic structure of the verbs in question and their derivatives is similar to the previous edition of the dictionary, except for the conjugative verbs, which are no longer presented in individual meanings. 1.3. DŽ3-4 presents all three non-prepositional verbs: mùrd‖yti, ~o, ~ė 1. gramzdinti, dirdinti į vandenį, į mėšlą: Nemùrdyk taip giliai. ‖ sngr. : Po mumblą ~ytis. 2. squeeze, push, crush: Hay ~o into a sack, into a shed. 3rd Prk. traukti, velti į bėdą: I got caught myself ~o. ~ymas (1) mùrgd‖yti, ~o, ~ė žr. murdyti mùrkd‖yti, ~o, ~ė 1. žr. m u rd y t i 1. 2. see murder 3 154 Languages Culture | 83 Their meanings are arranged differently, i.e. the figurative meaning “to drag, to drag into trouble”, which in the previous editions of DŽ was characteristic only of the verb murkdyti, is now also attributed to the verb murdyti, which is considered the main variant, other verbs are only referred to it. Furthermore, the semantics of murddyti completely coincides with murdyti (as in DŽ1), and murddyti does not have the meaning of “to clog, to insert, to crush” (this is typical for all DŽ editions). The most striking innovation in DŽ3-4 is the absence of prepositional verb variants with -g-, which in the previous edition were presented in the same heading as the main variant. The only one is izmur(g)dyti (it is also the only presentation of variants in one heading), apparently, remained by mistake. so DŽ3-4 has only two root murgverbs – murgdyti and išmurgdyti. 1.4 In the electronic DŽ5-6 the picture changes fundamentally – there are no variants with the root murk- (except prisimurkdyti), and the murg verbs of the root are consistently referred to the main variant murti and its prepositional derivatives everywhere. It is also interesting that in all editions of DŽ, except the first one, the second meaning of kill is “killing (killing DŽ2) to beat”: The children will kill the kitten. However, there is no meaning in the article of the base verb on which the derivative could be based (see the lKŽ “niurkti, maigyti”). 1.5. the presentation of the verbs and their prepositional derivatives in lKŽ and lKŽe differs. First of all, it should be noted that lKŽe murgdyti is considered an error, corrected to murkdyti, presented without illustrative examples, there are neither its derivatives. The printed lKŽ presents both murgdyti and sangrąžinys and its prepositional derivatives įmurgdyti, numergdyti, nusumurgdyti, pamurgdyti, pasimurgdyti, primurgdyti, prisimurgdyti, murmurgdyti. They are all referred to in the murti or its corresponding prepositional or conjunctive derivatives, illustrated by examples from living language and writings. in general, in the Czech language there are many words of the same or similar semantics with the roots mur-, murg-, mur, etc.: murà „muck, dirt”; 1 mùras "wetted, weary earth"; mùras2, -à "wet, moist"; murdti, mùrda (mùrdi?), ėėėjo "to be drowned, to drown, to sink"; murdýnas, murdỹnė "slippery, marshy place, algae"; mrrdinti (-yti), ienina, ienino see murdyti 4 („to put into water or any other liquid, to rub, to dip“); mrduloti, jooja, joojo “but as to wash, to murder”; 1 murgti, D. MurMulaitytė. Murdyti(s), murgdyti(s), murkdyti(s) presentation in dictionaries and current usage 155 mùr ga, ėėėjo „smulkiai lyti, purkšti“; murglà ‘thick mist; very fine rain’; muglinas, -à 1. “dirty, unclean”; 2. "sweaty, sweaty"; murg lýnas "dirt"; murglỹnė "very viscous place, algae"; 2 muglinti, ienina, ienino "to dirty, to smear"; muglytis, ėijasi, ėijosi "to bathe, to have sex"; murgliuoti, ėiuoja, ėiavo “to smear, to pollute”; murglótas, jąa "with a small rain, hazy"; murglóti, ajja, ajjo "finely stirring, mist"; 3 morijanas, -à 1. “dirty, black, stained”; 2. ‘wet, flaky, warm’; 1 marinated, pork, pork 1. "lubricate, soil, grind". | refl. ; 2. “soak, urinate”; 2 mėrinti, ienina, ienino “to kill”; 2 įmrėsti "to bury, to insert"; 2 išmė rinotti see išmurdyti 3 („while driving, to be exhausted, to be exhausted“): Exhausted road; stirring, stirring up, stirring up 1. “lubricate, contaminate, soiled”; 2. refl. "improperly wash, soil"; mrkti, ňo (iia), ė „to moan, to moan“; insert "insert, insert"; choke 1. ‘to be broken, smashed, crushed’; 