Kokia kalbos dalis yra dalyvis?

BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas WHAT LANGUAGE PART IS A PARTICIPANT? KEY WORDS: grammar, parts of speech, verb, verb forms, participant, padalyvis, pusdalyvis. INTRODUCTION When the Lithuanian Language Grammar Information System (LIGIS) was created, the authors 1 were interested in how language parts are described in various publications. Many inconsistencies were noted in discussing the participant. Therefore, it was decided to write this article, which will review the attribution of the participant to the part of the language from the first grammars to the present day. It must be said that over time, the attitude of linguists changes not only to the participant. Sometimes, and at the same time, individual linguists interpret some language phenomena differently. This is particularly evident in publications of different purposes. For example, in the early 1970s, in books for the general public, the communicative morpheme -ti was considered an ending. In his grammar, Juozas Žiugžda writes: “The common word has the ending -ti.” (1971: 139). In scientific grammar, the same morphological phenomenon is viewed differently. In the third edition of the Lithuanian grammar of the same year it is written: „bendratis turi priesagą -ti arba -t“ (LKG 1971: 398). In Lithuanian grammar, this communicative morpheme is also called a suffix (DLKG 2006: 383). More similar examples could be found. The article proposes to interpret the participle differently than is currently done in linguistic publications – to treat it as a separate part of the language, rather than as a verb form – and presents the following examples: In a work dated around 500 BC argumentai šiam teiginiui pagrįsti. Reikia pabrėžti, kad žodžiai įvairiose kalbose į klases skirstomi labai nevienodai. Beveik describing the grammar of Tamil, words are divided into four groups: 2 1 Information system of Lithuanian language grammar. Internet access: http://ligis.lki.lt/ (viewed 2018 03 03). 2 Wikipedia. Accessed online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language (accessed 2018 03 03). Daiva Šveikauskienė. What part of the speech is the participant? |2 1) nouns, 2) verbs, 3) BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 words that indicate a connection between a verb and daiktavardžio, ir 4) žodžiai, kurie apibūdina daiktavardį ar veiksmažodį 3 . However, there are significant differences in the classification of other words. For example, in Walter Jung's German grammar, the numeral is not considered a separate part of the language and it is said that žodžiai, kurie reiškia skaičius, gali būti būdvardžiai, daiktavardžiai, įvardžiai, aplinkybės 4 (Jung 1967: 359). In another German grammar, the numerals are assigned to the adjectives, called Zahladjektiv, and described in the section on adjectives (Helbig, Buscha 1989: 320). Wikipedia provides a compromise version that the numeral is sometimes considered an independent part of the language in linguistics, therefore, only sometimes, but not 5 always. Another example of an unusual characteristic of words could be Japanese adjectives. They change in times, for example, blue - aoi, was blue – aokatta; hot – atsui, was hot – 6 atsukatta, etc. Thus, in each language, words are divided into parts of speech according to the specific characteristics of that language. In 1965, the following statement was included in the tritomy of Lithuanian grammar: “It is not necessary to assume that the parts of the language can be the same in terms of quality and quantity in individual languages” (LKG 1965: 31). Lithuanian authors rely on the works of foreign authors when writing grammar. This is why the participant is considered a verb form in Lithuanian linguistic works. However, there are arguments to suggest that the participant could also be considered a separate part of the speech. In English, the participant is actually only a form, while in Lithuanian it is a whole paradigm. In the grammar data descriptions for schools and in the internet information for the general public, it is already possible to see the prerequisites for giving the participant the status of an independent part of the language. 1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARTICIPATION SAMPRAT The eight parts of speech are: nouns, Šiuolaikiniuose indoeuropiečių prokalbės gramatikos tyrimuose teigiama, kad žodžiai adjectives (including participants), pronouns, 3 Wikipedia. Prieiga internete: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). 4 “the number word is not a kind of word in the proper sense. Adjectives and Nouns, Pronouns and Adverbien können „Zahlwörter“ sein“ (Jung 1967). 5 „Zahlwort wird in der Sprachwissenschat manchmal als eigene Wortart angesetzt“, prieiga internete: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahlwort (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). 