Kamieną „lietuv-“ turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai

JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ Šiauliai University DERIVATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG WORDS CONTAINING THE STEM LIETUV-1 KEYWORDS: derivative; derived word; compound; derivational nest; neologism; (derivational) synonyms; (derivational) variants; derivational stages. INTRODUCTION The name Lithuania, which has three variants in historical sources and linguistic tradition: with the roots liet- (Lithuanian tradition), lit- (Slavic tradition), and leit- (Latvian tradition)—began to be mentioned in 1009 (in the Annals of the Monastery of Quedlinburg), as Christianity approached Lithuania from the West (on the origin of the name Lithuania, hypotheses, changes in meaning, etc., see Bumblauskas 2005; Zinkevičius 2010; 2010a; 2011; Patackas 2014). In Lithuanian, where word formation is one of the most common ways of expanding the lexicon and a large part of the lexicon consists not of primary words but of derivatives (Urbutis 2009: 35–37, 76–80)2, not only the place name Lithuania is used, but also many other related words (Lithuanian (male), Lithuanian (female); Lithuanian identity; half-Lithuanian (male), half-Lithuanian (female); Lithuanian character; Lithuanian; to Lithuanianize; to become Lithuanian; to Lithuanianize, etc.), which are interconnected by various semantic and derivational relationships. In Lithuanian, words are formed both from primary words and from derivatives, which in turn can serve as the bases for other (second-, third-, and so on degree) derivatives—thus nests (families) of derivatives arise in the language (Keinys 1999: 15–17; Urbutis 2009: 83–84; Jakaitienė 2010: 117–118). Within derivational nests, derivatives sharing the same root may be related not only through various derivational relationships, but also through relations of variation or synonymy3, since, for various (mostly internal) reasons, derivatives with different outward forms but similar (or identical) meanings are sometimes formed from the same base word—derivational synonyms (hereafter DS) and derivational variants (hereafter DV). It should be recalled that DS are derivatives formed with different derivational formatives and having similar or identical meanings (i.e., belonging to different derivational types), e.g., disappearance – perishing; wretch, wretch (feminine) – a wasted life, whereas DV are 1 This article is dedicated to the centenary of the restoration of the Lithuanian state. 2 The article draws on the account of word formation described in The Grammar of the Lithuanian Language (LKG 1965; 1971), The Grammar of Contemporary Lithuanian (DLKG 2005), in Vincas Urbutis’s Theory of Word Formation (2009), Stasys Keinys’s Word Formation in Standard Lithuanian (1999), and elsewhere; for new insights into word-formation methods, see Smetona 2005. 3 Ritos Miliūnaitės (2009: 123) teigimu, variantiškumas ir sinonimija atsiranda tada, kai žyminys (ženklo turinys) turi daugiau kaip vieną formą. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuv- turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai | 2 derivatives formed with the same derivational formant that differ in secondary derivational means, e.g.: pamiškė / pamiškys, sagė / segė, saulėlydis / saulėlėdis, tarpkalnė / tarpkalnis / tarpkalnė / tarpkalnis. (On DS and DV, see Vaskelienė 2000, 2013; on variation, synonymic relations, the concept of synonymy, sources of synonyms, and types of synonyms, see Pikčilingis 1988: 4–47; Miliūnaitė 2009; Jakaitienė 2010: 119–131; Župerka 2012: 28–40.) Derivatives containing the stem lietuv- were chosen as the object of the study. The following tasks were set in order to achieve the article’s4 aim—to analyze words containing the stem lietuv-: to extract words containing the stem lietuv- from the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽe), the Supplementary File of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽPK), the