Žodžio „vienok“ dalia

BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 THE MOTION OF ARTHUR Lithuanian Language Institute WORD ONE PART Hatšeinesanga through works (as we have already heard in Estonia) we neither gain nor lose anything, but anyway without good works [...] we cannot be on this world WP 148v,30–33. KEY WORDS: borrowed words, inherited vocabulary, codification. The article reviews the use of the word oneok in contemporary language, highlights its main functions, discusses the development of forms and meanings, and reveals the history of codification. The aim of the article is not to explore these topics in depth, but to raise the question of the codification of the word somewhat, to encourage more detailed research and discussion on its evaluation in common language. 1. In all normative works of the contemporary Lithuanian language, the word is considered to some extent unsuitable for general language. In the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language it is marked as not to be used (compared with Polish jednak) and proposed to be replaced by the conjunction however (DLKŽ 2000: 930), the Lithuanian Language Dictionary also considers it a loanword (LKŽe, sub voce). It has also been included in the State Lithuanian Language Commission's Dictionary of Major Language Errors (DKKS) as a non-recognizable error: 1.3.12. vienok = būk, tačiaė, vęss dėlto: Jis turėjo visokių valandų, vienok (= bet, but, nevertheless, he did not break). The same website publishes an article on the Consultation Bank Is it correct to say “he didn’t break” (http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/3599). It answers the question in the headline: "Incorrect. It is not possible to distinguish between Russian and Polish, but the Russian and Polish are mutually intelligible. Therefore, it is corrected one way: but, however, nevertheless, e.g. : He had all kinds of hours, one way (corrected: but, however, nevertheless) he did not break.” In the Lithuanian Language Institute’s Language Consultation Computer Bank, the answer to the question “Why is the word ‘vienok’ cursed?” is: “This word is a pure derivative of the Russian word ‘odnako’. We have that meaning in our own words ‘but’, ‘yet’.” (http://www.lki.lt/lki/kkb/zodis.php?selectzodis=vienok) In these and other similar examples, the word in question acquires various modal meanings. This may be reflected in the tendency to separate it by commas, BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Arthur's Revenge. The word one part | 2 2. In spite of a half-century history of revisions (see section 9), the word one way continues to be used not only in spoken but also in written language. In 2014, the 277 cases of its use were included in the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Textbook (DLKT, accessed 11/10/2014), including 215 from publications. tions, the elements of which are connected by a conjunction Kaip rodo tekstyno medžiaga, žodis vienok dažniausiai eina sudėtinių sujungiamųjų saki- (a) or by the second, postpositional, part of a pair (double) conjunction of compound sentences considered as conjunctives denoting concessional relationships (b). Here are just a few examples: a) We may not like the spirit of Polish literature, but it is warm, it smells of ‘the fluidity of Latin culture’; Seeing so much evil in the world, V. Bubnys does not become pessimistic or cynical. b) Although the inhabitants of Klaipėda did not understand the depth of the art sources, they were somehow accustomed to accepting it; Although I wasn’t happy about this meeting, I didn’t give up at all; Of the Lithuanians, although some were seriously ill, not one died; No matter how unfavorable the objective conditions may be, one cannot build the foundation of one’s new life on cracked ground. Another function of the word egynek, which is not so often reflected in the text, is the reinforcement particle that follows the conjunction o in compound opposing sentences, e.g. : The whole months were dry and sunny, and somehow everyone was very ill; Unbelievably, distorted vital principles have long raged in our country: and yet the majority of the nation, attached to noble ideals, fights. Quite often, an independent subordinate