Kaip tampa kebli iš pažiūros paprasta simbolinių pavadinimų rašymo taisyklė

BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ HOW TO GET A KEBLI FROM A PLAY RULES FOR THE SPELING OF SYMBOLIC NAME KEY WORDS: symbolic name, usage, norm, spelling and punctuation, rules of making names, capitalization, quotation marks. INTRODUCTION The rule of writing symbolic names would seem so simple that there is nothing to discuss it – those names should be written with the first capital letter and in quotation marks. Either because of this simplicity, or because of the lack of scientific articles on the topic of spelling and punctuation, there is no scientific analysis of the peculiarities of writing names of this kind. The rule formulated in the Lithuanian Language Spelling and Punctuation (hereinafter referred to as LKRS) was probably considered unproblematic and therefore, when some aspects of spelling and punctuation were changed by the decisions of the State Lithuanian Language Commission (hereinafter referred to as VLKK) (VŽ 1997a, 2006a, b), it did not fall among the cases to be changed and did not become the subject of the discussions caused by these changes. However, what seems simple to language specialists is not always self-evident to language users who have not studied linguistics, especially since there are also people who have not completed secondary school and graduates of higher schools who have not all learned the language rules in the same way. This fact, especially highlighted by online consumption, is often overlooked, but it is a common factor that distinguishes norm and consumption. The discrepancy between the ideal language user and the real learner was also revealed by the proliferation of symbolic names. When private enterprises began to be established a couple of decades ago, following a change in the social order, it became apparent that for many of their founders it was a difficult task to come up with a correct name for the unit being established. When names filled with various spelling errors, including elementary spelling and punctuation errors, began to spread in public usage, it became necessary to prepare rules for their composers, while at the same time extensively researching this group of names. The actuality raised by reality led to the creation of a separate field of language management and research – the names of legal entities, also referred to as firm names1. When organizing and examining the whole group of names of companies, institutions and organizations, of course, it was necessary to include its subgroup – figurative words or combinations of words, which have long been used in the usage 1 It would seem that the word firm does not tend to take over too much, the general meaning is also used company, company. In language studies, the word enterprise or the combination legal persons has also been used more frequently as a general term. This tendency will be followed in this article. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Ramune Vaskelaite. How the seemingly simple rule of writing symbolic names becomes tricky | 2 commonly called symbolic names or symbolic names2. Therefore, the symbolic names of legal entities have attracted the most attention of language specialists. Even before the first rules were prepared, subjective and methodological advice for the creators and managers of names were prepared (Kniūkšta 1992a), on the basis of which the rules were prepared. The first, Use of Company Names, was adopted by VLKK resolution in 1992 (LKKN 1998: 12–15), later they were corrected or changed (VZ 1997b, 2002b), and currently the rules for making symbolic names of enterprises, institutions and organizations established in 2004 are in force (VZ 2004), only two points of them were deleted in 2013 (VZ 2013). In addition, an annex to the rules was prepared, which includes generic words used with the symbolic part of the name, names of legal entities.In order to ensure the correctness mų srityje dažniausiai linkstamus vadinti gimininiais žodžiais (VŽ 1995, 1997c)3. Steigiamo juridinio asmens pavadinimo taisyklingumo reikalavimas suformuluotas Lietuvos Respublikos civiliniame kodekse (VŽ 2000). O kai galop paaiškėjo, kad nė šios teisinio saugiklio ir of the clearly laid out rules in this area, VLKK began to consult the State Institution Registry Center on the name of each legal entity intended to be registered4. The information published on the VLKK website shows that many of them are rejected, but the scale of company creation is also surprising – every month from one and a half to two thousand names are submitted for evaluation5. These figures are enough to show how much of the daily language circulation they make up, and since they are abundant in public usage, the level of general language has to be didžiulė įtaka6. In examining the symbolic names of legal entities, as well as in developing their standardization principles, the most important contribution is made by Dr. P. Kniūkštas, the long-time editor-in-chief of Language Culture. The articles published in Language Culture alone reveal how farsightedly these issues have been discussed and how much has been accomplished in the absence of a tradition of examining the names of legal entities with regard to language. In addition, a lot has been written and continues to be written for a wider audience7, the aforementioned methodological and technical advice was prepared for the authors of names, and later the rules on the use of company names (LKKN 1998: 12–15) – the basis of all subsequent rules on the making of names. It is also known as the National Register of Institutions, Companies and Organizations (NIRO). Having looked at the documents and the streets of Vilnius (Kniūkšta 2006b), Pranas Kniūkšta (2004: 20–21), a specialist in administrative language 2, has drawn attention to the usage of these terms: in the first rules, the term symbolic name was used for names composers, including related words, but in those adopted in 2004, only the symbolic name remained, including words used symbolically. This article will also respect the direction of terminology development: the whole name, including related words, will be called the name of the legal entity (company), and its symbolic part – symbolic name or symbolic part. 3 Annex no longer in force, see VLKK website, access on the Internet: http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/nutarimai/imoniupavadinimai/simboliniai.htm. 4 Consulting was legalised by Government Decree No 1452 of 5 December 2012 amending the Regulations on the Register of Legal Entities (VŽ 2012). The register administrator is obliged to contact the VLKK for consultation on the compliance of the name of the legal entity with the Lithuanian common language norms, and the VLKK is obliged to provide an answer within 6 working hours. 5 This information is provided on the VLKK website, access on the Internet: http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/naujienos/bendrosios. html. 6 By the way, it is not that only irregular symbolic names are created. The competition for the Most Beautiful Lithuanian Company Names, organized by the State Language Inspection, also reveals cases of exceptional language sense, which deny the unfounded opinion that the richness of Lithuanian nouns is already exhausted when forming company names – after all, the possibilities of forming noun compounds or other combinations are inexhaustible. For example, among the winners of the 2014 competition are companies registered in 2013 with such resounding names as “Acacia Lair”, “Flash of Joy”, “Genius’s Owl”, “Slow Cooks”, “House Eyes”, “Dream House”, “Sweet Luxury”, “The End of the Thread”, “Forest of Numbers” and others. 7 Most of the articles (some of which have been revised or abbreviated) have been included in a monograph (2001, pp. 39–40). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Ramune Vaskelaite. How the seemingly simple rule of writing symbolic names becomes tricky | 3 nė žvilgsniu juridinių asmenų pavadinimai, įskaitant simbolinius, įvertinti knygoje Administracikalba ir jos vartojimas (Kniūkšta 2005). And the term symbolic names itself, having competed with conditional names and conventional signs, probably came into use thanks to P. Kniūkšta (Kniūkšta 2001: 339–341). The symbolic names of companies, institutions or organizations have not been studied separately, they are mentioned among all symbolic names. It is true that symbolic names as parts of mai tyrimo objektu tampa retai, tik viename kitame straipsnyje (Valeckienė 1965; Drazdauskienė 1975; Sližienė 1979; Vaicekauskienė 1997; Kvašytė 2005; Jocaitė, Kvašytė 2006). sentences or elements of word combinations are discussed in grammar (LKG3 1976: 429–430; DLKG 1997: 557), but only in the most general, non-problematic aspect. They are also mentioned in language culture or other textbooks (Brūzgienė et al. 2013; Linkevičienė 2013). Nevertheless, as is appropriate, the grammar covers the syntactic and morphological aspects, more precisely, the issues of the conjugation of names and the position of nouns and pronouns, and these are among the most relevant in articles and elsewhere (LKŽin 1998: 338; Pupkis 2005: 287– 289). The articles also touch the area of lexis, word formation, but the elementary level of spelling and punctuation is almost always overlooked, probably because it is taken for granted. However, today’s usage reveals that perhaps the most difficult has become precisely it, and the difficulty may partly be due to insufficient attention to this level. This article is intended to fill this gap. Thus, it will be examined how the tendency of writing linių pavadinimų rašybos ir skyrybos problemos. Konkrečiai nagrinėjimo objektas įvardytinas symbolic names of legal entities has developed or evolved and the determining factors. Such an analysis, suggesting possible solutions to the problem, should be relevant primarily for language norms and administrators, but in the absence of some formulations or their clarity in language publications, it will also be useful for users and compilers of names. It should become clearer to them what the writing of symbolic names really is incompatible with the norm and where the contradiction lies. 1. THE PROBLEM OF CAPITALIZATION 1.1. Reflections of the concept of possibilities in the Register of Legal Entities The rule of writing symbolic names in the LCRS is formulated as follows: "Various symbolic names (when the words that make up the name are used in figurative meaning) are written in capital letters and separated by quotation marks (without quotation marks they would mean another thing). " (LKRS 1992: 70). Since such names may consist of more than one word, it is added: “If the name consists of two or more words, only the first word and the proper names that make up the name shall be capitalised.” This rule is also repeated in textbooks and guides, for example: “Compositional