„Arbata“: nuo žodžių – iki žodynų, nuo tekstų – iki tekstynų

246 Languages and Culture | 84 JURGITA GIRČIENĖ Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences TEA: From Words to Dictionary, From Texts to Dictionary ESSENTIAL WORDS: etymology, semantics, lexicography, textbook linguistics, association experiment, synonyms, conjugations, stable compounds. The article, based on diachronic lexical research and lexicographical sources, as well as texts and textbooks representing public and private usage available through the general internet search system, the material of the word association experiment, examines the etymology of borrowed tea, semantics, relations with synonymous Lithuanian words naming drinks, conjugations and usage tendencies, presents lexicographical recommendations. 1. algirdas sabaliauskas considers the word tea, which is a combination of two completely different words – Latin herba (herb) and South Chinese tē (tea), a special, strange loan. Lithuanians received it from Poles (er > ar: smoczyński 2007: 22), who preserved the first component of the word herbata. Polish borrowed this word from Western European languages, cf. Dutch herba thee (sabaliauskas 1966: 75: referred to sławski 1952: 416; sabaliauskas 1990: 244: referred to sławski 1952: 416; Vasmer 3 299, 4 311). From the northern Chinese chhā came the name of tea in other Slavic languages, e.g. Russian чaй and others (sabaliauskas 1990: 244). In Western Europe, it is also common to call this beverage by single-rooted words – various modifications of the aforementioned word tē borrowed from the South Chinese language: English tea, French thé, Italian te, German der Tee, etc. (sabaliauskas 1994: 19). tea and the word for it reached Lithuanians relatively recently – only in the 18th century – compared to Western Europe, where they were brought by Portuguese and Dutch sailors in the late 16th and mid-17th centuries (lEK 1 1933: 929; lEb 1 1953: 236; sabaliauskas 1994: 19). tea initially spread in manors and towns, as in other countries, but gradually, especially after 1863, it was J. Girčienė. Tea: from words to dictionaries, from texts to textbooks 247 also reached the countryside (lEK 1 1933: 929; lEb 1 1953: 236). It is also stated that the changes in phonetic substitution in late borrowed tea are also evidenced: in early borrowed Slavic the vowel a is represented by Lithuanian o, later – a, cf. br. cabbage → lie. cabbage, but le. tea → lie. tea (laučiūtė 1977: 95; see also lKEŽb). However, other researchers point to the dialectal form of the loanword arbotà (smoczyński 2007: 22) as the earlier variant, cf. the identical variant arbotà (Kupiškis) presented by lKŽ. The late appearance of tea is also shown by written sources: the Polish word is found in 18th-century language monuments, the Lithuanian form tea is found in newer writings (Sabaliauskas 1990: 244). The Lithuanian encyclopedia states that in the Polish-Lithuanian state the first person who mentioned tea as a harmful Chinese poison was priest Klukas in 17771 (lEK 1 1933: 929). Jan Krzysztof Klukas – Polish naturalist who lived in 1739–1796, served as a priest in Poland, but studied in Vilnius, studied the flora and fauna of Poland and Lithuania, published works about them in Polish, which were also translated into Lithuanian (lEb 12 1957: 146; VlE 10 2006: 294)2. The Lithuanian encyclopedia as the second source of tea mentions Chodzko’s3 short story Samowar (lEK 1 1933: 919)4, published in Polish in 1837 by a Lithuanian Polish writer of the early 19th century. Lithuanian language dictionary, fixing "all words of the Lithuanian language, capable of writing from all dialects and scripts since 1547." (Vitkauskas 2002: 8) lexicographical and textual sources (see http://www.lkz.lt/dzl.php?3; http://www.lkz.lt/dzl.php?11), at the first word1 1777 is indicated as the first year of tea mention in the Lithuanian Encyclopedia published in Boston (lEb 1 1953: 236. 