Keli probleminiai rašybos ir skyrybos ženklų vartojimo atvejai

O. L. Gudzinevičiūtė. Several problematic cases of spelling and punctuation 121 ONA LAIMA GUDZINEVIČIŪTĖ University of Šiauliai A FEW PROBLEMATIC Cases of use of spelling and punctuation marks KEY WORDS: literacy, spelling recommendations, computer printing. In addition to letters and numbers, the text uses a wide variety of symbols to provide additional information. In the written language, punctuation also performs different functions. The aim of this article is to discuss the use of less common signs and several problematic cases of spelling and punctuation. many support the view that “<...> the system of characters, like the spelling itself (writing methods and rules) and punctuation, is a matter of agreement, the outer shell of the language <...>” (Pupkis 2005: 231). Unfortunately, there are still remaining or new facts that show that linguists have not clearly defined theoretically and practically indicated how to use some things, especially those that have become relevant due to the general computerization. The spelling and punctuation cases discussed in this article are discussed or mentioned in many standardized language publications, but today this should be clarified, because there is a lack of clear, specific, reliable recommendations to improve the quality of computer-printed text. Speech to the Women The following punctuation marks are used in Lithuanian: period (. ), comma (, ), semicolon (; ), colon (: ), hyphen (- ), question mark (? ), exclamation mark (! ), multiplum (... ); brackets: opening ( ( ), closing ( ) ); quotation marks (opening ( ‘ ), closing ( ‘ )) (PPSt 2009: 3). This publication mentions that "the end of lines and verses is marked with slashes and combinations of signs. In the Lithuanian Language Handbook (hereinafter referred to as LKŽin) the following additional 122 LALBOS KULtūRA | 85 niais“ (PPSt 2009: 13), but such a sign is not listed among the punctuation marks. Juozas Abaravičius has written that there are more tabs: comma and hyphen, apostrophe, footnote star, slash, space between words, paragraph indent, etc. (Abaravičius 2002: 9). Aldonas Pupkis also states: “Sometimes the comma and the hyphen (, –) are considered separate signs, and the hyphen is considered together with the hyphen as a matter of spelling. In addition to the 10 basic characters, there are other punctuation symbols: apostrophes, footnote stars, slashes1, spaces between words, paragraph indents, etc. (they can also be considered as spelling items) <...>“ (Pupkis 2005: 235). combinations are provided:? ! ? !. !.. ?.. (LKŽin 1998: 349) indicates that some signs, such as an exclamation mark and a question mark, may be enclosed in brackets. Jonas Balkevičius has written: „At the end of the questioning clause, in addition to the exclamation mark and question mark2, in certain cases <...> can be added a period (two more periods are added) <...>, e.g. : What's going on?!.. Mr. Cvir." (Brown 1963: 429). In the publication Lietuvių kalbos rašyba ir skyryba (hereinafter – LKRS) it is mentioned that instead of a point only one point (?!.) is written (LKRS 1992: 135)3. When students, schoolchildren, other writers are asked what these signs are, the answer is given by naming them in turn: question mark, exclamation mark, period. In general, it is written quite freely, e.g. : Or do you read without being disturbed by the hustle and bustle of the city, the noise of cafes, the humming of the train, the sound of the sea...?4 Traditionally, a sentence should end with a question mark and a colon (?.. ) – analysis can help to understand both the use of signs and the meaning of the sentence. When an emotional tone is to be emphasized, two or three exclamation marks or question marks can be written, e.g. : Bravo, right, we agree, we agree!!! <...> 1 A. Pupkis mentions precisely the slash (see Pupkis 2005: 234, 235), not the dash. What spelling cases the author has in mind is not explained. 2 would be more accurate to write "without question mark and exclamation mark". for those who understand, the word order is not a problem. but we have already seen written signs (!? ) in writing works. 3 The second part of the publication Lietuvos kalbos rašyba ir skyryba (Lithuanian spelling and hyphenation) was declared invalid in 2006 (see Decision of the State Lithuanian Language Commission No. n-5 (106) of 28 September 2006). that is, a part of the divorce matters (that which does not fall under the PPSt) remained more clearly unregulated. Therefore, certain provisions of this publication (including those concerning combinations of several signs at the end of a sentence) are also contained in later publications, such as LKŽin) – note by the editor. 