Nauji 2007–2010 m. lietuviškos kilmės vaikų vardai ir jų davimo polinkiai

214 Languages and Culture | 84 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ University of Vilnius New 2007–2010 Lithuanian Children's Names and Their Giving Trends Key words: name, name of Lithuanian origin, children's names, binomial personal name, abbreviation, adjective name, adjective. Some people choose well-known names for their children, sometimes they give the names of acquaintances or grandparents, while others try to make the name unique, as little as possible heard, so they create names themselves, process already existing names or look for them in the names books of distant exotic countries. Some of the names are taken from those countries where Lithuanian citizens have emigrated. such addition of new names is a reality of the present. When looking for a name for a child or interested in the origin of names, linguists recommend reading the Lithuanian Names Origin Dictionary (hereinafter – lVKŽ) compiled by Kazimieras Kuzavinis and Bronius Savkyns, which has been published several times. However, today, the VKŽ no longer meets the needs of society: a number of common and widespread names (e.g., Smhltė, Nèdas, which are in the top twenty most common names of recent years, see sinkevičiūtė 2011) have not entered it. Vitalija Maciejauskienė (1998: 41), who wrote about the names given to Lithuanian children in 1991–1992, noted more than ten years ago that the actual use of names and the recommended names differ considerably. Although the author later stated that the VKŽ usually does not contain names of low value from our nomenclature (Maciejauskienė 2004: 93), the data of recent years show that the nomenclature is also expanded with suitable names, which often remain undiscussed by linguists. The fact that it is still not known exactly how the name fashion changed, what new names appeared in the Lithuanian name book during the last century, is probably due to the large amount of information and the problems of its collection and processing in previous decades. Apparently, this is why some of the names suitable for use did not enter the dictionary, since the dictionary was prepared when its authors did not have accurate data on the names of all Lithuanian inhabitants. Another reason is the strict normative nature of the time: in order to prevent the entry of personal names not corresponding to the concept of a correct name into the lVKŽ, various variants were spread. D. SINKEVIČIŪTĖ. In 2007–2010, 215 names of Lithuanian origin were not included in the dictionary (the most prominent example is the common and criticized variant of the name Dóvydas, Deuvidas). Publications on names show how slowly the attitude of linguists towards new personal names is changing: names coming into the namebook are accepted gradually, for example, more than twenty years ago the need for artificial binomial names, which were proposed for use in 1987 by the Lithuanian National Council, was questioned (see Maciejauskienė 1989: 84–85); The name Gretà was criticised (Maciejauskienė 1993: 4), but later, probably because of the large number of girls named with it and the position of the authors of the VKŽ, it was considered appropriate (Maciejauskienė 2004: 87). In view of the situation at the time, such an evaluation of names does not seem strange, since the conservative attitude to the language that prevailed in earlier times helped to protect it from the influx of rusisms. However, even today, in some publications about the new nomenclature, linguistic researchers criticize names with foreign endings, e.g. -ita, -eta, etc., short two-syllable names of unclear foreign origin, etc. (see Klimavičius 2004: 20–22). It seems that the attitude towards such names should change: although some names are mostly random, they have been given to more and more children for decades, and this tendency is only intensifying, presumably due to foreign names, the influence of cultures and global globalization. On the other hand, such names also indicate a certain ingenuity (or lack thereof) of parents, the desire to give the child the most exclusive name possible. These names have usual endings, so you should not negatively evaluate unusual new names that are not proposed for use by lVKŽ. A closer look at the mentioned names makes it possible to explain their origin, structure, even to motivate why and how they appeared. Currently, there are greater problems in the Lithuanian name register than the increasing number of names of foreign origin or personal names with foreign forms. In the last decade, there are more and more children named with names that do not correspond to the Lithuanian language system: without endings (e.g.: Gvide, Vivijan, Kelvin, Veid) or written in an effort to maintain the “original” spelling (e.g.: Linnea, Mariya, Malh, Mihael). In order to preserve surnames (e.g., with the suffix -auskas), they are registered in documents as names, and there are also more children who have not two (which seems to be common), but three or more names1 (e.g., Jonas Algirdas Eduard), sometimes the components of kelianary names become at separate letters (e.g., Grant J) and so on. It is precisely these problems of name culture that need to be solved and discussed, how to avoid them, rather than just criticizing, discussing at least those that fit the language system, although they look strange only once or twice1. 