symbolic names are written in quotation marks, the first word in them is written in capital letters, real names – in capital letters, for example: private limited liability company (abbreviated as UAB) “Interneto vizija”, journal “Social Sciences Studies”, public institution (VšĮ) “European Consumer Center”, joint stock company (AB) “Grįžulo Ratai”, state enterprise (VĮ) “Regitra.” (Brūzgienė et al. 2013: 48). Co- BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Ramune Vaskelaite. How complicated becomes the seemingly simple rule of writing symbolic names | 4 kia In these cases, the purpose of capital letters and quotation marks is not indicated anywhere, but the rule of writing itself is simple, more detailed explanations seem to be really unnecessary. Perhaps because of this simplicity it is not formulated in grammar, writing in quotation marks and the first capital letter is only visible from examples (LKG3 1976: 429–430; DLKG 1997: 557). There is no wording in the first rules for the names composers, and this is justified by their purpose – after all, the rules are for making names, not writing them. The 1997 wording on spelling appears, it is also contained in the rules on making symbolic names of institutions, companies and organizations adopted in 2004. However, all other provisions of the rules only regulate the names that are being formed, i.e. not yet legalized. Thus, for composed names probably applied here as well patekusi rašymo taisyklė. If the authors of the names were to follow this rule when registering the company in the Register of Legal Entities, no problems would arise. Unfortunately, from the state enterprise Registrų centro tvarkomos duomenų bazės8 matyti, kad taisyklę atitinkančių įrašų – tik dalis, pvz.: asociacija „Taika per kultūrą“, draugija „Sniego gniūžtė“, mažoji bendrija „Laumės skrynia“, gardeners’ cooperative “Our London”, animal welfare club “Friend’s Claw”, credit union “Family”, Tabariškiai village community center “Tabariškės as painted”, joint stock company “Snaigė”, private joint stock company “Another direction”, private joint stock insurance brokerage company “Destinija”, residential building cooperative “Rytinis krantas”. Others, or rather their symbolic part, are entered in capital letters in the register, e.g.: club ARBATA SU CITRINA, club ŠAMANAI, association VERSLAS STUDENTAMS, association TAVO DRUGYS, music copyright association NATA, public institution MANO MIESTAS, public institution NAUJASIS VARGONŲ IR SŪNŲS, FORUMAS, visuomeninė organizacija NAUJA KRYPTIS, uždaroji akcinė bendrovė BINGELIS agricultural business company LIETA. Neither the LCSR nor the rules for making names provide for the possibility of writing in capital letters. In the LKRS, the normative publication where Lithuanian spelling is discussed in the most detail, such writing is not mentioned. As provided for in the LKRS, several capital letters in a row are only possible after forming an abbreviation (LKRS 1992: 73–74). Thus, the question arises legitimately how this possibility has arisen in the registration of companies and other private and public legal entities. The case of continuous capitalization is discussed separately only in the article of Dana Vainauskienė “About continuous capitalization”. Symbolic names are written with quotation marks according to the Lithuanian spelling rules, but “in certain cases (e.g. on signs, labels, advertising) they may be highlighted with a different font or other characters, i.e. capital letters, e.g.: UOSINGIS store, AUKŠTAITIJA hotel, KILIMAI limited liability company <...>”. (Stevens 1996: 71–72). This was mentioned earlier in the methodological and subject-specific advice. After saying that it should be written with quotation marks, it was added: “If the symbolic name is emphasized graphically (presented from a new line, in a larger font), it can also be written without quotation marks, but with all capital letters (in announcements and elsewhere), e.g.: concert of the ensemble LIETUVA.” (2001: 379–380). In the publication Names of Institutions, Companies and Organizations, the signs are highlighted: “The very symbolic names are written with quotation marks and begin with a capital letter. <...> Quotations can be replaced by another font or all capital letters: akcinė bendrovė Tauras, parduotuvė SAULUTĖ. Usually the names are written on the signs without quotation marks: SAULUTĖ, LIETUVOS SPAUDA.” (2004: 28). This statement is repeated in the book Administracinė kalba ir jos vartosena (Kniūkšta 2005: 116). 8 The Register of Legal Entities is available on the website of the Registry Centre, accessible online at: http://www.registrucentras.lt/jar. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Ramune Vaskelaite. How the seemingly simple rule of writing symbolic names becomes tricky | 5 In the VLKK Consulting Bank, the areas of such writing are summarized as design: “A variant of capital letters or any other font may be used for design purposes, e.g., in advertising, signs, etc.”9 True, the possibility of quotation marks is also mentioned in the LKRS (footnote), but it is not named as capital letters, but as writing in another font or a new line: “Symbolic names used without text (in signs, labels, book covers, etc.) are not separated by quotation marks. Only if they go with the nomenclatural word and are not highlighted with a different font or a new line, they can be separated by quotation marks, e.g.: / Cinema / Neris; Neris Cinema Theatre. (LKRS 1992: 70). From the totality of the statements it would be clear that writing in capital letters is the rišliuose ir (ar) reklaminiuose tekstuose. Vis dėlto sritys nusakomos abstraktokai, o ir formuluotės nėra griežtos. Kiek išsamiau tos sritys apibūdinamos vėlesniame darbe (Kniūkšta 2005: equivalent of quotes not120–123), but it shows that there can be differences in writing even rašų. Čia pavartojamas ir terminas viešieji reklaminiai užrašai, o teiginiu, kad pavadinimų rekbetween posters and advertising banners. The symbols are often written in a special way and represent a trademark, in other words, the trademark is used as an advertising name” (Kniūkšta 2005: 121), symbolic names are also associated with another area – trademarks10. It is in all these areas that capital letters are most commonly used, so this writing could have been transferred from them to the register by analogy. There is no reference to the rules for the authors of the names, since the spelling wording appears only later and only provides for the first capital letter. It is true that the appendix to the rules, namely point 3, mentions another possibility, but it does not mention capital letters, but another font: “Relative words denoting the field of activity or nature, used with symbolic names, do not merge with them, but are a secondary, even graphically separated part of the proper name: the symbolic name is written with quotation marks (quotation marks of the symbolic name can be replaced by another font), relative words – in a simple way.” (VŽ 1995, 1997c). Other fonts are not applied in the registry. Furthermore, the title of the annex, ‘Use and spelling of consonants of names’, would indicate that it is not intended for the authors of names, but rather for the description of the spelling of names already composed and registered in the text. Whatever the reason for the entries in capital letters appearing in the register, they would comply with the formulated principle of quotation marks if the whole register were drawn up in accordance with it. Unfortunately, when registering legal entities, many other possibilities have been adapted, such as writing in capital letters the words indicating the legal form: AKCINĖ BENDROVĖ „UKMERGĖS ŠILAS“, UŽDAROJI AKCINĖ BENDROVĖ „LAKŠTAS“, UŽDAROJI AKCINĖ BENDROVĖ FINANSŲ MAKLERIO ĮMONĖ „KAPITALO STRAUTAI“, ASSOCIATION „KINIŲ EKONOMIKOS FORUMAS“, KLUBAS „VIJA PINAVIJA“, PUBLIC INSTITUTE „UGNIES ANGELAI“, RIEŠĖS TENNIS CLUB „PUOLANČIOJI ŽVAKĖ“, CHARITY FUND „MŪSŲ KRANTAS“, METAPHYSICS STUDIO „GYVA ERDVĖ“, PROTESTANT CHURCH „NAUJOJI KARTA“, GARDENERS’ COMMUNITY „PUOŠMENA“. Due to the quotation marks in such cases, the authors of the names have fluctuated – the register also contains such entries as ASOCIACIJA SAVAS PASAULIS VISUR, MAŽOJI BENDRIJA SAULĖS VAIKAS, VILNIAUS VAIKŲ IR JAUNIMO DIABETO KLUBAS DIABITĖ PLIUS. In the aforementioned article of D. Vainauskienė it is stated that when writing in capital letters in full, the symbolic part should be separated by quotation marks: “The symbolic name 9 See. Consultation bank record, access online: http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/10401. 10 The relationship between names and trademarks is discussed in more detail in a separate article (Kniūkšta 2006a), while the relationship between public notices and advertising, billboards, trademarks and the functioning of company names in these areas is discussed in a separate publication (Kniūkšta 2006b). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Kaip tampa kebli iš pažiūros paprasta simbolinių pavadinimų rašymo taisyklė | 6 must be enclosed in quotation marks or distinguished by a different font in cases where both the symbolic name and the indication of the status of the enterprise are written in capital letters only.’ (Brown 1996: 72). However, the scope of such writing is not defined, although the formulation is also probably based on and applied to areas other than coherent text. There is no reason to say that the founders of the companies were guided by this formulation, rather the principle of analogy also worked when seeing public notices, signs or advertising texts. Such writing could also be used in the register, provided that all the names of companies are written in capital letters and separated by quotation marks from the reference to the legal form. The quotation marks, written in full capital letters, would perform a distinguishing function, i.e. allocate the symbolic part. However, when such entries are placed next to names where they are replaced by capital letters, such as club TEA WITH CITRIN, there is confusion about both the quotation marks and the function of the capital letters. Capitalization is no longer just the equivalent of quotes, because the equivalents could not be used together. The quotation marks appear due to capitalization and otherwise when the reference to the legal form accompanying the symbolic name is abbreviated. The possibility of shortening it is mentioned in the annex to the rules, namely its 5.2. However, the appendix is not intended only for the composers of the names, so this alternative could have been provided as a possibility of writing the already composed name in the text. However, it is caught by the founders of companies. Since 1 January 2004, the name has been a matter for them alone,11 meaning that they have been free to choose not only the name, but also the writing or the legal form of the reference. And, as can be seen from the register, not only a public institution, a sole proprietorship, a small partnership, an agricultural company, a private limited company, a private limited company of insurance brokers, a cooperative of owners of a multi-family house, a cooperative of owners of individual residential houses, but also a non-profit organization, a private company, a small business, a agricultural company, a limited liability company, a UADBB, DNSB, IGNSB and so on, e.g. : VšĮ „Taip kaip“, VšĮ „Bet kas zyzia“, IĮ „Virgis“, IĮ „Bijai vilko, neik į mišką“, MB „Ratai visiems“, MB „Spalvos mintims“, UAB „Maljorka“, UAB „Kodėl gi ne?