6 Wikipedia. Accessed online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_equivalents_of_adjectives (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). Daiva Šveikauskienė. What part of the speech is the participant? |3 verbs, adverbs, BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 prepositions, conjunctions and emoticons. The attribution of participants to 7 adjectives is explained by the fact that they, like adjectives, indicate quality (Quiles, LópezMenchero 2011: 153). 1.1. Interpretation of the participant in the first grammar The oldest surviving Sanskrit grammar, and thus the oldest surviving grammar in the world, was written by Panini in the 5th century BC, but it does not mention the participant. There is 8 also no mention of the language in the Sanskrit texts. The work itself has not survived to the present day, so it can be assumed that it was created even earlier. 9 In the 2nd century BC, Dionysius of Thrace wrote in Greek the oldest known ancient grammar, Grammatica. It is the most commonly spoken language in the country (2003: 788). Grammar distinguishes eight parts of language: noun, verb, participle, article, pronoun, preposition, adverb, and conjunction. 10 The Latin grammar was based on the Greek grammar. In his De lingua latina, Varro describes six parts of the language: noun, verb, participle, adverb, preposition, and conjunction. He divides all Latin words into variable and unvariable. Variable words are divided into four classes according to two criteria – tenses and verbs: they are variable in both tenses and verbs (participants); are unchangeable in tenses and conjugations (adjectives); only change in tenses (verbs); are only alternated with conjugations (nouns). 11 The Lithuanian grammar, written by Kęstutis Sapūnas and published by Teofilis Šulcas, does not deviate from the tradition of treating the participle as a separate part of the language. It presents eight parts of the language: four variable (noun, pronoun, participle, verb) and four unvariable (adverb, preposition, conjunction and emoticon) (Eigminas, Stundžia 1997: 27). In Daniel Klein's grammar, the participle is not described in the verb section: it is presented (Balčikonis, Larinas, Kruopas 1957: 504), therefore there is reason to assume that Daniel Klein described atskirame lygiaverčiame su kitomis kalbos dalimis skyriuje po veiksmažodžio prieš prieveiksmį the participle as "a word that attributes quality like an adjective" (Quiles, López-Menchero 2011). laikė atskira kalbos dalimi. 7 „Words are divided into eight parts of speech: nouns, adjectives (including participles), pronouns, 8 Wikipedia. Access online: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini_(Grammatiker) (viewed 2018 03 03). 9 Wikipedia. Accessed on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%81ska (accessed 2018 03 03). 10 Wikipedia. Prieiga internete: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). 11 Accessed: https://mokslai.lt/referatai/lietuviu-kalba/lingvistika.html (accessed 2018 03 03). Daiva Šveikauskienė. What part of the speech is the participant? |4 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 1.2. Presentation of participant information in current grammars In modern grammar (both ancient and modern languages) the participle is described as a verb form. “Participants, by nature noun forms, eventually adhered to the system of verb forms” (Ambrazas 1979: 16). To discuss when and for what reason the participant was assigned to the verb, a separate article would be necessary. In this paper, only the consequences of this phenomenon will be examined. The grammar of ancient languages. In modern grammar of ancient languages (Latin, Greek) the participant is no longer considered a separate part of the language. In a brief historical grammar of the Greek language, Jonas Dumčius discusses the participle in the verb section, along with other morphological categories of the verb – the Latin participle is also laikais, asmenimis, skaičiais ir t. t. (Dumčius 2011: 100). Lotynų kalbos gramatikoje Elementa presented as an impersonal form of the verb (Dumčius, Kuzavinis, Mironas 2010: 76). The Grammar of Modern Indo-European Languages. Wikipedia's article on parts of speech emphasizes that English grammar is written following the European tradition, except that the participle is treated as a verb form rather than a separate part of speech. 