Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m.

BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ University of Vilnius VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ University of Vilnius SPANISH NAMES IN THE LITHUANIA DICTIONARY 1991-2010 ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: vardas, ispaniškas vardas, ispaniškos kilmės vardas, ispaniškos formos vardas, children's names. Pastarųjų dviejų dešimtmečių Lietuvos vaikų vardyne ryškėja nauji vardų davimo polinkiai, iš kurių vienas – retėjantys patys populiariausi asmenvardžiai (Sinkevičiūtė 2014: 3–8; 2014a: 3–8)1. Vis dėlto bendras vaikų vardų skaičius rodo, kad šiais asmenvardžiais vaikai vadinami rečiau ne tik todėl, kad jų gimsta mažiau, bet ir dėl to, kad tėvai vis labiau linksta vaikams duoti naujus, iki šiol nevartotus ar mažai žinomus vardus, kuriuos skolina iš kitų kalbų ar sukuria patys. In addition to Baltic names of different chronological layers and calendar names, new borrowed names have also become common in the current Lithuanian name book: previously unknown personal names borrowed from other languages and variants or abbreviations of names of Christian origin used in Lithuania (LVKŽ 32–33). It is commonly assumed that these pronouns began to spread in Lithuania from the 1920s or 1930s from literary and musical works, from television films (LVKŽ 32–33) and later from television series2. In recent decades, the spread of borrowed names has also been promoted by other means of information and communication – the Internet, printed pseudoscience information literature or people’s desire to give children names of celebrities or their children, etc. The frequency of the name Deuvidas shows that new foreign names were spreading in Lithuanian names in 1991–2010 alongside names of Baltic and Christian origin: in the last decade of the 20th century, so many boys were given the name that this variant of the name Dóvydas, which originated from English, was in the top ten of the most common names in 1991–2010 (Sinkevičiūtė 2014: 3–9). In addition to other names of foreign origin and their variants, the Romanized name of Germanic origin Ármand (Sinkevičiūtė 2011: 3–9) spread in 2005–2010. This shows that in recent decades children are often called new borrowed names, some of which have become very popular. This prompted me to draw attention to one group of foreign names of today – Spanish names and their inventory. 1 This is also noticeable in the Spanish name book (Albaigès 2010: 9) and is probably a general trend in current naming. 2 Employees of the registry offices also speak about this, e.g. Ivašauskaitė 2014, although their comments seem unreliable to the researcher of the nomenclature because of the incorrectly used concepts and subjectively visible names giving tendencies. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. The object of this article is to examine the adapted and dramatized names taken from Spanish given to citizens of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter – LR) born in 1991–2010. Only those names from the Spanish language, which are written with Lithuanian endings according to their pronunciation, were selected for the study. Some names, such as Elvyrà, have long established forms in Lithuanian. Names that do not have the usual Lithuanian endings and do not comply with the general language norms, such as Enrikue, Ines, Isabel, Javier, Karmen, Ricardo, Rocio, Sol, etc., have been abandoned. Names that have formal grammatical indicators – endings, but are pronounced differently in Lithuanian than they are written, e.g. Alejandra, Carmela, Jandra, Rosaria, etc., were also Visi aptariamieji asmenvardžiai kartu vadinami ispaniškais vardais, nes siekta pabrėžti kalexcluded from the study. Therefore, when evaluating Spanish names according to the basis, two types of personal names are distinguished – names according to origin and form. Spanish names are names derived from Spanish vocabulary, such as Esmerálda, Milagrà. Spanish names by form are personal names whose base was not formed in Spanish, but in which they acquired the root forms, e.g., Alejandro. Alejandro; "Andressentas, plg. isp. Andresito. These groups of names are separated because the aim was to highlight the specificity of personal names by assigning names to them; references to dictionaries were provided when a position other than that of LVKŽ was followed or when a second origin was presented. Thus, the main objective of the article is to determine which adapted and spelled Spanish names were given to citizens of the Republic of Lithuania born between 1991 and 2010. 