sentence begins with a word like that. In such cases, it plays not so much the role of a switch as of a marker of the discourse, e.g. : In addition to Lithuanians, there is a German music group in Klaipeda. However, in their actions there are no sincere artistic intentions; The country's budget may lose a large part of its revenue and bankruptcy may threaten instead of economic upturn. Only such a law encourages foreign direct investment; The journey seemed to have lasted forever. It all ended well. e.g. : Here are very sad forecasts. Maybe it won't be that bad. However, the lawyers should not worry, because who knows who, and they, it seems, will not lack work; The LDK period is studied by scholars from various fields: historians, art historians, etc. However, written sources, and even more iconography, describing Lithuania in the 13th–15th centuries – very little. In addition to the 2013-14 season, the team has also played in the 2014-15 season (see the 2014-15 season table). Many of them are close to the spoken language. The use of the word in question is even more varied. In this variant of the language, the particle goes with the conjunctions but (a), but (b) in somewhat opposing sentences, e.g. : a) well here soon everyone gets confused,not what priklausinesi.bet onek,what is this atv-self recently just like that I saw,so I wonder,or lt they are felt? (http://www.motomanai.lt/moto-forumas/moto-tema.8294.page-1.html#pid388139); Well, the newer the anime, the more psychedelic. :) But a brief overview shows how differently the word is BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Arthur's Revenge. The word one-half | 3 nok when you watch these videos - you can see where the Japanese are complexing:) (www.army777.lt/forum/viewtopic.php?f=16&t=2145&start=15). b) To be honest, the exhibition was not very pompous in my eyes, but it was filled with some fun surprises. (www.games.lt/g/news.news_full/35486.2?sev=part); Victory is a victory...but it's a pity that we had to lose the third set (www.doublefault.lt/naujienos/Nesijaudinkit,%20laimëjom/;5). There are also sentences in which the particle is used somewhat in the subordinate sentence of the concession after jungtuko nors, pvz.: Talking about swimming in the lakes: strange water there – from afar it looks blue, but after swimming you don’t become blue:). (www.aphex.lt/2008/07/tatrai/); Android, well, I would not say that clavinova sound very plastic, far from even...:) Although one way if there is a possibility, a real klepas not confused:). (www.programing.lt/gitaraforumas/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=1596). Of course, there are also examples of the use of the word „vienok“ on the Internet, which are more difficult to explain by the internal laws of Lithuanian language development, e.g. : What an injustice, once, / What is most beautiful - so rare, so short... / Lost soul finally / At the feet of faith stumbles. (zaliazole.lt/kuriniai/perziureti/17750); You're a brave girl. Does not pull, there are no brakes, but still his way to Autodina drove:) (www.skundailt.com/skundai-ausegra-ne-taiso-automobilius-o-sugadina-11504-komentarai). used in the current written language. 3. Let us discuss the codification of the word'somewhat'. Is he truly to be rebuked and condemned from common language without further consideration? I don't think so. And here's why. First, the word in question cannot be a direct loan from Polish for phonetic reasons: the sound relationship of Lithuanian vien-ok and Polish jeden-ak roots is not regular. Secondly, the structure of these roots is also different: Polish jeden derives from the samplaika, which was formed by the noun-origin reinforcement particle *(j)e and the numeral root *inъ-; of Lithuanians coincides only with the latter (see Sławski 1952–1956: 544). Thirdly, the word „vienok“ and its variants have been widely used in Lithuanian from the earliest writings1 to the present day. It is known in all variants of the Old Lithuanian written language: in the western – in the writings of Martynas Mažvydas, in Wolfenbüttel’s Postilla, in the translations of Bartlomiejus Vilentas, in the works of Jon Bretkūnas, in Margarita Theologica, in the grammar of Daniel Klein and later, in the Lexicon Lithuanicum and in all the larger dictionaries published later in Prussia; mid-19th century – in the translations of Mikalojus Daukša, Merkelis Petkevičius’ catechism, Jakubas Morkūnas’ postilla, Samuel Baguslav Chylinskis’ Bible translation, etc. ; in the eastern – in Konstantinas Sirvydas’s Punktuose sayings and dictionaries, in Jono Jaknavičius’s translation of the Gospels, in Robert Bellarmine’s Catechism. Fourth, variants of this conjunction are recorded in almost all Lithuanian dialects (see LKŽe, sub voce). 