Irenos Ermanytės nuopelnai leksikografijai

BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 VIOLETA ČERNĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language In the summer of 2017, Irena Ermanytė, PhD in Humanities at the Institute of Lithuanian Language, celebrated her 80th birthday. This is a great opportunity to look back into the past and remember an experienced dictionary writer – a long-time writer and editor of the Lithuanian language dictionary, author of the Antonyms dictionary, who together with other colleagues prepared the dictionary of rivers and lakes of the Lithuanian SSR, the Phraseology dictionary, the School dictionary of international words and many other scientific works. Irena was born on July 3, 1937 in Nugarai, Curonian Spit, the daughter of a Samogitian woman, Kristina Petraitytė, and a Latvian man, Povilas Zenonas Ermanis. After completing primary school, he continued his studies at the Kuršėnai High School. In 1955, the future linguist entered the Vilnius State Pedagogical Institute (since 2011 – Lithuanian University of Education) to study Lithuanian language and literature. In 1960, the school closed. In 1961 I. Ermanytė began working at the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature (since 1990 – Lithuanian Language Institute), where she worked until 2007. Half a century. Initially worked in the Toponymy group of the Language History and Dialectology sector and together with Violetta Black. Irena Ermanytė’s contributions to lexicography | Together with 2 colleagues BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Bronis Savukynas, Aleksandras Vanagas, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Klementina Vosylyte she parengė Lietuvos TSR upių ir ežerų vardyną (1963 m.). Irena prisidėjo prie duomenų contributed to the compilation of the Lithuanian Language Atlas 1-3 vols (1977-1991) (Zinkevičius 1994: 252–253; Sabaliauskas 2012: 247–250). Later he moved to the Dictionaries sector and devoted all his energy to the Word, which was compiled into twenty volumes of the Lithuanian academic dictionary. Thus, I. Ermanytė took the path of lexicography, then of dictionaries, and devoted herself to work that, in the words of the linguist, requires iron patience, great concentration, and extraordinary endurance. According to Vytautas Vitkauskas, the founder of Lithuanian 1 dialect lexicography and chief editor of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary in the 17th-20th centuries, all dictionaries needed to be familiar with the science of semantics, even the details of dialects, historical grammar, all kinds of strangeness of ancient writings, and to present them scientifically (Vitkauskas 2001: 2). When looking through the Lithuanian language dictionary, often referred to as the great dictionary, I. Ermanytė’s name as the author of the dictionary text can be found from volume IX (1973). Professor Algirdas Sabaliauskas, a linguist and historian, states in his book The History of Lithuanian Language Research that Irena wrote about 110 chapters of text for the Lithuanian Academic Dictionary from volume IX to XVIII (Sabaliauskas 2012: 247–250). The dictionary writer took cards from the boxes assigned to her, arranged the reikšmėmis, skyrė pagrindines, perkeltines reikšmes, kruopščiai tikrino šaltinius. Ir taip nuo words from palnýčiai to pampl tis, from peik kas to peñkgubas, from piestà to piktasnukis (IX t., 1973 m.), nuo plėstrà iki parplėzúoti, nuo pradiẽdas iki prametùmas, nuo prov eniu iki puikžolė (X t., 1976), from r to ra tšūlė, from r gtiniai to užrupšnóti (XI t., 1978), from sav taiga to sekšm, from skyl to skriestùvas (XII t., 1981), from spievokas to spýžius, from spjovà to spraktùkas, from stòp to stovimóji (XIII t., 1984), from sūltė to suñkvežimis, from sutr kėlis to pasverdúoti, from šaudala to užšči ti, from šliùbas to užtektinumas (XV t., 1991), from tra nis to šliuõžti (XIV t., 1986 m.), nuo šliùp iki šnėrúoti, nuo tãkas iki talpùs, nuo te šku iki trašk, from traukùkas to trepùtė, from tr belė to trimitúotojas (XVI t., 1995), from turguõlė to turtúotas, from vald nis to valgùs (XVII t., 1996). Volume XVII of the Lithuanian language dictionary, in which I. Ermanytė’s name appears both among the text writers and editors, has been published. In 1996, for her hard work on the Lithuanian language dictionary, Irena was awarded the honorary Lithuanian Republic Science Prize in cooperation with other lexicographers of the Institute. The servants invaded Irena’s life, or perhaps rather the antonyms knocked on her door. In one interview Irena has stated that the lexicographer John 1 Šių eilučių autorės pokalbis su I. Ermanyte 2007 04 21. Garso įrašas iš autorės archyvo. Violetta Black. Irena Ermanytė’s contributions to lexicography | 3 Paulauskas, who encouraged BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 her young colleague in every way (Babickienė 1997: 14–18). By the way, I. Ermanytė considers the dictionary writer J. Paulauskas her Teacher. In 1973, having ten years of experience in lexicographic work – and the folk wisdom says that without practice you will not even hit the ear – Irena began to compile a library of Lithuanian antonyms (Ermanytė 2008: 134). She studied the works of Russian, English and German linguists. In 1985, I. Ermanytė prepared the Lithuanian language dictionary of antonyms, the first special dictionary of this kind in Lithuania, still of a relatively small volume, containing about 920 antonym pairs (Ermanytė 1985: 8). 