“, UAB „Tikrai geras verslas“, ŽŪB „Tikri dalykai“, ŽŪB „Žibučių ūkis“, UADBB „Draudima“, UADBB „Hokena“, DNSB „Versmės spalvos“, DNSB „Šiluvos svaja“, IGNSB „Kalotės kalnas“, IGNSB „Purmalė“. If you choose to capitalize the symbolic part as well, you create a cluster of capital letters that makes it impossible to distinguish between figurative and literal meanings, and there is no other option than to write quotation marks. In such cases, there is also a considerable fluctuation: the register contains entries for IĮ „FINANSŲ SRAUTAS“, IĮ „GERAS GARAS“, IĮ „ŠIAUDAIS KŪRENAM – GERAI „SANDĖJAS“, UADBB „RYTOJAUS GARANTAS“, UADBB „APSIDRAUSKIME“, DNSB GYVENAM...“, VšĮ „IŠ ŠIRDIES Į ŠIRDĮ“, VšĮ „ŠIAULIŲ ŠAULYS“, UAB „LOTOSŲ JŪRA“, UAB „SIMO RATAI“, ŽŪB „ŠOVENIS“, UADBB „BURBIŠKIŲ KALVA“, DNSB „LIEPKALNIJA“, but there are also such as MB IDEALUS VERSLAS, MB LAIMĖS PIEVA, MB RAMI ŠIRŠĖ, IĮ AKMENS TVORA, IĮ PROTINGA VARNA, VšĮ TIESIOG TEATRAS, VšĮ SPORTAS GYVAI, UAB ŠVIESKI MAN VĖL, UAB TECHNOLOGINĖ LINIJA, UAB KAUNO RATAI, UAB SAULĖS ŽEMĖ. D. Vainauskienė’s (1996: 72) article states that in these cases as well the symbolic part should be separated by quotation marks, but does not specify the area where this writing method is applicable. When applied to the registry, it is also tricky, primarily because the records vary. From such names as MB IDEALUS VERSLAS, capitalization could be considered the equivalent of quotes, but when quotes are also written (e.g., IĮ „FINANSŲ SRAUTAS“), both capitalization and quotes function become unclear. 11 Žr. VLKK svetainėje, prieiga internete: http://vlkk.lt/lit/103421 (žiūrėta 2014 11 04). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Kaip tampa kebli iš pažiūros paprasta simbolinių pavadinimų rašymo taisyklė | 7 The tendency to register the company name in all capital letters could be explained by copying public records, perhaps some documentation matters12. However, other ways of writing names in the registry are obviously related to the tendencies and rules of the cohesive text. These are the cases already mentioned where only the first word of the symbolic part is capitalised, including those where the reference to the legal form of the company is abbreviated. It is precisely the first capitalization that is stipulated in the LKRS rule, but, as the entries in the įspūdis, kad didžiosiomis raidėmis pabrėžiami svarbesni pavadinimai. Juolab kad tokia pabrėregister vary, it becomes tricky too: among other things, the hidden function in language publications is really foreseen. D. Vainauskienė’s article, after discussing all cases of continuous capitalization, and mentioning as the first case the capitalization of symbolic names, summarizes: “the use of capital letters indicates the author’s desire to distinguish what is particularly important” (Vainauskienė 1996: 74). Such writing is called an exclusion, identical to other exclusions allowed by computer text processing (different font, different font or character sizes, darkened or thinned letters). The emphasis function is also envisaged in Nijolė Linkevičienė’s Redagavimo pradmenys, but not for writing in capital letters, but for font styles: “<...> the style of a shortened font can be changed if something needs to be highlighted, especially to emphasize, to draw the reader’s attention. There are four font styles: plain sis, bold, italic (italic), bold italic (italic).” (Lincoln 2013: 55). The graphic way is distinct from the font style in this work, because it is mentioned only when discussing quotations: “Quotations in the text are separated by quotation marks (in case of different font or other graphic way, quotation marks may not be written).” (Lincoln 2013: 57). It would appear that the graphic way is associated only with punctuation. It is only associated with quotation marks in the most recent work in the field of spelling and punctuation – the European Union Institutions Translation into Lithuanian Language Manual (hereinafter – ESIV), but it becomes clear that there is no difference between punctuation by font and punctuation by graphic: the section is called Graphical punctuation, and it mentions fonts, including capital letters: “Instead of quotation marks (italic, bold, font color, capital letters, etc.), quotes, syllable abbreviations, symbolic or non-Lithuanian names, etc. can be distinguished.” (ESIV 2014: 38). Although the function of capitalization here seems to be broader than in the Redagavimo pradmenys, according to the LKRS, the names of the cited organizations, works, publications should also be considered as quotations (LKRS 1992: 227). The graphic way as the equivalent of punctuation is also mentioned in the 2006 updated Lithuanian punctuation rules 13.1, stating that quotations should be written in quotation marks, but when they are distinguished by a different font or graphic, quotation marks may not be written (VZ 2006a). There are some discrepancies in the works mentioning the graphic way, but from the totality of them it would be clear that writing in capital letters can perform a dual function – emphasis of certain text elements and punctuation. If quotes are used for punctuation and capital letters are used to emphasize important points, there may be cases where both capital letters and quotes are used. This rule of biplanary designation is not formulated anywhere, neither in quotation marks nor in thin letters, because they emphasize the discussed pathroughout the publication (LKRS 1992: 71). It is precisely from the cohesive texts, without understanding the differences of writing in different fields, that such a distinction could have been transferred to the register. The register contains many names written in capital letters and in quotation marks, e.g.: individual company „SPALVOS“, E. Mizgerienė’s firm „SIDABRINĖ 12 For example, the rules for preparing documents require the name of the author of the document to be written in capital letters. tačiau kad jis galimas, matyti ir iš LKRS: pateikiant pavyzdžius, simboliniai pavadinimai rašovyzdžių žodžiai, pvz.: saldainiai „Burtininkė“, cigaretės „Jūratė“, romanas „Sukilėliai“ paryškintomis raidėmis (VŽ 2001). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Ramune Vaskelaite. How the seemingly simple rule of writing symbolic names becomes tricky | 8 GARBANA“, G. Smalinskienė’s translation office „GERAS STILIUS“, K. Simanavičius’s salon „PAS MARIJĄ“, public institution „AUKSO ŠVIESA“, small partnership „ATARAS“, public organisation „PER BRASTĄ“, hunting club „SENASIS VILKAS“, Radviliškis district literary club „JONVABALIS“, joint-stock company „KLAIPĖDOS RYTAS“, private joint-stock company „AKUMULIATORIŲ SPEKTRAS“, private joint-stock insurance brokerage company „KOMPENSA“, private joint-stock company financial brokerage company „FINVESTA“, credit union „JONAVOS ŽEMĖ“. At least judging from the formulations presented in language publications, the emphasis function would be justified only in a coherent text, but the peculiarities of non-coherent texts are not examined in language publications, rules are almost not formulated. In the register, this would not be a problem if capital letters were used to emphasize the symbolic part of all names. However, it applies next to entries that comply with the LCRS rule, such as MB "Give the impression that capital letters emphasize more important penkis“, jis visiškai nebeaiškią daro rašymo didžiosiomis raidėmis funkciją, nebent išties kelia titles. When used next to names such as club SHAMANS, it interferes with the quotation function: since the spelling of the names only differs by quotation marks, it may appear that the latter names are not symbolic or that the quotation function is optional when writing symbolic names. The functions and relationship of capital letters and quotes are disturbed by another possibility adapted by the authors of the titles, which is already characteristic of cohesive texts. It could have been interpreted in its own way from the appendix to the rules, which states: "Official names may be rearranged so that the symbolic name appears in the front and the status indications or their alphabetical abbreviations are moved to the back. In this case, they are separated from the symbolic name by a comma, e.g.: uždaroji akc inė bendrovė „Beržas“ / UAB „Beržas“ / „Beržas“, uždaroji akcinė bendrovė / „Beržas“, UAB.” (1995). The wording “official names may be rearranged” would clearly indicate that this alternative was probably also applied to non-name creators. After applying this possibility to them, to the whole variety of register entries also contributed such cases as „Robotų technologijos“, MB; Perkūno investicijos, MB; „Žemuogėlių pieva“, VšĮ; “God’s Gift”, JŪB; „Reklama ant transporto“, UAB; Vabalo kompanija, UAB; “Ūko medis”, UAB; Logistics Zone, UAB; "Another city", UAB; "Sraunioji Ratnyčia", DNSB. Since the optional, as already discussed, supported the possibility of writing the name in capital letters, there were also entries with them, e.g.: „VILKVEDIS“, ŽŪB; “Market Plus”, UAB; BALTIJOS TURTO GRUPĖ, UAB; jant postpositional abbreviation of the legal form, the symbolic part is not separated by quotation marks, e.g. : Ginto Forest, MB; Gardas, MB; Žibartonių „KAIMYNŲ PARKAS“, VIEŠOJI ĮSTAIGA. Bet ir jie dar ne visa rašymo įvairovė. Mat vartomėsa, MB; Ideas Alley, UAB; Mano apdaila, UAB; Computer window, UAB; New Market, UAB; Work in Europe, UAB; Ginger clouds, UAB; Draudūna, UADBB. Accordingly, the symbolic part of capitalized names, e.g. : GAMA, UAB; AMATAS, UAB; AKMAS, UAB; BALTIJOS MONETOS, UAB; FERTIL LAND, UAB; Cleaning Mission, UAB; Real Estate Ideas, LLC; BUSINESS BANK, UAB; EDRAUDA, UADBB; HEALTH Year, Public Institution. There is no rule establishing the possibility of not using quotation marks for the symbolic part preceding the reference to the legal form, but such a tendency can be linked to the usual and fully tekstais. Įvairiuose sąrašuose, kataloguose, lentelėse ar grafikuose tokiais atvejais nevartoti justified use of quotation marks of an unrelated nature if the entire list, catalogue, table or graph is composed according to a single principle. Quotations would be superfluous, especially if the symbolic part is written in capital letters. Tačiau, kaip minėta, nerišlaus teksto rašybos bei skyrybos ypatumai kalbos