12 Taip pateikta ir naujausiose anglų kalbos gramatikose. Šiuolaikinėje anglų kalbos gramatikoje the participant is indicated in the verb forms table (Quirk et al. 1992: 62). In Oxford English Grammar, the participle is identified as a non-standard verb form (Greenbaum, 1996: 132). The Oxford English Grammar describes eight main classes of words: verb, noun, adjective, adverb, preposition, definite, pronoun, and conjunction (Eastwood 2002: 1). As you can see, there is no participant among them. In German grammar, the participle is also considered a verb form. In some it is called the noun form of the verb, which is described as impersonal (Jung 1967: 202). Others describe it as an invariant verb form (Helbig, Buscha 1989: 105). In the newer German grammar, which already presents German names of parts of the language and morphological categories instead of the Latin ones used up to now, the participant is called the term Mittelwort (in literal translation intermediate word, i.e. intermediate between 12 Wikipedia. Prieiga internete: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). Daiva Šveikauskienė. What part of the speech is the participant? |5 verb and adjective), but it is BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 still described as the unbestimmte Verbform (Paukert, Holböck 2017: 7). The Lithuanian language participant is also evaluated in grammar. In Kuršaitis’s grammar, published in 1876, the pronunciation of the participle is described in the section on verb pronunciation, so it can be said that he considered the participle to be a verb form, although the book states that the basis of the participle pronunciation is the conjugation of adjectives (Kuršaitis 2013: 357), thus a certain inconsistency can already be observed. The grammar of F. Kuršaitis is clearly influenced by German grammar. Participants are divided into adjectives, indicating the German equivalent Partizip I, and adverbs (equivalent to Partizip II) (Kuršaitis 2013: 358–359). The 20th-century form of the verb is considered to be the participant. In the grammar of Juozas Žiugžda, the participle is defined as "a verb form, having the characteristics of a verb and an adjective" (Žiugžda 1971: 174). The DLKG says: “The participle is a conjugated form made from the root of the verb, having the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.” (DLKG 2006: 354). Perhaps the oldest tradition – to consider the participant as an independent part of the language – was preserved by Russian linguists. In the 2012 textbook for schools, the participant is described in the section of independent parts of speech and is defined as an independent part of speech that denotes the attribute of the object related to the action and has the 13 characteristics of an adjective and a verb (Бабайцева, Чеснокова 2012: 167). Although there are also Russian grammars, in which the participant is defined differently: “the participant is an attributive form of the verb, combining two parts of the language – the verb and the adjective – reikšmes” (Шведова 1980: 664). 2. PLACE OF THE PARTICIPANT IN THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE In Lithuanian grammar, which is written in English, the participle is discussed in the section on non-personalized verb forms (LG 2006: 284). 14 The Lithuanian grammar lists 11 parts of the language, but the participant is not mentioned among them, and it is indicated that this classification of words was also used in the grammar of Jon Jablonski, differing only in the evaluation of the particle and the pronoun (LKG 1965: 31). In the 2011 Frequently Asked Questions in Lithuanian Morphology, the following information is provided about the participant bėgančio (Figure 1): verb, participle, masculine 13 «Причастие – самостоятельная часть речи, которая обозначает признак предмета по действию, объединяет в себе свойства прилагательного и глагола» (Бабайцева, Чеснокова 2012). 14 „Non-finite forms of the verb“ (LG 2006). DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ. Kokia kalbos dalis yra dalyvis? |6 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 giminė, esamasis laikas, vienaskaitos kilmininkas, veikiamoji rūšis (Rimkutė, Kazlauskienė, 2011: 596). 1 PAV. Two years later, in 2013, in the Lithuanian language morphemics database created by the morfemikos žodyne (Rimkutė, Kazlauskienė, Raškinis 2011: 596) Computer Linguistics Center of Vytautas Magnus University, when providing information about the participant, it is no longer indicated that it is a verb, although the database was prepared on the basis of the same morphemics dictionary. Figure 2 shows the presentation of information 15 about the participant runner in the Lithuanian language morphemics database. 2 PAV. The interactive database of Lithuanian language learning resources www.šaltiniai.info also includes a morphological analysis of the word bėgančio. Here, the initial form of the participant is considered to be the noun, not the participle. Figure 3 shows the morphological analysis of the participant in the sentence Atsisveikę vaikai išėjo. 16 3 PAV. Morphological analysis of the participant in the sentence www.