Žodyno vaizdinys „Lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language THE IMAGE OF THE DICTIONARY IN THE DICTIONARY OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE KEYWORDS: dictionary, image, illustrative sentence, semantics, Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. INTRODUCTORY NOTES The importance of the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (hereafter LKŽe) for various interdisciplinary studies has been written about many times. The value of various dictionaries (especially LKŽe) is highlighted not only by linguists (see Dini 2002; Kažukauskaitė 2002; Nepokupnas 2002, Paulauskienė 2002; Toporovas 2008, and others). Their motif also regularly appears in non-scholarly texts. Poets (Vytautas Mačernis, Bernardas Brazdžionis, Česlavas Milošas, Justinas Marcinkevičius, and others) mention in their verse the author of the first Lithuanian dictionary—Konstantinas Sirvydas. As the volumes of LKŽe began to appear one after another, more than one poem emerged (by Justinas Marcinkevičius, Marcelijus Martinaitis, and others) in which the motif of the academic dictionary also features. Prose texts (novels, essays, and other texts of various genres, for example, by Kostas Ostrauskas, Romualdas Granauskas, Agnė Žagrakalytė, and others) emphasize the importance of the academic dictionary to our culture and discuss word collectors, editors, and the like.1 Thus, the concept of dictionary was deliberately chosen for the semantic study of the image. A different kind of Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language—in Viktorija Daujotytė’s words, a foundational cultural text 1 Here is what Romualdas Granauskas said about the dictionary in one interview: “Man, why don’t you pore over the Great Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language? Why don’t you stick your nose into it, why haven’t you read it at least three times, yet you’re getting ready to write? In what language, in what half-language of yours? Perhaps you would at least understand that the Lithuanian nation has created nothing more valuable and noble? It will disappear itself, but IT will remain, rumbling on” (Granauskas 2015: 317). The protagonist of Agnė Žagrakalytė’s novel, a real person named Juozas Žagrakalys, also briefly mentions his contribution to collecting words for the academic dictionary: “I wrote sixteen short stories in dialect. Later, when Vidugiris suggested it, I gladly undertook to collect words for the dictionary—who wouldn’t want to contribute to such good work <...>” (Žagrakalytė 2013: 561). Here we will merely recall that the lawyer, writer, and local historian J. Žagrakalys is listed as a word collector in the final volume of the academic dictionary. Aldonas Pupkis’s monograph states that he began collecting words for the dictionary as early as 1933, and collected most of them after the war (from 1972 to 1977, he recorded about 4,000 words from spoken language and about 5,000 from written sources) (Pupkis 2013: 424). BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdinys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 2 (Daujotytė-Pakerienė 2002: 34) — Jolanta Zabarskaitė was perhaps the first to speak about reading. By viewing dictionary entries as a specific discourse created in a particular way and reading them from different angles, we can find various data about the features of the Lithuanian worldview and outlook on life. Zita Šimėnaitė (2010: 158–166) has written about LKŽe sources as reflections of cultural history. On the basis of dictionary material, our political worldview (state, law, government) has already been studied, as has the image of the rowan tree; drawing on material by Adalbert Bezzenberger recorded in the dictionary, the Curonian Lagoon, its coastal area, and its inhabitants have been described (Zabarskaitė 2010: 126–143; 2012: 239–253; Gritėnienė 2016: 85–104). The aim of this article in linguistic cultural studies is to examine, drawing on the broad and diverse discourse of the dictionary’s 20 volumes, what semantic image of the dictionary has taken shape in the LKŽe hypertext and to identify which features of this image are considered the most important and relevant. To achieve this aim, several specific tasks have been set: using interpretive, analytical-descriptive, and semantic analysis methods to examine the collected material; to describe the structure, types, scope, authors, and material of dictionaries; to describe the course of lexicographic work and the difficulties lexicographers encounter in compiling dictionaries; to highlight shortcomings found in dictionaries; and to demonstrate their value. An image is understood here as a certain generalized mental representation taking shape in the human mind, a reconstruction of prior perception or experience2. An image differs from a mental representation in being more schematic and generalized. Mental representations form an intermediate link between perception and abstract thought; their emergence in memory, imagination, and thought is regulated by language (VLE 548). For a fuller account of how semioticians and modern philosophers understand mental representations, see Sverdiolas 2006: 174; Balodis 2009; Nastopka 2010: 26, etc. Briefly summarizing philosophers’ research, we could say that in modern philosophy a mental representation is understood as a mental phenomenon, a certain representation, a distinctive substrate of perception and experience. 