216 Languages Culture | 84 names given to children. It seems that at the moment, names that have the usual endings, are written according to the rules of the Lithuanian language and do not have a negative connotation should be considered suitable for use. 2. This article aims to discuss the new names of Lithuanian origin given to citizens of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter – lr) born in Lithuania and abroad in 2007–2010. The analysis of combinations of kelianary names (e.g. Godà Žavintà, Gõjus Aanggirdas), unadapted names of foreign origin (e.g. Abbi, Anastassia, Djemel, Mian), names of foreign, including Christian, origin and their variants (e.g. Diomądis, Korne là, Leonèlis, Tãdė) are left aside due to the large number of names, hoping to do so later. The subject of this article is new names of Lithuanian origin, which were not named by Lithuanian citizens until 2007. The data were taken from the Population Register Service under the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the register), through the State Lithuanian Language Commission, and the statistics of individual names programmed by uab „NtsG“ were used for their processing. Not only Lithuanians, but also names of all Lithuanian citizens are being investigated for two reasons. According to the register, many families do not indicate the nationality of their children when registering them, and this trend has been observed for almost two decades. There are also cases when a name of Lithuanian origin is given to a Polish, Russian or similar. Therefore, the examination of names of children of Lithuanian nationality was refused, since nationality is not the main criterion for giving a child a name of Lithuanian origin. Thus, the aim of the article is to determine which names of Lithuanian origin that have not been used so far are added to our name book. 1) to discuss the classification of names provided by the VKŽ and its relevance for describing new names; 2) to present which groups of names of Lithuanian origin prevail in the new nomenclature, and to reveal what is characteristic of the names of each group; 3) to inventory names of Lithuanian origin written not according to Lithuanian language rules and to highlight the problems of their emergence. 3. New names of Lithuanian origin, which have not been used so far, are not popular. In 2007-2010, they were usually given to one child, sometimes two, and rarely three or more. New names of Lithuanian origin for girls are more common than for boys. Mythological or literary names are not divided into separate groups, such as lVKŽ, which differ from other personal names in that language users, when choosing such a name, are D. SINKEVIČIŪTĖ. New names of children of Lithuanian origin and their giving tendencies in 2007–2010 217 of the language vocabulary, which consists of both native and foreign words. The name is a combination of two words, one of which is the name of the person, and the other is the name of the place where the person is located, or the name of the place where the person is born. In addition to names of Lithuanian origin, those personal names are discussed whose roots can be linked not only to Lithuanian, but also to Prussian lexicon, in view of their common Baltic origin2. 4. it has become customary to divide Lithuanian names into four groups according to lVKŽ 14–33: old Lithuanian (Baltic) names, calendar names, new Lithuanian names and new borrowed names. This classification appears appropriate when describing the sequence of the development of the nomenclature. When researching new names, it can be used only partially, because the old or new Lithuanian names recommended by the lVKŽ are only updated a little – those that have not yet been named to children. On the other hand, lVKŽ are not all the old Lithuanian names, because in the sources there are also nowhere mentioned double-called personal names, their abbreviations. However, such names are rarely given to children, because the current vocabulary is mostly expanded by names created by language users. In order to reveal the novelty of the nomenclature, the claimed distinction between old and new Lithuanian names in the lVKŽ seems irrelevant here, because it is more important to distinguish the names already proposed for use by the lVKŽ authors from the newly created ones. In order to highlight this distinction, in the following article names of Lithuanian origin are divided into smaller groups according to their origin and construction: two-stemmed personal names, adjectives, place names and abbreviations are distinguished. Such a division of names does not correspond to the LVKŽ, because ethnonyms are not distinguished, which according to their basis (ethnonymy, which is an adjective) are assigned to a larger group – adjective names. rather more important certain characteristics of a mythological being, a literary work, a film hero or a cultural personality, rather than the origin of the name, clear from its basis. Nevertheless, these names, like others, have foundations (they are usually derived from adjectives, less often from binomial personal names, place names, abbreviations), according to which they are divided into the four groups of origin mentioned here. 2 It is believed that children born between 2007 and 2010 were not named with names derived from the Latvian language that were not yet registered in the register. 