Dokumentus reiškiantys žodžiai administracinėje kalboje

RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language WORDS DENOTING DOCUMENTS IN ADMINISTRATIVE LANGUAGE KEYWORDS: document, document type, administrative language, word meaning. The international word document, which came from Latin [Lat. documentum — an instructive example; testimony, evidence] (TŽŽ 2013), has become firmly established in Lithuanian. It is the most frequent international word in Lithuanian (found 1,872 times in 654 samples in the texts studied) (Grumadienė, Žilinskienė 1998 XXXIV, 76). This word is particularly relevant to administrative language. Its use itself does not pose major problems; however, it is necessary to begin with it in order to clarify the system of document types and the words with which words denoting documents can form compounds. The aim of the article is, after discussing the concept of the word document and possible classifications of the object denoted by this word, to identify the formation and origins of words naming documents and to examine cases that cause difficulties in usage. 1. MEANINGS OF THE WORD DOCUMENT TŽŽ 2013 gives two meanings of the word document: 1 a written record that communicates or certifies something; 2 a material object (paper, drawing, photograph, film) in which some information is recorded. These meanings are described similarly in Lithuanian dictionaries. Indeed, LKŽ distinguishes three meanings: 1. A document concerning affairs, certifying some fact or a right to something: Financial documents DŽ. Supporting document rš. 2. Written evidence of something, an act, document, work, etc., having historical significance: Every word of a language, being the creation of generations of people who have lived, is a document of history for us K.Būg. All ancient documents will be gathered S.Dauk. 3. An identity document, passport: Show your documents rš. DŽ gives two meanings of this word: 1. a document concerning affairs: Banking, accounting, legal, technical documents. Personal, official document. Official documents. Certified, forged, fictitious document. Supporting document. 2. a material source of information: Historical documents. Written, graphic, machine-readable document. Publication of documents. Collection of documents. BŽ also distinguishes the same two meanings of this word, but describes them somewhat more precisely; its definitions are the same as those in TŽŽ 2013: RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Dokumentus reiškiantys žodžiai administracinėje kalboje 1. a written document that conveys or confirms something: Institutional documents. Sign documents. Show (the person) the documents. The document is prepared by a working group. The documents are being prepared for transfer to the archive. The document was adopted by an absolute majority of votes. 2. a material object (paper, drawing, photograph, film, storage medium, etc.) in which some information is recorded: Historical documents. Publication [collection] of documents. KancKP 2007 defines a document as a record of affairs understood in the broadest sense, in which someone’s activities or facts are recorded and confirmed. It also points out that documents may consist not only of written records but also of information stored in other forms. As the definitions in dictionaries show, two meanings of the material object denoted by this word are clearly distinguished. The first is associated with certain regulation, since a document is described as a written record or record of affairs1, understood as a text with legal significance, usually prepared in accordance with certain requirements, because raštas also has the meaning “a legal or other office document” (DŽ). The other meaning of document (a material source of information) is much broader, but is not as important for administrative language, although there are instances in which it is used in this sense. It is important to establish what shades of meaning this word acquires when used as a term. LRTB contains 12 instances of the simplex term document in various sources (the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Military Science, the Explanatory Dictionary of Telecommunications Terms, the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Computing; the Five-Language Explanatory Dictionary of Metrology Terms; Lithuanian Standard LST ISO 5127:2008 Information and documentation). LRTB, too, clearly distinguishes the two meanings already discussed: broader descriptions of a document mention such features as a material object in which data are recorded, any form of information storage, or a certain amount of information. The other meaning is more specialized: the information is more specifically defined as information recorded in an