Database of New Words of the Lithuanian Language (ND), and the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian (DLKT); to analyze them derivationally; to discuss the synonymic and variant relations that have developed among the derivatives; and to discuss the usage features of derivatives containing the stem lietuv-. The study employed derivational analysis, substitution, and quantitative methods. A total of 102 derivatives containing the stem lietuv- and connected by various derivational and semantic relations were found in LKŽe, LKŽPK, ND, and DLKT: 58 nouns, 17 adjectives, 20 verbs, and 7 adverbs. 1. DERIVATIVES FROM THE PLACE NAME LIETUVA5 1.1. Suffixal derivatives (nouns) Nine derivatives are directly related to the place name Lietuva. The first is the noun lietuvis, -ė, formed with the ending -is, -ė6 and having two lexical meanings: 1 ‘a person of the Lithuanian nation’; 2, archaic, ‘Highlander’.7 LKŽe also lists a derivative with the stressed ending variant -ys 4 The article’s authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable insights and advice. 5 The first section of the article discusses derivatives directly related to Lietuva (first-degree derivatives); the second section discusses second-degree derivatives by part of speech and derivational method, while third-degree and (where present) fourth-degree derivatives are presented in separate subsections entitled “Derivatives at Further Stages of Derivation” (to avoid straying too far from the base words). 6 Sinchronijos požiūriu skiriama galūnė -is, -ė (žr. Pakerys 1994: 220), Pranas Skardžius (1996: 384) (istoriškai) šį daiktavardį laiko priesagos -uvis vediniu. 7 In the example, the word under discussion is shown in a reduced type size; neologisms (derivatives not recorded in dictionaries or the LKŽPK, but found in the ND BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuv- turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai | 3 lietuvys, -ė „lietuvių tautos žmogus“ (apie jį dar žr. Zinkevičius 2010: 43). Kaip rodo DLKT medžiaga, daiktavardis lietuvis, -ė (daugiausia pirmąją reikšmę) vartojamas visų stilių tekstuose, įvairioje leksinėje aplinkoje, o variantas lietuvys, -ė dabartinėje kalboje veikiausiai retas, pvz.:8 1 Dažnai miške lietuvis, ko verkia, nežino LKŽe; 2 Čion žemaitis, lietuvis draugystėj dūmoja, drauge giesmes pergalės giedojo LKŽe; jo gyslomis teka lietuvio ir žydės kraujas DLKT; kiekvieną dieną peršamas portretas lietuvio kaip nevykėlio, kuris nieko negali, nieko nesugeba DLKT; Vaižgantui labai rūpėjo tas lietuvio gamtojautos podirvis DLKT; Aš esu lietuvys gimęs, bet kitų žodžių nemoku lietuviškai LKŽe; Ne, ką tu, grynas lietuvys, nuo Panevėžio DLKT; Jei ne iš Kauno – tai ne lietuvys! DLKT. 1.2. Compounds (nouns) Lithuania is one of several base words for compounds. The compound lietuvlenkis (Lithuania, Pole), meaning “a Pole from Lithuania,” is recorded in Vaižgantas’s writings but is rare in contemporary Lithuanian; not a single example of its use was found in DLKT. Compounds associated with the place name Lithuania and having an adjectival first constituent include jaunalietuvis, -ė “a member of the youth organization of Lithuanian nationalists,” didliet uvis, -ė “a Lithuanian from Greater Lithuania,” and the compounds *mažliet uvis, -ė and *mažalietuvis, -ė, which occur in DLKT but are not recorded in LKŽe or LKŽPK and are considered DV. Analysis of examples containing the neologisms *mažliet uvis, -ė and *mažalietuvis, -ė shows that they are used to mean “a Lithuanian from Lithuania Minor”9. DLKT contains 628 examples of the compound jaunalietuvis, -ė in use (note that LKŽe gives not a single sentence containing this noun), 120 examples of *mažliet uvis, -ė, 35 of didliet uvis, -ė, and 3 examples of *mažalietuvis, -ė, for example: Incidentally, the two sides, i.e. the mažlietuviai and didlietuviai, regarded one another rather critically DLKT; LTS members, jaunalietuviai, and riflemen gathered to congratulate the