2 The Lithuanian encyclopedia (lEK) was published until 1944 only up to the letter J, and among the works of this author mentioned in the Lithuanian encyclopedia (LEB) and the Universal Lithuanian encyclopedia (VlE) published in Boston, 1777 is not mentioned. This year is published this author's work Roślin potrzebnych, użytecznych, wygodnych, szczególnie krajowych, albo które w kraju użyteczne być mogą, utrzymanie, rozmnażanie i zażycie, published in Warsaw in 1777, 1 volume About trees, garden herbs and gardens (see the information on the Kluko Museum's website of the Museum of Agriculture named after Father Krzysztof Kluk: http://www.muzeumrolnictwa.pl/patron_muzeum.html). in digital form this work (orig. raš. Plants necessary, positive, comfortable, peculiarly country, or which in the country useful bye can, maintenance, reproduction, and use. Tom I <...> Krzysztofa Kluka <...> w Warszawie <...> Roku 1777) is available at: http://books.google.lt/books/about/roslin_Potrzebnych_Pozytecznych_Wygodnyc.html?id=y6a5aaaacaaJ&redir_esc=y). 3 The form of the name Ignas is indicated here, in the article describing the writer – Ignotas (lEK V 1937: 375), in the Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia this Lithuanian writer, who lived from 1794 to 1861 and wrote in Polish, is named Ignacas Chodzka (Polish: Ignacy Chodźko) (VlE IV 2003: 81). 4 The Lithuanianised form of the name Samovar is used here, but the article introducing the writer and his works uses f. Samowar (lEK 5 1937: 376). 248 Languages Culture | 84 džio tea (the herb from which the tea is made) refers to the writings of Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža (1771–1849) (lKŽ). More specific data have not been found in the library of the KZ, but the source is probably the manuscript of this one of the most prominent educators of the 19th century, priest and botanist, the first Lithuanian researcher of flora, Jurgis a. Pabrėža’s botany work Taislius augyminis (for more about it see Pabrėža 2009: 9 and so on), p. 372: 351. Tea. - Thea. – / Theeed straw. Link.) – 1. Ar. Kinsky. - Th. chinensis. <...> 2. Ar. Pests. - Th. viridis. <...> 3. Ar. You standing. - Th. stricta <...>5. 2. Lithuanians call tea not only hot drink made from (fermented) dried tea tree (Thea: TB)6 leaves – white (least processed, from buds with the first two leaves), green (short fermented), black (long fermented)7 and other teas8. In Lithuania, tea is also called any hot (sometimes cold) beverage, prepared not only from various herbs, but also from fruits, jam or the like (except coffee and cocoa). this is shown by the data of the dictionaries, usage and association experiment. In dictionaries, the meaning of tea is usually described as “a drink with tea herbs” (DlKŽ, lKŽ), and tea herbs as tea herbs (lKŽ), 5 I thank the lexicography centre of the Lithuanian Language Institute (lKI) and Ritutė Petrokienė and Jolita urbanavičienė for the opportunity to use the second part of the unpublished (from p. 224) manuscript of Jurgis a. Pabrėža Taislius augyminis, kept in the Martynas Mažvydas National Library, and the kartotheques of lKI, as well as colleagues from lKI Danute liutkevičiene, Violeta Meiliūnaite and Vilma Zubaitiene (Vilnius University), who allowed me to use their libraries. I am especially grateful to algirdas sabaliauskas, who revealed the etymology of tea earlier – for the opportunity to share today’s insights. 6 The Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia lists two tea tree species: the Indian (Thea assamica) and the Chinese (Thea sinensis) (VlE I 2001: 708). term bank, without Thea sinensis, is provided with other Latin equivalents of this tea tree species: Camellia sinensis, Thea viridis and others (tb: http://terminai.vlkk.lt/pls/tb/tb.result). this Latin name is widely used in Lithuania and in the world (see http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/arbata and others). The Encyclopedia Britannica lists two species of Camellia sinensis: C. sinensis sinensis, grown in China, and C. sinensis assamica, grown in the Indian province of Assam. The latter synonym Camellia assamica is also included in the usage history (http://www.ahmadtea.lv/en; http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/arbata; WEbs). 7 In China it is called red tea (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tea and others); It should not be confused with the in Lithuania popularly called narrow-leaved rooibos (lat. Aspalathus linearis, engl. rooibos: alP 2005). 