4 Some examples are taken from colleagues’ works, edited manuscripts or generally quoted only as an important part of the sentence to illustrate the subject under analysis, therefore authorship and sources are not indicated. Authors' spelling (usage) is often corrected by publishing editors. The article emphasizes the use, drawing attention to the problems. O. L. Gudzinevičiūtė. Some problematic cases of spelling and punctuation 123 (LKRS 1992: 136). If used too often, these repetitive signs may lose their impact. Of course, their use also depends on the style of the text. Some characters are paired: brackets, quotes, commas and hyphens are paired in the case of separation. The use of pairs and single signs differs in the sentence. For example, parentheses in a sentence can be written for different purposes: in the first case, parentheses indicate information, in the second – deduction: “Prepositions are written separately from word samples (a) and from word combinations (b), e.g. : a) among other things, among other things, among other things <...>; b) until now, until now <...>” (LKRS 1992: 52). There are not many pairs of signs, but they can be special – they are single quotes. In the scientific literature, the meaning of the word in the text varies. is usually written either as: babelis „confusion, disorder“ (LKRS 1992: 64), or as: ledas ‘frozen water’. The LKRS states: “The names of cultural plant varieties are written in capital letters and separated by single quotes” (LKRS 1992: 64). It is explained that "such writing is unified internationally. Quotations may not be used when the name is given in a different font or with a special reference to the variety” (LKRS 1992: 64), examples are given: ‘Vengrinė’ (plum variety), ‘Akuotieji’ (wheat variety), ‘Senga Sengana’, etc. By the way, in the textbook Lithuanian language (hereinafter – LK i) different quotes are written: strawberries „Senga Sengana“ (LK i 1995: 321). The most recent variant of writing single quotes is logically understandable – one Lithuanian quotation marks („ “). However, it is difficult to get used to this spelling, because the opening quotation mark (the plural singular use of the noun becomes real here) looks like a comma, only written after a space, after which the word is already written, e.g.: „kirtis yra tarsi kalbos siela“; Lo. segmentum, ‘a section, a piece’ (Stundžia 2009: 12). double and single quotes of the same style (graphics) are used here. another problem – is it possible to write double characters? For example: <...> placenames are also used in symbolic names, especially often in the names of sports teams and clubs, wellness complexes or recreation bases, etc.. the Consultation Bank of the Lithuanian State Language Commission (hereinafter – vLKK) states: “When two quotation marks, parentheses come together, one quotation mark, one parenthesis is written (as when two commas or other punctuation marks come together), e.g. : Utenos Utenos beer has risen in price. The source can be indicated in various ways (in footnotes, in brackets (www.delfi.lt), it is important that the reader gets the necessary information), but it is also added: “If the end of the sentence encounters an abbreviation point (e.g., abbreviations, etc., the European Union Institutions’ Publications 124 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 85 etc., etc.) and the end of the sentence, one period is also added. Sometimes, for clarity in complex texts, double brackets may be used: ((0.990 – 1.18)/0.12 = –1.6); ...was only interested in the 20th century (A. Žigaitytė, opera „Mažvydas“ (1987), „Žilvinas ir eglė“ (2002)) and so on.” (http://www.vlkk. lt/lit/7696)5. therefore the sentence (<...> place names are also used <...>) must have one period at the end. But brackets are usually doubled, e.g. : This matter will have to be raised before the (= committee; will have to consult the committee (committee)) (KP 2(2) 2003: 87). Preparation Manual (hereinafter – iLRv) indicates that double brackets can be written if necessary according to the meaning: poly(oxy(dimethylsilene)); This treaty (between the European Union and Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)) was signed in February 1992. This publication recommends single quotes: The Commissioner noted that “there was a dispute about Microsoft; it states that ‘[d]obbel quotes are not recommended but may be used if necessary: The Commissioner noted that ‘there was a dispute about Microsoft’’ (ILRV 2011: 151–152). It is difficult to write the opening double quotes and the opening single quotes (and the closing ones), quote in a quotation, etc., but quotation is not the subject of this article. There are various types of brackets, for example: ( ) – simple brackets or simply brackets; [ ] – square brackets; { } – brackets; < > – square brackets, etc. The meanings of the signs or additionally used signs are always explained, for example, in the Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (hereinafter – dLKG) it is written: „Examples written by phonetic transcription, if necessary, are given in square brackets „[ ]“ <...