institution’s activities; an official written document recognizing certain facts, data about activities and their results, etc.; a written record created or received and maintained by an institution, organization, or person in carrying out legal or operational obligations; information recorded in any way, form, or medium in the activities of a legal or natural person. Here, the legal aspects of document preparation come to the fore. The definitions discussed show that in administrative language document is used to mean “written confirmation of the activities of a natural or legal person, prepared or received by an institution or person authorized to do so.” The article will consider only documents understood in this sense. 1 By the way, in colloquial speech the word popierius is used to mean an official document; its primary meaning is the material on which one writes (DŽ), while meaning 3 of popieriaus in LKŽ is given as “an official written document.” BENDRINĖ KALBA 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Dokumentus reiškiantys žodžiai administracinėje kalboje 2. POSSIBLE CLASSIFICATIONS OF DOCUMENT TYPES Document is a word with a fairly broad meaning. The object denoted by this word is divided into numerous types according to various criteria. For example, in the Register of Legal Acts (hereinafter TAR) (https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/index.html), it is possible to choose from 217 document types, some of which consist of several words; there are 118 one-word document names. Admittedly, some labels are quite general (a document of a general nature, information, etc.), while multi-word names indicate subtypes of a single document type. For example, there are seven subtypes of conclusion (anti-corruption assessment conclusion, commission conclusion, committee conclusion, criminogenic conclusion, principal committee conclusion, Legal Department conclusion, coordination conclusions). Some of these can be considered documents only in the second meaning given in Lithuanian dictionaries, e.g.: dissertation, interview, monograph, pro memoria, article, television news. Of course, the Register of Legal Acts’ document-type section aims to list as many possible types of documents as might have to be entered in the Register, but not all of them would necessarily be considered legal acts2. Therefore, if the word is to be used to denote a legal document, this list can serve only as a partial reference, since many of the words included in it may have only the second dictionary meaning of document: “a material object in which some information is recorded.” Under the Rules for the Preparation of Documents, documents are divided into legal acts (resolutions, decisions, orders, directives and the regulations, rules, programmes, and other documents approved by them) and documents prepared by institutions. The latter are further divided into documents sent by an institution (letters, certificates, etc.) and internal institutional documents (acts, minutes, etc.). There are also individual documents written by ordinary citizens when they need to handle official matters (applications, résumés, etc.). Courts have a distinctive structure of documents, including various responses3 (response to an appeal / separate appeal; response to a claim); withdrawals (withdrawal of a complaint); claims (claim for divorce, claim to contest paternity (maternity), claim in a public procurement case); applications (application to withdraw a complaint / request; application for recusal; application for a declaration of death, application for approval of a settlement agreement; application for a judgment in default); notices (notice of consent to refer a dispute or part thereof to judicial mediation, notice of refusal to be appointed a court mediator); requests 2 Some types of documents have not yet been included in TAR. 3 Examples of document titles are provided from the Lithuanian Courts’ Electronic Services Portal (https://e.teismas.lt/lt/public/home). For an assessment of the correctness of competing constructions in document titles, see Vladarskienė R. On the preposition dėl constructions in administrative Lithuanian, Bendrinė kalba 87 http://www.bendrinekalba.lt/Straipsniai/87/Vladarskiene_BK_87_Straipsnis.pdf. BENDRINĖ KALBA 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Dokumentus reiškiantys žodžiai administracinėje kalboje (application for divorce, application for termination of proceedings, application to reopen proceedings, application to inspect an electronic case file, application for interim measures, application to postpone the hearing); counterclaim; objections (objection to a creditor’s application for a court order); complaints (separate complaint, appeal, complaint concerning a bailiff’s