2) distinguish groups of names of Spanish origin and form, indicate their forms used in Spanish and link them with their variants used in Lithuanian; 3) to determine the time of spread of Spanish names in Lithuania and highlight their giving tendencies during the investigated period. The work material was obtained in 2006 from the Population Register Service under the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania through the State Lithuanian Language Commission (hereinafter – VLKK) and supplemented with names of later years. More than 23,000 names given to Lithuanian citizens born in Lithuania and abroad in 1991–2010 were reviewed. In the presentation of names, the members of the compound names are presented as ordinary personal names, with the number of kelianary names with that personal name in the investigated time being indicated in parentheses next to the number of the mononym, e.g. Alòndra 2 (1), Esmerálda 8 (3). When the investigated name was only a member of the path name, then the number next to the name is given only in parentheses. Statistics of all names can be seen on the VLKK website www.vardai.vlkk.lt. Depending on the political events in Lithuania, names from three periods are assigned: foreign names given in the years of independent Lithuania (1918–1940), Soviet times (1941–1990) and after the restoration of independence (1991–2010). It should be added that according to the 2006 data, some of the names are attributed to the beginning of the Soviet era conditionally: the available data do not record all the personal names given to children born in the early 20th century, because those persons may have died before 2006. Nevertheless, such a difference in the periods proved to be meaningful, because it was believed that the names of each group have peculiarities that depend on the cultural situation of Lithuania, political and economic relations with other countries and the influence of public information and communication means. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Spanish names in the Lithuanian name book 1991–2010 | 3 STUDY OF SPANISH NAME AND THEIR PROBLEMS OF DISTINCTION So far, no study has been carried out on the Spanish personal names given to Lithuanian children, but there has been written about their use. Antanas Salys (1983: 3–5), based more on place names than personal names, discussed the differences in spelling and pronunciation of names in 1936 in the journal Gimtoji kalba, and introduced the peculiarities of pronunciation. A. Salys (1983: 3–5) raised the idea that when writing real Spanish names as they are pronounced, one should not deviate from the Spanish pronunciation and distinguished the laws that he advised to follow when adding Lithuanian endings. The rules for adapting Spanish names proposed by A. Sali appear to be close to the current principles of the VLKK for adapting names3. In this regard, Vytautas Amb ras (2008) is also worth mentioning; He also gave examples of Spanish names in his discussion of the principles of adaptation of foreign names. In articles by researchers of the nomenclature, there are comments that names derived from the Spanish language lexicon Gitana, Gitanas are not suitable for use because of the meaning of 1978: 17; 1989: 83). Aptariant, kad daugėja žmonių vardų su įvairiais svetimkilmiais baigmetheir base word (e.g., Maciejauskienė nimis, paminimi and Spanish personal names Lolita, Rosita and others (Klimavičius 2004: 19–20). More individual insights into Spanish names appear not to have been published. Although the Spanish names used in Lithuania are not verified, some of them are among the foreign names submitted by the LVKŽ. The LVKŽ indicates that the following names originated from the Spanish language: Ármandas, Doloresà, Elvyrà, Elvūras, Estelà, Fernánda, Fernándas, Inesà, Karmelà, Ksaverà, Ksavèras, Ksavèria, Lolità, Rodraugs and Rosità. It also states that the names Benità, Bennut and Ferdinand may have been derived not only from Spanish but also from Italian, and Elmyrà is considered a Spanish and Arabic name. It should be added that not all names have been included in the LVKŽ since its first editions: only from the third edition of the LVKŽ appeared the names Ármandas (first name Amondas), Elmyrà, Rosità, Inesà, whose variant became the previously mentioned Inezà, and additionally included the variant of the name Doloresà Dolorosà. This shows the authors of the LVKŽ’s attitude to the updating of the namebook: the Lithuanian namebook can be expanded by consistently including names of foreign origin (for this see LVKŽ 2008, 10, 11). Maciejauskienė 2004: 84). The current LVKŽ lists 19 Spanish names, three of which have variants. These names are dual: some originate from Spanish lexicon, such as Doloresà, and others from other languages, but have acquired the root form in Spanish, such as Inesà. Therefore, it is clear that when assigning a personal name to names of a particular language, not only the origin of the stem is important, but also the changes that caused the names to acquire other forms. The Spanish names provided by the LVKŽ also show that there are cases where it is difficult to distinguish which names originated exclusively in Spanish and which in other Romance languages. This problem has also been encountered in the study of Spanish names. In selecting Spanish personal names from the list of names given to children in 1991-2010, the LVKZ was used primarily. It was found that of all the Spanish names of the LVKŽ, the children were not named with two of their variants – Dolorosà and Inezà, and other names were given. However, since the LVKŽ lacks some names of recent years4, other sources were used. The dictionary of Spanish names by Robert Faure (2008) (hereinafter DNP) was chosen as the basis, where more than 13 thousand names are described 3 See. VLKK website, access online: http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/nutarimai/svetimvardziai/adaptavimas.html. 4 This confirms once again the previously stated idea that the LVKŽ must be qualifiedly expanded with new names not only of own but also of foreign origin (see Sinkevičiūtė 2011a: 214). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. This article describes the origin of personal names used in Spanish, presents abbreviations and variants of names used in other languages, and is based on the latest dictionaries of names in other Romance languages5. In addition, use the dictionaries of Italian names by Enzio la Stella (2009) and French names by Chantale Tanet, Tristan Hordé (2000) when clarifying the forms of names used in other Romance languages6. The analysis of the origin of names was based on the Kolheim (2007) Dictionary of German Names by Rosa and Volker (hereinafter referred to as the GVN). Name websites were also used, but their information was problematic because of the often differing interpretations of the origin of names, the variations in the forms of Romance names (see http://www.behindthename.com/, http://www.20000-names.com/ and others). When comparing the interpretations of the origin of names considered Spanish by the LVKŽ with information from other dictionaries, it was noted that in some cases it differs. Therefore, the selection of Spanish personal names was based on several sources, especially DNP. Therefore, the name Ármandas, which has Germanic roots and which LVKŽ 59 considers to be a Spanish name, has been rejected as a Spanish name, because according to DNP 97–98, GVN 65 it is not only characteristic of Spanish, Italian or other Romance languages, but has been formed in French7. The names Benuetas, Benità have been chosen to be considered only Spanish names, although LVKŽ šie vardai susiformavo būtent ispanų kalboje8. Atrodo, kad Elmros vardu LR pilietės XX a. 74 classifies them among Spanish and Italian names, because DNP 145–146, GVN 77–78 states that they could have been named not only because the name spread in European languages from Spanish, where it was formed by abbreviation of a Germanic name (see DNP 263, GVN 138), but it could also have spread from Russia, where at the beginning of the 20th century it became an abbreviation of the Russian. электрификация мира (Cyperanская 2003: 451). Since this name has several different sources of origin, it cannot be attributed exclusively to Spanish names. Among the names referred to by the LVKŽ as Spanish and Italian, the name Ferdinándo has also been problematic: some authors (Grzenia 2006: 125–126; Cyperанская 2003: 327–328; Tanet, Hordé 2000: 179–180), assessing the components, consider it Germanic, the authors of GVN 155 – as a Germanic name derived from Spanish, and DNP – as a Germanic name derived from Latin. 313–314), a Latinized Germanic name taken into the Romance languages. Because the name was not in Spanish, it was abandoned. Therefore, the names Ármando (Amondo), Elmóra and Ferdinándo are not discussed because they are not considered Spanish personal names. The adapted and spelled Spanish names are assigned according to the criteria. Firstly, names from the Spanish lexicon were selected and Spanish forms of names were searched. When the same root form of a person's name is found in several Romance languages, these names are dropped. For this reason, the Germanic name Raùlis and its variants from the Romance languages have not been examined, for example, because it can be associated with Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese. Raul, lunch. Raoul. Not included are names such as Grasiẽlė, which is made from the equally pronounced Latin origins isp., port. The name Graciela, Leònsia, which is associated with the equally pronounced Spanish, port., of Greek origin. Leoncia forms, Arnáldas, which is the equally pronounced Germanic name in Spanish, the Italian form of the name Arnaldo, Ãroldas, which originated from the equally pronounced forms of the same name, cf. it. Aroldo, isp. Harold, forms, etc. 5 In individual cases, the origin and form of names have been checked from Albaigès 2008, 2011; Vázquez de Haro 2008, but neither the content nor the extent of these publications are comparable to the content of the aforementioned dictionary. 6 The dictionary of noun forms published in Poland by a collective of authors (see SI) has also been revised in this respect. 7 This opinion is shared by the authors of other name dictionaries, e.g. Grzenia 2006: 60; Tanet, Hordé 2000: 52–53, etc. 8 In other languages, the name Bennot spread after 1930 due to the personality cult of the Italian Benito Mussolini (GVL 77–78). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Spanish names in the Lithuanian name book 1991–2010 | 5 Some of the personal names may be related not only to some forms of names in Romance languages, but they may also be derived from other Slavic or Germanic languages that are closer geographically or culturally. This is the case, for example, with the name Patrícia, which is not only related to the samely pronounced Spanish, French. Patricia, port. Patrdcia, but also with angl. The form of the name Patricia, Ilãrija, is associated not only with the Spanish. Hilaria, port. Hilary, it. Ilaria, Catalan. Hilària, but there is a Russian. Illary forms, etc. Thus, the article deals with those names of Spanish form that originated only from forms used in Spanish. It was also refused to discuss personal names with more than one interpretation of origin, whose Spanish origin or form is the second possibility of interpretation of the name in the context of the Lithuanian name book. Therefore, for example, the names Reinà, which is the Spanish form of the Latin name Reginà, are not included. Reina, because it can also be considered an abbreviation of German diphthongs with the root rein-; Luisà, because it's not only related to esp. It is also used in the English language, including in the English-speaking world. Louis, the form; "Icelandic not only from the islands". Lorenzo, but also from the English pronunciation. Lawrence name, etc. Teko spręsti klausimą, kaip skirti ispanų kalboje atsiradusius trumpinius, nes pasirinkti tirti those personal names of abbreviated origin that originated or are used only in Spanish. In the case of the same roots of abbreviations used in different languages, which may be based on several different names, these abbreviations have been abandoned. Therefore, abbreviations such as Benà, which may be interpreted as having originated in several languages from several different names Benediktà, Benignà, Benità, Benonà, etc., are not included. ; "Dólfas, no solo relacionado con esp., port.". Dolph, but also with angl. Dolf, which are abbreviations of the Germanic name Ãdolf; Rjus, which may not only be associated with the appellative origin isp. Reyes, port. Reis, but is also considered to be an abbreviation of the Germanic name Ráimunda, used in Spanish and English, cf. isp. King, Angus. Ray, et al. From the adverbial personal nouns, names with deminutive forms typical of the Spanish language were selected first, cf. -eta(s), -ita(s), -ina(s), see NGLE 62, e.g. Benutas, Lolità, etc. As Jonas Klimavičius (2004: 20–22) observed, a considerable number of names with these endings can be found in Lithuanian, so distinguishing Spanish names was not based only on the form, but also on the language in which the name was formed. Therefore, finding in the sources confirmed that the deminutives of the said suffixes were formed only in Spanish, for example, Adelità, Rosarità, Nandūdtas, only then the personal names were included in the study. In some cases, the adverbial names are given conditionally, because in Lithuanian the suffix -ita could be added to the name root, for example, and thus create a name. Thus, in summary, it can be stated that in Lithuania names originating from Spanish have not attracted the attention of researchers, although some personal names are mentioned in LVKŽ or in works when discussing the use of names. In order to distinguish Spanish names given to citizens of the Republic of Lithuania, the main problem was encountered – some forms of names used in Spanish coincide with forms of personal names used in other Romance or other language families. Therefore, in distinguishing between adapted and spelled Spanish names, we chose to study only names derived from the Spanish lexicon and those forms of them that are unique to Spanish. The study of names was based not only on their origin or the tendency of their use in Spanish, but also on where the name was given to the child – in Lithuania or in a Spanish-speaking country. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 6 NAME OF SPANISH ORIGIN Ispaniškos kilmės vardais laikomi asmenvardžiai, kurie kilo iš ispanų kalbos leksikos. ĮverIf we look at the names of this origin, it is clear that in 1991-2010 the most commonly given names were personal adjectives. These are the girls' names Abrellė 3, plg. isp. April < isp. abril ‘April’; 2 (1), pp. 1. "Isle of Wight". alondra ‘vyturys’9; Bja 1, cf. Bella < isp. bella Doloresà 5, plg. isp. „daili, graži“10; Blánka 1, plg. isp. Blanca < isp. blanca „balta“; Bonità 1 < isp. bonita „graži“11; Dolores < isp. dolor "pain, remorse"; 8 (3), pp. 3. Esmeralda < isp. esmeralda ‘emerald’; 245 (2nd ed.). gypsy ‘Roma’; 1, pg. Church < isp. iglesia "church"12; Konsuelà 6, cf. Consuelo < isp. consuelo “paguoda, nuisp. "Miracles". milagro ‘miracle’; 1, pp. 1. morena "dark-haired"13; Palomà 2, cf. esp. siraminimas“; Mersedesà 1, plg. isp. Mercedes < isp. merced „malonė, dovana“; Milagrà 6, plg. "Paloma". paloma ‘eagle’; Pilarà 1, plg. isp. Pilar < isp. pillar ‘column; dish, bowl’; 1, pg. Sagrario < isp. sagrario ‘sanctuary’. Many of these names in Spain are associated with the names of local saints, such as Konsuelà