leidiniuose BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Ramune Vaskelaite. How the seemingly simple rule of writing symbolic names becomes tricky | 9 not discussed. In the case of the LCRS, only the footnote indicates that the symbols used without text are not distinguishable by quotation marks. It is true that, when used with a parenthetic word, it is said that the symbolic part can be separated, i.e., only the possibility is formulated. The tendency to write without quotation marks is probably influenced by the fact that one punctuation mark is already used – the comma. In the register, this principle of writing could also be applied, but only in accordance with the principle of uniformity of entries. When used in conjunction with other entries, renkamosios skyrybos ženklas. O taikomi kartu, visi šie įvairuojantys rašymo būdai daro nesuch as Swedbank, AB, it reinforces the impression that quotation marks have distinct functions and relationships between quotation marks and capitalization. Finally, the authors of the names may have the impression that they can spell them as they please. Cases confirming this assumption, which cannot be linked to any formulation or regularity, can be found in the register, e.g. : UAB PERKŪNKIEMIS plus, association „VISAS PASAULIS manyje“, public institution CAT LOVERS’ CLUB „PONAS KATINAS“, investment club „RIZIKA plus“, UAB „Figūra PLIUS“, private joint-stock company „SAVAS TAKAS“ IR KO, private joint-stock company TRADYTION HOUSE „KAMANĖ“, public institution TRAINING CENTER „TOBULAS“ BUSINESS", private joint-stock company KLAIPĖDOS JŪRŲ KROVINIŲ KOMPANIJA "BEGA", public organization VILNIAUS MIESTO SPORTO KLUBAS "TEMPAS". After reviewing the Lithuanian register entries, their totality can be considered as a mixture of writing characteristics characteristic of different areas of functioning of legal entity names. Properties are transferred from public notices, posters, advertising texts or documents, and from bound texts, without making a distinction between the areas. On the other hand, the difference in language publications is too much and not emphasized, the peculiarities of writing in various fields are not examined, because they are primarily focused on the spelling and punctuation of a coherent text. Nevertheless, in the case of this type of titles having close contact with various fields not covered by the string text, in one way or another related to language, it is necessary to mention other possibilities. Thus, as it turns out, the main factor of the difficult situation in the register is the multifaceted nature of the phenomenon of legal entity names, their functioning in areas with high graphic powers. Since the design of the names was fully entrusted to the founders of the companies, and the differences in the fields were not overlooked, various possibilities were adapted in the register. The register also failed to function as a mechanism for uniformizing the formal expression of records. However, it is another specific area of use of names. In the Lithuanian language dictionary the word registras is interpreted as “list, index; the ir siunčiamiems raštams surašyti“ (LKŽe 2005). Sąrašui ar knygai šiaip jau įprasta taikyti forprinciples of uniformity and systematism, but in language publications they are usually not formulated either, probably considered a matter of choice of lists or publishers. Even if the possibility of graphically distinguishing elements of a coherent text is formulated, it is not emphasised that this principle applies to all identical elements of a single text. However, judging from the provisions of the Register of Legal Entities, the word register is given a different meaning: “The purpose of the register is to register the objects of the Register and to collect, accumulate, process, systematize, store and provide data, information and documents about them.” (2012). It would appear that the register is understood as a certain accumulation of data, a database or a mechanism for recording facts. The founders of the companies, who were entrusted with the design of the names, of course could not have any incentive to harmonize the graphic representation of the name with other entries in the register. Thus, the variety of records prevailed, and the prevailed began to raise nenumatytų problemų, pirmiausia dėl registro turimo išskirtinio statuso. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Ramune Vaskelaite. 16 was granted a non-exclusive right to use the sign “DVARO” only to mark the beer and gin atsakovo bendroves, vietoj ABMG „Astra“ gali pasirinkti UAB „ASTRA-WAM“; Atsakovui beverage (cocktail) produced by AB “GUBERNIJA”, using the sign only in the word combination “DVARO MIŠAS” until 2012j07j09; The applicant stated that on 30 December 2010 he submitted to the VĮ Registrų centrų Vilnius branch an application to temporarily include the name Astra, AB in the Register of Legal Entities; The respondent emphasized that, in order to justify the legal entities.A.S.A. Vilnius, UAB and UAB „VSA Vilnius“ names misleading similarity, it is necessary to establish the possibility of the likelihood of confusion in direct.A.S.A. Vilnius, UAB and UAB „VSA Vilnius“ customers, not indirect customers51. However, the free-style online media is VZ. LT, lrytas.lt, DELFI, lzinios.lt, respublika.lt, 15min.lt and others – tend to apply the general rule of writing characteristic of a cohesive text to the symbolic names of all companies, e.g.: „Fi nas tos“ gru pė su daė ro ban kas „Fi nas ta“, fi nan sų mak le rio įmonė „Fi nas ta“ ir Lie tu vo je bei Lat vi jo je vei kian čios tur to val dy mo įmonės „Fi nas ta As set Ma na ge ment“52; According to him, the lack of transparency of „Lesto“ actions in carrying out this purchase confirms the fears of „Vilniaus energija“ that „Lesto“ is not suitable for the role of distributing the electricity production quota53; „Rokiškio sūrio“ group belongs to „Utenos pienas“.54; The Lithuanian National Association of Freight Forwarders and Logisticians „Lineka“ reports that T. S., the general director of UAB TEF „Vilteda“, was re-elected president for a three-year term at the election congress55; „Linava“ is not only an organization managing a budget of tens of millions of litas, but also a serious competitor to the carriers of the surrounding countries56; „Vilniaus vodka“ does not plan to pay dividends to shareholders57. As can be seen, when rewriting titles in such texts, the registered form and position of the legal form reference is not taken into account – they are used much more freely. However, both the official and free style texts have a common spelling norm in the LCSR. Due to the situation that has arisen when registering companies, a new norm is forming in some areas of usage – to write the name of a legal entity as it is registered, although not only in the LCRS, but also in other normative works, no spelling or punctuation rules of coherent text, differentiated according to functional style, at least so far have not been formulated – they are the same for all functional styles. In this respect alone, consumption and norm differ. However, when the variety of spelling of the names of legal entities is transferred into a single text, the possibility of any spelling or punctuation rule, and therefore a norm, is generally denied: with almost every symbolic name written in a different way, there is no spelling law, general principle, order, i.e., what is the basis of the rule. In this way, the quotation marks, capital letters and capitalization no longer have a defined function. The ambiguity of the function in turn interferes with usage, and ultimately is a factor that interferes with spelling and punctuation. 51 LITEKO, access on the Internet: http://liteko.teismai.lt/viesasprendimupaieska (accessed 2014 10 25). 52 Išsirinko, kam parduoti „Finasta“, access on the Internet: http://www.delfi.lt/verslas/verslas/issirinko-kam-parduotifinasta.d?id=66206630 (accessed 2014 10 25). 53 "Vilniaus energija": "Lesto" is not suitable for allocation of quotas, access on the Internet: http://www.lrytas.lt/verslas/energetika/vilniaus-energija-lesto-yra-netinkama-kvotu-skirstymui.htm (accessed 2014 10 25). 54 "Rokiškio sūris", AB grupė, internet access: http://www.15min.lt/zyme/rokiskio-suris-ab-grupe (accessed 2014 10 25). 55 Lineka re-elected its manager, will concentrate on infrastructure exploitation, access on the Internet: http://vz.lt/article/2014/5/16/lineka-perrinko-vadova-koncentruosis-i-infrastrukturos-isnaudojima (accessed 2014 10 25). 56 "Linavos" opposition murkdo vežėjus teismuose, access on the Internet: http://www.respublika.lt/lt/naujienos/lietuva/ verslas/linavos_opozicija_murkdo_vezejus_teismuose (accessed 2014 10 25). 57 "Vilniaus vodka" sales expects to increase by a fifth, access online: http://www.delfi.lt/verslas/verslas/ vilniaus-degtine-pardavimus-tikisi-padidinti-penktadaliu.d?id=9181324 (accessed 2014 10 25). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Kaip tampa kebli iš pažiūros paprasta simbolinių pavadinimų rašymo taisyklė | 17 1.4. Existing and emerging solutions If the main disturbance of usage, norms and their harmony is the variety of writing methods when registering legal entities, then first of all the method of entering names in the Register of Legal Entities should be standardized. This conclusion has been reached recently and in fact: the information published in the News section of the VLKK website shows that, since 1 May 2013, when checking the names of legal entities to be registered, the VLKK already assesses not only syntax, lexicon or word formation errors, but also compliance with spelling rules and rejects as incorrect those names whose symbolic part is written in capital letters. In reviewing the most common errors, it is directly indicated that the names UAB „KONIGė LITA“ (should be UAB „Koniglita“), AB „STATMETRA“ (should be UAB „Statmetra“) and so on are incorrect.58 However, from this analysis it becomes clear that there are more ways of writing symbolic names, not only the mentioned LKRS. The register of legal entities, understood as a sort of list or compendium, could also be capitalised, provided, of course, that it respects the principle of uniformity of entries. However, given the exceptional status of this grouping, legal provisions would probably also be necessary to ensure that the capitalisation of a registered name in accordance with the cohesive text rule does not change the name. This is probably why the VLKK chose to standardize the register entries in the same way that names would normally be written in a coherent text. Of course, the legalization of names with correct spelling and punctuation is the most important condition for their use to comply with the norm. However, this solution to the problem is only one of the factors that smoothes the use and increases compliance with the norm. Firstly, the verification of the GCCS would be much