2 The concept of an archetype is also quite close to that of a mental representation and is more commonly used by literary and cultural scholars. Compare the definition of archetype: an archetype is an original model, an ideal example, a prototype; the transmission from generation to generation of an image in the collective unconscious that has universal meaning and is independent of individual cognition (LLE 2001: 28). In cognitive linguistics, it is more usual to use the concept of a concept. We recall that a concept is generally called a unit of thought, all the information about something present in the minds of people who speak a particular language (for more on the term concept, see Černeiko, Cho Son Te 2001: 51; Papaurėlytė 2003: 25; 2007: 15–17; Gudavičius 2011: 109–117). The term concept is most often used in reference to abstract notions, whereas a dictionary is a concrete reality. Moreover, the material collected in this article is not analyzed using the cognitive analysis method, and other key terms in cognitive science are not used here either (attribute, figure, collocation, etc.); therefore, the term mental representation is chosen for this semantic study. BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdinys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 3 The research material was collected by examining all 20 volumes of LKŽe vertically and reading the dictionary hypertext horizontally. Reading the dictionary entries in this way yielded 211 headwords whose illustrative examples mention the lexeme dictionary. Interestingly, the lexemes lexicographer (“a specialist in lexicography”) and dictionary compiler (“a compiler of dictionaries, lexicographer”) are recorded only in their own dictionary entries. They are not used anywhere else in any of the 20 dictionary volumes to define or illustrate other words. The vast majority (as much as 98 percent) of the illustrative examples containing the lexeme dictionary were extracted from the writings of various authors (mostly linguists and cultural and public figures): 64 sentences from Kazimieras Būga, 19 from Jonas Jablonskis, 9 from Juozas Balčikonis, 7 from Antanas Baranauskas, 3 each from Kazimieras Jaunius and Vincas Kudirka, 2 from Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, and 1 each from the works of Antanas and Jonas Juška, Jonas Šliūpas, Mykolas Biržiška, Antanas Salys, Jurgis Šlapelis, Vydūnas, and others. The dictionary is also mentioned in various scholarly publications (journals, Grammar of the Lithuanian Language, other dictionaries, etc.). Only two examples containing the lexeme dictionary were recorded from spoken language (one each from Liškiava and Kretinga)3. It should be mentioned that LKŽe also contains synonyms of “dictionary” (these too are the subject of this article): neologisms coined by Kiprijonas Juozapas Nezabitauskis, surinktžodis and žodinykas; žodrodys, used by Simonas Daukantas; vardinyčia, used by A. Juška; žodinės knygos, žodknygės, first recorded in Fridrichas Kuršaitis’s dictionary (KII362); žõdinis, used in the dictionary by Max Niedermann, Alfred Senn, Franz Brender, and A. Salys; and įvardynai, the term Antanas Vireliūnas used for terminology dictionaries. Dictionaries are also called by the international word lexicon. All these synonyms are mentioned in LKŽe only in their own dictionary entries. The term žodynas, now familiar to everyone, was coined and first used by Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža, and was disseminated and established by the newspaper Aušra (Balašaitis 1984: 95). The material for the study was collected from all 20 volumes of LKŽe, without including data from the supplementary card index; it must therefore be emphasized that the results obtained reflect the image of the dictionary that had taken shape in the Lithuanian outlook on life by the 21st century. 3 It is clear that these sentences were recorded from informants who undoubtedly had dealings with lexicographers: How much money they’ll pour into that dictionary! Krtn (see sukrušti). The whole village got excited and everyone set about collecting words for the dictionary Lš (see užjaudyti). BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdinys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 4 1. SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL IN LKŽe The author of an individual LKŽe illustrative example is either identified (the surname of the specific person whose writings the sentence was taken from is given at the end of the illustrative sentence) or anonymous (the author is concealed by a general abbreviation such as rš, sp, Klb, LKK, LK, B, etc.); in a general sense, however, we can say that the entire dictionary hypertext was created by a single collective author—the Lithuanian nation as a whole. When discussing the specific image of the dictionary, it should be clarified that the LKŽe hypertext data examined in this study reveal the image of the dictionary formed by linguistics specialists—researchers in lexicography, grammar, dialectology, and other branches of language science—as well as by cultural figures close to them and creative writers. Usually, all semantic analyses are based on the meanings of words given in explanatory dictionaries or on their illustrative material. A dictionary is usually defined in Lithuanian explanatory dictionaries as follows: a dictionary is a printed or electronic book intended for non-continuous reading, in which words and phrases are presented in a particular order (usually alphabetical), with or without explanations, illustrations, or translations into another language4. In this study, on the basis of the illustrative sentences in LKŽe (or, more precisely, the statements conveyed by those sentences), the following key features of the image of the dictionary have been identified: its structure, type, author, scope, lexicographic material, the course of the work, difficulties in compiling dictionaries, and the shortcomings and value of dictionaries. Each of these features will be discussed in greater detail below. 2. DICTIONARY STRUCTURE Dictionary structure comprises two types of structure: macrostructure (the overall structure of the dictionary, the arrangement of its major sections and dictionary entries) and microstructure (the structure of an individual dictionary entry) (Jakaitienė 2005: 33). Several examples in LKŽe allude to the dictionary’s macrostructure (the introduction, the order in which words are presented, abbreviations, illustrations, etc.): The dictionary’s “Introduction” is a listing of certain problematic matters of pronunciation and accentuation K1K53,47 (see listing)5. Words 4 Cf. the dictionary definition LKŽe, and also Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (http://lkiis.lki.lt/dabartinis) and Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian (http://bkz.lki.lt/). 