>; diagonal brackets ‘/ /’ indicate phonological transcription, brackets ‘{ }’ indicate morphological or morphological transcription” (dLKG 1997: 21). Some letter abbreviations are conjugated when necessary, then the conjugation endings are written "in lowercase letters after a dash or apostrophe, e.g. TASS-o or TASS'o report" (LKRS 1992: 74). According to Stasys Keinis, it is still necessary to discuss how to write: “<...> it is not clear why (and in some other cases, for example, in the spelling of some foreign real names) the rare, apparently borrowed affinity with a hyphen is needed instead of the apostrophe” (Keinys 2005: 189). The LKRS says that abbreviated official words, separated from the surname by an apostrophe, can be asmen5...susidomėjata – here after the period as if there is no space (it would be appropriate to write <...> and leave a space). O. L. Gudzinevičiūtė. There are several problematic spelling and punctuation uses 125 at the beginning of the name and capitalized, e.g. : L’Ange, O’Henry, D’Abernon, and inside a personal name – lowercase, e.g. : Jeanne d’Arc, Marseille l’Herbier (LKRS 1992: 88). The apostrophe is also needed when Lithuanian endings are added to non-Lithuanian names, e.g. : Larousse et al. (LKRS 1992: 89). Apostrophe – “a spelling sign – a comma, written in the upper part of a line instead of an omitted vowel, e.g., French “l’ homme”6 instead of “le homme”, after a soft consonant in phonetic transcription, before Lithuanian endings of abbreviations, e.g., tASS’as” (tŽ 1985: 41). In later editions, only the final part of the definition has been clarified: „prieš lietuviškas endings after authentic real names ending in an unpronunciable vowel or consonant, e.g., de Gaulle’is (tŽ 2001: 60), but it is stated that the apostrophe is a spelling sign (see vLe 2001: 664; LKe 2008: 28). In scientific papers, bibliography, documents, sometimes there is a transcription of foreign words for the paraphrase. transliteration is the use of diacritics to translate the original language form more accurately, e.g.: rus. Kuzmina – Kuz%mina7 (Ambrazas 2008: 14). in such cases, the apostrophe indicates the softness of the consonant. There is no uniformity in publications, for example. : Kacnel’son (Kacn’elson), Koval’ (Koval), Rol’ [человеческого...] (Pool...), but Chidekel (Hidekel), Košel (Košelj), Ulman, Volf (see Gudavičius 2009: 239–254). In the coherent text, the real names are transcribed using the alphabet of their own language – written Kuzmina (Кузьмина), Olga (Ольга)8 and so on. BRūKŠneLiS, BRūKŠnYS, tARPAi iR KitA The differences in the usage of dashes and hyphens are defined quite clearly in the normative Lithuanian language publications. It was previously used as a punch mark, but is now considered a spelling mark. When printing text, the hyphen between the connecting words or parts of them is always written without spaces on both sides. There are several problematic use cases when you have to decide what (line or dash) to print, and also know – to print with spaces on both sides or without them. 6 printed with space after the apostrophe. In the book of Ambroz 7 v. is written exactly such an apostrophe. 8 for more details. : Transliteration of surnames, names and place names from Russian to Lithuanian and from Lithuanian to Russian, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1990. 126 TALBOS KULtūRA | 85 rules specify that between two independent names9 of the same person, e.g. Kymantaitė-Čiurlionienė, between the surname and the nickname, e.g. Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, a dash is written (the exception is two names, first name or surname and forename, etc.) (for more details see http://www.vlkk.lt/nutarimai/rasyba/bruksnelis.html). S. Keinys points out that “<...> in practice the spelling of personal names is usually expanded – and the unchanged or partially unchanged parts of double surnames are connected by a hyphen, e.g. : Urniežiūtė-Lambergs, VelskopfHenrich, Žolio-Kiuri and others would certainly be logical and justified to formulate the rule in question more broadly, i.e. not to associate the spelling of surnames with the reading of accents, because this would also help to distinguish unknown composite surnames from the name or names” (Keinys 2005: 187). so it would always be clear that a hyphen separates two names. The vLKK website on personal names says: “when married, a woman can choose a double surname, consisting of her maiden and post-marriage surnames, such a surname is written with a dash, e.g. Authors: Rūta Simutytė-Gaidienė, Asta Butkė-Jurgaitienė, Jolanta Radzevičienė-Budrė. (double surname may be inconvenient to use, because it is quite long, and shortening the surname in official documents is not allowed.)