Naujažodžiai su dėmeniu „(-)tinkl-“

J. GIRČIENĖ. New words with accent (-)tinkl-165 JURGITA GIRČIENĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language NAUJAŽODŽIAI SU DĖMENIU (-)TINKLEsmINIAI žodžIAI: naujažodis, naujadaras, darybos: lizdas, būdas, tipas, kategorija, reikšmė, (priešdėlio, priesagos, galūnės) vedinys, dūrinys. In the last decade, more than one hundred and twenty new words1 have appeared in usage – new forms with the suffix (-)netkl-, e.g.: priešnetklinis, įtinklinti, bloginti, tinklumas, tinklalapynas, supernetas, tinklavietė, klepatinklis, microblogeris. They are the subject of this article: a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the structure and usage of 123 new words2 is carried out – distribution according to parts of speech, origin, ways and types of production, production categories. The topics of typicity of new forms and (concisely) their relationship with multi-rooted duplicate new borrowings, their functions, and their lexicalization and socialization, i.e., their establishment in the language system and usage, are discussed. 1. First of all, the element that unites the new words discussed in the article – the noun network – can also be considered as a neologism, but unlike the new lexems belonging to the research sample, it is attributable to the new sems. In the digital age, this word has acquired a new meaning – the Internet3: in computer dictionaries 1 New word in the article is traditionally understood as any new word that has appeared. A neologism can be newly borrowed, newly made, or arise as a result of semantic development. In Lithuanian linguistics, they are usually called new borrowings, new creations, semantic neologisms. Traditionally, a new word is understood more narrowly: it is a new word that has arisen as a result of word formation, i.e. a new creation (see: Urbutis 1978: 28–29; Jakaitienė 1980: 82–84; Offord 2001: 98; Girčienė 2006: 74–75 and others). 2 As many new words with accent (-)net as were found in written and electronic usage until August 2011. In order to obtain a general overview, the general Internet search engine Google was additionally used to check all possible construction paradigms, including all hypothetical derivatives and conjugations of the noun netlas. 3 Plg. Miliūnaitė 2010: 109; this case could also be interpreted as the terminological meaning of the common language word network, i.e. “system of lines of communication, roads, communications, etc.” (Lt. Col.) 166 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 84 A network is defined as “a group of computers and other devices connected by communication lines in such a way that data can be exchanged between them”, and “the largest computer network is considered to be the Internet” (ECJ). It is understood that many of the newcomers belonging to the computational term network production nest are also computational terms performing a reference function. It is worth noting that a large part of them appeared as counterparts of various new borrowings, e.g.: web page (web page), web (World Wide Web), subnet (subnet, subnetwork), blog (blog). 2.Among the new words, as is usual in the stages of nominative development (Цу рупа 1984: 181; Cichocki 1996: 779), nouns predominate (77 per cent; e.g., videoblogger). Verbs are almost six times less common (14%; e.g., networking), adjectives – eleven times (7%; e.g., networking), adverbs are only a few (2%; e.g., web-based). 1 PAV. Distribution by language parts (%) 3. Most (80%) of the new creations are Lithuanian, e.g., tinkladraugis. Only a fifth (20%) of new creations are hybrid, i.e. they also have a borrowed element, e.g. a photoblog. Among the hybrid forms, the most common are stumbling forms (16; e.g., megatinklas), almost three times fewer are derivatives of international prefixes (6; e.g., subtink las), and the rarest are new forms with non-Lithuanian suffixes (3; e.g., tink listas). J. GIRČIENĖ. New words with accent (-)tinkl-167 4. Most of the novels discussed are considered typical works. They represent all forms of work4 (see Figure 2). 2 PAV. Distribution of novelties by method of production (percentage) About half (48%) of novelties are punched, e.g., net-woven. Less than a third (16) of the 59 punches are hybrids, such as scouting. It should be noted that about half of such punches consist of hybrids of punches and international elements that were not typical of Lithuanian word formation before, e.g., videoblog. The 53 stitches are one sand of the noun net, 6 – blog, e.g.: darbonet, pseudoblog. It should be noted that even more nouns have an enriched stem, which together with the stitches make up more than half of the study sample of new words – a total of 73 units, since 14 (multi-level) stitches are Vedic base words, e.g., fotonetklaštininkas, bloglaraštėti. The abundant derivatives of punch lines are to be considered as a new tendency in poetry, which emerged in recent decades (Keinys 1979: 155; Gaivenis 1980: 31; Mikelionienė 2000: 10–12, 17; Girčienė 2005: 53–54 and others). This is most likely due to the need for more precise nomination to facilitate communication, which is expressed in an effort to approximate the lexical meaning of the construct and the meaning of the action (see Girčienė 2005: 54 et al.)5. These processes are also typical of other 4 Recursive derivatives are considered as representatives of a distinct form according to DLKG: 406-409. 