5 The examples in the article are cited from the electronic version of LKŽe (see www.lkz.lt). The abbreviations are the same as in the dictionary. The word whose entry the example is taken from is indicated in parentheses. BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdyns Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 5 In Būga’s dictionary, words are arranged alphabetically LKI103 (see arrange). In Būga’s dictionary, diminutive nouns are not grouped under the main entry but are edited as separate entries LKI104 (see group). In dictionaries, a tilde marks repeated words or parts of words TŽŽ (see tilde). Several signs are used to mark stress in dictionaries and grammars J.Jabl (see dictionary). The second major change J. Jablonskis made in the [Įskos] dictionary was to mark the pitch accents of all words LKV244 (see marking). In my dictionary, sentences will be included with every word, from which it will be easier to grasp the meaning of the word K.Būg (see grasp). Examples concerned with dictionary microstructure discuss headwords, their order of presentation, and the like: The headword of a dictionary entry rš (see headword). The nominative is the basic form of an inflected word, the form in which that word is written in dictionaries, lists, and headings MLTEII443 (see nominative). 3. DICTIONARY TYPE Dictionaries are classified into types according to various criteria. On the basis of information source, it is customary to distinguish linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries. Only one example found in LKŽe mentions an encyclopedic dictionary: Encyclopedic dictionary DŽ (see encyclopedic). The discourse of LKŽe mostly discusses linguistic dictionaries. These exist in various types. The following dictionaries are identified according to the number of languages: Monolingual explanatory dictionaries are usually prescriptive A.Sal (see monolingual). Bilingual dictionary DŽ (see bilingual). Širvydas announced a trilingual dictionary prš (see announce). It turns out that Šlapelis published as many as two dictionaries—a trilingual and a monolingual one K.Būg (see monolingual). Multilingual dictionary NdŽ (see multilingual). Dictionaries are also classified according to scope, form, and purpose: Pocket dictionary DŽ (see pocket). Lilliputian dictionary DŽ (see Lilliputian). Dictionary for practical use K.Būg (see purpose). The illustrations in LKŽe mention various types of monolingual dictionaries. According to the order in which words are presented, we find the following dictionary type: Būga’s dictionary is alphabetic, not a nest dictionary rš (see nest dictionary). Most dictionary types are identified according to the units described and the way information is presented: Būga’s dictionary is partly a translation dictionary and partly an explanatory dictionary LKI113 (see translation dictionary). Explanatory dictionary of special terms SkŽ279 (see dictionary). In its nature, the dictionary is intermediate between comprehensive and selective BVIII204 (see intermediate). Hypertext in LKŽe also mentions aspectual dictionaries: I have collected quite a lot of material for an etymological dictionary K.Būg (see material). Reverse BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdyns Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 6 dictionary rš (see žodynas). For a written-language dictionary, dialect word variants are of no importance K.Būg (see žodžialytė). For a long time, Lithuanian lexicography had a conspicuous gap—we had no special dictionary of standard pronunciation K1K53,44 (see žiojėti). Numerous examples discuss various specialized dictionaries: Besides a plant-name inventory, J. Pabrėža wrote a dictionary of morphological botanical terms KlbXVIII11 (see vardynas). Loan translations usually appear first of all in translated scholarly literature and translated terminology dictionaries, and are the translator’s own coinages KlK27,32 (see verstinis). Dialect dictionary rš (see tarmė). A thematic dictionary would be a genuine aid to writers, helping them find a word with the meaning they need and promoting less frequently used or less familiar words and their meanings KlK27,48 (see teminis). Plant-name dictionary P (see žodynas). He collected material for a dictionary of Lithuanian notable figures rš (see žymesnybė). Sometimes an example gives the title of a particular dictionary: In terms of its scope, Būga’s “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” is a thesaurus-type dictionary LKI113 (see tezauras). The “Spelling and Council Dictionary” takes up all my time; I would like to finish it by New Year K.Būg (see taryba). [Šlapelis’s “Lithuanian-Russian Dictionary”]6 has been brought up to the letter K J.Balč (see atvaryti). 4. AUTHORS OF DICTIONARIES In several LKŽe examples, dictionary compilers are identified very generally, without individualizing them. Lexicographers are called dictionary compilers, editors, writers, and so on: I became a dictionary editor K.Būg (see rengėjas). Dictionary compiler J.Jabl (see sudarytojas). What order do the dictionary writers follow here in this classification of their words for readers? J.Jabl (see skaitytojas). Writer of word-books (word-books) KII26 (see žodinis). The first compiler of the great Arabic encyclopedia dictionary EncIV1187 (see ruošėjas). The entire team of editors—the dictionary editorial board: The dictionary editorial board urgently needs to receive three copies of Lalo’s dictionary KlbXIV64(K.Būg) (see redakcija). The [“Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”] editorial team was assembled from representatives of the more important Lithuanian dialects KlbXVI10 (see telkti). 