Kamieną „lietuv-“ turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai

BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ University of Southampton CONSTITUTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS OF WORDS THAT CREATE A LITHUANIAN WORDS 1 KEY WORDS: derivative; aqueous solution; a puncture; the working socket; new construction; (artificial) synonyms; (operative) variants; the stages of work. INTRODUCTION The name Lithuania, which has three variants in historical sources and linguistic tradition: with the roots liet- (Lithuanian tradition), lit- (Slavic tradition) and leit- (Latvian tradition) – from 1009 (Kvedlinburg monastery annals) began to be mentioned when Christianity approached Lithuania from the West (on the origin of the name Lithuania, hypotheses, changes in meanings, etc. see Bumblauskas 2005; Zinkevičius 2010; 2010a; 2011; Patackas 2014). In Lithuanian language, where word formation is one of the most common ways of filling the lexicon and where a large part of the lexicon consists not of primary words but of 2 derivatives (Urbutis 2009: 35–37, 76–80), not only the place name Lietuva is used, but also many other related words (lietuvis, -ė; lietuvybė; puslietuvis, -ė; lietuviškumas; lietuviškas, -a; lietuvinti; lietuvėti; sulietuvinti, etc.), which are related to each other by various semantic and constructive links. In Lithuanian, words are formed both from primary words and from derivatives, which in turn can be the basis for other (second, third, etc.) derivatives – thus nests (families) of derivatives are formed in the language (Keinys 1999: 15–17; Urbutis 2009: 83–84; Jakaitienė 2010: 117–118). In the nests of verbs, co-root derivatives may be related not only by different relations of verb, but also by variantity or synonymy, because from the 3 same base word for various (mostly internal) reasons are formed derivatives with similar (or identical) meaning that differ in external expression – verb synonyms (hereinafter – Bs) and verb variants (hereinafter – Bs). It should be recalled that DS is used with different forms of the work to form derivatives having similar or identical meaning (i.e. belonging to different types of work), e.g. prapuolimas – prapultis; išgaišėlis, -ė – izgaiša, and DV is 1 The article is dedicated to the centenary of the restoration of the Lithuanian state. 2 The article refers to word formation described in Lithuanian Grammar (LKG 1965; 1971), Contemporary Lithuanian Grammar (DLKG 2005), Vincas Urbutis’s Theory of Word Formation (2009), Stasys Keinis’s General Lithuanian Word Formation (1999) and others. ; for new insights on how to do it, see Smetona 2005. 3 Ritos Miliūnaitės (2009: 123) teigimu, variantiškumas ir sinonimija atsiranda tada, kai žyminys (the content of the mark) has more than one form. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. The functional relationships of the words with BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 the root lietuv |2 with the same functional formant form derivatives that differ in secondary functional means, e.g. pamiškė / pamiškys, sagė / segė, saulėlydis / saulėlydis, tarpukalnė / tarpukalnis / tarpkalnė / tarpkalnis. (Regarding DS and DV see. Vaskelienė 2000, 2013; about variantity, synonymic relations, synonym concept, synonym sources and synonym types see Vaskelienė 2000, 2013. Pikčilingis 1988: 4–47; Miliūnaitė 2009; Jakaitienė 2010: 119–131; Župerka 2012: 28–40.) The research objects were selected stem-bearing structures. The objective of the article – 4 to analyze Lithuanian-rooted words – is to achieve the following: to select Lithuanian-rooted words from the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (LKŽe), the Lithuanian Language Dictionary Supplementation Catalog (LKŽPK), the Lithuanian Language New Words Database (ND), the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Textbook (DLKT), to analyze them constructively, to discuss synonymic and variant relations between the structures, to discuss the peculiarities of the usage of Lithuanian-rooted structures. Apply the methods of functional analysis, substitution, calculation in the work. LKŽe, LKŽPK, ND, DLKT found a total of 102 structures related to the root lietuv with various adjective and semantic connections: 58 nouns, 17 adjectives, 20 verbs and 7 adverbs. 1. DERIVATES FROM THE NAME LITHUANIA 5 1.1. End derivatives (nouns) There are 9 derivatives directly related to the place name Lithuania, first of all the noun 6 lietuvis, -ė, which has two lexical meanings: 1 „a person of the Lithuanian people“, 2 psn. ‘aukštaitis’. The LKŽ also presents the derivative with the pronounced ending variant -ys 7 4 For valuable insights and advice, the authors of the article would like to thank the secret reviewers of the article. 5 The first chapter of the article discusses the derivatives directly related to Lithuania (of the 1st degree), the second chapter discusses the derivatives of the 2nd degree according to the parts of the language and the forms of construction and (without moving too far from the reference words) the derivatives of the 3rd and (if any) 4th degree are presented in separate subsections “Derivatives of the subsequent stage of construction”. 6 From the point of view of synchrony, the distinct ending -is, -ė (see Pakerys 1994: 220), Pranas Skardžius (1996: 384) (historically) considers this noun a derivative of the suffix -uvis. 7 The word in question in the example is thinned, new forms (in dictionaries and LKŽPK not recorded derivatives, found ND JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. The functional relationships of words with the root BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 lietuv |3 lietuvis, -ė "man of the Lithuanian nation" (see also Zinkevičius 2010: 43). As the DLKT material shows, the noun lietuvis, -ė (mostly in the first meaning) is used in texts of all styles, in various lexical environments, and the variant lietuvis, -ė is probably rare in the present language, e.g.: 1 Often in the forest a Lithuanian, what he cries, does not know in LKŽe; 2 Here the Zemgalian, 8 the Lithuanian smoked in friendship, together sang songs of victory in LKŽ; in