2. “crush, crush, crush”; 3. ‘to turn into water, to be covered’; murklỹnė see murglynė; 2 muklinti, ėina, ėino see also 2 murglinti; murklóti, ajja, jjo ‘to knock, to make a noise’; murknà “to thaw, to defrost”; murknùs, ė "bluish, messy"; murksóti, mulso, őjo 3. ‘being apsiniaukus’; 1 murkšl “fine rain”; murkšlėti, henna, enno “to pollute, dirty, dirty what to do (e.g., wash)”; 1 mrrkšlinti, ienina, ienino “to smear, to pollute”; squeeze, squeeze, squeeze 3. “badly, dirtyly washed, washed”; murkšlótas, jaa "bluish-haired; fine droplet-forming’; 1 murkšlóti, ajja, ajjo "finely rain, rain"; squeal, squeal (squeal), squeal 1. ‘suddenly sink’; 2. “to suddenly enter, run in, rush in”; 2 mukti, ėia, ėė "to rain without ceasing, to wet"; 2 murla “clouds, fog”; 2 murliaj “sticky place, algae”; muliotis, ėiojasi, ėiojosi "to dust, to dust"; mulyti, ŭija, ŭija 1. “pollute, smear, cloud”; 2. refl. „flush, dot, turlytis“; mŕrti, āssta (mūārra), ķo 1. “wet, soaking, tearing”; 3. climb, sink, etc. 2: Ducklings squeal after the clan; murmỹnė 1. ‘clamp’; mrminti (mrmiti), ienina, ienino 3. "to push, to crush, to kill"; 5. refl. "going on a bad road, slipping". In view of the identity or similarity of both form and meaning, the roots mur-, murg-, mur and other words listed here can still be associated with mirkti, merkti, maurai and so on. The abundant data of the lKŽ shows that both the root murgand murk-word form considerable construction nests. In both cases, positions against a vowel and a semivowel are possible (e.g.: murgėti, murgla, murkti (murkia, murkė), murkti, murkna), so it would be incorrect to consider the root murgspelling as wrong because of the assimilation of consonants. 156 Languages Culture | 83 apibendrinus lKŽ ir lKŽe duomenis matyti, kad šaknies murveiksmažodžiai būdingesni žemaičiams ir vakarų aukštaičiams, o murg- / murk- – Eastern Highlanders. 2. ETHICAL COLD DATA In Ernst Fraenkel's Lithuanian etymological dictionary, the word muglinas "wet" -glaj derives from -*dlaj, this word is associated with mùrdyti, mùrti, mùras, muriēti, máuras "mud, dirt", as well as with la. murdi „spring, spring (Sprudel)“, mùrdêt „to squeeze“, murdinât „muddy“, murga „mud, sludge, unclean being (Pfütze, unreines Wesen)“, murît, -êt „stained, soiled“ (Fraenkel 1965: 472). In the dictionary of Karl Mühlenbach and Jan Endzelynas murdinât 1. ‘turbid’ (water); 2. “to make bubbles” (water); 3. "make to growl" (cat) is possibly associated with lie. mùrdyti (Wohl zu li. murdyti „etwas im Wasser rüttelnd behandeln“; ME 1925–1927: 668), and murga – with lie. múrti (ME 1925–1927: 669). In the Latvian etymology dictionary, la is associated with murdiet. Murdētb "to bubble, bubbling", Russian dialect мурдá "dirt, dirt". The root of the root is the root of the root. murīt "to smudged, smear, tarnish", murga "clan, clan". the homonym murdēta, which influenced the meaning of the Latvian word, “to speak unclearly, to mutter, to murmur” (Karulis 1992: 608–609)4. In Wojciech Smoczyński's Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary, the root murkwords murksti "to immerse, to sink", murknà "wet" are presented in the etymology of the verb merkti, the root murverbs and nouns (in)mūrti, mùrdyti(s), murdti, mùrinti, murà, mùras, mùrinas, etc. – in the etymology of the word máuras. O murgti, murglà, murgllti, based on le. mżyć in relation to the meanings (1. “dust, dust” and 2. “to be seen as through fog, to shine with scattered light, to flash, to flash”), associated with la. mùrgt “to spend time without sleeping, to play ball”, mùrgi “delusion, wandering; ghosts; northern lights“, mùrguôt „to deceive, to wander, to fantasize“ and are presented in the etymology of the word flicker (Smoczyński 2007: 378, 390, 404). 4 Plg. lie. Chickens, chickens, chickens 1. intr. N "murmuring, whining". 