1 The Polish oppositive conjunction jednak was also used only in 16th-century writings; in the old Polish (14th and 15th centuries) the longer form jednako and its variants used only in this sense are recorded (see Dictionary of 1960–1962: 150). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Arthur's Revenge. All this encourages us to look for the origin of the word vienok not abroad, but in the Lithuanian language itself. The eyes are first of all directed to the common roots of adjectives and pronouns used extensively since ancient times: egykas, egykias, egykis, egykes. 4.The existing dictionaries of Lithuanian etymology tell little about the origin of the word. In Ernst Fraenkel's etymology dictionary (1965: 1242) the conjunction is not mentioned, but there rašoma apie būdvardžius vienokas, vienokias, vienokis, prieveiksmį vienokiai. Jie vedami iš lieis one tuvis. In Wojciech Smoczyński’s etymology dictionary (2007: 748) the conjunction jednok, the pronoun jednoks and the adverb jednokie are consistently considered as the limestones (but not direct borrowings!) of the corresponding Polish words of the hybrid construction. Unfortunately, the new Old Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary (German: Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, see ALEW) has not yet published words with the letter {v}. 5. We find much more concerning the subject in the summarizing works of word formation. The formation of the corresponding Lithuanian adjectives and pronouns is perhaps the most extensively discussed by Pranas Skardžys and Saulius Ambraz. None of them thinks that the *-āk type of construction of these adjectives and pronouns with suffix could be foreign to Lithuanian, borrowed. "The creation of the adverb -okadariniai is very old" (1996: 135). According to S. Ambrazo, “the relative nature of numerals with -(i)okas, (-a) in Lithuanian shows that this type of verb is quite old.” (Ambrazas 2011: 95). It is associated not only with Slavic, but also with Germanic (Go. ainaha, s. german. a. einac "the only one"), Italian (Lo. ūnicus "the only one, special") and Iranian (s. i. ēkaká- "the only one, lonely") equivalents (ibid., 112 and lit.). Later, the corresponding adjectives and pronouns in Lithuanian began to be pushed by new derivatives with the suffix -(i)op- (e.g., trejopas, keleriopas). Thus, the nature of the construction suggests that the word is somehow made according to the old Baltic, or perhaps Indo-Germanic, type of adjective construction. 6. Next, let's look at the morphological variants of this word. The 19th volume of the Lithuanian language dictionary provides a considerable number of them. These variants can be divided as follows: 1) jednok and jednog; 2) the same and the same; 3) single; 4) one-way; 5) uniform; 6) uniformly, uniformly. Let's briefly discuss their origin. First of all, I tend to consider the forms with the ending {g} as variants of spelling rather than morphology, possibly resulting from the reconstruction of a supposedly muffled consonant at the end of a word (hypernormalization). Such forms are often found in writings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Simonas Daukantas, Jonas Basanavičius, Antanas Juška) and in Varpas publications. The unfounded spelling of these conjunction variants was discussed by Kazimieras Būga (see section 9.1). Now about other options. Obviously, the form jednok (1) is shortened from the longer form – probably from jednoki (2). The origin of the name has been explained several times. K. Būga associated similar forms of adverbs tolų, artų, ankstų with the metatonic form of the okamieno singular pronoun with the ending *-oi (Būga 1961: 690). Jonas Kazlauskas explained that