6 In LKŽe, a word inferred from the written context and enclosed in square brackets in this article is considered equivalent to the other words in the sentence. BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdyns Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 7 In LKŽe discourse, the specific surnames of dictionary authors are mentioned much more often: Konstantinas Sirvydas, Kazimieras Daukša, Kristijonas Gotlybas Milkus, Simonas Daukantas, Dionizas Poška, Fridrichas Kuršaitis, Mykolas Miežinis, Antanas Juška, Kazimieras Būga, Jurgis Šlapelis, Jonas Jablonskis, and others. Only rarely are the dictionary’s author and the work itself mentioned without any broader context: Daukantas’s word-list K.Būg (see žodrodis). Having discovered Neselman’s lexicographer JJ (see žodininkas). More detailed examples with broader context discuss specific words cited by dictionary authors: Sirvydas (= Sirvydas) has prekie in the fifth edition of his dictionary K.Būg (see penktas). The word miresiuoti K. Daukša’s dictionary shows that one should write miresiuoti “gaimuroti” K.Būg (see miresiuoti). Dictionaries by several authors are compared, the influence of one dictionary on another is discussed, as are changes in dictionary editors, and so on: Šlapelis’s dictionary promises to be richer in words than Kuršaitis’s dictionary K.Būg (see žodingas). Kuršatas... went through Mielkis’s entire dictionary LTI417(A.Baran). Some things here have also been taken from Kuršaitis’s dictionary J.Jabl (see paimti). Šlapelis is continuing Juškevičius’s dictionary from the letter m LKKXX56(K.Būg) (see vesti). Juškevičius’s dictionary should make use of the suitable material gathered by Jaunius as well K.Būg (see materialijos). Much is written about lexicographers’ dedication to their work: [D. Poška] spent his entire life laboring to compile a Lithuanian dictionary A1884,16 (see žodynas). The Rev. Miežinis passed away, and his dictionary passed away with him V.Kudir (see pamirti). Specific lexicographic tasks undertaken are mentioned: A. Juška translated Lithuanian words into Polish briefly and succinctly in his dictionary LKV170 (see išversti). Šlapelis adapted the dictionary text to the written language but added nothing; he did not depart far from the original J.Balč (see traukti). J. Jablonskis intended to use all the material he had received from them... for his articles or dictionary KlbV54 (see suvartoti). 5. DICTIONARY SIZE A dictionary’s size is usually indicated by the number of a) volumes, b) sheets, c) pages, or headwords: a) One-volume dictionary DŽ1 (see one-volume). Two-volume dictionary DŽ (see two-volume). Six-volume dictionary rš (see six-volume). Multi-volume dictionary rš (see multi-volume); BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdinys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 8 b) The glossary may run to between five and ten sheets LKGII607 (see between); c) I cannot yet guess the size of the dictionary today. It seems to me, though, that it will be about 4,000–6,000 pages (large format) KlbXIV164(K.Būg). The dictionary will be large—it will run to about 8 or 10 thousand pages K.Būg (see thousand). However, in my estimation, A. [Juška]’s Dictionary will contain no more than 35,000 words Vaižg (see estimation). Sometimes a dictionary’s size is described with adjectives such as colossal, immense7, and the like: You’re doing a colossal job writing our language dictionary Jn (see work). It has already turned into an immense dictionary prieš (see immense). Būga had set out to include in the dictionary all the words used and formerly used in the Lithuanian language sp (see undertaking). 6. DICTIONARY MATERIAL To compile a dictionary, diverse material must first be collected. For the academic dictionary, words were gathered from spoken language and a wide range of written sources. The examples selected for the study of the dictionary’s image mostly discuss this work: I fished up a lot for the dictionary in 1916–1919 K.Būg (see fish up). Like an ant, he (M. Untulis) collected and hauled Lithuanian words into the card index of the Lithuanian dictionary rš (see haul). Words selected from various sources, together with examples of their use, are written on separate cards, forming a dictionary card index: Dictionary card index DŽ (see card index). The card index determined the dictionary’s size and even its structure rš (see determine). There’s less of Juškevičius’s dictionary than of my materials (a card-file dictionary!) K.Būg (see card-file). Some authors include in dictionaries all the words in the language: The dictionary comprises all Lithuanian words, without exception K.Būg (see exception). Some of our compatriots (patriots) greatly dislike my dictionary because of its loanwords TŽII464(K.Būg) (see compatriot). A. Juška likewise did not avoid coarse or vulgar words and expressions, considering them suitable for a dictionary and for the reading public in general LKV151 (see vulgar). Sometimes the examples single out or emphasize a particular layer of dictionary vocabulary: These words do not pollute their language, and are said to belong in the dictionary K.Būg (see pollute). Perhaps most of the language examples cited in the dictionary are translations M.Birž (see cite). Despite J. Juška’s editorial changes, the printed part of the dictionary contains forms usually avoided in written language 7 Immense — “substantial, rather large.” BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 9 of lexicon LKV152 (see avoid). Bringing such dialect words into dialect dictionaries is an entirely new development in dialectological lexicography BXIII308 (see bringing). 