2nd ed. „nerveni, žaditi“: Why do you moan at them, i.e. you get sick! J.3. T.R. „kišti, grūsti, murdyti“: Daughter, squeeze the threads well, so that the paint will bite better Kp. 4th ed. „urbinti, krapštyti“: I began to mumble a liun with my dagger, and a little Slm opened up. 5. refl. „to drive on a bad road, to slip“: Mùrminas after the pits, and quite Skr. (GROANS) D. MurMulaitytė. Murdyti(s), murgdyti(s), murkdyti(s) presentation in dictionaries and current usage 157 In one of the entries of the database of the Lithuanian language etymological dictionary (http://etimologija.baltnexus.lt/?w=murdyti) murdyti „purtyti“ is compared with the Serbo-Croatian words of Slavic origin (based on *mъrdad) *mъrdati (sę) – мраддати (ce) and their corresponding slov. m'dati, bulg. Move, move, move, le. mardać, merdać, s. č. mrdati (all meanings are similar – “to move, touch”). No data available for the date (2010-11-24). so the information on the verbs in question in etymological sources is quite diverse, in some cases doubtful. None of the three are mentioned in any of the etymologies. Most likely murdyti(s), murgdyti(s), murkdyti(s) are words of different origin. In synchronic view, the first is related to murti, the third to merkti, to soak. the second – murgdy ti(s) – is obviously not a fragmented variant of murkdyti(s). 3. SEMaNtiKa The main meaning of the verbs murdyti, murddyti, murkdyti is “(e.g., repeatedly) immerse in a liquid or similar medium”, e.g.: murkti į vandenį, į sniegą; muck in mud (for more illustrative examples of this and other meanings, see the original BZ glossary article in chapter 5 of this article). From this meaning came the figurative meaning "to harm, to get into trouble, to humiliate, to despise, to ruin", e.g.: the good name of the company is now muddled in the dirt; muffled in court; The competitor is unlikely to recover. The verb murdyti is peculiar in that its derivative išmurdyti also means “to tear, to damage while mining, while driving (on roads)”5. It should be noted that the example of usage with this meaning is recorded only in the first of all editions of DŽ (see the cited murddyti article), although it incorrectly illustrates the first meaning mentioned above. However, after examining the usage, it seems that the verb išmurti is used most often in the sense of extirpation. With the main meaning of immersion in a liquid or similar medium are related the meaning of the derivatives murdėtis, murgdytis, murkdytis “to crawl, to move while diving, to crawl, etc.” and “to swim, to dive, to plunge”; is also 5 Perhaps, in this sense, izmurdyti is considered to be a prepositional verb rather than a prepositional verb, i.e. a causal derivative of the preposition -dyti from izmurti, rather than a prepositional derivative of murdyti. The latter article of the lKŽ does not specify this meaning. Of course, depending on the context, the construction of izmurdyti, like many other verbs with prepositions and suffixes, can be interpreted differently (urbutis 1978: 92). 158 Languages Culture | 83 The figurative meaning of “to struggle, to fight, to face obstacles, to make an effort” based on the data of the printed editions of DŽ, murkdyti does not have the meaning of “with force to push, to dorojantis su rūpesčiais, sprendžiant problemas ir pan.“, pvz., murkdytis skolose, intrigose, skandaluose. squeeze, to crush”, characteristic of the verbs murti and murgdyti. lKŽe gives examples of the use of inmurkdyti, primurkdyti and murkdyti, which show the meaning of this stuffing, this graining: And who put you in that sack? Shh. As soon as he found it, Svn put it in his bag. The lady, having mumbled back to the boy who was rushing into the casket, hurried her way to Mr. Cvir. true, in the printed lKŽ the first two sentences illustrate the verbs ímurgdyti and primurgdyti (with reference to the same sources)6. Google search engine was used to investigate the current usage of the verbs murdyti(s), murddyti(s), murkdyti(s) and their prepositional derivatives (accessed 2010 06 16–20; the recursive verbs were additionally examined on 2010 11 08, the results obtained basically corresponded to the previous ones). According to the nature of communication, publicly available Internet texts can be conditionally divided into informational and communicational texts, the latter being more like “a written form of (more or less) private spoken language” (Vaicekauskienė 2008: 71–72). In this case, the statistical data were collected without classifying the Internet texts into the aforementioned