more efficient if spelling rules were prepared for the creators and users of names. As can be seen, it would no longer be sufficient to provide the basic wording, although there is no basis for changing it. Alternatives should also be provided, taking into account the functional scope of the name, with a detailed discussion of the use of quotation marks and capital letters. Since certain uncertainties are also caused by the way in which references to legal forms are written and positioned, the rules should also regulate the possibilities of these options. However, this analysis also shows that it would be difficult to draw up spelling rules without adopting certain solutions of a codification nature. The spelling and punctuation rules for symbolic names are not sufficiently clear and unambiguous. In fact, the codified version is only one variant of the norm, the most common for a coherent text. Although it is not to be ruled kaip iškabos, viešieji užrašai, reklama, sąrašai, katalogai, rodyklės, lentelės, grafikai ir pan., out in texts of a non-contextual nature, in such fields the norm would rather be different ways of writing – in capital letters and without quotation marks or in capital letters and with quotation marks. On the other hand, such writing variants are also possible in cohesive texts, but as a rule they are not sufficiently clearly codified. Since both these ambiguities and the non-formulation of the principle of uniformity significantly contributed to the creation of a variety of the writing of symbolic names that disturbs the spelling and punctuation, it is necessary to clarify the codification of the writing of symbolic names. The analysis also shows that language publications should pay more attention to writing in non-contextual texts. As can be seen, their nature can be quite diverse, which requires a classification by genres and a more detailed analysis of the units of classification. Considering texts of non-literary nature as subjects not to be regulated by language rules, circumstances 58 Tokia informacija pateikiama VLKK svetainėje, prieiga internete: http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/nutarimai/imoniu-pavadinimai/klaidos.htm (žiūrėta 2014 11 04). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Ramune Vaskelaite. How the seemingly simple rule of writing symbolic names becomes tricky | 18 confusing and cohesive spelling and punctuation rules. Once they have actually been created, another codification task arises – to identify more clearly the functions and relationships of spelling and punctuation marks in the works providing the norm. Not only the possibilities of typefaces opened up by typing computers, but also the close contact of the names of legal entities with the fields of visual graphics encourages a clearer delineation of the boundary between written and non-written signs rašto grafikos elemento statusą arba jį atmesti, įvardyti jo santykį su rašybos ir skyrybos lygused in graphics, legitimizing writing in capital letters as an art. Capitalization in quite broadly related texts has significantly disturbed the function of quotes, so it is a task to identify it more clearly. The following analysis of the use of non-Lithuanian symbolic names will reveal that the function of quotation marks was not very clear. 2. NON-LITHUANIAN SYMBOLIC NAME AS LITHUANIAN WRITENING DISABILITY 2.1. Inadequacy of the overwrite rule The spelling and punctuation issues of non-Lithuanian symbolic names could be considered a separate topic and not discussed in this article, but the emerging usage tendencies show that the habit of not linking these topics, or rather, not discussing the spelling and punctuation problems of non-Lithuanian names at all, is also a factor that disturbs the usage of symbolic names, their spelling norm and the harmony of norm and usage. The spelling tendencies and factors of Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian names are related, supporting and strengthening each other. may arise. Of course, it is not the case that non-Lithuanian symbolic names are not written completely. When the founders of companies started to use English names for the companies established in Lithuania, this act and the threat posed by it could not be underestimated by language specialists. Thus, about the influx of foreign words of this kind has been written, mostly – by the also respected Kniūkštas (1991a, b, 1992a, 1997, 2004, 2005, 2006b). However, in writing, the morphological and structural characteristics of non-Lithuanian names, their influence on the structure of Lithuanian names, syntactic aspects raised in some articles (Kniūkšta 1997; Vaicekauskienė 1997; Vaskelaitė 2001), and spelling and punctuation issues, as well as Lithuanian names, are almost not touched, if we do not mention a couple of articles on Latvian symbolic names (Kvašytė 2005; Jocaitė, Kvašytė 2006). The issue of spelling non-Lithuanian symbolic names was not raised even in the rules for the composers of legal entity names. The rules indicate that they intended to distance themselves from those names in general. In the first version, it was stated that symbolic names “cannot be made from words of other languages that do not have Lithuanian morphological form and are not used in the common Lithuanian language” (LKKN 1998: 15). In the 2004 rules this point was removed, but the provisions remained that symbolic names may be words used in the common Lithuanian language and certain combinations of words (p. 4) and that they cannot be composed of non-normative words. (or with them) or in a non-normative manner (11 p.). By Decree of 2013 from the rules to delete 9 and (or with them) or in a 10 punktai, ir taip nebeliko draudimo simbolinių pavadinimų darytis iš nenorminių žodžių non-normative form, from infinitive artificial words and from grammatically unorganized words, the name may be BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Ramune Vaskelaite. How the seemingly simple rule of writing symbolic names becomes tricky | 19 related words. However, there remained a point 4, stating that only words used in common Lithuanian language and certain combinations of words could be included. As can be inferred from the checks carried out by the VLKK, this item also includes the deleted items, since the VLKK considers those vadinimus, kuriuos sudaro vieni kitų kalbų žodžiai arba kitų kalbų žodžiai kartu su lietuviškais, pvz.: MB „If we do“, UAB „Wind“, „Vilnius transport“, „Giliara solutions“59. items as irregular. However, a certain exception is provided for in the rules. Adopted in 1992 In point 4.3 it is stated that common Lithuanian and foreign firm names may be made from non-Lithuanian words or with them (LKNN 1998: 14), this is repeated in the 1997 rules (VŽ 1997b), both of which also mention that foreign firms operating in Lithuania should be referred to by words in other languages. Therefore, the formulation of how to write non-Lithuanian symbolic names was not presented probably not because the spelling of such names was considered irrelevant for the Lithuanian language, but because it was considered not to be the subject of Lithuanian language rules. In the rules adopted in 2004 and currently in force, the exception for non-Lithuanian names is not mentioned at all. However, they are included in the register, since the Civil Code stipulates that non-Lithuanian names may be used by companies associated with a foreign legal entity or other organization60, and the VLKK does not check these names either. However, the main channel of the flow of non-Lithuanian names, as it becomes clear from the internet media, is illegal – various ways are used to circumvent the rules, this action is daugiausia grindžiant verslo interesais61. Ne lietuvių kalba sudarytus pavadinimus rašyti vis so necessary because the names of companies established abroad or other foreign entities and objects are inevitably mentioned, especially in these times of active international relations. Consequently, the rule of their writing should be established. The LKRS does not mention the spelling of non-Lithuanian symbolic names of companies, although a whole chapter is devoted to the spelling of non-Lithuanian real names (LKRS 1992: 81–89). The rule is formulated in a separate VLKK resolution (VZ 1997a). It is also very simple on the surface: non-Lithuanian symbolic names should be written in the original spelling62 (newspapers and magazines “Karogs”, “Time”, “Novyj mir”, companies, organizations, collectives “Cameron”, “General Motors”, “Chrysler Corporation”, “Los Angeles Lakers”, “Milan AC”, “Miami Heat”, branded products “Renault”, “Mercedes Benz”, “Braun”, “Hyundai”, “Sony”, “Audi 100”), and some common mononyms, especially those that have equivalents in common language, may be ending in Lithuanian („Internetas“, „Kosmosas“, „Zenitas“, „Spartakas“). The note also notes that the common non-Lithuanian names, which have become generic words, are adapted and written without quotation marks, in lowercase, i.e. žiguliai, mersedes, feraris, tojota, boingas, brauningas. It would appear that a two-stage system of adaptation is envisaged, but from previous decisions of the VLKK it is clear that initially adaptation tends to be provided only for freer styles. For example, the 1990 Decree proposed that endings be added only in colloquial language and popular publications, and not in some common mononyms.59 VLKK information, access on the Internet: http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/nutarimai/imoniu-pavadinimai/klaidos.htm. .60 Civilinio kodekso 2.40 straipsnyje teigiama: „Juridinio asmens, susijusio su užsienio juridiniu asmeniu ar kita composed in such a way that it is identical or similar to the name of a foreign legal entity or other organization, if there is their consent to use the name.” (2000). 61 Since neither business interests nor their relationship with language or national culture interests are the subject of this article, they will not be examined here, but only to draw attention to a couple of simple statements that are missing in the discussions between business and language interests defenders: 1) company names are a component of the language (as can be seen, particularly important), and the official language in Lithuania, at least so far, is not English, but Lithuanian; 2) the argument that foreigners find it difficult to pronounce the Lithuanian name is unfounded, if the company is not determined to provide no services to Lithuanians at all: Lithuanians are certainly not easier to correctly phonetically translate English sounds than foreigners translate Lithuanian ones. 62 Even in 1979, the principle of the original spelling was not taken for granted. Nijolė Sližienė (1979) proposed to apply it, taking into account the practice used in the press of other languages and the inconsistencies prevalent in the Lithuanian press at the time. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Ramune Vaskelaite. How a seemingly simple rule of spelling symbolic names becomes tricky | 20 Lithuanian names, especially those that have equivalents in common language (KK 1991). Furthermore, to ankstesniame nutarime (1988 m.) apie galūnių dėjimą iš viso neužsiminta (KK 1990). Galbūt todėl begalūnis nelietuviškų simbolinių pavadinimų rašymas įsigalėjo ir, 2007 m. jau nusprenpromote the tendency of adaptation of functional styles, i.e. The VLKK resolution recommended that the symbolic part of a non-Lithuanian name preceded by a non-Lithuanian parenthetic word should be spelled, if it can be adapted to any spelling of the Lithuanian language (VŽ 2007). A publication published in 2005 states that the compression of the periodical press tends to reject it and in the media – the endless writing of foreign names has taken hold there as well (Pupkis 2005: 288). In any case, for a non-contextual text such as the Register of Legal Entities, the principle of morphological adaptation nė negalėjo būti aktualus. The application of the rule formulated in the 1997 ICCPR Decision to the register is problematic in other respects. Firstly, the necessary part of the name of the registered companies are words indicating the type of activity or legal form, but nothing is said about their spelling – neither what should be the way and position of that reference, nor whether it should be Lithuanian or non-Lithuanian. The question of the allocation of the symbolic part is unclear. Only from the examples illustrating the rule it is possible to conclude that it should be distinguished by quotation marks, but to distinguish as a symbolic part when it goes before the reference to the legal form is not clear even from the examples. In the presented quotation marks Lithuanian ones are used, only from this it is possible to conclude that when writing non-Lithuanian symbolic names the principle of spelling of the original language and Lithuanian language distinction is applicable, but not every language user will make such a conclusion, especially since the boundary between punctuation and spelling is unclear and in the LCSR. The case of capitalization is mentioned both in the spelling section (LKRS 1992: 60–72) and in the punctuation section (LKRS 1992: 134). Symbolic names are discussed in Rašyba (LKRS 1992: 70–72), but the rule is formulated not only for capital letters, but also for quotation marks. Only from the examples illustrating the original spelling rule can it be concluded that the principle of original spelling should also include the principle specific to the English language of capitalising each word of the name. Articles on the spelling of Latvian symbolic names (Kvašytė 2005; Jocaitė, Kvašytė 2006) reveal that diacritical marks should also be represented, but this is only decided in those articles. And the very concept of original spelling, applied to composed names, acquires another meaning. There is no comparison between the name being created and the original, so that principle can only be understood as the use of correct English or some other language. Available language knowledge is probably used to create non-Lithuanian company names, but there is also a lot of ignorance. After reviewing non-Lithuanian entries in the Register of Legal Entities, most of which are ne betampančia anglų kalba, gali kilti įspūdis, kad jiems iš viso jokios rašybos ir skyrybos international, the rules do not apply. To the diversity, analogous to the discussed confusion of Lithuanian entries, related to the use of capital letters (UAB „Accounting express“; UAB „PLUS Windows“; UAB „Business MARKET“; URBAN Market UAB; VšĮ COUNT PLUS; MB A DOG LEADER; UAB „COMPANY EXPRESS“; FINANCE 4 YOU, UAB; „AMBER REALTY INVESTMENTS“, UAB), contributes the writing of the symbolic part with each word beginning with a capital letter (MB „Express Delivery“, UAB „Baltic Logistics Group“, UAB Press Express, UAB Payment Solutions, asociacija „Amber Rally Team“), although this is not necessarily so written (IĮ „Baltic amber“, MB „Balticum infinitum“, MB „Energy business partners“, UAB Amber oak). Variation of the position of the reference to the abbreviated legal form (UAB „4finance“, UAB „Financing accounting and consulting“, IĮ „Consulting plus“ and „Swedbank“, AB); Print City, UAB; Amber Food, UAB; BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Kaip tampa kebli iš pažiūros paprasta simbolinių pavadinimų rašymo taisyklė | 21 EXPRESS GROUP, UAB „LIGHT CONSULTING GROUP“, UAB) contributes after the symbolic Layala dalies rašomos santrumpos neskyrimas kableliu (Everyday Finance UAB, Dim Electro UAB, Balti Real Estate KŪB, Business Investment Group MB, AUTO EXPRESS UAB), although in other cases it is assigned (Business, UAB; Business service, UAB; BUSINESS UNION, UAB). The word combination indicating the legal form of the company is not necessarily abbreviated, e.g. : KREDITO UNIJA AMBER, AMBER limited liability company, AMBER PROJECTS public institution, AMBER LOG cooperative company. As in Lithuanian names, the symbolic part before the abbreviation is not separated by quotation marks (Market in, MB; Express sale, MB; Credit Law, UAB; Alternative Payment Services, UAB; BALTIC BUSINESS INDUSTRY, UAB; MARKETaSTOCK UAB; EXPRESS GROUP, UAB), but it can be separated (Baltics Express, UAB; City Market, UAB; Building business, UAB; Rides and more, UAB). Often the symbolic part following the reference to the legal form is not separated by quotation marks (MB Amber Dreams, MB Septem Spedition Group, UAB Business Team, UAB Day and Night, UAB Asia express, UAB Autobela market, UAB Clic2Sell, VšĮ Business training center, IĮ SKY GROUP, VšĮ COUNT PLUS). Such diversity could not even be foreseen by the rules of the English language. There are rules for spelling names in English. According to them, every word of a proper name must be written in capital letters, without making any distinction between symbolic and literal names. The most common spelling of the symbol part would be Motorola Solutions, Pine Indemnity, Accomplish Financial, American Electric Technologies, Global Development Group, Standard Life International, General Electric International, Active Wealth Management, Abacus Investment Solutions, Bain & Company, etc. However, non-Lithuanian names are registered in foreign registers and are usually used not alone, but with references to the legal form. There are various references, abbreviated and unabbreviated, and the ways of abbreviation also depend on the country in which the company is registered. In the United States, LLC (Limited Liability Company) is often used with company names, indicating that the legal entity is a limited civil liability company. Plc, plc, PLC (Private Limited Company), Ltd (Public Limited Company) are commonly used with UK companies, while S.A. (Spanish: Sociedad Anónima, French: Société anonyme), S.E. (Spanish: Sociedad del Estado), S.C.S. (isp. Limited Liability Company), S.C.p.A. (Spanish: Sociedad en Comandita por Acciones), S.p.a. (Italian: Società per azioni), GmbH (German: Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung), AB (Swedish: Aktiebolag), A/S (Danish: Aktieselskab), ASA (Norwegian: Allmennaksjeselskap). In English texts, when writing English titles, the symbolic part is usually not separated by quotation marks (in a linked text, it is customary to separate only the titles of works of art), especially when the title goes without text. The postposition of the legal form mark prevails and that mark is usually not separated from the symbolic part by a comma, e.g. : Direct Pay Limited, Currencies Direct Financial Markets Limited, Amin Exchange Ltd, Clear Currency Foreign Exchange Risk Management LLP, Centurion Portfolio Managers Ltd, Domestic & General Insurance plc, St Andrew‘s Life Assurance Plc, Orkla Finans Kapitalforvaltning ASA, Aberdeen Property Investors Corporate ASA, Inpay A/S, General Capital Financial Services S.A., Trustly Group AB, Evo Payment International GmbH. However, the comma can also be used, especially in writing US company names, e.g. : Write Word, LLC; Ormantine, USA, Ltd.; Feedworks USA, Ltd; Guangzhou Comma Car Care Accessories Co., Ltd. The rules for the formation of non-Lithuanian names generally do not prohibit the use of abbreviations, they are used abundantly, and the methods of abbreviation are more diverse than those established in the Lithuanian language rules, e.g. AA Advisers LLP, A.J.K. Wealth Management Limited, K.J.W. Krisworld Development Ltd, Corporate FX+ Limited, eMID S.I.M. S.p.A., eToro (UK) BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Kaip tampa kebli iš pažiūros paprasta simbolinių pavadinimų rašymo taisyklė | 22 Ltd, GRNEAM Limited, INDX Securities Limited, ING AM Insurance Companies B.V., J M Finn & Co Ltd, J Stern & Co. LLP, J&E Davy t/a Davy, NASDAQ OMX NLX Limited, St Helen's Capital Plc. When registering companies with non-Lithuanian names in the Lithuanian register, all these rules are tried to be applied, but, as the previous records show, the obviously lacking rule of writing non-Lithuanian symbolic names in Lithuanian is also applied. The principle to be followed in the registry is not specified anywhere, so it is impossible to accuse the name creators of not knowing the rule. However, it would be difficult to establish such a rule. After all, non-Lithuanian names are mainly formed with a view to foreign customers, so that they function outside Lithuania, so Lithuanian spelling or punctuation is not very relevant for them. On the other hand, the Register of Legal Entities is a database of the Republic of Lithuania, which means that it should be compiled in Lithuanian. Of course, when deciding which language spelling and punctuation rules should be applied for the registration of non-Lithuanian names, the fact that the register is not a coherent text should also be taken into account. Until there are formulated clear rules, there is a variety of spelling of non-Lithuanian names created in Lithuania. 