7. STAGES IN THE COMPILATION OF A DICTIONARY From the illustrations in LKŽₑ, we can trace the course of dictionary preparation work relatively easily. First, lexicographic material must be collected: The collection of dictionary material was associated with another enormous undertaking—the collection of folklore rš (see collection). It would be useful to gather the words into one dictionary, together with accounts of their meanings and senses rš (see account). The words are then arranged alphabetically: The alphabetical arrangement of dictionary cards K.Būg (see alphabetical). Once the card index has been organized, the dictionary text is begun: I began copying the dictionary from the cards into notebooks for printing KlbXIV165(K.Būg) (see copy out). Put word after word, and you will have a dictionary J.Balč (see dictionary). Later, an editor joins the dictionary-preparation work. Most of the illustrations concern the editing of A. Juška’s dictionary: Jablonskis edited part of A. Juška’s dictionary (ejūra), which introduced a considerable number of new words into the literary language LKI47 (see edit). J. Jablonskis was the only [A. Juška’s dictionary] editor who substantially revised the Polish translation LKV243 (see only). While editing [A. Juška’s] dictionary, whose language had been recorded in many places in the dialect of the region where it was collected, Jablonskis standardized it and brought it closer to the Western Aukštaitian dialect J.Balč (see standardize). I have received no other money for editing J[úška’s] Dictionary KlbV106(J.Jabl) (see editing). Having agreed to serve as editor, J. Jablonskis dreamed of organizing and publishing the entire dictionary of A. Juška LKV237 (see organize). Before publication, the dictionary proofs are read: I had to prepare the third booklet of Juškevičius’s dictionary for printing and take the proofs through page 232 (up to kretalui) K.Būg (see take through). I assume you will already have become acquainted with the dictionary from the proof sheets K.Būg (see say). The edited dictionary is sent to be printed: I think printing of the dictionary could begin in the autumn of 1923 K.Būg (see printing). The first booklet of the dictionary may appear in the autumn K.Būg (see booklet). It will soon be three years since he handed the manuscript of that dictionary to a printer V. Kudir (see printer). Urgent necessity compels the author to press on with the stalled work of printing the dictionary K.Būg (see printing). Today two sheets (32 pages) of the dictionary have been typeset—up to the word akis KlbXIV166(K.Bug) (see typeset). BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdinys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 10 8. DIFFICULTIES IN COMPILING DICTIONARIES The illustrations most often mention that dictionary compilers lack material, collectors of material, and dictionary writers: For one person to collect a dictionary of this kind is simply an unbearable task rš (see bear). It is difficult to collect all the words of the language for a dictionary J.Jabl (see difficult). The contribution would fare much better if he corrected and supplemented his work, drawing on other collectors of Lithuanian words for the dictionary A.Baran (see assist). It is difficult to find workers for the dictionary K.Būg (see worker). It would be good if someone could enlist the young people in the dictionary work K.Būg (see enlist). The illustrations show that compiling a dictionary takes considerable time and requires much effort and dedication: Over a succession of years, he managed to collect a great deal of material for a Lithuanian-language dictionary KlbXIV19 (see succession). Writing a [dictionary] alone can take at least 2–3 years K.Būg (see take). Būga had decided to devote himself entirely to that dictionary and even to live like a monk rš (see monastic). I wonder if I will ever finish this dictionary of mine Š (see toil through). I have described the need for a Lithuanian dictionary, the arduousness of the work, and what the dictionary should be like A.Baran (see arduousness). In the first part I showed how necessary a Lithuanian dictionary is, how arduous the work is, and what it should be like A.Baran (see arduous). Much effort is needed to manage financial matters (arranging publication and distribution): The manuscripts of dictionaries lie in attics V.Kudir (see manuscript). If the dictionary’s editorial office had sufficient funds, the work on the dictionary would proceed faster K.Būg (see swift). If the print run of that dictionary were issued gradually (rather than being brought from the warehouses all at once), more people would buy it rš (see issue). If the book trade were put in order, more copies of the Lithuanian-language dictionary would be bought in America KlbXIV169(K.Būg) (see organize). A cost estimate for the dictionary would also be necessary J.Jabl (see estimate). Various unforeseen obstacles are also mentioned: war, upheaval, persecution, deportation, and so on: The second volume [of A. Juška’s dictionary] was to be completed by me, but the war brought it to a halt K.Būg (see volume). It is a pity that volume II of Juškevičius’s dictionary was left unfinished because of the war and upheaval TŽII466(K.Būg) (see upheaval). J. Jablonskis did not want to abandon editing [A. Juška’s] dictionary, but persecution and deportation prevented him from working LKV252 (see deportation). The first volume of the dictionary was held up by Soviet censorship rš (see hold up). In the future, delays such as those that arose during the printing of volume X of the Dictionary should be avoided K.Kors (see delay). BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdinys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 11 9. SHORTCOMINGS OF DICTIONARIES The illustrations also point to the most common shortcomings of dictionaries—the lack of material: There are quite a lot of words like that which have not made it into the dictionary simply through oversight J.]abl (see neapžvalgumas). No one will ever be able to register absolutely every [word] in dictionaries K1K41,65 (see visut). Of course, one should not expect that here (in the dictionary) all the names of all kinds of fish have already been collected BXI216 (see visum). The illustrations also discuss other errors and the unclear structure of dictionaries: His dictionary has an immense number of errors K.Būg (see galybė). The dictionary is full of errors and inaccuracies J.]abl (see pilnas). He ought to have made his dictionary clearer for readers—to be an understandable teacher to them J.]abl (see