8 There are also other types of tea according to the fermentation time, for example, partially fermented oolong (Chinese black dragon). teas are also classified according to other criteria (see: http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/arbata; http://arbatosnamai.comyr.com/; http://www.arba ti nukas.lt/ and others). J. Girčienė. Tea: from words to dictionaries, from texts to textbooks 249 dried and processed tea leaves [i.e. tea tree leaves DlKŽ] or other tea herbs (DlKŽ). Although the latter definition shows that tea can be called not only a beverage prepared from the raw material of the tea tree, however, newer online sources try to specify the statement tea grass, which evokes associations with tea herbs, for example, any fruit or herbal drink (Viki). this tendency to expand the meaning is also reflected in usage. The results of the study of the current Lithuanian language textbook (t), which comprises over 100 million words and represents the public written usage, and the general internet search engine Google (http://www.google.lt – hereinafter Int), which reflects the public and private usage, confirm that tea is not only called a drink of tea leaves, and also allow to say that tea is perceived in this sense even more broadly than indicated in dictionaries, cf. : Which tea do you prefer – black, green, white, ulong, herbal, fruity? (www.arbatinukas.lt tea lovers survey); Herbal and fruit teas are drinks made from dried fruits and berries of various plants. Consuming strong herbal tea constantly poisons the body (Int); For severe colds, tea of linden, chamomile and mint is very suitable (Int); Famous for its twigs and linden tea (t); Raspberry jam tea. Probably because of her I liked fruit tea. I poured a third of a cup of jam and filled it with hot water (Int); Cold tea with jam. Add the jam and pour the boiled water, wait a minute and pour cold water (Int.). The ratio of the stable – frequently used – word combinations with the borrowed word tea,9 comprising various (medicinal) herbs: herbs, herbs, linden, chamomile, mint, and the “real” tea, i.e. green and black tea, to the disadvantage of the latter (half less). this would suggest a “Lithuanian” concept of tea. Panašius polinkius liudija ir koreliuojantys laisvųjų asociacijų eksperimento10, kuriuo siekta nustatyti, kokias asociacijas sukelia žodis-stimulas arbata, duomenys (tyrime dalyvavo 66 Vilniuje gyvenantys abiejų lyčių – daugiau moterų, įvairaus amžiaus – nuo 9 iki 68 m. – ir iš9 Plačiau apie tekstynų lingvistikai svarbų stabiliųjų junginių klausimą žr.: rimkutė 2006; Marcinkevičienė 2010 et al. Linguists most often use the 10-association method to investigate the reflections of the linguistic worldview (see: Papaurėlytė-Klovienė 2005; akelaitienė 2007 and others), the analysis of associative fields provides a lot of non-verbal knowledge – information about social life, economy, elements of national self-consciousness, evaluation and prioritization of someone (PapaurėlytėKlovienė 2005 and others). but there are reasons to believe that associations can tell us more about the structure of semantic connections and the language itself (see Zavjalova 2006: 151). For more information on the association method, see : Papaurėlytė-Klovienė 2005; Zavjalova 2006 and others. 250 Language Culture | 84 silavinimo respondents). There are some more (41) associations, covering various (medicinal) herbs: herbs 4, herbs 4; mint 3, mint leaves 1; lime blossoms 2, lime blossoms; thyme, thyme 3; calendula 2; lemon balm; chamomile, chamomile; herbs, etc., and 37 associations covering green (16), black (19) and white (2) tea. There are twice as many such associations, which are related to the expected effect of (medicinal) herbs, e.g.: flu 2, healing 2, treatment, help in illness, helps to recover, disease, calming (calming) 3, good, peaceful sleep, etc., than with the implied effect of tea tree leaves tea, e.g.: tonic 3, tones, from sleep, etc. Such research results reflecting the current consumption tendencies testify to the continuation of traditions: according to ethnologists, tea was brewed from various herbs in the past by Lithuanians – linden flowers, cumin, chamomile, blackcurrant, cranberries, raspberry