they originated from the singular ikamieno placeholder with the long ending *-ēi (Kazlauskas 1968: 153). Currently, it seems to be generally agreed that long vowels at the end of words in Indo-Germanic languages have a circumflex prefix (see Kortland 1975: 21tt, 1985; Villanueva Svensson 2011; Pronk 2012), so the interpretation proposed by Kazlauskas has to be abandoned. Nevertheless, and K. Bügos BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Arthur's Revenge. The interpretation of the word jednok dalia | 5 encounters considerable difficulties, because the unjustified intonation of the end of the adverb remains. There have also been attempts to explain it (see Klingenschmitt 2008; Jasanoff 2009), but even these are not entirely convincing. Thus, the relationship between the adjacent forms with -i and -ie (μονόκι and μονόκι) has not yet been sufficiently explained2 (Danielis Petit also comes to this conclusion, having examined the relationship between the adverb forms ankstän and frütiẽ, see Petit 2005: 147). Zigmas Zinkevičius (1981: 169) has expressed a different opinion about the form vienóki (and *vienókia): he considers this form to be the nominative-accusative of the adjective’s nominative genus, from which the later conjunction vienók derives. The form vienokie (3) is a regular derivation of the old o-stem pronoun/adjective vienokas singular pronoun (locative) with the ending *-oi; It is a common occurrence in the northern and southern hemispheres of the Earth. When the accentuated particle was added to oneki, the form onekigi (5) was formed, later shortened to onekig (4). The conjunction vienokiai (6) is probably the latest conversion of the same form adverb with suffix -ai made from the pronoun/adjective vienokis or vienokias. 7. It is not easy to explain how the opposite meaning of the conjunction onek arose. Here is one of the possible interpretations. Adjectively used suffixes *-ā derived from the root singular meaning "same, equal", formed on the basis of the noun meaning "such, certain", e.g. : And they all drank the same spiritual drink Bt1PvK10,4 (LKŽe, sub voce); The earth then had one language and one manner of speaking. The meaning of identity "as well, equally" was apparently retained from the beginning and used in the adverbial forms of their conjugations. The somewhat primitive meaning of identity of the form that emerged from them can still be seen in the following examples of Lithuanian old writing: Jei norint bus naktis cʒeſa: Alba atpencʒ rita meta: Wienok ſchirdis macʒei Diewa: Tikes nerupeſʒudama MžG II 342,7 (e.g.: And if it was until the night / and again at the morning / But sol my hertz at Gods makes / despair not / nor worry). Neſsa afferomis iei miektumbisï wienok důcʒo: But with Palaβais thou dost not sleep. 1250–1260), whose name is not known, and who died in 1260. The adverb used in this way, which becomes a particle and a conjunction, or which has already become a particle and a conjunction, could be compared with the adverb made later from the corresponding adjectives with the suffix -(i)ai, e.g.: [God] lets the sun shine and shine both good and bad people equally SP I 347 (LKŽe, sub voce); Those bees, like one, teip and other, one way or another deal with Nz. (LKŽe, in a low voice). The adverbial (contradictory) meaning of the examined forms could have been formed when they followed the contradictory conjunction due to the reanalysis of syntactic relationships – the adverb (particle) was separated from the verb and assigned to the conjunction. In such cases, it could gradually take over the semantics and later the function of the switch, e.g.: 2 I sincerely thank Miguel Villanueva Svensson for his useful comments and references on this subject. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Arthur's Revenge. 