šaltiniai.info In the seventh grade textbook for schools, in the table of grammatical analysis of the parts of speech (Figure 4), the participant, the participant and the semi-participant are listed in separate lines as are all the independent parts of speech (Palubinskienė, Čepaitienė 2008: 185). So, verb forms are presented 15 Lietuvių kalbos morfemikos duomenų bazė. Prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/page.xhtml?id=morfema-db (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). 16 Interactive database of Lithuanian language, literature (culture) and Lithuanian history learning resources. Accessed: http://www.šaltiniai.info/index/details/599%20 (accessed 2018 03 03). Daiva Šveikauskienė. What part of the speech is the participant? |7 not next to other BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 forms such as nominative or recursive forms. Participant, participant and written pusdalyvio atitraukimas nuo eilutės krašto gali rodyti tam tikrą priklausomybę eilute aukščiau part of the speech, but their separation into separate lines also shows a certain independence. 4 PAV. Table of grammatical analysis of parts of speech in the 7th grade textbook (Palubinskienė, Čepaitienė 2008: 185) In summary, it can be said that the participant is recognized as an exclusive verb (divider and forma, kuri yra panašesnė į savarankišką kalbos dalį. Lentelėje moksleiviams dalyvis (taip pat semi-participant) is presented in a separate line like other independent parts of speech. If it were considered a simple verb form, as the section title should be next to Daiva Šveikauskienė. What part of the speech is the participant? |8 nominative forms and BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 recursive forms. The morphological analysis of the parts of speech in the table in the aforementioned school textbook is clear and easy to understand. And in the Internet (Wikipedia) information (Figure 5), intended for the general public, the participant (participant and semi-participant) is also in a separate line like other independent parts of speech and the morphological categories characteristic for it are indicated; true, the greater distance from the edge of the line does not allow it to be considered a completely independent part of the 17 language. 5 PAV. Presentation of variable parts of language online, Wikipedia 3. PROBLEMATIC CASES OF LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE PARTICIPANT ASSESSMENT: ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST The fact that the present-day prevailing view of the participle as a verb is not scientifically sound is also shown by statements of scientists who express a different view. Both Lithuanian linguists and German grammar scholars have suggested that the participle, participle and semi-participle are parts of speech other than the verb, for example, “participles that denote the characteristics of objects can also be called adjectives” (Paulauskienė 2015: 201); “participants, being unchangeable circumstance words, go in speech and adverbs” (Paulauskienė 1994: 373); “the participle, as a conjugated form, is in fact a verb adjective, the first function of which, like every adjective, is attributive, and the second is predicative, which can only be performed by the noun” (Paulauskienė 2015: 356). German grammar says that unpersonalized verb forms do not form a special class of words, but belong to 17 Vikipedija. Prieiga internete: https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbos_dalis (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). Daiva Šveikauskienė. What part of the speech is the BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 įvairioms kitoms kalbos dalims 18 , pvz., bendratis eina daiktavardžiu, dalyviai – būdvardžiu, participant? |9 participants – circumstance or even 19 particle and preposition (Helbig, Buscha 1989: 113). 20 Even when describing analytical forms of Lithuanian verbs, which are perhaps considered svarbiausias argumentas laikyti dalyvį veiksmažodžio forma, nėra viskas sklandu dėl galimo dvejopo dalyvių interpretavimo. Dalyvis su asmenuojamuoju veiksmažodžiu gali būti synonymous with the personified form or a noun part of the compound dialect. There are no formulated rules for distinguishing them, and very often the same sentence can be dviem būdais: pvz., Aš jau esu išalkęs gali reikšti išalkau arba esu alkanas (Paulauskienė 2015: interpreted differently. Furthermore, it is acknowledged that “This situation is suffering sintaksių autoriai“ (Paulauskienė 2015: 356). so far not only morphologies but also 3.1. Criteria for the division of words into parts of language in grammar and educational publications Wikipedia indicates that the part of the language this is a category that includes words with similar grammatical characteristics. Words that belong to the same part of the language have similar syntactic characteristics – they perform the same functions in the sentence, and from the point of view of morphology they have the same conjugation. Parts of language are 21 classes of words distinguished by commonality of meaning, syntactic relationships and morphological features. 