actions); consents (consent to withdrawal of a claim, consent to be appointed a court mediator). A separate area comprises documents of the European Union institutions published in the European Union legal acts and other public documents database “EUR-Lex” (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/lt/index.htm). It presents different types of legal acts in various languages. The main types are: treaties – these are the primary law of the European Union (the Treaty of Lisbon, the Treaty establishing the European Community, the Treaty on European Union, the Euratom Treaty, the Treaty of Accession, and other treaties and protocols); international agreements with third countries or international organizations, and agreements and conventions between Member States; secondary legislation – normative legal acts adopted by the European institutions pursuant to the provisions of the treaties (regulations, directives, decisions, resolutions, opinions, recommendations, declarations, guidelines, institutions’ internal rules of procedure, internal agreements); preparatory legal acts – proposals for legal acts, opinions, initiatives, the Council’s common position, resolutions, communications, green papers, white papers, reports, recommendations; case law – decisions published by institutions exercising judicial authority (court judgments, court orders, opinions of Advocates General); Parliamentary questions – written questions, oral questions, questions submitted during Question Time. As can be seen, the types of documents characteristic of individual regulatory fields may differ and are divided into groups according to their own logic (based on the nature of the document’s preparation or its drafter, the scope of the regulatory field, its importance in the hierarchy of documents, and so on). Some types of documents have drafting traditions spanning more than a decade and are designated by words commonly used in general language. However, there are also cases where a specific field requires a document type peculiar to that field alone. For example, a document called a counterclaim may be submitted in court (this word appears neither in DŽ, KancKP, nor LRTB), but it is a legal term denoting a claim brought by the defendant against the original plaintiff subject to certain conditions4. 4 For more information, see the VLKK Consultation Bank (www.vlkk.lt). BENDRINĖ KALBA 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Dokumentus reiškiantys žodžiai administracinėje kalboje Thus, new types of documents emerge as various regulatory procedures take shape in response to need. Therefore, there is no exhaustive nomenclature of documents, nor a general classification of them. 3. FORMATION AND ORIGIN OF WORDS DENOTING DOCUMENTS To determine which words tend to be used to name documents, the origins and formation of the one-word names for document types in KancKP 2007 and TAR were examined. KancKP contains 72 one-word terms denoting documents, of which 43 are deverbal derivatives: 28 suffix -imas (-ymas) derivatives, e.g.: aprašymas, atsiliepimas, atsišaukimas, įgaliojimas, įsakymas, įstatymas, kreipimasis, kvietimas, leidimas, liudijimas, nurodymas, nutarimas, pasiaiškinimas, pareiškimas, pasiūlymas, pavedimas, pažymėjimas, pranešimas, prašymas, siuntimas, sprendimas, sutikimas, teikimas, užsakymas, and 15 nouns formed from verbs by other derivational processes (derivatives with other suffixes, e.g.: taisyklės, atmintinė, raštas, skundas; ending derivatives ataskaita, aprašas, įstatai, nuostatai, paraiška, pažyma, sąskaita, potvarkis); 3 compound words aplinkraštis, lydraštis, žiniaraštis; and also 26 international words, e.g.: aktas, anketa, biuletenis, charakteristika, dekretas, diplomas, instrukcija, kvitas, metrikai, rekomendacija, pasas, pretenzija, programa, protokolas, reglamentas, sertifikatas, statutas, standartas. TAR contains more one-word names denoting document types; a considerable proportion overlap with the words listed in KancKP, while others are different. Of the 118 words, 60 are deverbal derivatives: 32 suffix -imas (-ymas) derivatives, e.g.: atitaisymas, atsišaukimas, išaiškinimas, pakeitimas, paklausimas, patikslinimas, raginimas, skelbimas; 28 nouns formed by other derivational processes (derivatives with other suffixes and ending derivatives), e.g.: apžvalga, išvada, išrašas, padėka, nuoroda, tvarka, įsakas, pataisa, sąlygos); 5 compound words, e.g.: aplinkraštis, atvirlaiškis, darbotvarkė, žemėlapis; 48 international words, e.g.: direktyva, interpeliacija, kodeksas, komentaras, komunikatas, koncepcija, konstitucija, konvencija, korespondencija, memorandumas, nota, paktas, pozicija, projektas, protestas, registras, rezoliucija, stenograma, strategija, tarifas. The table presents a comparison