president DLKT; JSO united all the sports clubs of the jaunalietuviai organization DLKT; Most importantly, we have fine examples from the past of cooperation between mažlietuviai and didlietuviai DLKT; Some spoke like didlietuviai, while others had not yet lost the beautiful Klaipėda dialect LKŽe; In any case, it would be quite interesting—who exactly are the mažlietuviai, and why should they ally themselves specifically with the Samogitians? DLKT. Words found in DLKT (or DLKT), but not in the dictionaries, are marked with an asterisk *; word meanings (unless otherwise indicated) are given according to LKŽe; definitions of neologisms are taken from ND, while neologisms found in DLKT but not recorded in ND are explained according to their meaning in context. 8 Most inflected forms of the nouns lietuvis, -ė and lietuvys, -ė coincide, so it is difficult to tell which word has been used. (Nevertheless, most cases are thought to be examples of the use of the word lietuvis, -ė.) The noun lietuvys, -ė is illustrated by clear examples of use (in the singular nominative; 17 were found in DLKT). 9 These formations may have been created by analogy with the compound didliet uvis, -ė (the compounds didliet uvis, -ė, *mažliet uvis, -ė / *mažalietuvis, -ė are often used in the same sentence). BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietu v- turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai | 4 1.3. A prefixed noun LKŽPK lists the pa- prefix derivative palietuvys (Then the Seinai and Palietuvos10 moved to Lithuania LKŽPK); as is typical of derivatives with this prefix, it denotes a place located alongside the entity named by the base word (see LKG 1965: 424). No examples containing the noun palietuvys were found in DLKT, but sentences in which palietuvys is apparently used in the sense “a place alongside Lithuania” do exist, for example: shows that the word was not very familiar to Latvians in the palietuvys region in the mid-seventeenth century (Urbutis 1997: 267)11. 1.4. A suffixal adjective In Lithuanian, adjectives with the productive suffix -inis, -ė are formed from proper nouns (names of cities or other places, surnames) relatively infrequently (see Kniūkšta 1976: 9; see also Ambrazas 2011: 71–74). One such adjective is lietuvinis, -ė, formed from the noun Lithuania with the suffix –inis, -ė (1 “from Lithuania”: Is the tobacco Lithuanian? LKŽė; 2 “made, used in Lithuania”: Those Lithuanian ones weigh in pounds LKŽė). It belongs to the classifying (subspecies) adjectives and has the general meaning “[b]eing, living, or kept in the place denoted by the base word; originating or obtained from that place” (see DLKG 2005: 211). In contemporary Lithuanian, this adjective is most often used as a component of compound names, for example: to try to grow rare or already extinct plants of our region: the water chestnut—water caltrop, water lobelia, <...>, Lithuanian manna grass DLKT; Flowering are plants that survived the ice ages, unique elements of the flora, included in Lithuania’s Red Data Book: Lithuanian campions, toothworts DLKT. 10 In the card-file example, this word is written with a capital letter (presumably because it is understood as a place name). 11 J. Endzelīns also had some doubts about this, but such a word was not very familiar in the palietuvys region in the mid-seventeenth century, so it may indeed have been borrowed from the nearby Lithuanian dialects (Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary Database, http://etimologija.baltnexus.lt/?w=d%C5%ABAbsia (accessed 2018 08 08). BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuv- turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai | 5 2. SECOND- (THIRD-, FOURTH-) DEGREE DERIVATIVES 2.1. Derivatives from lietuvis, -ė The noun lietuvis, -ė is the center of a word-formation nest comprising a total of 88 derivatives of various levels12. This noun13 is the base word (or one of the base words) for 35 derivatives: 26 nouns (16 suffixal derivatives and 10 compounds), 4 adjectives, and 5 verbs, which in turn serve as the bases for other derivatives (at subsequent levels of word formation). 