218 Languages Culture | 84 because one basis of distinction is maintained, and the specificity of the names is highlighted by additionally indicating that they are also literary, mythological names. Short names are also presented more extensively than lVKŽ: short names, which have arisen not only from double-called personal names (such as lVKŽ), but also from names of other origin, have been included in this group. Although the lVKŽ abbreviations are used only in the group of old Lithuanian names (they are not even mentioned in the group of new Lithuanian names), the real tendency of choosing names shows that children are named with abbreviations that have also arisen from names of other origin. There are no separate groups for the derivatives of endings and prepositions. Since these names have the same basis as non-formal personal names, they are discussed in the mentioned names groups. 5. An examination of the most recent names of children shows that the name book was mainly updated with binomial names between 2007 and 2010. 5.1.Among the binomial names registered in the register, but not previously given to children, the following are those proposed by the LCC: Arvaidà, Aũgmilė, Aũšvydė, Dróvydė, Eegmantė, Gañtautė, Jógundė, Kiñtvilė, Kóviltė, Mañvydė, Mąnvilė, Særmantė, Vāssmilė, Žadminà; Aakantas, Geasvydas, Mėllgeidas, Mėngailas, Normilas, Normintas, Taũtgintas, Vėntaras3. therefore, it is assumed that lVKŽ is also used to name a child. also children are called by binomial names, having other endings than those provided by the lVKŽ: Žygimantà; Arvulis, Deammilius, Eennorius. This shows that the nomenclature is expanded not only by proposed or new binomial names ending in -as, -ė and -a (such variants of binomial names are usually indicated by lVKŽ)4, but also by -is, -ius. 5.2 The other part of the new names consists of the stems of the two-stemmed personal names, which are also present in lVKŽ: plg. : Aimantà5, Aimedà, Aivaldà, Aivinà, Argi rà, Arhmeda, Augundà, Bergáilė, Dóvinė, Mintvidà, Nármantė, Rãdmilė, Váidà 3 The names of girls and boys are discussed together: the girls’ names are given first, and the boys’ names after the semicolon. mi lė, Vagandė, Vamantė, Vilgùstė; Aũštaras, Avinas, Dárminas, Dárvinas, 4 Frequent cases where the LCJ suggests to use only binomial female names ending in -ė, but not -a (e.g., Mlgydė, though Mlgydas ); it also happens that only the name of a man is mentioned (e.g. Mnjót). 5 The new names of Lithuanian origin presented here and below are spelled according to the general pronunciation tendencies of Lithuanian names. In cases where the name can be pronounced in two ways (e.g. Aimantà 3b and Aammanta 1 according to the model Eikintà 3b and Eekkinta 1), the first variant of the name is provided. D. SINKEVIČIŪTĖ. New names of children of Lithuanian origin and their giving tendencies in 2007–2010 219 Vy gardas6. Thus, it is clear that new names are De mi ras, Egvirdas, Etmantas, Gedvydas, Gélvinas, Rngardas, Sárman tas, formed by choosing stems of different (somewhat more often trinar, as well as quaternary, binary) structure, and when creating a new name one of the usual three endings of binar names can be taken. comparing these names with From the names mentioned in subsection 5.1. it is clear that new names tend to be formed first with the usual noun endings, and only later with other endings – -is, -ius. 5.3. The children's name book shows that the creation of binomial names is a living process. When forming new names, a new root is often added to the known second root of the binomial names, derived from or from a name abbreviation of Christian origin: Jùstautė (cf. Jùstė), Zigmintà (cf. Zegmas); Ègų vi das (cf. Ègis), Elammantas (cf. Èlis), Mãtautas (cf. Mãtas), or from the adjective: Gražbėlė (cf. gražùs), Jaũsmilė, Jausminà (cf. jaũsti), Jusminà (cf. jùsti), Rãsviltė (cf. rasà; or ràsti); "Lockheed L-1011 TriStar" (PDF). There are cases when the second root of a binomial name is not related to a name of Lithuanian or Christian origin, but has arisen from a new name of foreign origin: Eesttlandas (with -land- – Jolánda, Rolán das), Jor mán das (<Jõris with the ending -mandas, cf. Armándas), Măngri das (with -grid- – Ingridà, Sigrădas)8. V. Maciejauskienė (1998: 39–40) calls such new binomial names hybrid forms and states that their formation should not be supported. However, this approach seems somewhat outdated today. All the above mentioned binomial names, having new roots of native and foreign origin, look the same because they are created in the same way: one root of the binomial name is replaced by a new root. Also, the new roots of all the newly created binomial names are derived from common and commonly used personal names or adjectives of various origins. The discussed method of creating binomial names is common among Lithuanians: it can be seen from the new binomial names that appeared after the introduction of Christianity. In these names, the first and less often the second stem are used more often6. To save space, the names provided by lVKŽ with the mentioned stems are not listed next to these names, and it is expected that the interested reader will use the dictionary himself. 