and plg. Our Lady of Consolation, Sagrãrija ir plg. Our Lady of the Tabernacle ir kt. The name is also given to Spanish-speaking children. These are the names Esmeráldas 1, Gitãnas 5, probably made in Lithuania from more common female names Esmerálda and Gitanà, and Morènas 1, cf. "Morris". isp.es. moreno "dark-haired", recorded in the Spanish surname (cf. Spanish pvd. Moreno, DAE 532). The name Rosarà (1), probably translated from Spanish in Lithuania, is also of appellative origin. Rosario and related to the Spanish. rosario "rosemary, (church) rose". Also given are the adverbs formed in Spanish, which are based on apelative personal names of Spanish origin, these are the names – Dolorità 2, cf. "Isp". Dolores, plg. lie. Doloresà; Rosarità 1, plg. isp. "Rosario" (in Spanish). Rosario, plg. lie. Rosarà. From 1991 to 2010, children in the Republic of Latvia were given Spanish personal names of local origin. These are names with a tradition of use since the beginning of the 20th century: Ksaverà 8 (1), Ksavèras 14 (3), cf. Javiera, Javier, based on the Basque toponym Ksavèras, cf. esp. Javier, and Xaveria 4, made from a man's name Xaverius, derived from the Latinized Spanish name Javier. Javier formos, plg. isp. Xaverius. Other names of this origin are Arasele 1, plg. Araceli, associated with the local name Araceli; Chaviẽras 1 has been re-introduced into Lithuanian in recent years, cf. isp. He is associated with the above mentioned locality. Javier (žr. lie. Ksavèras), ir Sevlė 1 (2), plg. isp. Seville, Seville, is associated with the name of the city of Sevilla (Spanish: Sevilla). There are also abbreviations derived from names of Spanish origin. One of these is the suffix extended abbreviated name Lolità 131 (5), cf. Lolita, kurio pamatas tiriamuoju laiminėtinas ir Diègas 1, plg. isp. Diego, shortened and reworked from avd. 14th century. 9 This name may be considered as a contractive abbreviation originating in Spanish from isp. Alejandra (Gómez 2005: 27). 10 The name Bja ku duotas trumpinys Lolà (1), plg. isp. Lola, kilęs iš ispaniško moters vardo Doloresà. Čia can also be considered an abbreviation, derived either from the Italian name Isabella or from the English names Arabella, Annabella (DNP 143). 11 This name is not used in Spanish-speaking countries, it has spread from the United States (GVN 86). 12 This name is probably derived from the surname of the popular Spanish singers Julio Iglesias and Enrique Iglesias and is therefore here distinguished conditionally, cf. pvd. Church, Churches (DAE 429). 13 This surname is not used as a name in Spain and has probably spread from the Italians, who adopted it from the Spanish (GPN 305). 14 According to DNP 120, there is another interpretation of the origin of the name: it has a Celtic origin. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Other names of Spanish origin have been created by combining stems of different origins (personal names, their abbreviations or adjectives). These are the names Analía 1, cf. esp. Analà, derived in Spanish from the names Anà (compare Spanish Ana) and Lijà (compare Spanish Lía); 2, pp. 2. "Anabelà 2, Anabèlė 2, plg. isp.". Anabel, in Spanish, is a combination of the names Anà (see Spanish Ana) and Isabel (see Spanish Isabel)15; Marisà (1), see Spanish Marisa. Marisa, a combination of the names Marah (see Spanish Marah) and Luisa (see Spanish Luisa). Similar structures are also found in Santjãgas 3, cf. The name Santiago comes from the Latin word sanctus, meaning "saint". shortly Iagus, whose foundation is the name Jacob (Spanish: Iacobus). Such compound names, the second part of which is an abbreviation of a name, are typical of the Spanish noun (see Rylov 2010: 41). The statistics of the names discussed show that during the period of investigation, names of Hispanic origin were given more often to girls than to boys. Also, the Spanish names given to girls between 1991 and 2010 have a more diverse base than those given to boys. According to 2006 data, names of Spanish origin have been used in Lithuania at different times. Some of the names that were popular in 1991–2010 have been given to children since the early 2000s, such as Ksavèras, Ksaverà and Ksavèria. These names were mostly used in Lithuania in the 30s and 40s of the 20th century, and their spread at the beginning of the 20th century is related to the tradition of giving names to saints, since the name of Xavier is well known in Lithuania for St. Francis Xavier. By 1941, the names Doloresà, Lolità were common in Lithuanian names, of which the name Lolaitė became particularly common in the 1960s, after the publication of Vladimir Nabokov's novel Lolita and the film of the same name based on it. The name Alòndra was given to a Lithuanian woman in Uruguay until 1941, and since 1998 it has also been given to girls born in Lithuania, when a Mexican television series of the same name appeared. Thus, in 1991–2010, more common names of Spanish origin Doloresà 5, Ksavèras 14 (3), Ksaverà 8 (1), Ksavèrija 4, Lolità 131 (5), which were common in Lithuania until 1941, have already become