2.1.1. Suffixal nouns. Thirteen suffixal derivatives are related by a derivational opposition to the noun lietuvis: lietuvybė; lietuvystė; lietuvaitis, -ė; lietuviukas, -ė; lietuvukė; lietuvikė; lietuvija; lietuvynas; lietuvininkas, -ė; lietuvininkas, -ė; lietuvinykas, -ė; lietuvnykas, -ė; lietuvininkis, -ė. Darių priesagų -ybė ir -ystė (Ambrazas 2002: 8–18; DLKG 2005: 101–102) vediniai lietuvybė (1 „lietuviškumas“, 2 „lietuviškas žodis ar lietuviška kalbos forma ne lietuvių kalboje“)14 ir lietuvystė („lietuviškumas“) leksine reikšme „lietuviškumas“ sudaro DS porą: skirtingų darybos tipų vediniai priklauso vardažodžių abstraktų (arba ypatybių pavadinimų) darybos kategorijai, remiasi tuo pačiu pamatiniu žodžiu ir sudaryti su skirtingais darybos formantais. Abstraktų reikšmę turintys bendrašakniai dariniai pasižymi didelėmis substitucijos galimybėmis – žodžių junginiuose ar sakiniuose gali būti sukeisti vietomis iš esmės nepakeisdami konteksto prasmės, pvz.: Lietuvybę ilgesniam laikui, ypač Klaipėdos krašte, išlaikė tik didelis įgimtas lietuvių atsparumas LKŽe; išlaikytume lietuvybę ir dvasinę pusiausvyrą DLKT; Taigi, matai, jie tenai apie <...> lietuvystę kalba, nuo lenkų skiriasi DLKT (plg. išlaikyti lietuvybę – išlaikyti lietuvystę, kalba apie lietuvystę – kalba apie lietuvybę ir pan.)15. Using the suffixes characteristic of diminutives -aitis, -ė; -ukas, -ė; -ikė, the derivatives lietuvaitis, -ė; lietuviukas, -ė; lietuvukė; lietuvikė are formed from the noun lietuvis. LKŽe lists the noun lietuvaitis, -ė (“a young Lithuanian man or woman”); not included in LKŽe, but in LKŽPK 12 The word-formation nest would be expanded by diminutives, which are generally not included in dictionaries (dictionaries record only those that have acquired more specialized meanings). 13 In some cases, perhaps also lietuvys, -ė. 14 ND notes that lietuvybė has acquired a new (more specific) meaning—“Lithuanian writing characters (with diacritics)”: Open-source programs—Lithuanian characters ND. 15 A total of 1,605 instances of the noun lietuvybė and only 28 instances of the derivative lietuvystė were found in DLKT; however, without checking which meaning (abstract or concrete) the noun lietuvybė is used in, it is difficult to say how frequently the derivational pattern is actually used. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuv- turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai | 6 the derivatives lietuviukas, -ė16 have been recorded; its variant lietuviukė (“Lithuanian woman” LKŽPK) and the derivative with the suffix -ikė17 lietuviukė (used alongside žemaitikė) have specialized meanings18. Analysis of sentences containing derivatives with the same root, lietuvaitis, -ė; lietuviukas, -ė / lietuvukė, lietuviukė, shows that they are used in a range of lexical contexts—in some cases the component of origin is more prominent, in others that of youth or endearment, e.g.: Joja joja lietuvaičiai, neša neša vainikaitį, vainiką rūtų LKŽ; Jaunos, gražios lietuvaitės savo žmogaus rusui niekad neįduos DLKT; Lietuvaitis pasielgė labai neatsakingai DLKT; Palesos mokykloje mokėsi net 120 lietuviukų LKŽPK; Ir išvežiodavo lietuviukus po šalis plačiausias, dažnai net rusų kalbos nemokančius DLKT; Buvome tik keturi lietuviukai, visi lankėme Pirmąjį berniukų, dabar – Jėzuitų gimnaziją DLKT. Sometimes these derivatives, which should be regarded as belonging to the same derivational category, can be substituted for one another without major restrictions (cf. išvežiodavo lietuviukus – išvežiodavo lietuvaičius; buvome keturi lietuviukai – buvome keturi lietuvaičiai; jaunos lietuvaitės – jaunos lietuviukės / lietuviukės, and so on). Nevertheless, there are differences: lietuvaitis, -ė is often used simply to refer to a person of Lithuanian descent, whereas lietuviukas, -ė refers to a Lithuanian child; some derivatives (lietuvaitis, -ė; lietuviukė) are sometimes used with a derogatory connotation, and the frequency of the derivatives also differs: the DLKT contains 1,785 usage examples of the noun lietuvaitis, -ė and 188 of lietuviukas, -ė, while no sentences containing lietuviukė or lietuviukė were found in the corpus. The noun lietu vija, meaning “the totality of Lithuanians”19, is derived from the noun lietuvis, -ė with the suffix -ija and belongs to the derivational category of collective names—nouns denoting a group of people of varying size (Keinys 1999: 51; DLKG 2005: 43–144), e.g.: Atkreipiu dėmesį į jauną želiančią lietuviją – broliukus, sesutes LKŽ; Tikras „paskutinių pagonių“ ženklas lietuvijoje – tai jos karštas pamaldumas DLKT20. A derivative belonging to the derivational category of place names is lietuvynas, formed with the suffix -ynas, which is not included in LKŽ but is recorded in LKŽPK (“a place where the majority of Lithuanians 16 It should be noted that the derivative written on the card is incorrectly identified in LKŽPK: LKŽPK gives lietuvnikas, but it should be lietuviukas, since this is the word used in the example written on the card and is also the form found in the source—in Zigmas Zinkevičius’s work (1993: 208). 17 Priesaga -ikė darė žemaičių ir kai kuriose gretimose aukštaičių tarmėse (žr. LKG 1965: 278–279). 18 In some cases, derivatives may be understood as “a child (son, daughter) of a Lithuanian (Lithuanians),” that is, they come somewhat close to names for children based on their parents (see LKG 1965: 414). 19 ND lists a new meaning for lietu vija: “native-born residents of Lithuania,” e.g.: Ir kas tada gelbės nuo šito išnykimo musulmonybės, milžiniškos imigracijos į Lietuvą akivaizdoje, kol dar tauta turės teisę lietuviją rinkti? ND. 20 The DLKT contains 16 usage examples of the noun lietu vija. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuv- turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai | 7 live”21, e.g.: Į Ežerę dabar lietuviai važiuon gyventi, greit ten būs vien lietuvyns, latviškai nebsusišnekėsi LKŽPK; Bostono lietuvyne taipgi nemažai teko padirbėti DLKT22. The derivatives listed in LKŽₑ lietu vininkas, -ė (1 “Lithuanian (usually an East Prussian Lithuanian)”; 2 “a person, a Lithuanian, who is especially concerned with Lithuanian affairs”), lietu vininkas, -ė (“see lietuvininkas”), and lietu vininkis, -ė (“see lietuvininkas 1”) have the same meaning(s). Also related to them are the derivatives lietu vin ykas, -ė; lietuonykas, -ė, which are not included in LKŽₑ but are recorded in LKŽPK and mentioned in the works of Saulius Ambrazas (2002: 119) and Zigmas Zinkevičius (2010: 44). The derivatives with the same root and the same meaning(s), lietu vininkas, -ė / lietuvninkas, -ė / lietuvinykas, -ė / lietuonykas, -ė / lietuvninkis, -ė, are related by variation23. Of these derivatives, the personal name lietu vininkas, -ė is the most commonly used in contemporary Lithuanian: 1,135 usage examples were found in the DLKT (cf. lietu vininkas, -ė, 190 examples; lietu vinykas, -ė, 2; lietuonykas, -ė, 1; no examples containing lietu vninkis were found in the corpus). Derivatives of subsequent stages of derivation. Nouns lietu vininkystė, lietu vininkaitė, lietuvynkaitė, puslietu vininkis, -ė, and *lietu vybininkas, -ė are to be regarded as third-degree derivatives. The abstract noun -ystė derivative lietu vininkystė (see “lietu vystė”) supplements the previously discussed DS synonym series lietu vybė – lietu vystė, while the DV forms lietu vininkaitė and lietuvynkaitė, derived with the suffix -aitė (“lietu vaitė”), extend the aforementioned DS series lietu vaitė – lietuviukė / lietuvukė – lietuvikė (Lietuvynkaitei ilgu tarp brolelių LKŽₑ). The noun lietu vininkas, -ė is also the base of the second constituent of the rare Lithuanian compound puslietu vininkis, -ė (see “puslietuvis”)—the first constituent of the compound is based on the adverb pusiau (cf. LKG 1965: 460–461). The neologism *lietu vybininkas, -ė (“an advocate and supporter of lietu vybė (Lithuanianness)”) recorded in ND is based on the abstract noun lietu vybė: It seems that the Lithuanians, the lietu vybininkai, are very reluctant (or unable) to cooperate... ND. It should be noted that these derivatives of subsequent stages of derivation belong to passive vocabulary: LKŽₑ provides no sentences containing the words lietu vininkystė and puslietu vininkis, and no usage examples of any of the derivatives were found in DLKT either. 