of the formation and origin of the words denoting documents found in the sources examined. BENDRINĖ KALBA 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Dokumentus reiškiantys žodžiai administracinėje kalboje TABLE. Word formation and origin of words denoting documents KancKP TAR Units. Percent. Units. Percent. Derivatives with the suffix -imas (-ymas) 28 38.9 32 27.1 Other verb derivatives 15 20.8 28 23.8 Compound words 3 4.2 5 4.2 International words 26 36.6 48 40.7 Other 0 0 5 4.2 Total 72 100 118 100 European Union documents are designated in a similar way to documents prepared in Lithuania, and most of them are the same: verb derivatives, e.g.: atas kaita, nutartis, pasiūlymas, pranešimas, sprendimas, susitarimas, sutartis, taisyklės (though there are far fewer of them), or international words, e.g.: deklaracija, direktyva, reglamentas, rezoliucija, rekomendacija. A closer look at the words used to designate various kinds of documents shows that more than half of the names of document types are nouns derived from verbs; derivatives with the suffix -imas (-ymas) are especially common. This is a usual development in word meaning: first, a regulated action is named by a noun; when the action is repeated, it begins to be associated with various procedures, is formalized in writing, and that written form becomes standard; the same word then names not only the action but also its result—a particular document. In Lithuanian administrative language, it is common for a noun derived from a verb denoting an act of will to acquire the meaning of the name of the document by which that act of will is formalized. Such concretization of an action name, whereby it acquires the meaning of a document name, corresponds to tendencies in the development of word meaning in Lithuanian, since, as Saulius Ambrazas (1993: 20) notes, because of a certain discrepancy between the meaning of an action-related feature characteristic of a verb and the nominal morphological form and syntactic function, names of actions tend to acquire more concrete, more defined meanings. There are several cases in KancKP 2007 where the same word denotes both the name of an action and a document, e.g.: įgaliojimas may mean the name of an action or a power of attorney; siuntimas means both the name of an action and a document certifying dispatch; sprendimas, in addition to naming an action, also means a particular resolution—a governing document issued by a collegial body. The second, concrete meaning of these verbal nouns is justified by tendencies in semantic change. Such a noun may have still more meanings; for example, KancKP indicates that įspėjimas may mean either the act of warning in general or a particular disciplinary penalty. Although the document meaning is not indicated here, in actual usage the word has clearly already acquired that meaning, e.g.: BENDRINĖ KALBA 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Dokumentus reiškiantys žodžiai administracinėje kalboje If a manager, in carrying out their duties, commits a minor violation, <...> the supervisory and control authority shall issue them a written warning, specifying the minor violation committed and how to remedy it TAR, 2015-11-04, Nr. 17524; P a k e i č i u the FR1093 warning form, approved by Order No. VA-71 of 26 May 2011 of the Head of the State Tax Inspectorate under the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Lithuania “On the Approval of Notification and Warning Forms”, and set it out in a new version TAR, 2015-08-17, Nr. 12346; The beneficiary does not submit the documents or other project-administration-related information specified in the support agreement/application/payment request or in letters, inquiries, requests or warnings received from the Agency TAR, 2015-08-13, Nr. 12268. Less frequently, verb derivatives formed in other ways acquire a document meaning in addition to their primary meaning. Some cases resemble derivatives with the suffix -imas (-ymas): there is a clear connection with the base verb, which denotes an action related to the document’s content, e.g.: aprašė describes; apžvalgoje is reviewed; ataskaitoje is reported; pažyma is certified; skundu is appealed; sutartyje is agreed. Other cases, where the semantic connection between the derivative and the base verb is less clear or more difficult to perceive, are less typical, e.g.: įstatai, taisyklės. There are several cases in which it is difficult to relate a verbal noun denoting a document to the verb governing the document’s content, e.g.: išvada, nuomonė, or in which the noun denoting a document is not derived from a verb at all, e.g.: gairės, laiškas. The meanings of such nouns are related to the presentation of certain matters, usually in written form; therefore, under certain conditions, they can acquire a document meaning when the context makes clear that certain document-formalization procedures are being carried out, e.g.: 20. Specialist’s conclusion shall be formalized as follows: 20.1. The specialist’s conclusion is drawn up on a form of the Customs Laboratory; it is signed by the specialist(s) who conducted the examination. 