pamokytojas). What is missing are illustrations of headwords: A rare dictionary word has a language example in its own little compartment here (nest) a language example J.]abl (see gardas). Dictionaries containing bare words (without illustrative examples) are of no value A.Vencl (see plikas). Sometimes criticism is directed at words included in a dictionary unnecessarily: Why did that expression in our language, which our people do not say, have to be put into our written-language dictionary? J.]abl (see sakyti). It is therefore understandable that dictionary editors and compilers ask readers to report errors they find: As the second edition of the dictionary was being printed, I asked Lithuanians to report any flaws in the dictionary to its editorial office or elsewhere J.]abl (see jeibė). It would be very beneficial to me and to the dictionary I am preparing if others, having noticed one of my mistakes, would take the trouble to inform me K.Būg (see rengti). K. Būga speaks most often about the aspiration to create an ideal, perfect dictionary8: Our language dictionaries cannot boast of perfection K.Būg (see tobulumas). Today, publishing a perfect dictionary is not yet possible, because we have collected too little material for it K.Būg (see išleisti). Perhaps others 8 First and foremost, K. Būga sought to prepare a perfect dictionary of the Lithuanian language using material from A. Juška’s dictionary, but he soon became convinced that this was impossible because material was lacking and not all that had been collected was reliable. He also spoke very critically of the Lithuanian-language dictionary he himself had prepared in haste (Sabaliauskas 1997: 2–3). In his self-review, K. Būga wrote: “Because of the rush, the dictionary manuscript notebooks do not even get a chance to lie around: as soon as I have written them, I have to take them to the printing house. The ‘Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language’ should be regarded as a draft, which I would not dare publish under better conditions in Lithuania without first revising and refining it thoroughly. I trust that our descendants will not reproach me for that draft, since even a draft will provide a good deal of material” (cited in Zinkevičius 1981: 111). BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdinys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 12 could at least …? could at least … AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdinys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 13 matter K.Būg (see multilingualism). I know enough German to translate into Lithuanian with the help of a dictionary Blv (see make use of). Specialized dictionaries are valued for the distinctive nature of the material they contain: The abundance of specialized dictionaries is an indicator of a nation’s cultural development K.Daukš (see dictionary). From a dictionary of Lithuanian place names, a linguist-historian will be able to tell us what people or peoples lived in Lithuania before the Lithuanians were brought into this country K.Būg (see incorporation). A thematic dictionary would be a true aid to writers: it would help them find a word with the required meaning and promote less frequently used or lesser-known words and their meanings KlK27,48 (see thematic). A dialect dictionary enlivens and gives vivid expression to our entire standard written language rš (see enliven). For one who cannot reason linguistically, even the most comprehensive dictionary is an unjustifiable luxury rš (see linguistically). Facts from living speech presented in dictionaries are especially valued: Juška (with his dictionary) clearly showed that the Lithuanian cultural figures’ resolve to study the people’s spoken language and draw material from it for linguistic work was well-founded LKV157 (see resolve). For a long time, A. Juška’s dictionary was an important source for research into the Lithuanian language LKV200 (see research). The illustrations reveal the practical value of dictionaries (they are needed by schools as well as the academic community): For your sake, brothers, I write a dictionary: for both Samogitians and Lithuanians D.Pošk (see dictionary-maker). That dictionary will be of the greatest benefit to young people, especially Samogitians, beginning to study at school Sut (see dictionary-maker). My sole teacher of accentuation was Kuršaitis’s dictionary K.Būg (see sole). We are desperately in need of a dictionary rš (see be in need). It is useful for everyone to have that dictionary J.Jabl (see useful). This dictionary... will for a long time be the most necessary reference book for better understanding our present-day language APhIV164 (see reference). For their writings, they gather facts from various dictionaries rš (see gather). The illustrations also highlight the scholarly value of dictionaries: Scholarly9 in a dictionary, all forms of every Lithuanian word must be listed K.Būg (see scholarly). K. Būga wanted to use A. Juška’s records of folk speech to produce a fuller (=more comprehensive) Lithuanian dictionary and a major lexicographical work suitable for both scholarly and practical purposes LKV269 (see work). 