7 In some cases, the sound combination in the position of the first stem is difficult to explain, cf. Lãdesperê. This may have been influenced by the names beginning with the stem, e.g. Lãvia (?). 8 It is not excluded that the root grid can be distorted from the usual root of binomial names when registering the grid. However, it is not considered to be such a root, because there are more names with the second element gridin our dictionary, e.g. Aangrid, Mangrid, etc. 220 Language Culture | 84 positions were occupied by abbreviations of Christian names, replacing earlier stems of Lithuanian origin (see Zinkevičius 2008: 284–286). so the innovations presented here show that compound names continue to be created in the same ways as in previous centuries, and their constituent elements are widely used names of various origins. Therefore, it is not necessary to assess these names negatively, since they show both the continuity of the creation of new diphthong names and the possibility of updating the nomenclature. 5.4. Another source of new names is the double-rooted surnames. Asminà (cf. pvd. Asminãvičius, where asmin came from *aisammin-, lPŽ I 128), Èsmantė (cf. pvd. Esmantas, lPŽ I 583), Jagminà (cf. pvd. chigminas, lPŽ I 783); Doammantas (see pvd. Doammantas, lPŽ I 511), Reuvidas (see pvd. Reuvidis, lPŽ II 593), Skáivydas (see pvd. Skáivydas, lPŽ II 728). The fact that double surnames can serve as names, especially those that are little known, was already written by antanas salys (1983: 267). The name is used to refer to children who are born to parents whose surnames are not known, or whose surnames are unknown. It is assumed that this type of Lithuanian double-stemmed surnames had an influence on double-stemmed personal names, whose stems are more common for surnames derived from dialectal or spelling-changed forms of personal names, e.g. : Aattvidė (see Eeitvydė), Demellė (see Deammilė), Diãmontė (see Dómantė)9, Ermantà (see Arimantà), Etautė (see Atautė), Gilmenà (see Gilminà); Damulis (cf. Dómilas), Dẽminas (cf. Deamina), Rauggerdas (cf. Rauggardas). In this context, it appears that the adjacent forms of the names give the name a dialectic connotation. Therefore, there are problems with the authenticity of the stems: since some of the stems are altered or distorted when writing the surnames, it is clear how different stems of names than usual recommended by the LKK are spread in the Lithuanian name book. Therefore, the question arises whether names with such roots are eligible. V. Maciejauskienė (1998: 38) calls them distorted or wrongly spelled names. However, it appears that the roots of names that are common in several different binomial surnames could be proposed and used in names, but in commenting on such names it should be stated that the root is not authentic. as well as those stems that have already spread in Lithuanian names (taip atsi9 It is possible that the name originated from English diamond, Italian diamanti or other words meaning diamond. D. SINKEVIČIŪTĖ. New names of children of Lithuanian origin and their giving tendencies in 2007–2010 221 matched with the stem vid-10, whose use could also be encouraged by bi-stemmed names with the first stem vid-, cf. Vūddmantas), seem suitable for use. It could be assumed that the frequency and use of stems in names is an indicator of which stems considered dialectal or distorted are suitable for forming new names, and which stems are random and avoidable. 5.5 The stems of the new binomial names are very diverse, it is difficult to distinguish which stems prevail. seems that the second stem of female diphthongs mantis somewhat more common. It is believed that the names with this stem are formed due to the popularity of the abbreviation Mañtas (this name was particularly popular in the boys' name book from 1984 to 1999, when more than 600 boys were named with it each year). The fact that the stem mant is used more frequently in the formation of double-stemmed girls’ names may be explained by the effect of the “compensatory mechanism”, since in the girl’s name book the name Mañtė is rare. also when creating new girls’ names, the first stem is ai- (contrasting with lVKŽ names, where there is one name with ai- – Aigùstė). 5.6. Binomial personal names are also expanded with suffixes11, cf. Armint, Ervil and Mantwilija. such names are rare; This is probably because the non-prepositional names themselves are long – three-syllable, and at present it is more likely to give children short names (see sinkevičiūtė 2011: 3–9). 6. The other names added to the nomenclature shall be adjectives. 