part of the Lithuanian name book – they are regularly given to children (mostly Lithuanians born in Lithuania) and in later decades, they are included in the LVKŽ. 2 (1) girls named Alòndra reappear in Lithuania at the end of the 20th century, which shows that the name book is being updated by giving children names that were known from the name book of expatriates at the beginning of the 20th century, and from the end of the 20th century spread from television. In Soviet Lithuania, names of Spanish origin began to be given: Blánka, Bonità, Dolorità, Esmerálda, Gitanà, Gitãnas, Konsuelà, Lolà, Morenà, Morènas and Sevėlė, of which the newer ones are Morènas, which has been common in Lithuania since the 1960s, and Čia sąlygiškai priskirtina ir Marisà, sovietmečiu duota Pietų Amerikoje gimusioms mergaiBlánka, Morenà, Sevėlė – since the 1970s. 100 mg/ day. Due to the lack of data from the beginning of the 20th century, it is not possible to attribute some of the names to personal names of the earlier period, but it is possible to guess that, for example, Esmeralds girls were called earlier than 1941, because the works of Victor Hugo (Victor Hugo), from which this name spread, were translated in Lithuania from the 1920s. Other names may have been given for the sake of exclusivity or because of their appealing sound. Personal names of Spanish origin introduced in the Soviet era in 1991–2010 are of varying popularity: among them, the name of Gitana stands out in frequency (245 (2)), which was extremely common in Lithuania in the 1960s and 1970s16, while children named Esmerálda (8 (3)), Gitanas (5), Konsuèla (6) are more common, while other names were given to children 1 or 2 times. The origin of the name Anabel may also be interpreted in another way: it may be considered as a derivative of the Latin name Amabel (GVL 59). 16 In total, it has been given to more than 4,200 Latvian citizens. Since linguists have criticized this name for the negative associations caused by the basic appellation associated with the Roma ethnic name, it is clear that at that time it was known what foreign names were given to children born at that time. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Spanish names in the Lithuanian name register 1991–2010 | 8 given names have a common feature: both in 1941–1990 and in 1991–2010 they were most often given to children of Lithuanian nationality born in Lithuania. Thus, names of Spanish origin introduced between 1941 and 1990 have become established in Lithuanian names and the tradition of their use is forming. The use of these names may have been encouraged by literature and television between 1991 and 2010; for example, the name "Consuèl" may have been re-introduced for girls in the 1993 translation of the novel "Consuela" by George Sand, and other names such as "Blánka", "Esmerálda", "Morenà", "Morènas" may have spread through the names of the characters or actors who created them. In view of the name given to Marisà in 1991–2010, it should be added that in the Soviet era (as in the previous period) the diversity of names was influenced by expatriates: the names of girls born in South America filled the register of citizens of the Republic of Lithuania with new names, which were also used for children born in Lithuania at the end of the 20th century. The name of the city, which is written in Latin, is not mentioned in the text, except for the name of the city itself, which is written in Latin. Therefore, it is assumed that the LVKŽ was not expanded with new surnames, probably in order to maintain the traditions of giving names of own, Christian origin or surnames spread in the interwar period. The most recent names of Spanish origin that were not given before 1991 are Abrelle, Anabelà, Anabèle, Anãlia, Arasèle, Bja, Xaviẽr, Dieguez, Esmeráldo, Iglèsia, Mercedesà, Milagrà, Palomà, Pilarà, Rosarà, Rosarità, Sagrãria and Santjãg, of which Milagrà is the most common, while other names were given 1–3 times to children born between 1991 and 2010. None of these names is mentioned in the LVKŽ, although they are also most commonly used for children born in Lithuania, many of whom are Lithuanians, and only one foreign Lithuanian woman was named after Iglèsija. Some of the names that were popular in Lithuania between 1991 and 2010 were probably influenced by television, for example, Chaviẽras, Diègas, Mersedesà, Milagrà, Palomà, Pilarà, Santjãgas are the names of the heroes of the series shown in the last decade of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Mercedes could also have named the girl after a character in Alexandre Dumas's novel The Count of Monte Cristo, which was translated into English in 1998 or 2005, or the film based on it. In addition, four Spanish-translated personal names appeared in the 1991–2010 name book at the Esmirálda 7 (3), Esmiráldas 1, Kseverà 1, Ksevèras 2. Dalies asmenvardžių formos Lietuvoje same time as the main forms of the name Esmerálda (in Soviet times) or Ksavèras, Ksaverà (until 1941), only the name Esmiráldas is known since Soviet times. Considering the names