“ (http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/nutarimai/asmenvardziai). It is clear from the rules that names consisting of the surnames of two persons, rather than two surnames of one person, must be spelled differently, with a hyphen without spaces, e.g. : Ivanov-Toporov ethnolinguistics, Sepiro-Vorf hypothesis, etc. When names are added to surnames, this rule is not followed in practice (written differently), e.g. : The concept of Alexander Potebnia – Solomon Kacnelson (Gudavičius 2009: 59); Fr. Klugės-A. Goetz, <...> A. Wald-J. Pokorny <...> žodynai (Ambrazas 2008: 3310) and others. The hyphen must also be written in the double name of the geographical object, e.g. North Rhine-Westphalia (http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/nutarimai/rasyba/bruksnelis.html). With the hyphen dLKŽ6e the following placenames are given (mostly countries, regions): Baden-Württemberg, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, Castile-La Mancha, Castile-Leon, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony-Anhalt, Champagne-Ardenne, North Ossetia-Alania, North Rhine-Westphalia, Schleswig-Holstein. The names of the countries can be joined by a hyphen, e.g. Bos9 Both alternate surnames (LKRS: 56). unchangeable words forming the surname and first name to the interchangeable words or not connected by a dash, e.g. : Tallat Kelpša, Put Puterleckis et al. 10 Transcription of P. Skardžius' names quoted by the author. O. L. Gudzinevičiūtė. Several problematic cases of spelling and punctuation usage 127 nija i Hercegovina (dLKŽ6e). unwritten hyphen in adapted names, e.g. Sankt Peterburg (dLKŽ6e). There are exceptional cases when it is necessary to clarify, to clarify what is meant: “Regis, not with a dash, but with a dash should be written the name of Dubysos-Ventos perkasas <...>, because here the boundaries are told by the names of the rivers (called, Dubysos-Ventos perkasas)”. (Keinys 2005: 188). The hyphen between generic nouns is recommended to be avoided. When nouns are syntactically equivalent, but denote not one but two things, they are joined not by a hyphen but by a conjunction and, for example: kultura i edukacja (not kultura-edukacja), dochody i wydatki (not dochody-wydatki). the origins of such nouns, which are in single-word forms, but do not denote the concept of a single thing, are also connected not by a hyphen, but by a conjunction and (or) and, e.g.: Baltic and Slavic relations (not Baltic-Slavic). the same applies to the conjugation of proper nouns, e.g. : Lithuania-Iceland Treaty (not Lithuania-Iceland11) (http://www.vlkk.lt/nutarimai/rasyba/bruksnelis.html). When it is written Rulers of the Lithuanian-Polish Republic (Ambrazas 2008: 12) – a completely different meaning. Similar things are discussed in the discussion of the rules of writing a dash. In the Office Language Guidelines (hereinafter – KancKPi) it is written: “a dash is written between words signifying bilateral relations: Concluded a purchase-sale (although preferably trade) contract. Lithuania–Belarus12 (preferably Lithuania and Belarus) negotiations have begun”; further clarified: “one word is often sufficient to describe bilateral acts as well: transfer of documents (not transfer-acceptance), contract for the purchase of a house (not purchase-sale). If bilateral relations are nevertheless described by two words, a dash, not a hyphen, should be written between them.” (KancKPi). Judita džežulskienė believes that in such cases the hyphen replaces the hyphen and (Celiešienė, džežulskienė 2009: 244). It is not easy for language users to identify bilateral actions, bilateral relations, etc. The hyphen is a punctuation mark (LKRS 1992: 136-137), used in two ways: with spaces and without them. A hyphen is written between two or more words or numbers, indicating the boundaries of place, time, quantity, order of objects and phenomena (e.g.: The train Vilnius–Kaunas will leave on time. Visitors are accepted from 12.30–16.30 hours. I visit the library 2–4 times a week). On the fact that there is no need for spaces, LKRS 11 A dash is written. 12 here is a dash, cf. footnote 11. 