his veins flows Lithuanian and Jewish blood DLKT; every day a portrait of Lithuanians as losers, who can do nothing, born Lithuanians, but cannot speak other words in Lithuanian in the LKŽ; No, what you, nieko nesugeba DLKT; Vaižgantui labai rūpėjo tas lietuvio gamtojautos podirvis DLKT; Aš esu pure Lithuanian, from Panevėžys DLKT; If you are not from Kaunas – you are not a Lithuanian! DLKT. 1.2. Dūriniai (nouns) Lithuania is one of the few punchline base words. In Vaižgantas’ writings, the word lietuvlenkis (: Lietuva, lenkas), meaning “Polish of Lithuania”, is rare in contemporary Lithuanian – no example of its use has been found in the DLKT. With the place name Lithuania are associated punishments with the first adjective element: jaunalietuvis, -ė „Member of the Lithuanian Nationalist Youth Organisation“, didlietuvis, -ė „Lithuanian of Greater Lithuania“, DLKT found in LKŽe and LKŽPK not recorded DV punishments *mažlietuvis, -ė and *mažalietuvis, -ė. Analysis of examples with the new forms *mažlietuvis, -ė and *mažalietuvis, -ė shows that they are used with the meaning „Lithuanian of Lesser Lithuania“. In the DLKT 628 examples of the use of the punctuation jaunalietuvis, -ė were found (it should be noted that in the LKŽ no sentence with this noun 9 was given), 120 examples with *mažlietuvis, -ė, 35 with didlietuvis, -ė and 3 examples with *mažalietuvis, -ė, e.g. : By the way, both sides, i.e. the Lesser Lithuanians and the Greater Lithuanians, viewed each other quite critically in the DLKT; LTS members, young Lithuanians, shooters gathered to congratulate the president; we have beautiful examples of cooperation between Lithuania and Lithuania in the past; Some spoke like great Lithuanians, others had not yet lost the beautiful Klaipėda dialect in LKŽ; It would be quite interesting to know DLKT; JSO vienijo visus jaunalietuvių organizacijos sporto klubus DLKT; Svarbiausia, kad who these Little Lithuanians are and why they should be treated like the Žemaites? DLKT. or DLKT), marked with an asterisk *; the meanings of words (unless otherwise specified) are given according to the LKŽe; definitions of novelties from ND, novelties found in DLKT but not recorded in ND are interpreted as understood from the context. 8 The nouns lietuvis, -ė and lietuvys, -ė have most of the same consonants, so it is difficult to tell which word is used. (However, it is believed that most of the cases are examples of the word lietuvis, -ė usage.) The noun lietuvys, -ė is illustrated by clear examples of (singular noun) usage (DLKT of them found These derivatives can be formed by 17). 9 analogy with the conjunctive didlietuvis, -ė (conjunctive didlietuvis, -ė, *mažlietuvis, -ė / *mažalietuvis, -ė are often used in the same sentence). JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Verb connections of Lithuanian root words |4 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 1.3. Prepositional noun The prepositional suffix palietuvys (Tada Seinai ir Palietuvys atsikėlė į Lietuvą in LKŽPK), as 10 usual for the prepositional suffixes, denotes the place along the object named by the reference word (see LKG 1965: 424). The DLKT does not find examples with the noun palietuvis, but generally sentences in which palietuvis is probably used “place along the usual (Urbutis 1997: 267). Lietuvą“ reikšme, esama, pvz.: rodo XVII a. vidurio latviams palietuvyje tą žodį buvus mažai 11 1.4. Adverb adjective In Lithuanian, adjectives with the suffix - inis, -ė are made relatively rarely from actual nouns (names of cities or other places, surnames) (see Kniūkšta 1976: 9; see also Ambrazas 2011: 71–74). This is the case of the adjective lietuvinis, -ė, which is formed from the noun Lietuva with the suffix -inis, -ė (1 „from Lithuania“ Ar lietuviškas tabokas? LKŽe, 2 „made, used in Lithuania“ Anie lietuviniais svarais svera LKŽe). It belongs to the distinguishing (species) adjectives and has the adjective meaning “[be]ing, living, considered the reference word in the said place, originating, obtained from that place” (see. DLKG 2005: a focus on 211). Dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje šis būdvardis dažniausiai vartojamas kaip sudėtinių names, e.g.: to try to grow rare or already extinct plants of our region: water nut – agar, water lobelia, <...>, Lithuanian monastrell DLKT; Flowering plants that survived the ice ages, unique flora, included in the Lithuanian Red Book: Lithuanian nightshade, dandelion DLKT. 10 In the example in the Kartteka, this word is written with a capital letter (probably perceived as a place name). 11 But plg. J. Endzelynas had some doubts about this, but such a word was not common in the middle of the 17th century in Palietuva, so perhaps it could indeed have been taken from nearby Lithuanian dialects (Lietuvių kalbos etymologinio žodyno duomenų bazė, http://etimologija.baltnexus.lt/?w=d%C5%ABsia (accessed 2018 08 08). JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Verb connections of Lithuanian root words |5 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 2. DERIVATES OF THE SECOND (THIRD, FOURTH) DEGREE 2.1. Derivatives from lietuvis, -ė The noun lietuvis, -ė is the center of the constructive nest, which includes a total of 88 constructs of different degrees. This noun is the base word (or one of them) of 35 derivatives: 12 26 nouns (16 vedic and 10 conjugated), 4 adjectives and 5 verbs, which are the base of other 13 (subsequent) derivatives. 2.1.1. P r e s e g a n i d a t i o n a l s. In relation to the verb opposition to the noun lietuvis there are thirteen derivatives of prepositions: lietuvybė; Lithuanian nationality; lietuvaitis, -ė; lietuviukas, -ė; lietuvukė; Lithuanian; Lithuania; lietuvynas; lietuvininkas, -ė; lietuvninkas, -ė; lietuvinikas, -ė; lietuvnykas, -ė; lietuvninkis, -ė. The -ybė and -ystė (Ambrazas 2002: 8–18; DLKG 2005: 101–102) derivatives of the adverbs lietuvybė (1 „Lithuanianness“, 2 „Lithuanian word or Lithuanian form of language in non-Lithuanian language“) and lietuvystė („Lithuanianness“) in the lexical meaning 14 „Lithuanianness“ form a DS pair: derivatives of different types of action belong to the category of abstract action of nouns (or names of characteristics), are based on the same base word and are formed with different action formants. Co-rooted derivatives with abstract meaning are characterized by great substitution possibilities – in word combinations or sentences they can be replaced by words of the same meaning. maintain esmės nepakeisdami konteksto prasmės, pvz.: Lietuvybę ilgesniam laikui, ypač Klaipėdos Lithuanianness and spiritual balance in the DLKT; So, you see, they are talking about <...