2.2. Impact on the spelling of Lithuanian names The non-Lithuanian register entries show that the spelling of these names is affected not only by the shortcomings of the transliteration rule or the lack of a rule for the register, but also by Lithuanian tendencies in the formation and use of symbolic names. However, from the point of view of the Lithuanian language norm, the opposite phenomenon is much more relevant – the effect of non-Lithuanian spelling and punctuation on Lithuanian. And it is very obvious, it can be seen from the entries in the same register. Directly the writing of names in English is copied when each word of the symbolic part begins with a capital letter, e.g. : IĮ „Pirk Kitaip“, VšĮ „Namas Plius“, MB „Miesto Batai“, UAB „Geras Medis“, UAB „Saulės Elektrinių Parkas“, UAB „Techno Projektų Grupė“, VšĮ „Gero Laiko Zona“, „Sveikatos Sodas“, UAB. The tendency not to use quotation marks to separate the symbolic part before the reference to the legal form can also be linked to the above-mentioned factors, but its non-separation with a comma (Vertimų pasaulis MB, Baltas miestas UAB, Pasvalio saulės energija MB, Neptūno investicijos UAB, SOLAR investicijos UAB, AVEVERA UAB) can only be linked to the features of punctuation of non-Lithuanian names just discussed. The tendency to use abbreviations that are not typical of the Lithuanian language (UAB „D Investicijų Valdymas“, UAB „BT mediena“, UAB „LNT PLIUS“, public institution „LT plus“, UAB irgi greičiausiai yra, o polinkis vartoti nelietuviškas santrumpas (UAB „IDW metalas ir medie- „NOR Mediena“, VšĮ FK VYTIS, N Technologijos, UAB) na“, UAB „J. P. K. investicijos“, UAB „P&P investicijos“, UAB) and is certainly the result of that impact. In the non-Lithuanian names included in the register with a Lithuanian legal form reference, various abbreviations are particularly common, e.g. : UAB „F and B“, UAB „SOGA Baltic Oil“, UAB „PCD Group“, „REF Express“, UAB „ABFC Finance“, IĮ „WMI plus“, IĮ „Express A ir LT“, VšĮ „A and RS group LT“, MB QR Market, MB „QSP FINANCE“, UAB „D&J Group“, UAB S&A EXPRESS, MCB Finance, UAB, „LRQA Lietuva“, UAB, uždara akcinė bendrovė GhNetworks, uždara akcinė bendrovė „PS and S“, steponkus&co FM AB, UAB iTree Finance, MhFinance UAB, UAB „1A. LT“, UAB 4SUN GROUP, UAB „2M plus“, 4it, UAB. Such abbreviations also occur in the Lithuanian symbolic part, e.g. : UAB J9 investicijos, UAB „4T Klaipėda“, UAB Eebiznis, PcParkas, UAB, club „ČIA & DABAR“, Įmonė Pbc Plus. Since English names are written by BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Kaip tampa kebli iš pažiūros paprasta simbolinių pavadinimų rašymo taisyklė | 23 kų pavadinimų rašymo taisyklės nedraudžia vartoti žodinių santrumpų ir trumpinimo būdu alternating upper and lower case letters, Lithuanian names are also written by alternating upper and lower case letters, e.g. : SerVal plus, public institution “Let’s act together”, IPOKRaTES Lithuania Foundation, GraniRa, UAB. This effect is an obvious result of the application of the English language rules. However, it is difficult that it is strengthened or favoured by the discussed uncertainties related to the registration of Lithuanian names. For example, not to include in quotation marks a name with an ypač einančio po teisinės formos nuorodos (VšĮ Mažas dangus, MB Laimės paukštė, MB Genio obviously figurative meaning, uoksas, MB Mano Spinta, MB Tavo Buhalterė, UAB Kmynas, UAB Spinoza, UAB Pabalnotas vėjas, UAB Perkūno nafta, UAB Greitas šuo, UAB Saulės Guru, UAB Saulės Zona, UAB Saulės Industrija), is probably encouraged by the writing of the real names in English, but this incentive is also supported by the tendency in the registry to not include the symbolic part when writing Lithuanian names, if it goes against the reference to the legal form. The tendency to register Lithuanian names in capital letters, which has developed due to the circumstances already discussed, is considerably strengthened by the fact that names are also registered in foreign registers in all capital letters. The encouragement or supporting factor should be frequent abbreviations in non-Lithuanian names, including syllable abbreviations, written in capital letters. In addition, the form of the letter is more important in English names than in Lithuanian ones. For example, the company name "Oil IndEx" may have a punch of the beginning of the word and the punch ex (former), so treated it would be different from the word Index. If the first letter of the word is capitalized, the two names would be confused. Such names encourage capitalization of Lithuanian names in the middle of the word, and at the same time reinforce the impression that the lettering of the registered name cannot be changed. Another supporting factor may be that the spelling rule of English real names partially coincides with the Lithuanian one, according to which every word of the names of the highest state authorities (Government of the Republic of Lithuania, Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuania, State Assembly of Hungary, etc.) must be written in capital letters (LKRS 1992: 66; VŽ 1997a). In addition, the stylistic use of capital letters is established in the rules of Lithuanian language – when politely addressing another person (Jūs, Tamsta, Pone) or when giving an exceptional meaning to words (Tėvynė, Tauta, Nepriklausomybė), historical events, documents, as well as organizations (Lithuanian Bishops’ Conference, Great Vilnius Seimas, Baltic Assembly) (LKRS 1992: 72–71). These similarities can confuse language users. Some influence of non-Lithuanian spelling and punctuation on Lithuanian is stopped by name making rules. As early as 1997, it was established that the word in the middle of the name formed by abbreviation cannot be capitalized, for example, SeKoMa, MeBetA (VZ 1997a) is not suitable. Symbolic names consisting of abbreviations and numbers and their combinations were only legalized by the Act on the Amendment of Article 2 and Article 4 of the Law on Firm Names (VZ 2002b) adopted in 2002, but the 2004 regulations waived this exception. However, in the Civil Code (Art. 2.40) the provision remained in force that the name of a legal entity “can only be if such sudarytas iš raidžių, kurios negali būti suprantamos kaip žodžiai, ir skaitmenų arba jų derinių name is established in society” (VŽ 2000). There are names that are similar to the word ėa, ėė, ėas, trumpas, kaip ir dirbtinai sudarytus simbolinius vardus, kurių pabaiga atitinka lietuvišką galūaiis, ėys, ūus and which can be conjugated, for example, „Eksma“, „Lista“, „Sodra“, „Sekoma“, names that are allowed to be made up to now and when registering legal entities they are among the most popular, for example: private joint-stock company „TOKSIKA“, private joint-stock company „REKIJA“, AB „Gindera“, UAB „Kedera“, UAB „Revaka“, UAB „Rimsauga“, UAB „Stevija“, BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Kaip tampa kebli iš pažiūros paprasta simbolinių pavadinimų rašymo taisyklė | 24 UAB „Taurenta“, UAB „Telfida“, UAB „Telija“, UAB „Vilmista“, UAB „Ervila“, UAB „ADMITA“, UAB „ELDIKA“, UAB „ELTELA“, UAB „IMRENA“, UAB „LEOLA“, UAB „LINKARA“, UAB „TOPARA“, UAB „DENSANAS“, GESPANA, UAB. However, writing such names is allowed only with the first capital letter, such writing as UAB „EDGarmas“, UAM „MoVakas“, MB SaulMina“, IĮ „INveska“ is currently prevented by the VLKK check63. This check also stops other influences of English language, such as capitalizing the first word, for example, UAB „Elektros Vizija“, as well as writing symbolic names without quotation marks, for example, MB Giria, IĮ Montavimas, UAB Gudri žirafa, UAB Garantuotai64. However, it cannot be said that the influence of English spelling and punctuation in the field of symbolic names has been completely eliminated. First, there are already companies registered under such names, and their use encourages the use of the principle of analogy. Secondly, it is completely unclear how to translate non-Lithuanian names registered under different rules into a coherent or non-coherent text. From rarely identity problems should not arise. However, as with gistro įrašų galima spręsti, kad tik raidžių pavidalu ar kabutėmis besiskiriančių lyg ir nėra, the use of registered Lithuanian names, the question arises as to how much the form of the name of the entity with the status of legal person should be changed. Writing a name in quotation marks which has been registered without quotation marks runs the risk of turning a literal name into a symbolic one, especially if the English language is free and it is difficult to determine from the meanings of the words whether the name is actually figurative. And the established rule of writing, which puts the original spelling, can be understood as a request to rewrite the name as it would be written in English, i.e. only writing each word with capital letters, without quotation marks. Such assumption would be made by the tendency of writing names not included in the Lithuanian register, e.g. : Located near the seaside, the Amber Palace hotel is in Palanga, and the attractions of the region are Palanga beach and Palanga marina65; DNV GL-Business Assurance is one of the leading world accredited management system certification services providers66; Official MAN representative in Lithuania UAB Adampolis established in 2010 Adampolis Finance division, which ensures to each customer operative, optimal and flexible financing solutions for the acquisition of new and used trucks and buses67; Altum Finance is a financial advisory company based in Vilnius and working with customers throughout Lithuania68; Currently, Michelin shares the first place in the world in terms of tyre production volumes with Bridgestone; Continental is one of the leading suppliers to the global automotive market 69. On the other hand, the original spelling rule can also be understood as a principle of adhering to the register entry, especially when jo laikomasi vartojant lietuviškus pavadinimus. However, there may also be deeper reasons for the tendency not to use quotation marks, related to the multifunctionality of quotation marks and, at the same time, the uncertainty of their function. As it can be deduced from the comment in the LKRS that without quotation marks the name would mean another thing (LKRS 1992: 70), the quotation marks in symbolic names are supposed to have a figurative function, but in the same LKRS quotation marks are considered the main quotation mark (LKRS 1992: 224–228). 63 See the information on the VLKK website, accessible on the Internet: http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/nutarimai/imoniu-pavadinimai/klaidos. htm (accessed 2014 11 04). 64 Ibid. 65 Hotels.com, accessed online: http://lt.hotels.com (accessed 2014 10 27). 66 DNV GL, accessed online at http://www.dnvba.com/en (accessed 27 October 2014). 68 Altum Finance, 67 Adampolis, prieiga internete: http://www.adampolis.lt (žiūrėta 2014 10 27). access on the Internet: http://altumfinance.lt (accessed 2014 10 27). 69 Padangos123.lt, access on the Internet: http://padangos123.lt/e/michelin (accessed 2014 10 27). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Kaip tampa kebli iš pažiūros paprasta simbolinių pavadinimų rašymo taisyklė | 25 here, because the LKRS also includes figurative names of persons or objects, specific statements of figurative meaning, as well as the names of works, publications, cited organizations (LKRS 1992: 224–228). It is true that it is difficult to reconcile words or statements of figurative meaning with the given description of a quotation – “It is the literal language or written language spoken by another person on another occasion and incorporated into the speech of the author or character” (LKRS 1992: 224). And indeed, in speech works attention is drawn to the excessively broad concept of quotation, the functions of quotes are tried to žymėjimą kabutėmis aptaria kaip pasirenkamąją kabučių vartoseną, besiskiriančią nuo būtidifferentiate. For example, Juozas Abaravičius (2002: 202–221) and Rūta Marcinkevičienė (2006) consider the use of specific figurative words as insufficiently motivated. When discussing selective or insufficiently motivated usage, foreign words and insertions of other languages are also mentioned as means of the author’s distancing from the general language margin (Abaravičius 2002: 214–221; Rudzevičius 2005; Marcinkevičienė 2006: 211), although writing in quotation marks with foreign words is also assessed more positively – as a warning to the addressee about a not entirely typical element of the text (Girčienė 2005). Whatever the name given to this usage, it reveals that the quotation marks tend to mark not only authentic quotations or symbolic names, but also foreign elements to the language. And non-Lithuanian symbolic names are just that, together with words of figurative meaning. This raises the question of what function the quotes perform when used with non-Lithuanian symbolic names. Since the rules for writing non-Lithuanian names do not mention quotation marks at all, their function is not mentioned either. The question of naming the function might not be relevant if non-Lithuanian names were not used with non-Lithuanian references to the legal form. If the symbolic part of such names is distinguished as a figurative word or compound, it would follow that a reference to a non-Lithuanian legal form should not be included in the quotation marks. And if non-Lithuanian names are to be distinguished as foreign words or insertions of other languages, the full name should be distinguished, including the reference to the legal form. In the absence of a rule for such cases, it is often chosen to designate only the full name in the register, e.g.: “Advanced Business Migration Ltd.” agency, “ADIDASaSALOMON INTERNATIONAL SOURCING LIMITED” agency, “MALS OIL TRADING LIMITED” agency of the Irish joint-stock company, “WOOLTSON LTD” branch of the Irish association, “ASIA FLY CARGO LTD” agency, “BEIJING FLY WORLD CARGO CONSULTING SERVICE COMPANY LTD” agency, “Lithuanian Catholic Religious Aid” of the US company. Incorporated, its representative of LAVA TRADE LLC. Such tendencies to divorce are also evident in coherent texts, e.g. : According to S. U., Managing Director of Fresh Market, Aletrad 2001 Trading Limited is owned by the same shareholders as Ipsun MILFORD DEVELOPMENT INCORPORATED atstovybė, JAV ribotos atsakomybės kompaniHolding Limited, but it is not disclosed who has invested in these Cyprus-registered companies70; Group Menatap Limited estimated the losses incurred at EUR 114 billion. US dollars71; according to BNS, from 2004 to 2007, the land and building were acquired and managed by a limited liability company “Elite L.L.C.”72, which is probably not registered in Lithuania; the US bank “JPMorgan Chase” intends to offer the first 70 shares of “Fresh market” to the stock markets. 71 Russia lost 128 Lt billion case, access on the Internet: http://www.delfi.lt/verslas/energetika/rusija-pralaimejonews/daily/lithuania/buve-vsd-vadovai-del-informacijos-apie-- czv-ka le jimus-guzcioja-peciais.d?id= 25001215. 128-mlrd-lt-byla.d?id=65402464 (žiūrėta 2014 10 27). 72 Buvę VSD vadovai dėl informacijos apie CŽV kalėjimus gūžčioja pečiais, prieiga internete: http://www.delfi.lt/ BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Ramune Vaskelaite. How the seemingly simple rule of writing symbolic names becomes tricky | 32 kelios stygių. Due to these shortcomings, spelling and punctuation of the names of legal entities is not only in the Register of Legal Entities. The use of language also raises phenomena that are not discussed at all in the normative works of language. These are names that have been created by language interaction. Although the standard of their writing is not formulated, the reference point for its establishment could be the entries in the Register of Legal Entities. This area of usage offers a criterion for assessing such names, namely the prevalence of syntax, and reveals that such structures are formed by the principle of quotation: in one case a Lithuanian element is added to a non-Lithuanian compound, in another, conversely, a non-Lithuanian element, usually a symbolic name, is added to a compound formed on the basis of Lithuanian syntax. In the absence of a rule, another symbolic name that is part of a symbolic name is not considered either as a symbolic name or as an element foreign to the Lithuanian language. The fact that it is not adapted phonetically or morphologically is determined by the tendencies of the functional style (official noun), formed by non-Lithuanian rules for the use of symbolic names in Lithuanian, but the non-adaptable elements in Lithuanian are separated by quotation marks or fonts. By not distinguishing between them, the general tendency of Lithuanian language and its norming principle to avoid using unadapted foreign words and treat those used in written language as quotations in the broad sense is violated. The extent to which such an infringement is justified in the scope of the use of real names is a matter of consideration. In general, the analysis of the use of symbolic names reveals the need for both practical rules and codification solutions. Solutions are needed both for individual cases, such as the issue of formalization of multilingual names, and complex ones, such as a clearer formulation of the functions of certain signs (capital letters, continuous capital letters, quotes, font), their relationship with each other and with spelling and punctuation marks, the establishment of the norm of writing symbolic names in texts of a non-cohesive nature, and the clarification of the norm of their writing in cohesive texts. Furthermore, the usage reveals the insufficient definition of the concept of symbolic name, the relationship between symbolic name and quotation. LITERATŪRA Abaravičius J. 2002: Skyrybos stilistika, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Brūzgienė R., Čekmonienė I. E., Žemienė A. 2013: Specialybės kalba. Vadovėlis, Vilnius: Mykolo Romerio universitetas. DLKG 1997: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. 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VŽ 2012: Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės nutarimas „Dėl Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės 2003 m. lapkričio 12 d. nutarimo Nr. 1407 „Dėl juridinių asmenų registro įsteigimo ir juridinių asmenų registro nuostatų patvirtinimo“ pakeitimo“ (2012 m. gruodžio 5 d., Nr. 1452). – Valstybės žinios, 2012, Nr. 142-7323. VŽ 2013: Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos nutarimas „Dėl Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos 2004 m. vasario 2 d. nutarimo Nr. N-2(91) „Dėl įmonių, įstaigų ir organizacijų simbolinių pavadinimų darymo taisyklių patvirtinimo“ pakeitimo“ (2013 m. balandžio 4 d., Nr. N-2(138). – Valstybės žinios, Nr. 37-1836. Received 07/11/2014 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Ramune Vaskelaite. How the seemingly simple rule of writing symbolic names becomes tricky | 35 HOW A SEEMINGLY SIMPLE RULE FOR WRITING SYMBOLIC NAMES BECOMES DIFFICULT Summary Linguistic publications pay insufficient attention to orthography and punctuation of symbolic names. They have mostly been analysed as names of legal persons, which are unique in that they tend to function not only in coherent texts. Functioning as public signs, trademarks, advertising objects, in lists and similar texts they are characterised by different writing tendencies only partly coinciding with the writing of symbolic names in a coherent text. Thus, a rule regulating only writting in a coherent text cannot be sufficient at least for this group of symbolic names. In discussion of symbolic names of legal persons it is necessary to mention other possibilities of writing. However, these are not analysed and defined in detail in linguistic publications; thus, due to lack of clarity, some confusion in usage has arisen. As the functions of capitalisation and quotation marks have become unstable, a favourable medium has emerged for applying the tendencies of writing names characteristic to the English language. The records of the Register of Legal Entities, which clearly show the impact of the English language, demon strate more factors contributing to foreign orthography: shortcomings of the rule on writing non-Lithuanian symbolic names; insufficient clarity in drawing the line between levels of orthography and punctuation and in writing names in non-coherent texts, including areas as specific as the Register Usage also unveils phenomena that are not considered at all of Legal Entities; absence of the norm and lack of rules for language users on writing symbolic names. in language standardisation works. These are names emerging out of interaction of languages. Even though there is no norm formulated for writing them, it could be established by using the records of the Register of Legal Entities as a reference point. Such constructs are made based on the principle of quotation: in some cases, a Lithuanian element is included in a non-Lithuanian combination; in other cases, on the contrary, a nonLithuanian component, usually a symbolic name, is included in a combination constructed on the basis of Lithuanian syntax. Since the rule is missing, there is a tendency not to distinguish the symbolic name comprising another symbolic name neither as a symbolic name nor as an element foreign to the Lithuanian language. This is against the general tendency of the Lithuanian language and its standardisation principle not to use unadapted foreign words and to treat those used in the written by the field of using proper names. language as quotations in a broad sense. It is negotiable to what extent such a violation can be justified In general, the analysis of the use of symbolic names shows the need both for practical rules and signs decisions related to codification. Solutions are needed in individual cases, such as formalising multilingual names, as well as in the complex ones, such as clearer formulation of the functions of certain (capitals, writing in uppercase letters, quotation marks, prints), their interaction and relation to the levels of orthography and punctuation, constitution of the norm for writing symbolic names in non-coherent texts, and also adjusting the norm for their writing in coherent texts. In addition, usage demonstrates insufficient definition of the concept of a symbolic name and the relation between a symbolic name and a quotation. KEYWORDS: symbolic name, usage, norm, language regulation, writing and punctuation, name formation rules, capitalisation, quotation marks. RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ Bank of Lithuania Gedimino pr. 6, LT-01103 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]