20.2. The specialist’s conclusion is submitted to the Director of the Customs Laboratory (Deputy Director) for approval. <...> 20.3. The specialist’s signature is certified with the seal of the Customs Laboratory seal. <...> 21. One original copy of the specialist’s conclusion and appendices is drawn up and handed over to the customer, while a copy is retained at the Customs Laboratory. TAR, 2015-09-01, Nr. 2015-13325. Another characteristic feature of words denoting documents is that many documents are called by international words, whose meanings are described in both Lithuanian-language and foreign-word dictionaries. BENDRINĖ KALBA 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Dokumentus reiškiantys žodžiai administracinėje kalboje Thus, when it is necessary to name a document in Lithuanian, the usual approach is either to form a noun from a verb or to borrow a word from another language. 4. PROBLEMATIC CASES Why is it important to distinguish whether a word denotes a document? Primarily because the words used with it describe actions that can be performed on documents, since documents can be prepared, adopted, amended, supplemented, approved, and only they can be in force or cease to be in force, for example: Procurement documents, on the basis of the data in the procurement application–task completed by the Procurement Initiator, are prepared by the Commission or the Procurement Organizer TAR, 2015–08–26, No. 2015–13003; The Government of the Republic of Lithuania r e s o l v e s: / To approve the rules for the preparation and implementation of land consolidation projects TAR, 2015–09–02, No. 2015–13378; I h e r e b y a p p r o v e the guidelines for submitting projects financed from the Cultural Support Fund TAR, 2015–09–08, No. 2015–13596; The Minister of National Defence and the Minister of Health, by 31 December 2015, shall adopt the implementing legal acts of this law TAR, 2015–04–30, No. 2015–06587; In principle, to approve the draft law supplementing the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Genetically Modified Organisms with Article 121 draft TAR, 2015–08–26, No. 2015–13007; I h e r e b y a m e n d the order of the Director of the National Health Insurance Fund dated 15 October 2004 TAR, 2015–08–11, No. 2015–12217; To declare invalid the decision of the Lithuanian Radio and Television Commission dated 28 January 2004 TAR, 2015–10–20, No. 2015–15764; Ministerial orders are published and enter into force in accordance with the procedure established by the legal acts of the Republic of Lithuania TAR, 2015–04–28, No. 2015–06443. Another important aspect arises when verb-derived abstracts acquire the meaning of a specific document: the distinction between a material and an abstract entity. As established earlier, a document denotes a material entity, and a word designating it may have certain grammatical features characteristic only of words denoting material entities; for example, it will inflect for number, and its locative case will be entirely understandable, since one can indicate or write something in a document, and so on5. As already mentioned, the meaning of the word document can be understood very broadly, which raises the question of whether any noun can become the name of a document. Sometimes documents must regulate various conditions of activity6, specify certain criteria7 for a particular activity 5 It is not recommended to use abstract nouns in the plural KP G 20; locative case KP S1 93–98, 115, 120–121. 6 Conditions mean either the requirements of an agreement or the circumstances in which something occurs KancKP. 7 Criterion – a basis or measure for evaluating a decision DŽ. BENDRINĖ KALBA 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Dokumentus reiškiantys žodžiai administracinėje kalboje requirements imposed8, set rates9, amounts10, standards11, and so on, and these words begin to be used as names of document types, although they denote abstract matters, certain regulated aspects, but not a specific text. Two cases should be distinguished here: 1) when the matters mentioned are approved directly in the texts of legal acts (an order, a resolution), for example: Order “On Establishing the Criteria for the Allocation of Yellow Buses for 2015” <...> / I hereby establish the following criteria for the allocation of yellow buses criteria for 2015 <...> TAR, 2015-05-06, No. 2015-06814; <...