leaves and flowers (Dundulienė 1991: 165). There are many associations with the “fruitfulness” of tea, which is not mentioned in the dictionaries so far, i.e. tea made from stewed fruit pieces: fruity 11, fruits 7. Fruity tea, along with green and black tea, chamomile and wormwood, is also found in the relatively small volume of the Oral Lithuanian text (st). Finally, the statistics of the general internet search (fruit tea – about 110 000 uses, herbal tea – about 170 000, green tea – about 112 000, black tea – about 100 000) show that the most commonly used tea is green tea. 61 70011) indicates an unquestionable need to clarify the meaning of tea as a drink, cf. drink with tea herbs (DlKŽ, lKŽ). 3.If the relatively new, 18th-century borrowed tea is used to name any hot drink, except coffee and cocoa, the question arises, were hot drinks not characteristic of Lithuanians in the past, or did tea become so popular that the Lithuanian name of the hot drink was eventually displaced? The dictionaries show that there were their own words to describe the reality in question. A hot drink, like a viral, is called a fever (lKZ). There were also narrower meaning names with the root žol-12. this is the name of a hot herbal drink žolikės, herbynė (a place where grasses grew): Užsruobs žolikių i nusikratys [ligele]; Having gathered chamomile, I make such a herb (lKŽ). It is not only a hot herbal drink, but also an infusion, even herb soup naming co-root words žolienė, žolainė: Tylėdamas supūbčiojo karštą 11 Viewed 2011 12 10. statistics are presented without excluding recurring cases. 12 for the original idea I thank my colleague from Lithuanian University of Education Žaneta Markevičiene, who shared the names of this hot drink from this root used in her region. J. Girčienė. Tea: from words – to dictionaries, from texts – to textbooks 251 herbal tea, intoxicated by the spicy mint smell; It would be good to drink herbs (lKŽ). Some of the following words with the meaning of drinking are found in the text and/or in individual texts: He made some herbal marmalade, poured it into a liter jar and gave it to the “patient” (Int); Men, probably, without dinner? "A glass of hot herbs would be a good idea," the tall man muttered. – In good times in these neighborhoods there was a talk and pig body with a “ball”, and beer (t); Mmm... simpapmonchikas! – the young man gracefully grabs the teacher’s thin hand and kisses it up to the elbow. – Don’t pamper us – a glass of herbal tea [can also mean infusion, J. G.], and it will be enough. It’s all I can do to get you a machine, – the long-haired man shakes and, having passed the semi-automatic into his other hand, looks at the teacher (t) carefully, without even blinking; I filled myself with some supposedly calming herb, and drank it all in one go, – maybe now Kaspar will disappear, fade away, slip away into his dungeons in the well-known ways. But no. As the anger rose, I felt that he too became very tense, he looked at me as if saying – no, buddy, I won’t give up! You won't beat me that easily! But the decision had already been born and won in me, and I only laughed dullly at his invisible face – now you are no longer scary to me, Kaspar! Yeah, svety, now you're helpless! I made a very strong tea, put on my old soldier’s galife trousers, stuck on my old half-boots, and on my black worn sweater I put on a leather jacket (J. Kunčinas “Kaspars”, see http:// www.tekstai.lt, hereinafter – Šlla). However, the facts of the usage show that these are only one-time uses more typical of fictional texts, having a specific meaning – not very high-quality, not very valuable (offered when there is no beer or food), calming or other hot drink (see the thinned texts). therefore, although Lithuanian words for hot drinks were used, they are no longer used, often even unknown to the middle-aged or younger generation. apparently, with tea, Lithuanians will have borrowed the tea ceremony itself (it is one of the stable compounds of the textbook, also mentioned by the participants of the association experiment). Not only the material of dictionaries and written usage, but also ethnological research would allow us to assume that hot drinks were not particularly