22 In the 20th-century Lithuanian grammar it is written that the parts of the language are classes of words that differ in certain characteristics. Four of them are listed: 1) lexical meaning, 2) grammatical categories, 3) syntactic function and 4) means of word formation (LKG 1965: 28). Furthermore, this grammar acknowledges “the limitations of the traditional division of parts of language, the insufficient firmness of the criteria for division” (LKG 1965: 29). That the first criterion is not sufficient is shown by the statement about the meaning of the noun: it can mean both an object and an action and a quality (LKG 1965: 30). The second feature – the system of grammatical categories and forms associated with them – highlights the inconsistency in interpreting the participant. The Lithuanian Language Handbook states that “[k]each variable part of language is characterized by systems of forms formed on the basis of one common meaning, called grammatical categories” (LKŽin 2007: 82). The following examples are given: a noun has a genus, 18 "Die infiniten Verbformen (Infinitiv, Partizip I, Partizip II) bilden im Deutschen keine besondere Wortklasse, sondern gehören verschiedenen anderen Wortklassen an." (Helbig, Buscha 1989). 19 “He was very keen to know.” “It was him I met.” (Helbig, Buscha 1989). 20 “He is paid according to his performance.” (Helbig, Buscha 1989). 21 Wikipedia. Prieiga internete: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). 22 Vikipedija. Prieiga internete: https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbos_dalis (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). Daiva Šveikauskienė. What part of the speech is the participant? |16 The participle BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 has no forms that are not adjectives, so it has more in common with an adjective than with a verb. LITERATŪRA A m b r a z a s, V. 1979: Lietuvių kalbos dalyvių istorinė sintaksė, Vilnius: Mokslas. B a l č i k o n i s J., L a r i n a s B., K r u o p a s J. 1957: Pirmoji lietuvių kalbos gramatika, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla. Cambridge dictionary. Prieiga internete: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/britishgrammar/about-verbs/verbs-basic-forms (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). DLKG 2006 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, red. V. Ambrazas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. D u m č i u s J. 2011: Trumpa istorinė graikų kalbos gramatika, Vilnius: Skaitmeninės filologijos centras. D u m č i u s J., K u z a v i n i s K., M i r o n a s R. 2010: Elementa latīna, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. DŽ 1993 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, vyr. red. S. Keinys. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. E a s t w o o d J. 2002: Oxford Guide to English Grammar, Oxford: Oxford University Press. E i g m i n a s K., S t u n d ž i a B. 1997: Sapūno ir Šulco gramatika, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. G r e e n b a u m S. 1996: The Oxford English Grammar, Oxford: Oxford university Press. H e l b i g G., B u s c h a J. 1989: Deutsche Grammatik, Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie. Interaktyvi lietuvių kalbos, literatūros (kultūros) ir Lietuvos istorijos mokymosi šaltinių duomenų bazė. Prieiga internete: http://www.šaltiniai.info/index/details/599%20 (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). J u n g W. 1967: Grammatik der deutschen Sprache, Leipzig: VEB Bibliographisches Institut. K a i r i e n ė A. 2003: Dionisijas Trakietis. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 4, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. K u r š a i t i s F. 2013: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1876, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. LG 2006 – Lithuanian Grammar, red. V. Ambrazas. Vilnius: Baltos lankos. Lietuvių kalbos morfemikos duomenų bazė. Prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/page.xhtml?id=morfema-db (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ. Kokia kalbos dalis yra dalyvis? |17 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Lietuvių kalbos žodžių formų žodynas. Prieiga internete: http://www.morfologija.lt/zodzioformos/susitikimas (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). LIGIS – Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos informacinė sistema. Prieiga internete: http://ligis.lki.lt/ (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). LingQ. Prieiga internete: https://www.lingq.com/lesson/25-drei-grundformen-der-verben468764/ (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). LKG 1965 – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1: Fonetika ir morfologija, red. K. Ulvydas. Vilnius: Mintis. LKG 1971: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 2: Morfologija, red. K. Ulvydas. Vilnius: Mintis. LKŽin 2007 – Lietuvių kalbos žinynas. Sudarė P. Kniūkšta, Kaunas: Šviesa. P a l u b i n s k i e n ė E., Č e p a i t i e n ė G. 2008: Lietuvių kalba. Vadovėlis VII klasei. Antroji knyga, Kaunas: Šviesa. P a u k e r t H., H o l b ö c k S. 2017: DEUGRA – eine Deutsche Grammatik, Version 7.1. Eigenverlag http://www.paukert.at. Prieiga internete: http://www.paukert.at/sprachen/deugra.pdf (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). P a u l a u s k i e n ė A. 1994: Lietuvių kalbos morfologija. Paskaitos lituanistams, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. P a u l a u s k i e n ė A. 2006: Pirmosios lietuvių kalbos gramatikos, Vilnius: Gimtasis žodis. P a u l a u s k i e n ė A. 2015: Svarbesniosios XX a. lietuvių kalbos gramatikos, Vilnius: Gimtasis žodis. Q u i l e s C., L o p e z – M e n c h e r o F. 2011: A Grammar of Modern Indo-European. Indo-European Language Association. Prieiga internete: https://indoeuropean.info/indo-european-grammar.html (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). Q u i r k R., G r e e n b a u m S., L e e c h G., S v a r t v i k J. 1992: A Grammar of Contemporary English, Singapore: Longman Group Ltd. R i m k u t ė E., K a z l a u s k i e n ė A., R a š k i n i s G. 2011: Dažninis lietuvių kalbos morfemikos žodynas, 3 dalis, Kaunas: VDU. Vikipedija. Laisvoji enciklopedija. Prieiga internete: https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagrindinis_puslapis (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). Ž i u g ž d a J. 1971: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika: 1 Fonetika ir morfologija, Kaunas: Šviesa. Wikipedia. Die freie enzyklopädie. Prieiga internete: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). Wikipedia. The free encyclopedia. Prieiga internete: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page (žiūrėta 2018 03 03). Daiva Šveikauskienė. What part of the speech is the participant? |18 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Б а б а й ц е в а В., Ч е с н о к о в а Л. 2012: Русский язык – Теория, Москва: Дрофа. Ш в е д о в а Н. 1980: Русская грамматика 1, Москва: Наука. Įteikta 2018 03 05 Priimta 2018 11 12 WAT KIND OF PART OF SPEECH IS PARTICIPLE? S u mm a r y We describe participle treatment from the very Proto-Indo-European language grammar, when it was referred to as an adjective, further describing antique times during which a participle was treated as an independent part of speech, also discussing 20th century grammars stating that a participle is a verb form, finally noticing 21st century trend which we see very clearly in educational literature as well as websites aimed at the wide public to give the status of an independent part of speech back to a participle. The view of a participle in other languages such as German, English, and Russian is also discussed. We further provide arguments as to why a participle is referred to as an independent part of speech by showing flaws in the academic grammar statements basing the reason for a participle to be a verb form. According to one of the grammars, the reason behind this is that a participle is required to form complex verb tenses. However, a group of a few participles is enough: nominatives of present, past iterative, and past simple tenses. Any other forms there are incomparably more of are not used for building verb tenses, yet they are treated as verb forms. We noticed even more drawbacks when referring to participle as a verb form: there are inconsistencies found in the very verb definition: The “verb” is described as the part of speech listing only the morphological categories of a personalized verb. Logically, in this case, all of those categories should be listed including both the case and gender i. e. what participles have if they are verb forms. The statement that participles are assigned to verbs because of the voice and tense categories joining them with verbs and it is not convincing because non-personalized verbs do not have voice morphemes does not imply voice hence. That is why we cannot join participles with verb by something verb does not have. Daiva Šveikauskienė. What part of the speech is the participant? |19 KEYWORDS: grammar, BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 parts of speech, verb, verb forms, participle, half-participle, gerund. DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]