6 Chacʒeineſnga by works (as iau eſt girdeijen) we neißſlußiame nei pelname, but wenakigi be gierrë darbu ſha on ſcha ſweta we cannot be WP 148v,30–33 mėsſän Ewangelikamus riagis daigtai prießęss / iog Wießpatís Chríſtus wienën kartė ännt’ kriėjaus afierawoios / o wienok’ iij kiek’ dienos afierawoia ännt’ altar pagalei estſtatimė io. DP 509,6–9 (Plg.: naśym Evangélikom ʒdádʒa ſij rʒecęy prʒećiwne / ęte Pan Chryſtus raʒ ſij ná Krʒyŭu ofiárował / á prʒedsɑiė go co dzień ofiáruiė ná altarʒu / według wſtawy jego. WuP 554,24–26). And an example from much later times: Whoever wants, believing in me, will die on that light forever, but somehow under the majesty of muno will live S. Dauk (LKŽe, under voice). The adverbial meaning of the conjunction is particularly evident in cases where the content of the connected sentences is opposite (one predicate is negative or in some respect did not correspond to the other), e.g. : Jr iegu ußmirſh, eſ wenaik nebas neußmirſchiu WP 164r,31 Tieſ iog āmmogus ira newalniku Diewo kayp kiti ſutwerimay: wienok dawe iam Wießpats luoſiby / idant kayp noris daritu pagal ſwo noro. SP I 326,21 (Plg.: The truth is that man is a slave of God / as other creatures: the Lord has given him a will / so that he may do whatever he wants / according to his pleasure). In addition, let’s compare the similarly used later conjunction, derived from the adverb of the pledge: Seniukas noris nedrįso, kažkaip ant prašymo Jono visą savo pasakė gyvenimą Rp (LKŽe, sub voce) In such contexts, the conjunction could also form the meaning of “alone, nevertheless, despite it”. The influence of Slavic functional equivalents of this word is not excluded at certain stages of development. Its use in ancient scripts and dialects and the development of its semantics are still awaiting careful study. 8.Let’s see if the described development of the forms and meanings of the word vienok has counterparts in Lithuanian and other languages. 8.1. In Lithuanian, a similar path of development has been taken by a word of similar meaning. The adjective singular or *vienatas (adjectives derived from the numeral pronoun root – vien-) was abbreviated into the singular (local) form, and in old writings it is used as a particle „vien, tik“ (a) and as a conjunction in exclusion sentences (b, cf. present singular, only): a) then welin's thù machinimụ Egƚas ſ: didei maiſkia, and ape tai wenat rupinaſsi and on ta ſawi wiſsu ſulu ſawa, idant as tà makſlạ galetụ apiaurinti papeikti panekinti WP 220r,21 ieg ißnaikíntu / and neṙ kitós priejenaſtīés / del’ ko inġ Baannăcʒiė wêrʒes ir kêmßáś / b) Teiṗ ne tuṙ banicia Díéwo ſkêſni nepriétęl kaiṗ heretikús / kurí wíſsas ſiełóiimas nṫ to yra / idnṫ wienát’ idedennt’ płêßited and draſkîtú / and inġ tûłas ſektás iigbarſtted tas awêles / kures W. Chríſtus Iéſus / tíkras piemą ſurînko wienąben’. DP 303.25 Its origin, development and use are also not sufficiently studied and described. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Arthur's Revenge. The Word One Way | 7 8.2. In Latvian there are also adjectives derived from the suffix *-āk, but they denote a greater quantity of a characteristic (mazāks, labāks; cf. in Lithuanian mažokas, gerokas denoting a limited quantity of a characteristic). The suffixes *-ādovediniai (citāds, trejāds) for numerals and qualitative pronouns have become widespread and are considered a novelty in this language (Ambrazas 2011: 94–95). 8.3 In the Prussian language the suffix *-ākvediniai is not used, but the word ainawijdi „but, indeed“ has probably followed a similar semantic path as in Lithuanian. Vladimir Toporov considers it to be morphologically ambivalent (i.e., unclear; 1975: 61), while Vytautas Mažiulis considers it to be an adverb in which -i has replaced the older -ai (1988: 55). Similarly, the origin and development of the forms ainawīdai and ainawijdi were explained by Jānis Endzelēns. His semantics was similar to that of lie. vienók: vienók(a)s go down. even: equal (1943: 138). The adverb ainawīdai V. Mažiulis considers to be made from the adjective *ainavīds, whose construction and meaning he explains as follows: pr. adj. *ainavīds „one” < *ainavīdas < aina- (see ains) + *vīda- (Endzelīns SV 84, 92), which is related to la. veĩds "appearance, manner", lie. véidas ‘faces; "Izgled" (in Serbian). serb.hr. vȋd “sight, appearance” etc., from gr. εἰδος “appearance” etc., see s. v. widdai; pr. *vīda- (subst.) probably meant „seeing“ > „appearance“ (cf. Trautmann AS 297, Endzelīns SV 84, Fraenkel LEW 1216), thus pr. *ainavī was „someone of the same (= one and the same) appearance“ > „one and the same, similar“, cf. la. pill-shaped „uniform, uniform“ (Mažiulis 1988: 54). Albert Rosine, based on V. Toporov (1975: 51), considers the component *-vīdjau of the words in question as a suffix derived from a word meaning “kind, form, form”. He reconstructs the Prussian qualitative noun *ainavīdas, opposed to the distinguishing *kitavīdas (2009: 305). 