characteristic of Lithuanians: it is stated that tea, brewed from various herbs picked in the summer, “peasants drank very rarely” (Dundulienė 1991: 165). traditional Lithuanian drinks were medus, beer, juice, gin (see also). This is also reflected in folklore: more well-known images of beer („alaus midų gėriau“), milk („balta pieno puta“), the motif of homemade beer („gerą girą gera gerti“). this is confirmed by the ve- 252 Languages Culture | 84 lesni literary characters: Wide fields...The country trouba...We did not drink tea...We drank milk, sour milk, buttermilk, whey, sour cream, homemade, water, milk, sour milk... (r. Gavelis „Durys, arba taurus kasdienybės prasmingumas“, Šlla). And only much later, finding the cream of society, in the books "tea is popping up": Every evening, when the lady starts tea, / On the primeval stove, cook (H. radauskas "Patefonas", Šlla). And since then the motif of tea has not weakened, on the contrary, it has become stronger: it is present not only in prose, but also in drama, essays and even poetry: She put two cups on the table, a small, almost toy-like teapot, a bowl of golden peach jam. She invited Eve to the table, poured tea, and a pleasant and somewhat familiar smell spread in the room (r. fox „miracle day“, rasyk.lt); Wife. Or without us having tea? With sugar?... You can get infected with sweets (r. Gavelis “Durys, or the taurus meaning of everyday life”, Šlla); What is the secret? ... changing moods of long winter evenings, the warmth of a cup of tea floating in the portraits of women? (Z. rimgailienė “as if walking through the rain…”, see http://www.samogit.lt/kultura/einantis_per_lietu.htm); I'm cleaning the table, I'm making tea / And I'm drying the book in the sunshine / I'm writing a poem (K. Platelis "Accident while reading", Šlla). The increasing popularity of tea, its importance is evidenced not only in fiction, but also in other texts. This is also shown by the statistics of the general internet search, e.g.: tea (about 2 830 000 uses) and another Lithuanian favorite drink milk (about 2 940 000). This is also confirmed by the data of the Frequent Writing Lithuanian Dictionary (FWD) prepared on the basis of the Textbook of Contemporary Lithuanian Language, cf.: tea (64) and another drink characteristic of Lithuanians since ancient times, beer (47) (also cf. basketball – 65). 4. Along with the loan, the word tea slot appeared, expanded and continues to expand. Lietuvių kalbos žodyne pateikiami net 23 bendrašakniai žodžiai – hibridiniai dariniai, turintys dėmenį arbat-: tai arbatauti, arbatavimas, arbatdėžė, arbatėlė, arbatynas, arbatindis, arbatinė, arbatinėlis, arbatininkas, arbatinis, arbatinukas, arbatytis, arbatkrūmis, arbatlapis, arbatmediniai , arbatmedis, arbatnamis, arbatninkas, arbatpinigiai, arbatpuodis, arbatšaukštis, arbatuotis, arbatžolės (lKŽ). All of them, except for teapot, teapot, are detected in the Internet usage, but only about half are fixed in the text and as common root words of tea are indicated by the participants of the experiment, i.e. J. Girčienė. Tea: from words to dictionaries, from texts to textbooks Only about half of the 253 are more frequently used (they are presented in thinned font). Therefore, for Lithuanians it is important and therefore popular not only the borrowed basic word tea, but also a number of other realities related to this word. It should be noted that the analysis of the usage and both parts of the experiment – associations and co-rooted words – highlighted the discrepancy of the (partial) meaning of certain derivatives presented in the dictionary and revealed in the usage. There are instances when the noun čajová is used not in the meaning of a cafeteria or a tavern (DlKŽ, lKŽ), but in the meaning of a box of tea: on a website advertising beautiful boxes with many compartments, after their photo is written Arbatinė, next to it – Druskinė, etc. (Int), cf. lKŽ presenting a similar reality as the singular noun tebatdėžė. o tea („pot to brew tea“ DlKŽ, lKŽ) and teapot („pot to pour water on tea herbs“ lKŽ; „pot to pour tea herbs“ DlKŽ) are widely used not only in the dictionaries, but also in a more general meaning – „pot to brew water“. For example, on a website