1 PAV. I. Ermanytė. English-Chinese dictionary of antonyms. London: Light, 1985. In 1994 I. Ermanytė defended her dissertation on Lithuanian language antonyms and antonyms (supervised by A. Vanagas). Although the linguist continued to devote most of her efforts to the work on the Lithuanian language dictionary, writing and editing it, she added antonym to antonym. In 2002, the School Dictionary of Lithuanian Antonyms was published with new data and more illustrative material. In the “Introduction” of the dictionary it is written that this work is an attempt to create an educational normative School Dictionary of Lithuanian Antonyms, which could be used by teachers when teaching pupils figurative language (Ermanytė 2002: 6). Violetta Black. Irena Ermanytė's contributions to lexicography | 4 2 PAV. I. Ermanytė. The BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Oxford English Dictionary. London: Light, 2002. Soon we were able to read and analyze a solid, almost 600-page book of Antonyms, the result of a work that required knowledge and žodyną (2003 m.). Šis lietuvių kalbos leksikografijos veikalas – tai ilgai trukusio ir daug diligence (Jakaitienė 2005: 176–182). The illustrative material was drawn from a wide variety of Žodyno autorė „Įvade“ prisipažįsta, kad buvo nelengva surinkti ir susisteminti antonimus. sources, of course, first of all from the Lithuanian Language Dictionary I–XX volumes, the Supplementary Catalog of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary, collections of folk tales, the writings of Lithuanian literature classics – Antanas Baranauskas, Kristijonas Donelaitis, Balis Sruoga, Vaižgantas, Motiejus Valančius, Antanas Vienuolis, Žemaitė – the Holy Scripture and the New Testament, periodicals (Ermanytė 2003: V–XII). There are 5259 antonym slots in this Antonyms dictionary. Some words form many pairs of antonyms, for example, kálnas – thirteen, džiaugsmas – eleven, pak lti – ten, žãlias – nine pairs, darbbas – eight, atsikélti – seven, and so on. The dictionary also provides synonyms, for example, the word angel in the meaning of “good spirit” is ranked with evil spirits – demons, satans, witches, devils; next to kalniaũ with the meaning “more uphill” are alphabetically listed kloniaũ, lobiaũ, lomiaũ, pakalniaũ; near the hills, river oaks, caves, valleys, valleys; next to noble – meñka, niekš nga, žẽma and so on. Apparently, as the French poet Charles Baudelaire says, the flowers of virtue cannot blossom without the flowers of evil. When turning the Antonyms dictionary, it falls to the eye that almost all parts of the language are characterized by antonyms, without excluding emoticons Violetta Black. Irena Ermanytė's contributions to lexicography | 5 (e.g., márš - stòp), neither BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 prepositions (e.g., – š). The dictionary also contains phraseologisms of antonym origin, such as early or late; [and] cold and rebuke; [and] winter [and] summer and so on. The overall lexicographic level is improved by the “Antonime Nest Index” (Jakaitienė 2005: 176–182). The dictionary of antonyms was edited by the lexicographer Dr. J. Paulauskas. 3 PAV. I. Ermanytė. Dictionary of Antonyms. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2003. The questions related to antonyms I. Ermanytė explored in various articles. Such as: Two stylistic functions of words of contradictory meaning (Language Culture 42, 1982), About the meanings and use of antonyms in language (Language Culture 46, 1984), Antonymous meanings of the same verb (Language Culture 61, 1991), Contextual antonyms (Language Culture 65, 1993), Opposite as semantic and logical basis of antonym (Lithuanian Linguistics Questions 35, 1995), Several remarks on enantiosemy (Lithuanian Linguistics Questions 37, 1997), Phraseologisms of the origin of antonyms (Native Language 6, 2004), Notes on the structure and semantics of antonyms (Language Culture 77, 2004). In 2008, the Lithuanian Language Institute published I. Ermanytė’s monograph Antonimija ir antonimai. In this thesis the author discusses the theory of antonyms, analyzes the connections of antonyms, polysemy, synonymy, summarizes in detail the experience of Lithuanian, Russian, German, English linguists in analyzing theoretical and methodological questions of antonyms. Enantiosemy is a linguistic phenomenon in which the same word has two opposite meanings. VIOLETA ČERNĖ. Irenos Ermanytės nuopelnai leksikografijai | 6 BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 4 PAV. I. Ermanytė. Antonym and antonyms. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2008. Antonyms I. Ermanytė calls the great love of life. Whether she listens to the radio or reads, she already hears / sees antonymic word pairs. According to Irena, she thinks in antonyms, she cannot live without antonyms, antonyms even dream her at night. By the way, when this summer the author of these lines asked Jubiliatė if that love had not faded, the answer was:,,Oh, no!''