21 LKŽPK also records the derivative lietuvėnas (“a mythical creature”), but its connection with Lietuva or lietuvis is unclear (it could also be a borrowing from Latvian lietuvēns “nightmare”). 22 Two usage examples of the derivative lietu vynas were found in DLKT. 23 LKG (1965: 340, 360, 413) tiek asmenų pagal jų kilimo bei gyvenamąją vietą, tiek vardažodinės ypatybės turėtojų pavadinimų darybos kategorijose tos pačios priesagos variantais laikomi -ininkas, -ė / -(n)inkas, -ė ir -inykas, -ė / -(n)ykas, -ė, bet tarpusavyje jie pateikiami kaip skirtingi darybos tipai. Kaip vienos priesagos variantai -ininkas, -ė ir -(n)inkas, -ė nurodyti Antano Pakerio (1994: 47) Akcentologijoje. Saulius Ambrazas (2002: 118–123) -inykas, -ė; -ininkas, -ė ir -inykas, -ė laiko tos pačios priesagos variantais. Ten pat (Ambrazas 2002: 125) teigiama, kad „[p]riesaga „-ininkas turi labai retą paradigminį variantą -ininkis“. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuv- turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai | 8 2.1.2. Prefixed nouns. Three derivatives are formed from the noun Lithuanian, -ė with prefixes: the derivative with the prefix pro-, prolietuviai, with the lexical meaning “the ancient Lithuanians,” denotes a person from an earlier generation or one who lived much earlier (Keinys 1999: 66; cf. DLKG 2005: 149). The derivative with the prefix pra-, pralietuviai, “Lithuanians of ancient times, ancestors of the Lithuanians,” has a very similar meaning. Thus, the derivatives prolietuviai and pralietuviai are considered DS: they have similar lexical meanings and the same derivational meaning24, and they can essentially alternate in phrases or sentences, e.g., All dialects of LKŽ shortened the long acute-stressed vowels in the endings of the Proto-Lithuanian forms, as well as uo and ie; Both subdialects had dropped the unstressed short vowels in the endings of Proto-Lithuanian forms DLKT (cf. long / unstressed short vowels of Proto-Lithuanian forms). From the noun lietuvis, -ė, the personal designation nelietuvis, -ė is formed with the prefix ne-; its lexical meaning is “a person who is not of Lithuanian nationality” (There are also non-Lithuanians living in Lithuania LKŽė; A non-Lithuanian would pronounce Veronika’s name in exactly the same way DLKT25). The form denotes not only the opposite of the referent expressed by the base word, but also creates a new concept according to the principle of antonymy, e.g., poor harvest, misfortune, calamity, captivity, etc. (for more, see Paulauskienė 1983: 95–96). Derivatives of subsequent stages of derivation. The prefixal noun pralietuvis, -ė serves as the base for a third-degree derivative—the adjective pralietuviškas, -a, formed with the suffix -iškas, -a and meaning “characteristic of the pralietuviai” (In the Aukštaitian dialect, pralietuviški sounds (especially vowels) have remained less changed than in Samogitian LKŽė); the adverb pralietuviškai recorded in LKŽė is a fourth-degree derivative (Lietuva→lietuvis→ pralietuvis→ pralietuviškas→ pralietuviškai)26. 2.1.3. Compounds. The noun lietuvis, -ė is one of the base words for ten compounds (naujalietuvis, -ė; senlietuviai; skerslietuvis, -ė; baltlietuvis, -ė; puslietuvis, -ė; lietuvlatviai, *anglalietuvis, -ė; *afrolietuvis, -ė; lietuviakalbis, -ė; lietuvėdis, -ė). Compounds 24 Although the prefix pra- more often forms derivatives denoting place, derivatives with other meanings also exist (see LKG 1965: 434; DLKG 2005: 149). 