> the municipal council resolves: / 1. Approve the rates for services provided by UAB “Skuodo vandenys” rates: / 1.1. Rate for one hour of pool use: / 1.1.1. children and school pupils, upon presentation of a student ID – 2 Eur; / 1.1.2. adults – 3 Eur TAR, 2015-04-02, No. 4928; 2) when the matters mentioned are regulated in a separate document approved by that legal act, for example: I hereby approve the attached: <...> the terms of the Service's agreement for the provision of administrative electronic services terms TAR, 2015-12-31, No. 21217; I hereby approve the amounts payable to the state enterprise Registrų centras for a search for one enforcement case and an extended search for one enforcement case in the Bailiffs’ Information System amounts (attached) TAR, 2015-08-26, No. 2015-13001; I approve Requirements for remote gambling equipment (attached) TAR, 2015-11-18, No. 18289. Indeed, both standards and conditions, criteria and certain amounts can be approved or established when they relate to a regulated activity (1). However, the words under discussion cannot denote a document and are therefore unsuitable for naming one (2); that these cases refer to documents is clearly indicated by the capital letter at the beginning of the title, for example: <...> I hereby approve Territorial planning standards (attached) TAR, 2014-01-08, No. 91. It is even clearer that the words under examination are given the meaning of a document when they form combinations with words describing the editing of a text, cf. Supplement <...> district municipal council decision of 25 September 2014 No. <...> “On <...> approval of the rates for paid services of the Educational Psychological Service” rates for paid services of the Educational Psychological Service approved by <...> rates in line 19 TAR, 2015-04-03, No. 5128; <...> the council resolves: / 1. Amend the criteria for the procurement of pupil catering services criteria, approved by <...> district municipal council decision of 31 May 2007 No. T-129 “On the Approval of Criteria for the Procurement of Pupil Catering Services”: / 1.1. amend point 3.2 and word it as follows: <...> TAR, 2015-10-23, No. 16714. 8 Requirements may mean a mandatory procedure and its rules KancKP. 9 Rate – a set price, value DŽ. 10 Amount – magnitude (height, width, etc.) DŽ. 11 Standard – 1. a recognized mandatory rule, provision: Legal s. Language s. Conduct s. 2. a prescribed quantity or amount: Output s. Irrigation s. DŽ BENDRINĖ KALBA 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Dokumentus reiškiantys žodžiai administracinėje kalboje A similar case was examined a decade ago by Pranas Kniūkšta. He demonstrated that the word procedure is unsuitable for naming a document: traditionally, this word denotes an abstract concept or phenomenon, a way of working or acting that meets certain requirements. Therefore, the phrase procedure description was proposed for use as a document title (2005: 156–158). This phrase is now widespread in administrative language, although improperly formulated document titles still occur, e.g.: <...> council d e c i d e s: / 1. To approve the procedure for organizing and carrying out road, street, and engineering network construction works financed from the Road Maintenance and Development Programme funds procedure (attached) TAR, 2015-09-29, No. 14415; <...> council d e c i d e s: / To approve the procedure for allocating and using funds for non-formal education of children in the district municipality in 2015 <...> procedure (attached) AR, 2015-10-21, No. 16611; council r e s o l v e s: / 1. To approve the procedure for submitting and examining a notification of concentration procedure (attached) TAR, 2015-08-13, No. 12247. A document could be a description12 or a compendium13 if the regulated matters are described in detail, e.g.: The National Commission for Energy Control and Prices r e s o l v e s: / 1. To approve the procedure and conditions for determining the average biofuel price procedure and conditions description Valstybės žinios, 2013-12-31, No. 141-7143; I a p p r o v e the description of the criteria and methods for assessing the driving skills and abilities of motor vehicles criteria and methods description Valstybės žinios, 2013-12-28, No. 137-6957; A m e n d the Order No. 3-297 of 17 July 2006 of the Minister of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Lithuania “On approval of the description of requirements for railway transport traffic safety management systems” requirements description approval” TAR, 2015-08-24, No. 2015-12553; A m e n d the Order No. 4-209 of 7 May 2009 of the Minister of Economy of the Republic of Lithuania “On the VP2-2.3-ŪM-02-V measure measure “Partial compensation of interest” description approval” Valstybės žinios, 2013-12-30, No. 138-6979; The Commission hereby resolves: / 1. To approve the compendium of conditions for using heat transmission networks conditions compendium (attached) TAR, 2015-01-20, No. 846; We hereby amend the health requirements requirements for persons seeking to enter the internal service, <...