Kseverà, Ksevèras as dialectal forms of the eastern Highlands (see LVKŽ 206), it can be said that the tradition of dialectal forms is still alive in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. However, Esmirálda is a little more common than other names, so it is possible that some girls may have been named Esmirálda after hearing the name from the series of the same name shown at the time of the investigation. This suggests that the status of some names is changing over time: some names, previously considered dialectal forms, may become distorted forms of names in recent years. In general, the names of Spanish origin are mainly adjective names, but there are also local names, abbreviations and compound names. Most of the Spanish names that spread at different times throughout the 20th century were given to Lithuanians born in Lithuania, and when considering why these names appeared in Lithuanian names, the influence of other cultures must first be seen. It should be added that names of Spanish origin, given to Lithuanian citizens born abroad until the end of the Soviet era, began to be given to girls born in Lithuania in 1991–2010, which shows that these names, typical of foreign cultures, are spreading in Lithuania as well. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. The most popular Spanish names given in 1991–2010 were Gitanà 245 (2), Lolità 131 (5), which were much more common in the Soviet era. This indicates that in recent years these names continue to be given to children alongside other foreign names. Some of the Spanish names, starting with Esmerálda, have spread from literature, later from films and series. It has been noted that in the last two decades, the number of names of Spanish origin as separate units in the name book of citizens of the Republic of Lithuania has increased, but there is no influx of names of Spanish origin, since many of them are rare – given to 1 or 3 children. SPANISH FORM NAME It is said that the Spanish forms of names are those whose roots originated in the Spanish language. It is the result of the development of a variety of languages that have evolved over time. There are also names from other languages, whose roots have acquired specific forms in Spanish, have been abbreviated or extended by suffixes. Therefore, the Spanish form names are twofold: some originated in Spanish, from which they spread to other languages, and others originated in the Romance languages through the Latinization of personal names of different origin, but acquired peculiar forms in Spanish due to the development of the language. Assessment of the Spanish form of the names according to their root shows that in 1991-2010 a number of personal names were given that originated from Germanic languages, such as the female names Elvyrà 163 (6), cf. Elvira; 8 (3), pp. 3. Fernanda; 117, pp. 117, pp. 117. Florinda, Reinálda 3, plg. isp. Reinalda; 1, pp. 100. ibid. Rosenda; 1, pp. 1. "Electronics". Elviro; 4 (2), pp. 2. Enrique; 15, pg. Fernando; 118, pp. 118, pp. 118. Florindo; 2, pp. 2. Ramiro; 7, pp. Ibid. Rodrigo; 1, pg. Rosendo. Also, one girl born in Lithuania was named after a name that originated from a Germanic man’s name in the Spanish language, that is Rodrigà 1, cf. Rodrigo, lie. Rodrgas. Other names of Spanish origin are variants of names of Christian origin, some of which have other common forms in Lithuanian, newly borrowed from Spanish in Lithuanian. Some of the Spanish forms of personal names are derived from Latin, such as the female names Domangnga 9 (1), cf. isp. Dominga is lying. 1877) 1958 – Dominique, French singer (b. 1, pg. Amado; 3, pg. Domingo is lying. Dominick, Dominick. Estell 1, probably derived in Lithuania from the female name Estelà. There are also personal names based la; Estrja 45 (4), plg. isp. Estrella; Orianà 8 (1), Orijanà 6, plg. isp. Oriana20; vyrų – Amãdas on Greek, such as the female names Agedà 1, cf. isp. Águeda is a lie. Agata, Agata; Anchelà 2, pg. Angela is lying. Angèle; 1, pg. Angelica; Inesà 1001 (9), plg. isp. Inés is lying. Ãgnė; and men – Alechándras 1, plg. isp. Alejandro is a liar. Alexandros; 1, pg. Angelico. There is also the name Inèsè 1 (1), which is probably derived from the name Inesà. Other names of Hebrew origin are Adam 4, cf. isp. Adam is lying. Adõmas; 1, pg. 17 Floruanda 1 may also be regarded as a suffix derived from the Latin name Florà, which has been formed in Spanish and Italian (GVL 159). 18 Florlandas 1 can also be considered a derivative of the Latin name Flòras, which has been derived in Spanish and Italian (GVL 159). 19 Here and further with reference lie. The forms of these names used in the Lithuanian language, formed from the former forms of these names adopted into the Lithuanian language, are provided. 20 The origin of this name is not entirely clear: it is either a derivation of the suffix -ana from the name Oria, which is Spanish. Áurea or Auria form of the name (DNP 575), or simply associated with the Latin lexicon (GVN 322–323). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. 