25 322 usage examples of the noun nelietuvis, -ė were found in DLKT. 26 LKŽė provides no sentences containing the adverb pralietuviškai, and no usage examples of the derivatives pralietuviškas and pralietuviškai were found in DLKT either. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietu v- turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai | 9 naujalietuvis, -ė; anglalietuvis, -ė; lietuviakalbis, -ė have a linking vowel –(i)a-, while the others are formed without a linking vowel. The first constituent of three (determinative) compounds is based on an adjective: naujalietuvis (: naujas, lietuvis) ‘a Lithuanian of modern times, with modern views’27, senlietuvi ai (: senas, lietuviai) ‘the old Lithuanians’, skerslietuvis (: skersas, lietuvis) ‘an assimilated Lithuanian’. The compound balt lietuvis, -ė, which is not recorded in dictionaries but is given in LKŽPK, was most likely formed from the adjective b altas and the noun lietuvis28. The first constituent of the compound pus lietuvis, -ė (‘a false, assimilated Lithuanian’) is based on the adverb pusiau. The compounds pus lietuvis, -ė and skerslietuvis, -ė should be regarded as DS (their synonym is also the aforementioned derivative lietuvi ninkas, -ė, formed from the personal designation pus lietuvininkis, -ė), e.g.: Half-Poles, assimilated Lithuanians seem to have agreed to do everything so that Lithuania would no longer be Lithuania LKŽₑ, the Pole’s son is, in our way of speaking, half-Polish (or, put the other way round—half Lithuanian!) DLKT, cf. half-Poles, half-Lithuanians do everything—put the other way round, an assimilated Lithuanian. Nevertheless, these DS, which are close in meaning, differ stylistically: pus lietuvis, -ė is stylistically neutral, whereas skerslietuvis, -ė is marked as derogatory in LKŽₑ; thus, the compound skerslietuvis, -ė could essentially be replaced in all cases by the noun pus lietuvis, -ė, but the reverse substitution is not always possible. Examples of usage of the compounds naujalietuvis, -ė; senlietuvis, -ė and pus lietuvis, -ė were found in DLKT29, e.g.: The *naujalietuvis* [Tsarist] Russian administration began to terrorize especially harshly LKŽₑ; taxpayers who do not pay taxes are lesser enemies of the state than the government collecting taxes DLKT; Naujalietuviams, like Mažeikių Zita, do not need a theatre DLKT; the essence of the religion of the senlietuvių is the deification and worship of natural objects, forces, and phenomena LKŽₑ; one of the persistent rituals of the faith of the senlietuvių is the ceremonial drinking of beer or mead DLKT. Kopuliatyviniu (LKG 1965: 441–442; DLKG 2005: 151) dūriniu laikytinas iš daiktavardžių lietuvis, -ė ir latvis, -ė be jungiamojo balsio sudarytas daugiskaitos forma vartojamas daiktavardis lietu latviai „lietuviai ir latviai“: Gyventa kitąkart čia, kur šiandien lietu latviai gyvena LKŽₑ – DLKT sakinių su šiuo dūriniu nerasta, veikiausiai tai retos vartosenos žodis. ND lists two neologisms: *anglalietuvis, -ė (‘a Lithuanian living in England (Great Britain) and/or speaking a mixed English and Lithuanian language’) and the hybrid 27 This compound has acquired another meaning in contemporary Lithuanian: in the ND database it is defined as ‘a newly emerged wealthy person (after independence was restored in Lithuania)’, e.g.: Society is indignant—they, the naujalietuviai, have built absurd houses resembling castles... ND. 28 LKŽPK does not specify the meaning of balt lietuvis, -ė and gives no examples of its use, so it is difficult to say anything more precise about it. 29 The corpus yielded 28 examples of the use of naujalietuvis, -ė (usually in the newer meaning given in ND), 7 examples with senlietuvis, -ė, and 3 with pus lietuvis, -ė; no examples of the use of balt lietuvis, -ė or skerslietuvis, -ė were found in the corpus. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuv- turinčių žodžių darbiniai ryšiai | 10 *afrolietuvis, -ė (‘a non-white resident of Lithuania whose ancestral roots are in Africa’³⁰). Examples of the neologisms in sentences: <...