9 Scholarly – “based on the principles of science.” BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdinys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 14 CONCLUSIONS An examination of the illustrative examples in LKŽe containing the lexeme žodynas ‘dictionary’ shows that the data accumulated in the dictionary are entirely sufficient to construct a comprehensive image of the dictionary. Since the second meaning of the word žodynas ‘dictionary’ is very concrete and tangible, the generalized image that has emerged is also relatively precise and clearly defined. The material examined allows us to formulate the following generalized image of the dictionary that has emerged in LKŽe: a dictionary is a handwritten or printed book, in one, several, a dozen, or several dozen volumes, by one author or collectively authored, written according to specific instructions and possessing its own macrostructure and microstructure; a dictionary is a work in which, after material has been collected from one or various sources (most often by compiling a card index), words or phrases are presented alphabetically, by topic, or according to another system; the meaning of a word is usually defined, and its origin, history, and geographical distribution may also be indicated; grammatical, accentual, stylistic, and other information about the word, examples of usage, and translations into one or more languages are provided. Such a publication has practical and scholarly value (it is useful for learning one’s own or a foreign language and is needed as a source for various studies of language and culture). It must be emphasized that the particular image of the dictionary presented in this study has taken shape in the minds of linguistics specialists—lexicographers, grammarians, dialectologists, and researchers in other fields of linguistics—as well as cultural figures closely associated with them and authors of belles lettres. Clearly, upon entering the 21st century, the image of the dictionary would be somewhat different. First, we should mention that a dictionary is not only a printed book on paper. Today, computer media and electronic databases or banks are also called dictionaries. Moreover, dictionaries are compiled not only for natural but also for artificial languages; they may include audio and be illustrated with drawings, photographs, and so on (cf. Jakaitienė 2006: 7). It is also likely that data from other sources, scientifically designed multifaceted surveys, and the like would reveal a changed image of the dictionary. However, how the image of the dictionary has changed and what it is like in the 21st century would be the subject of another article. BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdinys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 15 SOURCE LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (I–XX, 1941–2002), elektroninis variantas. Red. kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. red.), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005. – Atnaujinta versija, 2008, 2017. Prieiga internete: www.lkz.lt. LITERATŪRA Balašaitis A. 1984: Žodžiai ir žodynai, Vilnius: Mokslas. Balodis A. 2009: Pasaulis kaip vaizdinys: kelios pastabos apie tai, kaip J. P. Sartre’as kritikuoja H. Bergsono sąmonės sampratą. – Athena 5, 71–84. Prieiga internete: http://lkti.lt/athena/pdf/5/5.II.A.71–84.pdf (žiūrėta 2017 09 03). Černeiko L., Cho Son T. – Чернейко Л. О., Хо Сон Тэ 2001: Концепты жизнь и смерть как фрагменты русской языковой картины мира. – Филологические науки 5, 50–58. Daujotytė-Pakerienė V. 2002: Pamatinis kultūros tekstas. – Dvidešimt Lietuvių kalbos žodyno tomų. Sudarė J. Zabarskaitė, Z. Šimėnaitė, Vilnius: InterSe, 34–38. Dini P. U. 2002: „Lietuvių kalbos žodynas“ – žvilgsnis iš šalies. – Dvidešimt Lietuvių kalbos žodyno tomų. Sudarė J. Zabarskaitė, Z. Šimėnaitė, Vilnius: InterSe, 27–33. Granauskas R. 2015: Baltas liūdesio balandis. Esė, pokalbiai, pokštai, Vilnius: Lietuvos rašytojų sąjungos leidykla. Gritėnienė A. 2016: Šermukšnio vaizdinys „Lietuvių kalbos žodyne“. – Tautosakos darbai 52, 2016, 85–104. Gudavičius A. 2011: Reikšmė – sąvoka – konceptas ir prasmė. – Res humanitariae 10, 108–119. Prieiga internete: http://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/fedora/objects/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2011~1367184173024/datastreams/DS.002.0.01.ARTIC/content (žiūrėta 2017 08 14). Jakaitienė E. 2005: Leksikografija. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Jakaitienė E. 2006: Žodynų istorijos apybraiža, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. Kažukauskaitė O. 2002: Le grand dictionnaire d’une petite nation, une histoire de cents ans. – Cahiers lituaniens 3, 29–33. BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdinys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 16 LLE – Lietuvių literatūros enciklopedija, Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 2001. Nastopka K. 2010: Literatūros semiotika, Vilnius: Baltos lankos. Nepokupnas A. 2002: Žodynas – tai abėcėlės tvarka išdėstytas visas pasaulis Lietuvoje ir Lietuva visame pasaulyje. – Seimo kronika: specialus Nr. 22 (228), 2002 m. liepos 29 d., 1421. Prieiga internete: http://www6.lrs.lt/kronikos/pdf/030101/k-22.pdf (žiūrėta 2017 08 28). Papaurėlytė S. 2003: Sielvarto metaforos lietuvių ir rusų kalbose. – Filologija 8, 25–31. Prieiga internete: http://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/fedora/objects/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2003~1367184529404/datastreams/DS.002.0.01.ARTIC/content (žiūrėta 2017 09 04). Papaurėlytė-Klovienė S. 2007: Lingvistinės kultūrologijos bruožai, Šiauliai: VšĮ Šiaulių universiteto leidykla. Paulauskienė A. 2002: Paminklas tautai. – Dvidešimt „Lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ tomų. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 21–26. Pupkis A. 2013: Juozas Balčikonis ir didysis „Lietuvių kalbos žodynas“. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Sabaliauskas A. 1997: Kazimieras Būga ir lietuvių leksikografija. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 37, 1–4. Sverdiolas A. 2006: Apie pamėklinę būtį, Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 173–176. Šimėnaitė Z. 2010: Lietuvių ir lenkų leksikografijos sąsajos (Związki leksykografii polskiej i litewskiej). – Językowe i kulturowe dziedzictwo Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Bydgoszcz, 158–166. Toporovas V. 2009: Didžiajam Lietuvių kalbos žodynui išėjus. – Vladimiras Toporovas ir Lietuva. Sudarė A. Sabaliauskas, J. Zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 261–273. VLE – Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. T. 24. 2013. Zabarskaitė J. 2010: Politinis pasaulėvaizdis didžiajame Lietuvių kalbos žodyne (valstybė, įstatymas, valdžia). – Parlamento studijos 9. Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdinys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 17 Mažvydo biblioteka, 126–143. Prieiga internete: http://www.parlamentostudijos.lt/Nr9/9_kalba_1.htm (žiūrėta 2017 09 05). Zabarskaitė J. 2012: Kitoks didžiojo „Lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ skaitymas: Adalbertas Bezzenbergeris, marios, pamarys, pamariškis. – Mažoji Lietuva: paribio kultūros tyrimai. Sudarė G. Blažienė, N. Morozova, J. Zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 239–271. Zinkevičius Z. 1981: Kalbininkas K. Būga, Kaunas: Šviesa. Žagrakalytė A. 2013: Eიგulio duktė: byla F 117, Vilnius: Tyto alba. Įteikta 2017 09 19 Priimta 2017 12 08 THE MENTAL IMAGE OF THE DICTIONARY IN THE DICTIONARY OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE (LIETUVIŲ KALBOS ŽODYNAS) S u m m a r y The importance of the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (Lietuvių kalbos žodynas) for various interdisciplinary research has been written many times. Its motive is constantly appearing in non-academic texts also. So the concept of the dictionary for the semantic mental image’s analysis has been deliberately chosen. Looking at the lexicographic articles of the great dictionary as a specific discourse created in a certain way and reading them in different cuts, we can find various data about the features of Lithuanian worldview and world outlook. The goal of this article is to analyze the semantic mental image of the dictionary formed in the hypertext of the academic dictionary and to determine which mental image’s features are considered to be the most important, most relevant, using a wide and different discourse of the 20 volumes of the dictionary. In order to achieve this goal, several specific tasks were set out: in the way of researching the collected material by interpretative, analytical descriptive and semantic analysis methods to BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdinys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 18 describe the structure, types, volume, authors, material of the dictionary, to represent the course of the lexicographical works and the difficulties which the dictionary makers faced during the preparation of dictionaries, to highlight the disadvantages which are noticeable in the dictionaries and show the value of dictionaries. The research material was collected by looking vertically to all 20 volumes of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language and reading the hypertext of the dictionary horizontally. 211 head words were found reading the lexicographic articles in this way, the illustrations of them contain a lexeme dictionary. The vast majority (even 98%) of the illustrations used with the lexeme dictionary were written out from the various authors’ (mainly linguists, cultural and public figures) written sources. The dictionary is also mentioned in the various academic publications (in the journals, Grammar of the Lithuanian language, other dictionaries, etc.). Only 2 illustrations with a lexeme dictionary are written from the living language. So the data of the hypertext of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language analyzed in this study shows the mental image of dictionary which was formed by the linguistic specialists – lexicographers, grammarians, dialectologists and the researchers of other language science fields, and also by the cultural activists and fiction writers. The material for the research was collected from all 20 volumes, only the data of Complement Card Index was eliminated, and this is why it is important to describe that the final results reflect the mental image of the dictionary formed in the Lithuanian worldview till the 21st century. After the semantic analysis of the illustrative material of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, the following main features of the dictionary’s mental image are distinguished: the structure, type, author, volume, lexicographic material of the dictionary, course of lexicographic works, difficulties faced preparing the dictionaries, the disadvantages and value of the dictionaries. The analysis of all illustrative samples with the lexeme dictionary shows that it is completely enough to have the data accumulated in the academic dictionary incase to make the detailed mental image of the dictionary. Because the second meaning of the word dictionary is very concrete, practical, so the formed generalized mental image of it is objective and clearly defined. BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ. Žodyno vaizdinys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 19 The investigated material allows to arrange such a generalized dictionary’s mental image formed in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language: the dictionary is a printed or manuscript book composed of one, several, dozen or few dozen volumes and written by a single author or a collective; it is written in accordance with a certain instruction, it has its macrostructure and microstructure; after collecting the material from one or various sources (most often making the card index) the words or word combinations are presented alphabetically, by themes or according other system in the dictionary, usually the meaning of the word is described, it is also possible to specify the origin, history, geography of the word, to submit grammatical, accentuate, stylistic and other information, the samples of use, translations to one or few languages; such a publication has a practical and academic value (it is useful for learning your or foreign language, it is needed as the source for the various research of the language and culture). Obviously, the mental image of the dictionary would be slightly different when entering the 21st century, however the comparing of the dictionary’s mental image in nowadays and how it changed could be the research object of the other article. KEYWORDS: dictionary, mental image, illustrative sentence, semantics, The Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius [email protected] BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204