sections, although at first glance it can be said that there were more texts of a communicative nature. this is natural, because the studied words are stylistically marked, characteristic of spoken language. especially often they are used in figurative meanings. Partly communicative texts are perhaps even more important for this study – as a counterbalance to the examined lexicographic sources, from which (due to a rather heterogeneous presentation) it is difficult to 6 generally part of the examples presented with the root murgin the printed lKŽ, in the electronic publication illustrates the usage of the root murkverbs (to this the attention of the BŽ editors was drawn by doc. dr. albinas Drukteinis). Most of the corrected examples are from living language, and the word selectors could have written them based on their own understanding of correct spelling (i.e. with -g-). When the editors of the KŽe decided to treat murddyti as a case of incorrect spelling, the quoted and other examples of usage could be corrected and presented in articles of correctly spelled verbs. It is true that some examples from written sources have also been corrected, but they are old or for other reasons not particularly reliable in terms of spelling – they are marked with the abbreviations BsP (= Lithuanian fairy tales. Collected by Dr. J. Basanavičius. i–iV parts. Chicago 1903–1905) and rš (= word or sentence from translations and other less distinct writings). D. MurMulaitytė. Murdyti(s), murgdyti(s), murkdyti(s) presentation in dictionaries and current usage 159 to judge about the real usage of the mentioned verbs and their interrelationships. personified forms of both ordinary and conjugated verbs, as well as active and passive participants were searched. Since the length of the search string is limited, and verbs are characterized by abundance and variety of forms, the most likely, i.e. the most common, form was chosen to be searched (cf. aleksandravičiūtė 2008: 270). For example, in the case of kill, kill yourself, the search strings were: (1) personified simple forms – „murdyti“ Or „murdau“ Or „murdai“ Or „murdo“ Or „murdome“ Or „murdote“ Or „murdžiau“ Or „murdei“ Or „murdė“ Or „murdėme“ Or „murdėte“ Or „murdydavau“ Or „murdydavai“ Or „murdydavo“ Or „murdydavome“ Or „murdydavote“ Or „murdysiu“ Or „murdysi“ Or „murdys“ Or „murdysime“ Or „murdysite“ Or „murdytų“ Or "kill" Or "kill"; (2) the personified regressive forms – „murdytis“ Or „murdausi“ Or „murdaisi“ Or „murdosi“ Or „murdomės“ Or „murdotės“ Or „murdėsi“ Or „murdeisi“ Or „murdėsi“ Or „murdėmės“ Or „murdėtės“ Or „murdydavausi“ Or „murdydavaisi“ Or „murdydavosi“ Or „murdydavomės“ Or „murdydavotės“ Or „murdysis“ Or „murdytųsi“ Or „murdykis“ Or „murdykitės“; (3) the forms of the protagonists – “murded” Or “murded” Or “to be murdered” Or “murdered” Or “murdomu” Or “murdomame” Or “murdomi” Or “murdomų” Or “murdomiems” Or “murdomus” Or “murdomais” Or “murdomuose” Or “murdoma” Or “murdomos” Or “murdomosi” Or “murdomoje” Or “murdomoms” Or “murdomomis” Or “murdomose”; (4) passive participle forms – „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“ Or „murded“. The search results are presented in Table 1. The first column (1) contains statistics of ordinary, (2) personified forms of recursive verbs, (3) active and (4) passive participants (except for the plural forms of the noun and genitive, which coincide with the 3rd person forms of the communicative and pronoun and are therefore counted together with the personified ordinary forms). In the first row of figures are given statistics of non-prepositional verbs, in the following ones – of verbs with various prepositions, e.g. in the second row – in(si)murdyti, in(si)murgdyti, in(si)murkdy ti, in the third – iš(si)murdyti, iš(si)murgdyti, iš(si)murkdyti, etc. Abstracts of the discussed verbs were also studied, their search strings were made up of full paradigms of ordinary and conjugated nouns. The frequency of use of action names is shown in Table 2. 