5 Using the derivative as a lexical unit, it would seem that its motivation, the meaning derived from the structure of the derivative itself, should remain in the shadow (Gaivenis 1996: 31). However, derivatives are secondary nominative units, in which information is recorded not only about a certain object of reality, but also about certain relations between things of reality and the words that name them (Jakaitienė 1988: 24, 92). While the motivation of the entity remains clear, its functioning 168 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 84 languages (Picone 1996: 15) (substantive conjugations are discussed in more detail in subsection 5.1 of the analysis of noun formation). yet different from the ordinary word. The structure of word formation indicates the guidelines for its use, prevents the lexical meaning from going beyond certain limits (Urbutis 1978: 56-64). Of the various lexical variants, those whose sound form is not misleading and maximum informative usually prevail in usage (Urbutis 1978: 63–65; Haugenas 1994: 23; Skardžius 1997: 79–80; 2005: 107–127. 3 PAV. Distribution of adverbs according to the number of verbs J. GIRČIENĖ. New words with accent (-)tinkl-169 Slightly less common (36%) than stitches are derivatives of suffixes, e.g., tinklija. About one-tenth (11%) of the new forms consist of prefix derivatives, such as betinklis. Very rarely, recurrence (3%; e.g., reticulated)6 and limb (2%) derivatives, e.g., nets. 20 different suffixes were used for the 64 Vedas, three of which are non-Lithuanian (see Figure 3); 12 different prefixes, of which five are foreign: two prefixes neir and supervedinius each; one be-, in-, out-, after-, over-; anti-, inter-, meta-, subderived; 2 different endings: one -is and one -us derivative. Among derivatives, noun derivatives predominate (73 per cent; 47), verb derivatives make up less than a third (27 per cent; 17). Figure 3 shows that the most common formants are the suffixes -imas and -ininkas. 5.It has already been mentioned that most of the new words with accent (-)netkl are nouns, so they will be the main focus in the future. Among the 95 nouns, punctual nouns also predominate (62 per cent), followed by less than half of the derivatives of suffixes (29 per cent), less than one tenth of the derivatives of prepositions (7 per cent), and the rarest are the derivatives of endings (2 per cent). 5.1. The majority (75%) – 44 out of 59 – of the punches, as usual in Lithuanian (cf. DLKG 151; Keinys 1999: 69), are made with the second noun sandu. Among them, the most popular noun is tinklas – such a second sand has 21 punctuations, of which almost half are with a connective vowel, e.g. naudatinklis. The second most frequently used word is blog, which is the second word of 6 other second-level words, e.g., microblog. It should be noted that all punches with such a second string are hybrid: their first strings are international elements photo-, video-, micro-, macro-, etc. These enriched nouns in usage usually compete not only with the borrowed noun, but also with its two-word Lithuanian equivalent: e.g. audiotinklaštis and audioblogas, garso tinklaraštis. Among the punches with the second sandu network hybrids are almost half, for example, meganet. Some of them are attributable to atypical, single-use stitches, such as social networks. Among them there are stylistically marked new words, in addition to the reference, performing an emotional expressive, metallinguistic function (see Jakobson 2004: 10–17 and so on), e.g. 6 Words of such a morphological structure can also be regarded as prepositional derivatives of recombinant verbs, in this case netlintis (see V. Urbutis’s insights into derivatives with an unsettled order of construction steps: Urbutis 1978: 91–93). 170 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 84 narrow or divide according to its content. Then you will also need a "scramble", "scramble", "porn network" and so on. [inter. com.]