8.4. Another parallel to the semantic development of the word is found in ancient Greek. In this case, the pronoun ὁμός "the same, the same", through the adverb ὁμῶς "as well", developed into the opposite particle or conjunction ὅμως "but, nevertheless, nevertheless" (see Bednarczuk 1966: 38; 1971: 127, 150; Frisk 1970: 390; LFE 2004: 706). 9. All the material presented, it seems, allows the word to be considered as its own, Lithuanian, and not borrowed. Now let’s go back to the history of the switch’s codification and find out when and why it was changed. Let’s start with the authorities of Lithuanian linguistics who laid the foundations of common language. 9.1. K. Būga in 1909 explained in „Lingvos dalykai“ that this conjunction should be written <k>, o ne <g> (remiasi forma vienokiai M. Daukšos Katekizme), net neužsimena apie jo galiwith the ending mą, but only indicates that „Vienók, as Daukša (1595, Catholic ed., E. Volteri, page 928) shows, wienoki-g’, was born from the older singular form vienóki, cf. eĩk = eĩki.“ (Būga 1958: 113). Jonas Jablonskis mentions the conjunction once in his grammar of 1901, but only as a means of conjunction of secondary sentences: If the introductory sentence is a concessional sentence or has the meaning of an exculpatory sentence, then the proper sentence that follows it often has the conjunction egyek, csak (only). Examples. Even though the parents are dead, the children have not committed fornication. (Brown 1957: 156). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Arthur's Revenge. In the grammar of 1922, the same sentence is already given with the pair conjunction though and... though (ibid., 351). Furthermore, this grammar says: “if the secondary [sentence] has though, to want that and, then the principal can have but or but...” – apparently, the conjunction is not mentioned here (ibid., 352). This conjunction is mentioned by J. Jablonskis in his most important work on syntax – Syntax of the Lithuanian language, published in 1911. As a consequence, the following examples are given: Although he did not say a single word to one or another, he told a lot. Troba although rotten, I let in some four bobs. Although the weather has cooled a little, everyone’s foreheads are sweaty3. Although the hands are red, the noses are blue, the children dodge the soft snow, braid the hills. (Brown 1957: 250). The second word is the word of the second conjunct. Jablonskis has corrected the sentence with the singular conjunction vienok in 1925: Even those who know the Lithuanian language, will be ashamed to use it in public = Lithuanian language and those who are ashamed to use it in public (shame to speak Lithuanian in public even those who usually speak it and know it) (quoted from: Piročkinas 1986: 163). In this example, however, not only the conjunction onek has been corrected, but the entire syntactic structure of the original sentence has been rearranged. One of the sentences presented by J. Jablonski (but without reference to Žemaitija) in the syntax course, read to Vilnius University students until 1959, is mentioned in the abstracts by Juozas Balčikonis: Although the weather has cooled a little, some sweat is pouring from everyone's foreheads. (Brown 1982: 128). In the important work of Pranas Skardzis, Die slavischen Lehnwörter im Altlitauischen (Skardžius 1998), the conjunction is not mentioned in any way, perhaps it is not considered a loanword. 