166 Languages Culture | 83 is an inevitable flaw, because in this case some words in the BZ are not presented accurately. but that portion is very small. There are also advantages – double references allow to show the difference of variants, the rarest variant still enters the dictionary, because, based on the analysis of related words, etc., it is not avoidable in common language. CONCLUSIONS 1.The verbs murti, murdti, murkti and their conjugations and prepositional derivatives are to be presented in the BZ in a fundamentally different way than in previously published dictionaries and their electronic versions. These verbs and their derivatives are presented quite differently in the various editions of the current language and the academic dictionary, so it would be difficult for the BZ to maintain any continuity. In an attempt to reconcile the difficult to reconcile requirements of the stability of the norm and the primacy of the usage, a differentiated reference method of presentation of variants was chosen. 3. because of the most common use and the richest semantics, the basic variants of BZ would be considered to be the root verbs, to them are referred to the less commonly used and almost identical root verbs, which are also divided by meanings and presented with examples of use. The rarest and only partially semantically coincident root verbs are also presented with reference to the main variants, but not semantically divided and illustrated. 4. this presentation of root verbs gives a somewhat distorted picture of their semantics. However, presenting them as corresponding root mur verbs would recognize the equivalence of two variants (having the roots murgir mur-) and thus contradict lKŽe, where root mur verbs are considered an error and corrected. In order to present the verbs murdyti(s), murddyti(s), murkdyti(s) and their prepositional derivatives in the BG properly – precisely, systematically, without contradicting the requirements of the norms and without distorting the actual usage – it would be very useful to hear the opinions not only of lexicographers, but also of lexicologists, semantics, construction, etymology, spelling (especially) specialists. After discussing this already in the first edition of the BZ, these verbs and the words of many of their construction niches could be presented newly, correcting all the errors and inconsistencies occurring in previous dictionaries and showing the current usage. D. MurMulaitytė. Murdyti(s), murddyti(s), murkdyti(s) presentation in dictionaries and current usage 167 ŠaltiNiai DŽ1 1954: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. atsak. red. J. Kruopas. 1 leidimas, Vilnius: State Political and Scientific Literature Publishers. 1972: Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian. answer. red. J. 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Gauta 2010 11 26 trEatMENt iN tHE DiCtiONariES aND tHE CurrENt uSaGE OF tHE VErBS MURDYTI(S), MURGDYTI(S), MURKDYTI(S) Summary the article compares the presentation of the verbs murdyti(s), murgdyti(s), murkdyti(s) ‘dip (into), plunge (into)’ in different dictionaries of Lithuanian, namely, six editions of the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas) and two editions of the Dictionary of Lithuanian (Lietuvių kalbos žodynas), which have been released both in the print and electronic versions, analyzes the current usage of the verbs, their interrelation and semantics. the analysis of frequency in the contemporary lithuanian language and semantic analysis of the verbs call for a new treatment of these verbs and their derivatives in the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian. attempts to accomodate the requirement of norm stability and the criterion of variable language use encouraged the application of differentiated approach to the inclusion of cross-references. yet this approach has certain drawbacks as it fails to accurately reveal the semantics of variants with the root murg-. Hopefully, this article will stimulate a discussion among lexicographers, lexicologists, language norm prescribers and other experts and will eventually allow to improve the treatment of the above-mentioned and other verbs in the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian. DaiVa MurMulaitytė lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, lt-10308 Vilnius [email protected]