. Most of the compound nouns with the second noun verb are determinative, i.e. their first verb defines, narrows the meaning of the second verb (Urbutis 1961: 68; LKG I: 457; DLKG: 151). Over one-sixth (13) of punches have the second verb form, e.g., netlavalda. This corresponds to the tendencies of the Lithuanian language in terms of the construction of new verbs: it is stated that only about every fifth verb is based on a verb in the second verb (Keinys 1999: 69). The first syllable of all of them is noun (network) and all of them have the connective vowel -a-, except one (networkmaker, but the synonym networkmaker is also used). In most of the punches discussed, the first sandu traditionally says the object of the action represented by the second sandu, e.g. media. Traditionally, both of these types of punches are usually used with underived stems, e.g., netlatarša (cf. Girčienė 2005: 68). Only two puns have different sands: one of them is an adjective: tinklapalaikis; the other – expressed by a non-independent international element: network (see Mikelionienė 2000: 132 et al.). In summarizing the stitches, it is said that only a few of them are already in force in the computing terms of use, outcompeting duplicate borrowings. This can be a website, a blog, a web. The new puns weblaipa, netlaveika, netlašmogis are also spreading in Vartosen. By the way, the latter is not only the equivalent of borrowed internet user: there are texts where this new word is used in a narrower, specialized meaning than internet user – it is “young internet pioneers aged 20-29 who want to try all innovations first, handling matters online is their everyday life; Internet is necessary for them as a form of self-expression, necessary to communicate, spend free time.” See other types of Internet users: purposeful, social, inert, conservative (see http://mediametamorfozes.wordpress.com/2011/02/05/interneto-vartotoju-paveikslas-lietuvoje-2011-m/). 5.2 Among the new adverbial nouns (27) derived with 12 different suffixes, there are almost twice as many noun derivatives (65%) as verb derivatives (35%). In general, prepositional nouns represent six categories of action. The most numerous is the category of possessors of noun characteristics (31%), which includes derivatives of three different suffixes. The last of these is the productive suffix of this category -nik (cf. DLKG: 94). Six new forms: blogger, photoblogger, microblogger, videoblogger, webmaster, J. GIRČIENĖ. New words with the suffix (-)tinkl-171 are also new forms – (step-by-step) conjugations with the suffix -tinklrefer to persons according to their profession, hobby or subject (cf. DLKG: 114). Of the aforementioned derivatives, the first one that has become the most commonly used is the equivalent of the also very common new loan word blogger, which serves as a reference. Other novelties, focusing on blogs and naming narrower, partial concepts, are also likely to spread. Two other novelties belonging to the category of noun possessors – the suffix -išius derivative tinklišius and the derivative with the international suffix -istas – tinklistas are derivatives of the noun tinklas. Data on usage show that these are one-time, stylistically marked novelties, performing, in addition to the referential, an emotional expressive, metal-linguistic function, e.g. : Under this term it is possible to form other, precisely stating some other field (even quite narrow!) specialist to the bone marrow (who first said reticles?;-) [intern. com.]; Surely, contact Algerdas, he is a strong netlist with us [intern. com.]. It should be noted that playfulness, linguistic play, is considered a distinctive feature of the postmodern era, which is generally characterized by neologisms (Lapėnienė 2007; Lyotard 2010: 32 et al.). The second most frequent category is the category of action names, or abstract verbs (23%). It includes the six most productive derivatives of the suffix -imas (cf. DLKG: 94) in this category: bloglaštinimas, bloglaščiavimas, tinkl(i)avimas(is), tinklėjimas, tinklinimas(is), į(si)tinklinimas. These are step-by-step derivatives of individual usage (except for the last two), whose base words are also derivatives of the sample. Slightly fewer new forms belong to the category of possessors of characteristics, or noun abstracts (15%). These are four derivatives of three different suffixes -umas, -ystė and international -izmas. One of them is a first-degree derivative – not quite typical noun network derivative netlumas. The derivatives of this suffix are usually made from adjectives (see DLKG: 100–101), cf. the other – adjacent – derivative netliškumas. Other derivatives of this category, whose base words are the sample new forms blogaraštystė and blogaristizmas, should be considered as stylistically marked competing lexical variants, so far, like the other two, are very rare in usage. In usage, the derivatives of the suffixes -ija and -ynas, which belong to the category of place names with the same number of new forms (15%), tend to spread. The latter, although not quite typical, successfully competes with the new loan blogosphere (see Girčienė 2008). 