6.1. Names proposed by the LVC are given to children and never used, cf. Ąžuõlė, Gasė, and variants of the endings of the adjective names given there, pg. Dravis, Kenny. These names also support the idea that the lVKŽ is used creatively when choosing a name. 6.2 It is also referred to by invented names, which are often based on a non-verbal adjective related to nature: plant, e.g. : Brùknė (cf. brùknė), Lggų 10 Currently, in the whole Lithuanian namebook there are more than 40 binomial names, the second root of which is vid-, cf. : Avidas, -ė, Algvidas, Agvidas, -a, Avidas, -a, -ė, Avidas, -a, -ė, Aũgvidas, Aũšvidas, Dárvidas, Daũgvidas, Edvidas, -a, Egvidas, Esvidas, Etvidas, -ė, Evidas, -a, Gaũdvidas, Gẽdvidas, -a, Gevidas, Gevidas, Gilvidà, Gntvidas, Grvidas, Grãžvidas, -a, -ė, Grnvidas, Ividas, Jóvidas, -a, -ė, Lasvidas, -a, Lnvidas, -a, Mañtvidas, Mañvidas, -a, Mlvidas, -a, Mntvida, Mnvidas, Nárvidas, Nevidas, -ė, Nórvidas, -a, Rãdvidas, -a, Rmvidas, -a, Rnvidas, -a, Taũtvidas, -a, Tólvidas, Vaividà, Vltvidas, Vlvidė, Vsvidas, Žãdvidas, Žeividà, bei daugiau nei 100 dvinarių vardų, kurių vienas yra dvikamienis asmenvardis su antruoju kamienu vid-. 11, see below. 222 Languages Culture | 84 nė (see lgnė „a plant of the acid family“), Smielga, Smieggė (see smillga); a bird, e.g. Volung (cf. volung); object of nature, phenomenon, e.g., Kait rà (cf. kaitrà), Pùsnė (cf. pusnės), Žẽmė (cf. žẽmė), Šekšnas (cf. šekš nas). there are also names associated with adjectives denoting senses, qualities, e.g. : Gèlà (cf. gélà “great pain”)12, Sentiment (cf. feel); "Rio Grande do Sul" (PDF). riogrande.gov.br. The name of the month probably originated from Gruodà, Grúodė (see grúodis, although grúodas). Of the boys' names, Dijõkas (compare dijõkas "scribe"), Jaunlis (compare jaunlis), whose base words are related to the profession, social position, are also mentioned. V. Maciejauskienė (1998: 36) has also written about the fact that the common vocabulary of the mother tongue should be the source of the creation of new names, and such an attitude to appellative names can only be endorsed. The name Dijõkas, which originated from the borrowed dijõkas “scribe”, should not be used primarily because of its meaning – the names of professions that have become names in our dictionary look a bit strange, although such tendencies already exist in foreign dictionary. It is to be expected that Younger will remain a single name given to a boy, probably after the name of a character from the television series “soprano: the mafia chronicle”, because the deminutive suffix and the meaning of the stem may seem strange when the child grows up. There are names derived from international words: Alegrà (see allegro), Da kotà (see South Dakota, USA), Safyrà (see sapphire), but these are rare. 6.3. in Lithuania there are also names of apelative origin with suffixes. Some of them were chosen from the 19th century Estonian dictionary, e.g., Dangulė (<Dañgė), and others, e.g., Jõringas (<Jõris), were also chosen from the dictionary, only by changing the ending of the name. These names are few, because there are also few names of such origin in the LRK, which have not been given to children. 6.4. Other adverbial names of appellative origin have been created. The basis of many of them are non-prepositional names of the same root, of which the most common is Ùgnė, cf. the derived Ugnja, Ugnètė, Ugmėlė, Ugnità13. The fact that many prepositional derivatives are made from the name Ùgnė can be explained by its frequency in Lithuanian names, especially since 2002. The basis of other adverbial names are usually well-known or popular names in recent years: Aidestà (<Áida), Aistellė (<Áistė), Audrità (<Áud ra), 12 It is possible that this name is made from the adjective gėl. 13 it is suggested that the name Ugmėlė could have been processed from Ùgnė and Emmėlė. D. SINKEVIČIŪTĖ. Nauji 2007–2010 m. lietuviškos kilmės vaikų vardai ir jų suteikimo tendencijos 229 1. two-stem compound names are coined on the basis of usual stems; however, there are cases when one of the stems is appellative, of appellative or foreign origin. such tendency in coining new compound names is not new; it was observed in old two-stem compound names as well. the same principle applies when new borrowed names are recreated. according to the frequency of stems, in female names the second stem mant and the first stem ai clearly stand out. 2. appellative names are coined in two ways: the base of unsuffixed names is usually expressed by the lexis referring to nature; the base of suffixed names is expressed by appellative names with the same stem. suffixed appellative names, like suffixed truncated names, are built with the help of suffixes, which are of foreign origin in the new names as well as in lithuanian hydronyms. such names are considered acceptable. 3. the abundance of names originating from truncated names attests to a general tendency towards shortening. such names demonstrate that newly coined truncated names and those suggested in the Dictionary have the inflections as, is and ius; ėė and ėė. thus new truncated names are made on the basis of all possible variants. KEy worDS: name, a name of lithuanian origin, children’s names, two-stem personal name, truncated name, appellative name, suffixal name. DaIVa sINKEVIČIūtĖ Department of Baltic Studies, Vilnius University universiteto g. 5, lt-01513 Vilnius [email protected]