that advertises household appliances, including electric ones, for boiling water, the photo below them reads Teapot (Int); Limescale can be removed from the inside of the teapot as follows: The water in the electric kettle boil, and the teapot shuts down in 4 min. (Int); He even mastered the electric teapot (t). This should be taken into account by the authors of new dictionaries. by the way, there are more common root words used in a broader sense than the meaning of the action: not only tea, but also coffee is mixed with a teaspoon, not only in the teahouse, but also in the cafe for pleasant service leave tips. but as a general name of a public catering establishment spread cafe. The data of the usage pattern and the experiment show that tea and common root words are more associated with cozy home space, so these associations prevail (family 3; TV, movie 2, sofa 2, bed hug, blanket, chair; cabinet; book, cat (kitten) 2, window 2; phone; house 7, homemade; kitchen of the house; heat 12; fireplace 4, music, laughter; calm (calmness) 4 and so on); there are very rare things related to the public space, such as the store, weigh. Most commonly mentioned are common root words, naming household items, e.g., teapot (52), less often – realities of public space, e.g., teahouse (14), tips (3). Consumption and experimental data also show that the tea nest tends to expand further. The respondents have presented the following novelties: teabag, tea evening, tea(o)good, teatime (sandwich). The first three are also detected on the Internet. found more new creations not fixed in the dictionaries, often occasional: for me those tea parties still fondly caress my heart and remind me of cozy 254 Languages Culture | 84 houses; tea day: who of us does not like to enjoy a nice company with a hot cup of coffee or tea? Earrings watering can – teapot; two cups of milk tea: I boil the milk and pour the tea herbs with it, it helps to resist, gives satiety and strength; and that tea milk, be sure to try (Int). Some of them, such as the latter, are undoubtedly significant because of their reference function, while other occasionalisms, such as arbatžmogus, arbatšokis, are distinguished by their stylistic expression. Not recorded in dictionaries, but prone to spread, the only verb denoting tea drinking is teatinis (it should be considered the possibility of its presentation in the dictionary), e.g.: žodžiu, žmonės, ramybės man reik, einu arbatintis (Int); Through the village of Riešė water will flow, I will drink tea <…> And flowing thoughts carry you (r. Šileika “I would like to talk about rituals”, http://culture.lt/lmenas/). Compared to other new forms, the statistics of the use of this word are considerable – 275 cases on the Internet), even 10 participants of the experiment who indicated it as the co-root of tea and further derivatives of this verb, some of them also quite common – pasiarbatinti, prisiarbatinti, e.g.: buvo giminaitė nelauktai atbėgusi pasiarbatinti; we will have enough to have a drink and have fun (Int). The Lithuanians received the word tea from the Poles, who kept the first component of the word, herbata, intact. The word tea is derived from the Latin herba (herb) and the South Chinese tē (tea). Polish borrowed this word from Western European languages, cf. Dutch herba thee. Although, according to today’s data, in Lithuanian written sources the loanword is mentioned only in the first half of the 19th century, but based on Polish writings, which record this loanword in the 18th century, and other data, it is assumed that the reality it refers to could have reached the Lithuanian in the 18th century. The basic lexicographical sources indicate one of the meanings of the borrowed tea – “drink with tea herbs” (DlKŽ, lKŽ), i.e. “dried and processed tea tree leaves or other tea herbs” (DlKŽ). However, the data of the current usage analysis and the association experiment show that Lithuanians use this loanword not only for the dried leaves of the tea tree (Latin: Thea), otherwise known as teagrass, and various herbs, but also for hot drinks made from dried fruits or any other hot drink, except coffee and cocoa. this encourages the clarification of the meaning of tea as a drink.