172 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 84 6. In summary, nearly one sixth of the new words (22) with the suffix (-)netklare the base words of other new forms, which constitute about one third of the total sample (44). Most of them have only one derivative, e.g.: netlashman → netlashmanish; networking → networking; netting → netting. A few words are the basis of two or three derivatives, e.g.: netlaveika → netlaveikininkas, netlaveikinis; webpage → webpage, webpage, webpage. The most extensive blog of the new compound noun is tvorba niza. This new word is the base word of 19 new forms, e.g.: blogas → blogininkas, blogaštiškas, bloglaraštija, blogaraštynas, blogauti, microblogas (see all cases in the list of new words). It is also the focus of eight-tier derivatives, such as: blog, bloguistically, bloging, microblogger. Clearly motivated, systematic (forming an adequate system for foreign words), comparatively economical and productive new creations with the root (-)tinklašt-, rapidly spreading in usage, are able to compete not only with duplicate borrowings, but also with other equivalents: cf. blog and blog, asmenraštis, interneto dienoraštis (for more on the competition tendencies of borrowings with the root (-)blog and their multi-rooted equivalents, of which more than half are made up of those with the root (-)tinklašt-, see p. (2008). CONCLUSIONS In the last decade, 123 new words have appeared in the usage – new derivatives with the suffix (-)netkl-, e.g.: įsitinklinti, betinklas, žiniatinkliškai. Among them, Lithuanian new developments predominate (80 per cent), while hybrid developments, such as megagrids, make up only one fifth of the sample. There are many new creations that are equivalents of various new borrowings, some of which are considered to be computer terms, such as the web. Thus, word formation remains an important counterbalance to another way of creating new words – the borrowing process. There are also such new forms, including those with stylistic connotations that are particularly characteristic of postmodernity, performing emotional, expressive, metalinguistic, etc. functions that are not related to specific borrowed and computer terms, e.g., plepatinklis. The periods of nominative development are characterized by the predominance of nouns among the new words (77%). Most of the new works are considered typical works. Among the more general new tendencies of word formation, it is worth mentioning the formerly non-existent J. GIRČIENĖ. New words with the accent (-)netkl-173 have lost hybrids of punctual and international accents, as well as a wealth of punctual derivatives, e.g. videoblog, webpage. Even about half (48%) of the sample consists of puns, among which traditionally predominate determinants, having the second noun sand, e.g., tinkladraugis. The frequency of compound words, which were not so typical of Lithuanian language before, confirms the tendency of their increase in recent decades. This is probably due to the need for more precise nomination that facilitates communication – in the usage, innovations usually take effect, whose audible form is not misleading and maximally informative: this reduces the memory load, facilitates the integration of new words into the active vocabulary pool. Second in frequency (36%) are the derivatives of suffixes, e.g. netlija. About one-tenth (11%) of the new forms consist of prefix derivatives, such as subnet. Very rarely, recurrence (3%) and limb (2%) derivatives. In total, 20 different suffixes, 12 prefixes and 2 endings were used in Vedic writing. The most common formants are the suffixes -imas and -ininkas: six derivatives were found for the abstract (e.g., blogavimas) and noun (e.g., blogininkas) categories of verbs. almost one sixth of the new words with the element (-)netklare the base words of other new forms, which make up more than one third of the total sample (36 %). The most abundant blog of the new compound noun is darymo lizdas (27). The rapid processes of lexicalization and socialization – branching of the work, high frequency of use of some new creations, e.g.: webpage, blog, blogger, web site, web, ability to compete with various branches of borrowing and other equivalents, electronic discourse favourable to most new words with the accent (-)net allow us to talk about the linguistic and social insight of the authors of new words and possible further development. Alphabetical list of new words (-)NETWORKLIST antiwebpage audiowebpage wireless worknet photowebpage photowebpage prewebpage infoweb internet intranet outnetting outnetting into (si)networking innetting innetting macrowebpage megaweb metaweb microwebpage microwebpage utilitywebpage