> Lithuanianness, the DLKT is different from the Polish DLKT (compare maintain Lithuanianness – maintain Lithuanianness, talk about Lithuanianness – talk about Lithuanianness, etc.). 15 With the suffixes -aitis, -ė typical of deminutives; -ukas, -ė; -ikė derived from the noun lietuvis, the vedic forms lietuvaitis, -ė; lietuviukas, -ė; lietuvukė; lietuvikė. LKŽ presents the noun lietuvaitis, -ė („young Lithuanian“), not included in LKŽ, but in LKŽPK 12 The verb nest would be expanded by deminutives that are usually not included in dictionaries (only those that have acquired more special meanings are recorded in dictionaries). 13 In some cases, perhaps a Lithuanian, -ė. 14 ND indicates that Lithuanian has acquired a new (more specific) meaning – “Lithuanian characters (with diacritics)”: For open source programs – Lithuanian ND. 15 The DLKT contains a total of 1605 examples of the noun lietuvybė and only 28 examples of the Vedic noun lietuvystė, but without checking which (abstract or concrete) meaning the noun lietuvybė is used, it is difficult to say about the real frequency of the use of DS. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuvturinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai |6 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 recorded Vedic lietuviukas, -ė, its variant 16 lietuvukė (“lietuvaitė” LKŽPK) and suffixes -ikė derivative lietuvikė (used next to žemaitikė) has more special meanings. Sentences with 17 co-rooted Vedic verbs: lietuvaitis, -ė; lietuviukas, -ė / lietuvukė, lietuvikė analysis shows that 18 they are used in various lexical environments – in some cases the semantic component of origin is more pronounced, in others – youth or pleasure, e.g. : Joja joja lietuvaičiai, neša neša vainikaitį, vainikas rūtų LKŽe; Young, beautiful Lithuanian girls will never give up to their Russian man DLKT; Lietuvaitis acted very irresponsibly in DLKT; 120 Lithuanian children studied at Palesa school; And took Lithuanians to the widest countries, often even Russian language unfamiliar DLKT; We were only four Lithuanians, all of us attended the First Boys’, now Jesuit Gymnasium DLKT. Sometimes the derivative substitution of these DS is possible without greater restrictions (cf. išvežiodavo lietuviukus – išvežiodavo lietuvaičius; buvome keturi lietuviukai – buvome keturi lietuvaičiai; jaunos lietuvaitės – jaunos lietuviukės / lietuvikės, etc.). However, there are differences – lietuvaitis, -ė is often used simply to refer to a person of Lithuanian origin, and lietuviukas, -ė – to a Lithuanian child, some derivatives (lietuvaitis, -ė; lietuvikė) are sometimes used with a derogatory connotation, and the frequency of the use of derivatives differs: in the DLKT there are 1785 examples of the noun lietuvaitis, -ė and 188 lietuviukas, -ė, while sentences with lietuvikė and lietuvukė are not found in the text. The noun lietuvija, formed from the noun lietuvis, -ė with the suffix -ija, meaning “the whole of Lithuanians”, belongs to the category of collective names – these are nouns 19 denoting the whole of various persons on a smaller or larger scale (Keinys 1999: 51; DLKG 2005: 43–144), e.g. : I draw attention to the young, hungry Lithuania – brothers and sisters in LKŽ; The true sign of the “last heathen” in Lithuania is her fervent devotion to the DLKT. 20 The derivative of the suffix -ynas, not presented in the LKŽ, but recorded in the LKŽPK, is considered to be the derivative of the category of place names. 16 It should be noted that the LKŽPK incorrectly indicates the word written on the card: LKŽPK presents lietuvnikas, whereas it should be lietuviukas, because such a word is used in the example written on the card, as is also in the source – the work of Zigmas Zinkevičius (1993: 208). 17 The suffix -ikė dari in Žemaičių and some adjacent Altajaus dialects (see LKG 1965: 278–279). 18 Kai kada dariniai gali būti suprantami kaip „lietuvio (-ių) vaikas (sūnus, dukra)“, t. y. šiek tiek approaches the names of children according to their parents (see LKG 1965: 414). 19 ND nurodoma nauja lietuvija reikšmė „vietinės kilmės Lietuvos gyventojai“, pvz.: Ir kas tada gelbės from this disappearance of Islam, in the face of huge immigration to Lithuania, while the nation will still have the right to elect Lithuania? ND. 20 DLKT found 16 examples of usage of the noun lietuvia. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. "The 7-year-olds of the 7-year-olds" (in BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Lithuanian). : Lithuanians are going to live in Ežeras now, soon there will be only Lithuanians, 21 LKŽPK will not speak Latvian; Boston Lithuanians also had to work a lot for DLKT. 22 The same meaning(s) have the Vedic terms lietuvininkas, -ė (1 “Lithuanian (e.g. East Prussian Lithuanian)”, 2 “a person, a Lithuanian who cares especially about Lithuanian affairs”), lietuvninkas, -ė (“see lietuvininkas”), lietuvninkis, -ė (“see lietuvninkas 1”), which are not included in the LKŽ, but mentioned in the works of Saulius Ambrazo (2002: 119) and Zigmas Zinkevičius (2010: 44); The co-roots with the same (-ies) meaning (es) of the Vedic words lietuvininkas, -ė / lietuvninkas, -ė / lietuvinykas, -ė / lietuvnykas, -ė / lietuvninkis, -ė are related in terms of variantity. Of these, the most commonly used in the current Lithuanian language is the personal name lietuvininkas, -ė – DLKT found 1135 23 examples of its use (cf. lietuvninkas, -ė 190 examples, lietuvinykas, -ė 2, lietuvnykas, -ė 1, no examples with lietuvninkis found in the text). T o l e s n e s d a ry b o s p a k op o s da r i n i a i. The nouns lietuvininkystė, lietuvninkaitė, lietuvnykaitė, puslietuvininkis, -ė and *lietuvybininkas, -ė are