16 SPANISH PERSONAL NAMES IN THE CONTEXT OF LITHUANIAN NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL PERSONAL NAMES IN 1991–2010 Summary The article presents adapted and grammatically corrected Spanish personal names given to the citizens of the Republic of Lithuania (hereafter – RoL) in 1991–2010. It was found out that part of the most common Spanish personal names were those included in the Etymological Dictionary of Lithuanian Personal Names, while some other Spanish personal names are mentioned in the discussion of personal names that are not recommended. The collection of personal names for the research was aimed at selecting names originating from Spanish lexis only and miscellaneous etymological forms of personal names derived solely from the Spanish language. However, it was problematic to distinguish between Spanish and other personal names as most of Spanish personal names coincided with the forms of personal names used in Roman languages or other language families. Personal names of Spanish origin given to the citizens of the RoL in 1991– 2010 show that appellative personal names account for the largest part; Place names, abbreviations, compound personal names also occur. One group of personal names with a Spanish form in the period studied comprises personal names and their variants of different origin formed within the Spanish language. Other personal names are variants of personal names of Christian origin with different equivalents used in the Lithuanian language; abbreviations and personal names with diminutive suffixes also occur. Throughout the entire 20th century, Lithuanian citizens were given Spanish personal names, yet an increase in these personal names and the spread of new ones occurred in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, even though no massive influx has been observed. Over the period in question, Spanish personal female names were more frequent than the male ones, and personal female names with diminutive suffixes were more frequent than the male ones. In 1991–2010, Spanish personal female names were more diverse in terms of their base form than the male ones. Currently, abbreviations with endings of personal names with diminutive suffixes at their base form have become widespread in Lithuania. Spanish personal names had firstly emerged among the Lithuanian names from literature, then from cinema films, TV series. Therefore, an increase in the number of Spanish personal names given to the citizens of the RoL in 1991–2010 might have been related to Spanish TV series. Also, parents might have given Spanish personal names to their children with the purpose of giving a rare, distinct personal name of foreign origin or, in the Soviet times, because of admiration for the Western culture. At different time periods throughout the 20th century, most of Spanish names were given to Lithuanians born in Lithuania; only in the late 20th and early 21st centuries there is an increase in personal names with a Spanish form given to the citizens of the RoL born abroad. It was found out that the citizens of the RoL born abroad were given the same personal names as children born in Lithuania. This shows that Spanish personal names have become widespread under the influence of other cultures, while starting from the early 20th century Spanish personal names characteristic to Spanish speaking countries form a unique part of the personal names of the citizens of the RoL; in the late 20th and early 21st centuries these names are integrated into the personal names given to children born in the RoL. Spanish personal names included in the Etymological Dictionary of Lithuanian Personal Names (Lietuvių vardų kilmės žodynas – LVKŽ) were usually given to the citizens of the RoL starting from the early 20th century. Some of the personal names included in the LVKŽ were given to children starting from Soviet times. However, the majority of Spanish personal names given in 1991–2010 are missing in the LVKŽ. All these personal names (except Anita, Estrėja, Gitana, Gitanas) share the same feature – they were quite rare in the 20th century and in the early 21st century, which is probably why they were not included. It was noticed that a substantial part of personal names not included in the LVKŽ had been for the first time given to the citizens of the RoL starting from the 1930s. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 17 The 1980s saw the emergence of a new generation of artists whose works were widely recognized by widespread in the recent time period as they intended to preserve the traditions of giving foreign the public. KEYWORDS: personal name, personal Spanish name, a personal name of Spanish origin, a personal name with a Spanish form, children’s personal names DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ Department of Baltic Studies, Vilnius University Universiteto g. 5, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected] VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ Department of Baltic Studies, Vilnius University Universiteto g. 5, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]