> compendium, approved by Order No. <...> of the Minister of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania and the Minister of Health of the Republic of Lithuania dated 21 October 2003, footnote 3 TAR, 2015-08-19, No. 2015-12425 or a list14 if the regulated matters are merely enumerated, e.g.: The Government of the Republic of Lithuania hereby resolves: / To amend the List of Specific State Fees amounts list, approved by a resolution of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania dated 15 December 2000 TAR, 2015-10-14, No. 15168; The Government of the Republic of Lithuania hereby resolves: / To amend the List of Paid from 12 Description – the recording and characterization of data, and the presentation of their system DŽ. 13 Compendium – material recorded or collected in one place, drawn from various texts DŽ. 14 List – material recorded in a particular order DŽ. BENDRINĖ KALBA 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Dokumentus reiškiantys žodžiai administracinėje kalboje personal health care services funded from the Compulsory Health Insurance Fund budget criteria list, approved by Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania of 23 April 2014 TAR, 2015-09-21, No. 14025; To approve the attached lists of paid services provided by Šiauliai sports schools fee schedules, TAR, 2015-10-30, No. 17128. In the text of a legal act, one may simply describe the subject being regulated without formulating the title of the attached document, and then provide the title correctly when presenting the text of the attached document, for example: <...> taryba n u s p r e n d ž i a: / 1. Pritarti viešosios įstaigos krepšinio akademijos „Saulė“ taikomiems įkainiams (pridedama). / <...> VIEŠOSIOS ĮSTAIGOS ŠIAULIŲ KREPŠINIO AKADEMIJOS „SAULĖ“ ĮKAINIŲ SĄRAŠAS TAR, 2015-03-27, Nr. 4387. Thus, despite the broad meaning of the word “document” given in dictionaries, this meaning should nevertheless not be extended to just any nouns denoting abstract phenomena and used to refer to attached documents approved by legal acts. CONCLUSIONS The international word document, borrowed from Latin, has become firmly established in Lithuanian. It is the most common international word in the Lithuanian language and is especially relevant to administrative language. Lithuanian dictionaries distinguish two meanings of the word document: 1. a written record by which something is reported or confirmed; 2. a material object (paper, drawing, photograph, film, storage medium, etc.) in which some information is recorded. In administrative language, document is generally used in the sense characteristic of the word combination official document: “written confirmation of the activities of a natural or legal person, prepared or received by an institution or person authorized to do so.” New types of documents emerge as various regulatory procedures take shape in response to need. Therefore, there is neither a finite nomenclature of documents nor a general classification of documents. More than half of document-type names are usually nouns derived from verbs; formations with the suffix -imas (−ymas) are particularly prominent. There are also nouns derived from verbs by other word-formation methods (formations with endings and other suffixes), as well as compound words. A considerable number of documents (more than a third in the sources examined) are called by international words. Despite the broad meaning of “document” given in dictionaries, this meaning should not be extended to just any nouns denoting abstract phenomena and used to refer to legal BENDRINĖ KALBA 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Dokumentus reiškiantys žodžiai administracinėje kalboje documents attached and approved by legal acts (e.g., sizes, rates, criteria, standards, conditions). In such cases, it is advisable to form word combinations with the words description, compendium when the activity is regulated in detail (e.g., description of criteria, compendium of conditions); if the regulated matters are merely listed, combinations are formed with the word list (e.g., list of sizes, list of rates). LITERATŪRA Ambrazas S. 1993: Daiktavardžių darybos raida. T. 1. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. BŽ – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (rengiamas). Prieiga internete: http://bkz.lki.lt. DŽ – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. 