9.2. In the first post-war decades, the conjunction is somewhat carefully presented, but not yet corrected. It is explained as a synonym but in the Lithuanian language manual published in Germany by the Lithuanian Exile Community (LKV 1950, sub voce). In the first edition of the Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (DLKŽ 1954, sub voce) it is considered an adverb and is also not corrected, only for meaning and usage the reader is directed to the article of the conjunction but. In Jono Balkevičiaus Syntax of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, the conjunction is not mentioned in the sections of conjunctive-contradictory or conjunctive-concessional sentences, but it is still indicated as a possible corresponding part of a double conjunction (with, albeit in an ancillary sentence) (Balkevičius 1963: 317). In the monographic study of Lithuanian scripts in the mui skirta vienuolika paragrafų (Palionis 1967: 201–208). Viename jų specialiai aptarti nelie16th–17th centuries by Jonas Palionis, the conjunctions used are of Lithuanian origin, but the conjunction often used in old scripts is not mentioned at all. 9.3. One of the first to declare the switch slightly irregular was, it seems, Julija Žukauskaitė. In the second volume of Lithuanian grammar (LKG 2 1971) the introductory paragraph of the chapter on the conjunction, written by her, states about contradictory conjunctions: 3 In the nineteenth volume of the Lithuanian language dictionary, published in 1999, this sentence of Žemaitė with a pair conjunction, which J. Jablonskis considered appropriate, though... somewhat, is presented as unusable (LKŽe, su voce). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Arthur's Revenge. Part of the word vienok | 9 There are some conjunctions here (in older writings and dialects – A. J.), which are not to be used at all in literary language, because they are non-normative – non-Lithuanian (alè, àle) or not at all Lithuanian (bìle tìk, vienók). (ibid., 663) On the next page, add: The opposite conjunction egyedül is also known from ancient times. However, in the present literary language it is also (like the conjunction ale – A. J.), so to speak, no longer used. (ibid., 664). In the subsection of connecting discount switches, the pair switch is also mentioned, although... one way: "§1058. In older writings we find occasionally used and coupled conjunction nórs... egyók.” And two examples are given from the writings of Žemaitė and Jonas Biliūnas: Although the hands are red, the noses blue, somewhat dotted on soft snow, braid on slopes... Although the trees were blossoming and exploding in the air, I was still sitting in my room: preparing for the exams BilR1 I 53. (ibid., 695). Nothing has been said about the non-Lithuanianness or inappropriateness of this switch here. In the third volume of this grammar, devoted to syntax (LKG 3 1976), the singular conjunction vienok or parinis nors... vienok is not mentioned at all – apparently, they are considered “not quite Lithuanian” and unpresentable. We would look for the switches in question in vain in the DLKG – they are not mentioned there. Perhaps because of the clearly normative nature of this grammar. 9.4 In publications for the public and schools, which have been published after the academic grammar, the conjunct is corrected somewhat consensually, often without even stating the reason for the correction. Several of the same illustrative examples travel from book to book... The short language guide links the conjunction to Russian однако and Polish jednak and corrects it to але. He had a lot of difficult hours, but the enduring Zemgalist withstood. (TKV 1972: 79). Already in the first edition of the popular publication Language Practice Advices, the value (n. vert.), which is proposed to be replaced by the conjunction however, is somewhat considered as not to be given (KPP 1976: 305). In the second edition, a switch is added to the substitutes. Here are two examples of such a correction: He had many different hours, but he did not break. The treatment was unsuccessful. (KPP 1985: 343). In Aldonas Pupkis’ textbook for higher schools Kalbos kultūros pagrindai (1980) the translator is slightly corrected in the section of lexis rather than syntax as a “completely impossible work”. And “in language culture we call vertal only those words that are not offered for use in common language in any context” (Pupkis 1980: 108). In Arnold Pirochkin's section of Administrative language culture "Conjunctions and particles" it is written: Still there is the old Slavic conjunctions однако, jednak valuation однок, quite easily replaced višku jungtuku tačiau, pvz.: Vienok (= Tačiau) miesto liaudies švietimo skyrius ne visada informuoja lietuapie events. (Piročkinas 1990: 107).