derived nouns of the 3rd degree. The preposition -ystė abstract lietuvninkystė (see „lietuvystė“) supplements the discussed DS synonyms lietuvybė – lietuvystė, and with the preposition -aitė forms DV lietuvninkaitė and (Lietuvnykaitei ilgu terp brolelių LKŽe). The noun lietuvninkas, -ė is also the basis of the second element of the rare in Lithuanian semi-Lithuanian noun, -ė (see „puslietuvis“) – the first element of the noun is based on the adverb pusiau (see LKG 1965: 460–461). lietuvnykaitė („lietuvaitė“) pratęsia minėtą DS lietuvaitė – lietuviukė / lietuvukė – lietuvikė eilę The new form *lietuvybininkas, -ė (‘propagandist, supporter of Lithuanianness’) presented by ND is based on the abstract lietuvybė: It seems that Lithuanian lietuvybininkai are very lazy (or unable) to cooperate... ND. It is worth mentioning that these derivatives of the subsequent stage of construction belong to the passive lexicon – the LKŽ does not present sentences with the words lietuvninkystė and puslietuvininkis, and the DLKT also does not find any example of the usage of the derivative. 21 The LKŽPK also presents the derivative lietuvėnas (“mystical being”), but its connection with Lithuania or lietuvis is unclear (tai galėtų būti ir skolinys iš la. lietuvēns „slogutis“). 22 There are 2 examples of the usage of vedic lietuvynas in DLKT. 23 LKG (1965: 340, 360, 413) considers -ininkas, -ė / - (n)inkas, -ė and -inykas, -ė / -(n)ykas, -ė to be variants of the same suffix in the categories of forms of names of persons according to their origin and place of residence, as well as of names of persons with noun features, but they are presented as different types of forms. As variants of one suffix, -ininkas, -ė and -(n)inkas, -ė are mentioned in Antanas Pakerio (1994: 47) Accentology. Saulius Ambrazas (2002: 118–123) -inykas, -ė; -ininkas, -ė and -inykas, -ė are considered variants of the same suffix. In the same place (Ambrazas 2002: 125) it is stated that “[p]reposition ‘-ininkas’ has a very rare paradigmatic variant -ininkis. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Verb connections of Lithuanian root words |8 2.1.2. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 P r e š d a l ia d i k ta v a rd ž i a. From the noun lietuvis, -ė with prefixes, three derivatives are formed: the prefix provedinis prolietuviai, having the lexical meaning of "early Lithuanians", denotes a person of the previous generation or a person who lived much earlier (Keinys 1999: 66; cf. DLKG 2005: 149). The prefix "Lithuanian" has a very similar meaning: "Lithuanians of old times, Lithuanians' predecessors". Thus, Vedic Pro-Lithuanian and Pra-Lithuanian are considered to be DS: they have similar lexical and the same functional meaning, their change is basically 24 possible in word combinations or sentences, for example, the long vowels of the acute endings of Pra-Lithuanian and uo, ie shortened all dialects of LKŽe; The unpronunciable short vowels of the past tense in the ends of both schnets were dropped by the DLKT (see long/unpronunciable short vowels of the present tense). It is worth mentioning that the dictionaries provide examples only with the derivative pralietuviai, DLKT also found 8 examples of the use of this derivative, and sentences with prolietuviai are not presented neither in LKŽe nor in LKŽPK, they are not found in DLKT, so its use is apparently rare. From the noun lietuvis, -ė, the name of a person without the prefix nelietuvis, -ė, having the lexical meaning of “a person of non-Lithuanian nationality” (in Lithuania there are also non-Lithuanian people in LKŽ; a non-Lithuanian person would pronounce Veronika’s name in the same way in DLKT), not only 25 denotes the opposite of the object expressed by the base word, but also forms a new concept on the principle of antonym, e.g.: inertia, disgrace, misfortune, imprisonment, etc. (see more in Paulauskienė 1983: 95–96). T o l e s n e s d a r y bo s p ak o p o s da r i n i ai. The prepositional noun pralietuvis, -ė serves as the basis for the 3rd-degree derivative – the suffix -iškas, -a for the adjective pralietuviškas, -a, meaning “typical of the pralietuviai” (in the Aukštaičių dialect the pralietuviški sounds (especially vowels) remained less changed than in the Žemaičių LKŽ), while the adverb presented in the LKŽ is a 4th-degree derivative (Lietuva→lietuvis→ pralietuvis→ pralietuviškas→ pralietuviškai). 26 2.1.3. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. The noun lietuvis, -ė is one of the basic words of ten punctuation systems (new Lithuanian, -ė; old Lithuanians; cross Lithuanian, -ė; baltly Lithuanian, -ė; half Lithuanian, -ė; lietuvlatviai, *anglalietuvis, -ė; *afrolietuvis, -ė; lietuviakalbis, -ė; lietuvėdis, -ė). Dūriniai 24 Although the most commonly formed place-marking verbs, there are also verbs of different meaning (see. LKG 1965: 434; DLKG 2005: 149). 25 The DLKT contains 322 different examples of the noun nelietuvis, -ė usage. 26 There are no sentences with the adverb in transliterated form in the LKŽ, nor are there examples of the usage of transliterated and transliterated forms in the DLKT. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Verb connections of words with the root lietuv |9 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 naujalietuvis, -ė; English, -ė; lietuviakalbis, -ė has the connecting vowel -(i)a-, others are made without the connecting vowel. The first syllable of three (determinative) punctuations is based on an adjective: naujalietuvis (: naujas, lietuvis) "Lithuanian of new times, new views", 27 senlietuviai (: senas, lietuviai) "old Lithuanians", skerslietuvis (: skersas, lietuvis) "Lithuanian who has passed away". It is not recorded in the dictionaries, but the LKŽPK presents the derivative baletlenuvis, which is probably composed of the adjective baltas and the noun lietuvis. The first point of the semi-Lithuanian, -ė ("false, denationalized Lithuanian") of the 28 work is based on the adverb pusiau. Dūriniai half-Lithuanian, -ė and cross-Lithuanian, -ė are considered DS (their synonym is and asmens pavadinimo lietuvininkas, -ė išvestas darinys puslietuvininkis, -ė), pvz.: Puslenkiai, mentioned from