2011. Vyr. red. Keinys St. Šeštas (trečias elektroninis) leidimas, Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga per internetą: http://dz.lki.lt. Dokumentų rengimo taisyklės, patvirtintos Lietuvos vyriausiojo archyvaro įsakymu, Valstybės žinios, 2011-07-15, Nr. 88-4229. EUR-lex – Europos Sąjungos teisės aktų ir kitų viešų dokumentų bazė „EUR-lex“. Prieiga per internetą http://eur-lex.europa.eu/lt/index.htm. Grumadienė L., Žilinskienė V. 1997. Dažninis dabartinės rašomosios lietuvių kalbos žodynas: (mažėjančio dažnio tvarka), Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. KancKP 2007: Kanceliarinės kalbos patarimai. Sud. Pranas Kniūkšta. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, internetinis leidimas. Prieiga per internetą http://lkz.mch.mii.lt/Kancel(i)arinis. Kniūkšta P. 2005: Administracinė kalba ir jos vartosena. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. KP G – Kalbos patarimai. Gramatinės formos ir jų vartojimas. Sud. Rita Miliūnaitė, teksto aut. Aldona Paulauskienė ir Rita Miliūnaitė, vyr. red. Aldonas Pupkis. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2002. KP S1 – Kalbos patarimai. Kn. 1. Sintaksė: 1. Linkšnių vartojimas. Sud. Rita Miliūnaitė, teksto aut. Vitas Labutis, Aldonas Pupkis ir Jonas Šukys, vyr. red. Aldonas Pupkis. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2003. LKŽe 2005: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1–20 (elektroninis variantas). Vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga per internetą www.lkz.lt. LRTB – Lietuvos Respublikos terminų bankas. Prieiga per internetą: http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/terminai. TAR – Teisės aktų registras. Prieiga per internetą: https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/index. BENDRINĖ KALBA 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Dokumentus reiškiantys žodžiai administracinėje kalboje TŽŽ 2013: Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas. Red. taryba: A. Kaulakienė, S. Keinys, B. Kurkulis, V. Račiūnaitė, V. Žalkauskas, Vilnius: Alma littera. Valstybės žinios – oficialus leidinys. Gauta 2015 12 22 Priimta 2016 01 22 WORDS DENOTING DOCUMENTS IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE LANGUAGE S u m m a r y The word dokumentas ('document'), originating from Latin, is entrenched in the Lithuanian language. It is the most frequent international word in the Lithuanian language especially relevant to the administrative language. The aim of the article is – after discussing the conception of the word dokumentas and possible classifications of the object denoted by this word – to identify the formation and origin of words denoting documents and to explain problematic instances of use. Lithuanian dictionaries provide two meanings of the word dokumentas: 1. a paper informing on or approving something; 2. a material object (a paper, drawing, photograph, film, file, etc.) holding pieces of some information. In the administrative language, dokumentas usually refers to the meaning characteristic to the phrase oficialusis dokumentas ('official document') – "a written confirmation of the activity of a natural or legal person prepared or obtained by an authorised institution or person". Different types of documents emerge in the development of certain required regulation procedures; therefore, there is no final nomenclature of documents, and unified classification of documents also does not exist. More than half of names of document types mostly comprise nouns derived from verbs, particularly derivatives with the suffix -imas (-ymas), as well as verbal nouns derived by other ways of word-formation (derivatives of inflections and other suffixes). Quite a few documents are named by international words. Regardless of the broad meaning of a document given in dictionaries, one should not grant it to every noun denoting abstract phenomena, or refer by this name to documents attached to related legal acts (e. g. dydžiai ('quantities'), įkainis ('valuation'), kriterijai ('criteria'), normos ('norms'), sąlygos ('conditions')). In such cases, it is recommended to form a combination of words: if the activity is extensively regulated, one might use words aprašas ('description'), sąvadas BENDRINĖ KALBA 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Dokumentus reiškiantys žodžiai administracinėje kalboje ('collection') (e. g. kriterijų aprašas, sąlygų sąvadas); if the regulated subjects are merely listed, combinations of words should be formed using only the word sąrašas ('list') (e. g. dydžių sąrašas, įkainių sąrašas). KEYWORDS: document, document type, administrative language, word meaning. RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius [email protected] BENDRINĖ KALBA 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSSN 2351-7204