. I. Ermanytė did not limit herself to these works. She is one of the authors of the Phraseology Dictionary. In addition to Irena, the lexicographers of the Lithuanian Language Institute Ona Kažukauskaitė, Gertrūda Naktinienė, Jonas Paulauskas, Zita Šimėnaitė, Angelė VilutytėRimševičienė worked on the phraseologisms. This almost nine hundred-page work of Lithuanian lexicography was published in 2001. For her work on the Phraseology Dictionary, together with other dictionaries, I. Ermanytė was awarded the Lithuanian Republic Science Prize (2002). I. Ermanytė’s work (together with other colleagues) on the School Dictionary of International Words, four editions of which appeared in 1995, 1998, 2000 and 2010, is worth mentioning. Another important bar of the linguist’s activity is the word collection expeditions, in which the future dictionary writer became involved while studying in the fourth year. First time wording Irena išvyko 1958 metais į Varniùs. Ekspedicijai vadovavo būsimasis profesorius Vladas Violetta Black. "Irena Ermanytė's contributions to lexicography" | 7 Grinaveckis. Later, while BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 working at the Institute, I walked almost all over Lithuania. Irena has also had to talk to the sheep sitting among the cows. She knew how to talk to the people of the garden, so that they 2 opened their hearts, so that memories touched the rain, so that the wealth of language swallowed the barley. In 1962 I. Ermanytė and other colleagues spoke Akmeniškių and Mažeikių dialects, in 1963 she read dialect vocabulary in V ešvėnai (Telšių r.), Zervynai (Varėnos r.); In 1964, several roads led to Gadūnava (Telši district), Gegužnė (Kaišiadorių district); In 1971 he collected material for the Lithuanian language dictionary in Pelesojè, Ródūnija, Gerv ciuose. In 1972 moved to Ž linus (Varėna district); In 1973 he moved to Kruopiùs (Akmenės r.); a year later he went to Rùdnia. Language facts collected by Pùnske, Seinuosè. And where is the region of Kùpiškis, the surroundings of Rõkiškis?! There are more than 20,000 dialectal lexical units. Irena, like other word collectors, went to the first expeditions without a dictaphone, writing everything by hand in notebooks, notebooks, of which she has accumulated a whole pile. Many of the sentences she wrote now live their life on the pages of the Lithuanian language dictionary. 2 Šių eilučių autorės pokalbis su I. Ermanyte 2007 04 21. Garso įrašas iš autorės archyvo. Violetta Black. "Irena Ermanytė's contributions to lexicography" | 8 5 PAV. BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 1971) 1971 – The Man Who Knew Too Much (TV series) (ep. Fragment from I. Ermanyte's notebook. 1964 word collection expedition (May, Kaišiadorys district) Violetta Black. Lexicography and lexicology were not the only fields that came into Irena BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Ermanytė’s horizon. She was interested in the culture of the Lithuanian language, toponymy and other subjects, which were collected in articles in Lithuanian Linguistic Issues (Acta Linguistica Lithuanica), Language Culture, Mother Tongue, and other publications. Here are a few of them: S. Daukanto aukà and other common root words (1967), Clock and newspaper (1967), The language of the earth (1968 with K. Eigminas), Way and character (1969), Attitude, attitude and their synonyms (1971), Noble and noble (1972), Work, activity and creation (1974) and so on. I. Ermanytė has translated scientific literature from Latvian. “Mind exercise” Irena would call her work on the two-volume Mythology Encyclopedia (1997-1999) many years kurį vertė drauge su kitais vertėjais 3 . Visus kalbininkės I. Ermanytės nuveiktus darbus lietuvių kalbos labui kur čia later, she recalled. It seems that we all have a dark side of ourselves. Irena, called Irute by her colleagues and friends, is an exception. You will not hear a bad word about any person from Irena’s lips. Wonderful, sincere, warm, bright, delicate, knowing all dialects to the last grain of poppy seed, Suvalkian penetrating thinking… These are the colors I. Ermanytė uses to paint portraits of 4 people with whom she had to work and communicate together. Maybe that’s why colleagues talk about Irena only with respect. A good word is better than a gift. LITTERACY B a b i ck i en ė Z. 1997: „Language is a system comparable to the exact sciences“ (interview with I. Ermanyte). – Native Language 8, 14-18. E r m a ny t ė I. 2008: Antonimy and antonyms, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. E r m a ny t ė I. 2003: Dictionary of Antonyms, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. E r m a ny t ė I. 2007: Bibliographic index. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. E r m a ny t ė I. 1985: Lithuanian language antonyms dictionary, Kaunas: Šviesa. E r m a ny t ė I. 2002: School Lithuanian Antonyms Dictionary, Kaunas: Šviesa. J a k a i tie nė E. 2005: [Recenzija]. Acta Linguistica Lituanica LII, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institute. 3 Šių eilučių autorės pokalbis su I. Ermanyte 2007 04 21. Garso įrašas iš autorės archyvo. 4 Šių eilučių autorės pokalbis su I. Ermanyte 2007 04 21. Garso įrašas iš autorės archyvo.