cross-Lithuanian as if they agreed to do everything, that only Lithuania would not be Lithuania in LKŽ, Polish son – our half-Lenkis (otherwise inverted – half-Lithuanian!) DLKT, cf. half-Lenkis, half-Lithuanian do everything, otherwise inverted – cross-Lithuanian. However, these DSs of close semantics differ stylistically – puslietuvis, -ė is a stylistically neutral word, while skerslietuvis, -ė in the LKŽ has the mark of a derogative word, so the punch cross-Lithuanian, -ė in principle in all cases could be replaced by the noun puslietuvis, -ė, but the reverse change is not always possible. DLKT found a punch new Lithuanian, -ė; examples of the usage of senlietuvis, -ė and 29 puslietuvis, -ė, e.g. : New Lithuanians began to be particularly terrorized by the [czarist] Russian administration in LKŽ; New Lithuanians who do not pay taxes are less enemies of the state than the tax-raising authority DLKT; New Lithuanians, like Zita from Mažeikiai, do not need the DLKT; The essence of ancient Lithuanian religion – the worship and worship of natural objects, its forces and phenomena in LKŽ; one of the permanent rituals of the Old Lithuanian confessors of faith - apeiginis alaus arba midaus gėrimas DLKT. Copulative (LKG 1965: 441–442; DLKG 2005: 151) is the noun lietuvlatviai „lietuviai ir latviai“ (Lithuanian-Latvians and Latvians) used in the plural form, formed from the nouns lietuvis, -ė and latvis, -ė without the connective vowel: Gyventa kitąkart čia, kur šiandien lietuvlatviai gyvena LKŽe – no sentences with this copulative are found in DLKT, probably it is a word of rare use. The ND presents two new forms: *anglalietuvis, -ė („Lithuanian living in England (Great Britain) and/or speaking a mixed English-Lithuanian language“) and hybrid. This noun has acquired another meaning in 27 contemporary Lithuanian: in the ND database it is interpreted as „newly (after Lithuania regained its independence) risen rich man“, e.g. : The public is outraged – it was they, the new Lithuanians, who presented disgusting houses, resembling castles... ND. 28 The LKŽPK does not specify the meaning of baltūsuvis, -ė and does not provide any example of its use, so it is difficult to say anything more precisely about it. 29 28 examples of the usage of neo-Lithuanian, -ė were found in the text (with the commonly used new, ND-presented, meaning), 7 examples with senlietuvis, -ė; 3 with semi-Lithuanian, -ė; no examples of the use of the derivatives baletlentuvis, -ė and skerslietuvis, -ė were found in the text. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. 2018. "16-year-olds in the 16-year-olds' league". BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Everyone shouted, yelled about the matter of Lithuanianising our theatre art in DLKT), 16 examples with lietuvėti (Kurortas labai lietuvėja in LKŽe; Vilnius pradėjo lietuvėti spartesniu ir ryškesniu tempu in DLKT), examples with the verbs lietuvauti and lietuvuoti / lietuviuoti were not found in DLKT, but they were provided in LKŽe and LKŽPK: Jaunesni lietuvauna, ne dziūkiiškai kalba LKŽe; She <..> no longer represents Lithuania in LKŽPK; By 1883, the clergy was clearly divided into Polish and Lithuanian LKŽPK. T o l e s n e s d a ry b o s p akop os d a r i n i a i. In the event of a d u c t i o n, the patient should be informed of the risks associated with the use of this medicine. This verb serves as the basis for eight derivatives (two adverbs and six prepositions): lietuvinimas; lietuvintojas, -a; sprinkling; atlietuvinti; littering; *infused; *cast; *dirty. The derivative adverbs lietuvinėjimas (Jablonskis was not a supporter of strict, indiscriminate Lithuanianization of all terms in LKŽ) and lietuvintojas, -a („kas lietuvina“ What does our Lithuanianizer of spelling want to achieve with his spelling project? in LKŽ) belong to the categories of constructed abstract verbs and names of actors and possessors of verb characteristics (Ambrazas 1993: 21–26, 112–117; DLKG 2005: 94–95, 104–105). The prefixes ap-, at-, modify the meaning of the base verb lietuvinti. Paulauskienė 1994: 275–276) has the resulting meaning of the ending of the action (see Paulauskienė 1994: 275–276) the prefix sulietuvinti („padaryti lietuviu, lietuvišką“ Sulietuvino and sulatvino other nations of their own and foreign kinship in LKŽe), the verb aplietuvinti („padaryti kiek lietuvišką“) enclosed with the prefix This way, most foreign words that penetrated into the Lithuanian language, which extended the Lithuanianization to the nearest Lithuanian regions in LKŽe, have a minor meaning („atlikti menesnį, silpnesnį veiksmą nei tas, kuris pasakytas pagrindiniu žodžiu“, see DLKG 2005: 405), the prefix atlietuvinti („padaryti vėl lietuvišką“) Pavadinimas atlietuvinti in LKŽe means that when performing the action of the main verb, one returns to the previous position (LKG 1971: 275). ND and DLKT found the prefixes in-, isir derived *įlietuvinti, *išlietuvinti and *nulietuvinti not included in the dictionaries. Based on the definitions given by ND, the new forms *įlietuvinti („to give characteristics of Lithuanianness; to introduce into the Lithuanian language“) and *išlietuvinti („to remove the marks of Lithuanianness“) are to be regarded as antonyms, the prepositional deduction *nulietuvinti probably means that something is understood during the action said by the base word (see LKG 1971: 279). The derivatives of the verb lietuvinti are used unequally in the present Lithuanian language: DLKT found 239 sulietuvinti, 84 lietuvinimas, 38 atlietuvinti, 26 aplietuvinti, 4 *nulietuvinti, 2 lietuvintojas, -a examples of use, o JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuvturinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai |17 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 examples with *įlietuvinti and *išlietuvinti were not found in the text, e.g.: names very quickly learned to translate according to the local dialect DLKT; The initiator of this Lithuanianization was Vireliūnas DLKT; LMS Board discussed Lithuanianization of government schools in DLKT; Lithuanian surnames and names were transliterated in DLKT; All these terms are slightly diluted in the DLCT; the idea of “de-Lithuanising” Lithuanian academics, which is currently underway behind the scenes, by encouraging them to write only in English, will come into force... Script of the Commissariat of Nazi-Lithuanianized Lithuania DLKT; will also be able to use the DLKT, another group of software Lithuanianizers; Two fools injected by D. Grybauskaitė do not understand even that? ND; Names must be spelled, otherwise someone abroad will have difficulty reading them in ND. In turn, Vedic aliteration, aliteration, aliteration, *aliteration, *aliteration are the basis for the further stage of the work (the 4th degree) – aliteration of the abstract presented in LKŽ and *aliteration of the new works of DLKT recorded and found by ND; *water-based; *askiltuvintojas, -a; * the elongator, -a; *de-Lithuanising („deletion of Lithuanian signs“ ND), *de-Lithuanising. Thus, the following chains are formed: Lietuva→ lietuvis→ lietuvinti→ aplietuvinti→ *aplietuvinimas; Lithuania→ lietuvis→ lietuvinti→ atlietuvinti→ atlietuvinimas, *atlietuvintojas, -a; Lithuania→ lietuvis→ lietuvinti→ sulietuvinti→ *lithuanising, *lithuanising, -a; Lithuania→ lietuvis→ lietuvinti→ *transliteration→ *transliteration*; Lithuania→ lietuvis→ lietuvinti→ *nulietuvinti→ *nulietuvinimas. Some examples of the usage of derivatives found in the DLKT: Lithuanians in Poland believe that the merger of their names and surnames is not the most important 48 problem of this national minority in the DLKT; The authors of the book use the term “disassociation” or “disambiguation” in the DLKT; At that time, the way of translating and spelling so-called international words in DLKT was not yet established; Antanas Macijauskas-Adatos Užburtas kunigas DLKT received the authorship of the Latinizers; Stephen Bator University administrator-publisher DLKT; Lutherans in Lithuania carried a silver torch through the darkness of delightening DLKT; Did Lithuania’s policy of lituanization really brainwash the people? ND. The Liturgy of the Liturgy. This verb is the base word of five constructs: the Lithuanianization of the prepositional vedic and the derivatives of four prepositions (aplietuvėti, atlietuvėti, nulietuvėti, sulietuvėti). Abstract verb (adjective -imas derivative) 48 The DLKT found 38 *sulietuvinimas, 35 allettuvinimas, 2 *aplietuvinimas, 1 *allettuvintojas, *sulietuvintojas, *nulietuvinimas usage example, with new word *išlietuvinimas no examples found. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuvturinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai |18 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 lietuvinimas substantively named action (Baltic tribes' lietuvinimas BŽa). The verb nulietuvėti („to lose Lithuanian qualities, to nutausti“) has the loss of aplietuvėti („to become somewhat reikšmę 49 . Minėtas priešdėlių ap-, atir susuteikiamas reikšmes turi veiksmažodžiai Lithuanian“), aetlentuvėti („to become Lithuanian again“) and sulietuvėti („to become Lithuanian, to acquire Lithuanian qualities“). The verbs askiltuvėti and sulietuvėti are the basis of the creation of the abstract askiltuvėjimas presented in LKŽ and the abstract found in DLKT not included in the dictionaries (taigi darybos opozicijos santykis susiklosto tarp gretimų narių tokiose darybos grandinėse: *sulietuvėjimas Lietuva→ lietuvis→ lietuvėti→ askiltuvėti→ askiltuvėjimas; "Lietuva → lietuvis → lietuvėti → sulietuvėti → *sulietuvėjimas". Of the group of conjugations based on the verb lietuvėti, the most commonly used verb is sulietuvėti, e.g. : Then the children merged when they started going to school 50 LKŽe; Some Poles, Russians and Germans have become members of the DLKT; now they are in real danger of Lithuanianization in DLKT; the DLKT was destroying this Lithuanianization hotbed at the hands of Komjaunimo activists; Gečius felt in himself the power that encouraged him to become a member of the LKŽ; The Petkevičiai, Landsbergiai were small-scale Žemaitijos nobles in the DLKT; We know from those times and later a number of examples of such a process of dematerialization in LKŽe; Here, it is also possible to see other reasons for the “slower maturation” of DLCT; This stage of Frankfurt’s “urbanization” began about three years ago in DLKT; The east of Lithuania gradually deteriorated, the Lithuanian people were successfully defeated by the manors and monasteries of the LCŽ; This gender [word] is the most frequently used in LKŽe. V e d i n g a t i v i t y o n s o f t e r e s p e r a t i o n s. Two derivatives are based on this word: the abstract Lithuanianization of the -imas prepositional verb and the prefixed verb with the meaning of intensity įsilietuviuoti („Lithuanian language, Lithuanianness to take hold“). In places 51 such as Griškabūdis, Keturvalakiai and other places that have become Lithuanianized in this way, the word has also received the affix of return (see DLKG 2005: 405), without the prefix. …, dvasiškieji giesti … lenkiškai LKŽe). Pasakytina, kad veiksmažodis įsilietuviuoti, kaip 49 For a list of standards, see Standards. Alvydas Umbrasas (2016) publication. 50 DLKT found 44 examples of the usage of sulietuvėti, 7 examples of the usage of lietuvėjimas and askiltuvėti, one example of the usage of abstract askiltuvėjimas, *sulietuvėjimas, no examples of the verbs nulietuvėti and aplietuvėti (probably their usage is rare in the current Lithuanian language). 51 Both are peripheral to the Lithuanian lexicon – no examples of their use have been found in the DLKT. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Verb connections of Lithuanian root words |19 2.2. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 derivatives from jaunalietuvis, -ė; minor Lithuanian, -ė; didlietuvis Dūriniais jaunalietuvis, -ė and mažlietuvis, -ė are based on the DLKT find new words (2nd laipsnio dariniai) *jaunalietuvaitis, -ė; *jaunalietuviukas, -ė; *jaunalietuviškas, -a; *mažolietuviškas, -a. DS are to be considered as the derivatives of the adverbs -aitis and -ukas, *jaunalietuvaitis and *jaunalietuviukas, which are probably used in the meaning of "young people belonging to the Young Lithuanians organization", e.g. : I’m not talking about the initiatives of young Lithuanians, eleleists or megztaberečiai and not about interpellations and referendums in DLKT; whose high offices thresholds those brown-bearded revolutionaries, those angry young Lithuanians with funny duck faces DLKT. These co-roots can be replaced without changing the meaning of the context (cf. 52 jaunlietuvaičių iniciatyvos, jaunilietuviukai dučių veideliais). With the suffix -iškas, -a, the new forms *jaunalietuviškas, -a (: jaunalietuvis) and *mažalietuviškas, -a (: *mažalietuvis) probably have the meanings "typical of young Lithuanians, such as young Lithuanians", "typical of Lithuanians of Lesser Lithuania". 2 examples of *jaunalietuviškas, -a and 1 example of *mažalietuviškas, -a usage were found in the DLKT: the attitude of these people to ethnicity is not directed against other nations, it is not ethnocentric, therefore it cannot be identified with the “jaunalietuviškas” DLKT; o Lesser Lithuania, which did not claim to statehood, was in a certain sense more Lithuanian than Greater Lithuania with its real, although unproclaimed, Lesser Lithuanian cultural autonomy in the DLKT. T o l e s n i e s n e s d a ry b o s p a k o p o s d a rin ia i. The DLKT found a new form based on a potential reference word *didlietuviškumas, which can be considered a 3rd-degree noun: Lietuva→ didlietuvis→ [*didlietuviškas]→ *didlietuviškumas: as a German I consider it my duty to fight against didlietuviškumas in DLKT. 52 Only one example of a novelty usage was found in the DLKT. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Verb connections of Lithuanian root words |20 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 CONCLUSIONS 1.The article discusses 102 derivatives having the root lietuv: 9 derivatives derived from the place name Lietuva, from lietuvis, -ė – 35 derivatives, which in turn form the basis of other (later stages of) derivatives. In the nest of the action, the majority of derivatives are of first degree: 9 derivatives are of first degree, 39 of second degree, 36 of third degree and 18 of fourth degree. According to the parts of the language, nouns predominate (58): 34 derived from suffixes (59 percent of all nouns), 16 derived from punctuation (28 percent), 4 derived from prepositions (7 percent), 2 derived from endings (3 percent) and 2 derived (3 percent) with unstable order of construction. 2.The DLKT data shows that some of the derivatives are part of the active lexicon of Lithuanian, are common and used quite often (lietuvis, -ė; lietuvaitis, -ė; lietuvybė; lietuviškumas; lietuviškas, -a; lietuviškai), but there are also those that are known from writings or, conversely, have appeared recently and are used rarely in the current Lithuanian language (28 examples of derivative usage were not found in the DLKT). 3. In Lithuanian language not only are used the words that are established in Lithuanian language, dariniai, bet ir atsiranda naujadarų: ND ir DLKT rasti 25 žodynuose neužfiksuoti dariniai included in the dictionaries (or variants of the derivatives) (lietuvybininkas; sulietuvėjimas; afrolietuvis, -ė; jaunalietuviškas, -a, etc.). The meanings of all the nouns (usually they belong to the constructed types) are easily perceived from the context – mostly these are constructs that retain the categorical constructive meaning (abstracts, personal names, prepositional verbs, -iškas, -a adjectives). 4. ND data shows that the structures with the root lietuv sometimes acquire new meanings not fixed in the dictionaries – 3 such structures were found in ND: lietuvybė, lietuvija and naujalietuvis, -ė. 5.Some of the derivatives not found in the dictionaries could be included in them: in LKŽe the adjective maželietuvis, -ė could be fixed, and in BŽa it would be worthwhile to include the adjective lietuviakalbis, -ė. 6.Some forms containing lietuviškas are related in terms of variantity or synonymy: in total, 7 DV and 6 DS sequences were formed and discussed. The members of the DV rows differ in the connective vowel or have different variants of the same suffix (lietuvuoti / lietuviuoti, mažlietuvis, -ė / mažlietuvis, -ė). Sometimes synonyms of different degrees of derivatives (three such cases are discussed) are also used. Some synonyms have a high degree of synonymity and substitution possibilities (lietuvybė – lietuvystė, prolietuviai – pralietuviai), but more often even similar semantic derivatives have stylistic differences (puslietuvis, -ė – puslietuvininkis, -ė – puslietuvis). JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. 1990: The 21st Century Languages of the Middle BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 East. cross-Lithuanian, -ė) and / or the frequency of the use of derivatives (e.g., lietuvaitis, -ė – lietuviukas, -ė / lietuvukė – lietuvikė). ŠALTINIAI BŽa – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno antraštynas. Prieiga internete: http://bkz.lki.lt/antrastynas/?pg=c (žiūrėta 2018 m. liepos–rugpjūčio mėn.). DLKT – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/tekstynas/ (žiūrėta 2018 m. liepos–rugpjūčio mėn.). DLKŽ 2012 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vyr. red. S. Keinys, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://lkiis.lki.lt/dabartinis (žiūrėta 2018 liepos– rugpjūčio mėn.). LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, t. 1–20, elektroninis variantas. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://www.lkz.lt/ (žiūrėta 2018 m. liepos–rugpjūčio mėn.). LKŽEPK 2015– Skaitmeninė Lietuvių kalbos žodyno papildymų kartoteka. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://lkiis.lki.lt/antra-kartoteka (žiūrėta 2018 m. liepos–rugpjūčio mėn.). ND – Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas. Sudarytoja R. Miliūnaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://naujazodziai.lki.lt/ (žiūrėta 2018 m. liepos– rugpjūčio mėn.). LITTERACY Ambrazas S. 1993: The development of noun construction, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. Ambrazas S. 2002: The development of noun construction 2, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. Ambrazas S. 2011: The development of adjective construction, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. Bumblauskas A. 2005: The History of Ancient Lithuania 1009–1795, Vilnius: R. Paknio leidykla. DLKG 2005 – Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Institute for Publishing of Science and Encyclopedias. Jakaitienė E. 2010: Leksikologija, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuvturinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai |22 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 1999: The Common Lithuanian Language: A Dictionary of the Common Lithuanian Language. Kniūkšta P. 1976: Priežodžio -inis adjectives. Daryba, reikšmės, gramatiniai sinonimai, Vilnius: Mokslas. LKG 1965, 1971 – Lithuanian Grammar 1, 2, Vilnius: Mintis. Miliūnaitė R. 2009: Variants of the Contemporary Lithuanian Use, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. Pakerys A. 1994: Akcentologija 1, Kaunas: Šviesa. Patackas A. 2014: Litua, Vilnius: Versmė. 1983: The Morphology of the Lithuanian Language, Kaunas: Šviesa. 1994: Morphology of the Lithuanian language. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. 1988. pp. 19. "Synonyms". Language Figures, Kaunas: Light. Skardžius P. 1996: Selected writings 1, Lithuanian language word making, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Smetona A. 2005: On the question of the designation of the main methods of work. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 52, 83–85. TŽŽ 2003 – Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius: Alma littera. Umbrasas A. 2016: From degreasing to meaningfulness: application and use.– Terminologija 23, 120–160. Urbutis V. 2009: Theory of word formation, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. Urbutis V. 1997: Trevor G. Fennell, Freckerʼs dictionary: the first manuscript. – Baltistica 32 (2), 264–269. Vaskelienė J. 2000: Darybiniai sinonimai, Šiauliai: K. J. Vasiliausko įm. Vaskelienė J. 2013: Similarities and differences of verb synonyms, verb variants and paronyms. – Man and Word: Didactic Linguistics 5 (1), 206–214. Zinkevičius Z. 1993: Eastern Lithuania in the Past and Now, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Zinkevičius Z. 2010: Lietuvos vardas. Origin and Forms, Vilnius: Science and Encyclopedias Publishing Center. Zinkevičius Z. 2010a, Saint Bruno and Lithuania. 2000. "Lithuania's name mentioned in the history sources for the millennium", Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. 2006. |23 Dukedom from the point of view of BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Zinkevičius Z. 2011: Lietuvos senosios valstybės 40 svarbiausių mįslių. Lietuvos Didžioji linguistics, Vilnius: Science and encyclopedias publishing center. Župerka K. 2012: Stylistika, Šiauliai: Šiaulių universiteto leidykla. Gauta 2018 11 18 Adopted on 17 December 2018 DERIVATIONAL RELATIONS OF WORDS WITH THE STEM S u m m a r y The Lithuanian language, where derivation is one of the most common sources of new words and the major part of the vocabulary are derivatives, uses not only the place name relations. The Lietuva, but there are other related words that have different semantic and derivational object of the present article, dedicated to the centenary of the restoration of the Lithuanian state, is the derivatives with the stem lietuvfound in Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽe), supplement files of Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽPK), Data Directory of Neologisms (ND), and Corpus of the Current Lithuanian Language (DLKT). The analysis of 102 derivatives with the stem lietuv- (58 nouns, 17 adjectives, 20 verbs, 7 adverbs), the relations between them, and their usage particularities allowed to draw the following conclusions: 1. 9 words were derived from the place name Lietuva, 35 words were derived from lietuvis, which in turn were the basis for other derivatives of the further stages. The family mostly consists of derivatives of several stages: 1st degree derivatives (9), 2nd degree derivatives (39), 3rd (36) and 4th (18) degree derivatives. According to the part of speech the nouns are dominant: 34 suffix derivatives, 16 compounds, 4 prefix derivatives, 2 inflexional derivatives, and 2 derivatives of not settled system of derivation stages. 2. The data of Corpus of the Current Lithuanian Language (DLKT) revealed that some derivatives are part of the Lithuanian active vocabulary, are common and are quite frequently used, while others belong to the periphery of the vocabulary as they are known only from writings or are newly created (the usage examples of 28 derivatives were not found in the corpus). JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuvturinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai |24 3. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 The Lithuanian language not only uses derivatives incorporated in dictionaries but allows creating neologisms as well: 25 derivatives not incorporated in dictionaries were found in Data Directory of Neologisms and Corpus of the Current Lithuanian Language (DLKT). The meanings of all neologisms are easily understood from the context. Some derivatives incorporated in dictionaries have acquired new meanings. Some new derivatives could be incorporated in dictionaries: Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽe) could include the compound mažalietuvis, -ė, and the adjective lietuviakalbis, -ė could be included in Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language. 5. Some derivatives with the stem lietuvare related in terms of variation or synonymy: in total, 7 rows of derivational variants and 6 rows of derivational synonyms were formed and discussed. Sometimes the derivatives of different derivation degree are and substitution possibilities, but more often even semantically close derivatives synonymous. The members of some rows of synonyms have a high degree of synonymity have stylistic differences and / or the use frequency of derivatives varies. KEYWORDS: derivative; compound; word family; neologism; (derivational) synonyms; (derivational) variants; derivation stages. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ University of Šiauliai, Povilo Višinskio g. 38, LT-76352, Šiauliai, Lithuania [email protected] [email protected]