128 TALBOS KULtūra | 85 is not mentioned, although the examples given show the gaps left (LKRS 1992: 234). LKŽin (1998: 376) is written clearly: “between the words or numbers marking the boundaries a dash is inserted without any spaces”. S. Keinys adds: “The spelling of languages in the titles of translation dictionaries, for example, “Latvian–Lithuanian Languages Dictionary” (in the first half of the 20th century and in the middle of the 20th century, these names were usually written with a dash), can be linked to the marking of boundaries. in fact, in such cases a distinctive mark is required, and such, as said, is a dash’ (Keinys 2005: 185–186). However, how to print, with or without spaces, the line indicating the limits, the digits indicating the interval, between which are also inserted abbreviations or other words, is not specified in the literature, e.g.: late 19th century – early 20th century; 19th c. pp. – 20th c. LKRS is an example of how the date is written: 1984 02 01 – 1984 03 15 was on a mission (LKRS 1992: 80). Examples of rules when writing a dash to mark the boundaries of objects, phenomena, are also written in the publication with spaces on both sides of the dash, e.g. : The diesel train Vilnius – Klaipėda was approaching the port city <...> (LKRS 1992: 234). so 20 years ago, when the book was published, there was no attention to the gaps. The iLRv states that a hyphen, which is not separated from the text, is written between spaces: “between two or more independent words or numbers, denoting the boundaries (interval, scope) of place, time, quantity, sequence, etc. of objects and phenomena: high-speed train Luxembourg-Paris, pp. 21–23, articles 150–204, classes 5–8, English–Lithuanian dictionary, pupils on holiday in June–August, 2006–2009, 15–22 May, [the most interesting examples are given below – O. L. G.] 1 January 2003–31 December 2006, 1 January 2003–31 December 2006” (iLRv 2011: 149). There is a note next to it: "for clarity, a dash with spaces can be written: • between an abbreviated word and a digit (or word), e.g. : The conference took place from 29 November to 1 December 2010. The course is scheduled to be completed in three months (15 September 2010 – 1 December 2010). (15 December 2010). europa XIIII a. pab. – Xiv a. pr. • between digits with groups separated by spaces: 2003 01 01 – 2006 12 31 100 000 000 – 300 000 000.“ O. L. Gudzinevičiūtė. Several problematic spelling and punctuation uses 129 therefore, when there are only two possible variants (dashes with and without spaces), “for the sake of clarity”13 it is possible to write optionally. Other cases of printing (not printing) a dash and spaces are discussed in iLRv: a dash not separated from the text by spaces is written in cases of established spelling: the law of purchase-sale contracts, the act of handover-acceptance of works. The hyphen is not written between independent words denoting bilateral relations: Lietuvos–Polskios santykiai14 (must be Lithuanian–Polish relations), Lietuvos–Latvijos derybos (must be Lithuanian–Latvian negotiations), ES–JAV bendradarbiavimas (must be EU–US cooperation). The hyphen is not written between words related to ownership (the conjunction and is written): joint Lithuanian-Swedish enterprise (not joint Lithuanian-Swedish enterprise), Lithuanian-Belarusian border (not Lithuanian-Belarusian border) (iLRv 2011: 149). LKŽin (1998: 375) states: "Hyphens are placed between words denoting the connection or sequence of several phenomena, e.g.: 1. From folklore he artistically reconstructed the mythological relationship between man, nature and the universe. (r.) 2. The overview of individual regions is presented according to the scheme: minerals – industry – agriculture – transport.” There is no comment on whether spaces are required when writing a dash. And how to write words that represent opposition, opposition – with spaces or without them? A few different examples: “<...> Neither the spheres of use, nor the written-verbal form, nor the public-private criteria are appropriate to restrict the general-language-oriented usage without reservation. Perhaps the most important criterion becomes formality-freedom”; “<...> the systemic-non-systemic contradiction reflects the normative-non-normative contradiction of the second dimension”; „<...> forms antonym pairs according to the attribute positive/negative, e.g.: joy – sadness, pride – shame, patience – intolerance, etc.“ ; ‘<...> is used to denote a relation of consequences <...>; „<...> distinguishes dialectic-non-dialectal structure characteristic“; “An important feature is the codification–non-codification of the variant” and others. The opposition, the contradiction can probably be seen as a boundary and write a dash without spaces on both sides. In some cases, where there is a clear alternative, a slash would be appropriate. It could be used to indicate a certain alternative (corresponds to the conjunction or) (see below about the slash), but in the scientific literature should appear remarks, comments. 13 Rūta Marcinkevičienė (2006) has written about the use of quotes. In this case, the quotation marks in the article mean precisely the modality. 14 See footnotes 11 and 12.