> perhaps it would be possible to arrange something with some anglalietuvis forum member <...> ND; compliments did not change the opinion of Kristina Obiang, who calls herself an afrolietuvė ND; And fourth—that child is an afrolietuvis DLKT³². The compound lietuviakalbis, -ė (‘someone for whom Lithuanian is their native language, or who usually speaks it’ ND), listed in BŽa and ND, is based on the noun lietuvis, -ė and the verb kalbėti, while the compound lietuvidis, -ė, which is not included in dictionaries but is recorded in LKŽPK as used substantivally, is most likely based on the noun lietuvis, -ė and one of the meanings of the verb ėsti³³, e.g.: Let us be not only Lithuanian speakers, but true Lithuanians in heart and mind BŽa; As if those families, those circles of Lithuanian speakers were secret terrorist groups... ND; that was a former war among Lithuanians (Lithuanian speakers against Slavic speakers) DLKT; The most despicable lietuvidis... this is about a well-known person, not so much a lietuvidis as the greatest servant of the authorities LKŽPK; <...> later having revealed himself as a lietuvedis... G³⁴. Derivatives at subsequent derivational stages. At the next derivational stage, six third-degree derivatives (adjectives) were formed from compounds: lietuvlatviškas, -a; lietuvlatviškas, -a; senlietuviškas, -a; senalietuviškas, -a; DLKT yielded *nauj lietuvinis, -ė; *nauj lietuviškas, -a. The neologism *naujalietuviškas, –a* (: naujalietuvis, -ė), formed with the suffix –iškas, –a, most likely means ‘characteristic of naujalietuviai, like naujalietuviai’. The DV pair consists of lietuvlatviškas, –a (‘Lithuanian and Latvian’) and lietuvylatviškas, –a (‘see lietuvlatviškas’), as well as the derivatives senlietuviškas, –a and senalietuviškas, –a³⁵, which have the same lexical meaning (‘characteristic of the senlietuviams’), e.g.: The Lithuanian-Latvian branch today carries through ³⁰ ND also lists other words of similar structure, e.g., afrobrazilas, -ė; afrok商aribas, -ė; afrokariabietis, -ė; afrošvedas, -ė; cf. also afroamerikietis, -ė, listed in DLKŽ and BŽa. ³¹ The sentence has been corrected (ND gives the original sentence, written with errors). ³² This is the only example found in DLKT of the use of the neologism afrolietuvis, but more can be found using the Google search engine; for example, the word was used by Dalia Teišerskytė: Besides, what should one call, for example, a Black person living in Lithuania? Afrolietuviu? Probably so (D. Teišerskytė lost her promised post as Minister of Culture over a drunk Black man. Respublika. Available online: http://www.respublika.lt/lt/naujienos/lietuva/lietu-vos_politika/dteiserskyte_del_girto_juodaodzio_prarado_zadeta_kulturos_ministres_posta/,print.1 (accessed 2018 08 14). ³³ E.g., ėsti 9 ‘to upset, torment, gnaw at’, 11 ‘to scold, quarrel with, persecute’ LKŽe (without knowing the meaning of lietuvidis, -ė and having no more than a few examples of its use, it is difficult to make any precise claims). ³⁴ Two examples were found in DLKT in which the compound lietuviakalbis is used substantivally. No examples of the compound lietuvidis, -ė were found in DLKT, but examples were found using Google; for instance, it was used in the daily newspaper Draugas, published in Chicago in 1953, and in the monthly cultural magazine Aidas (Available online: http://www.draugas.org/archive/1953_reg/1953-07-18-PRIEDAS-DRAUGAS.pdf; file:///C:/Users/HP/Documents/KONFERENCIJOS,%20PRANE%C5%A0IMAI,%20STRAIPSNIAI,%20KVIETIMAI/LIETUV/aidai.eu%20Ap%C5%BEvalga.htm (accessed July–August 2018). ³⁵ The compound senalietuvis, -ė, which has a linking vowel, is listed neither in LKŽe nor in LKŽPK, and should therefore be considered BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuv- turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai | 11 almost nearly 4 million heads LKŽₑ; Smagen-es vel smãgen-ys (Tilžė, Kvedarna), as Latvian smadzens shows, can only derive from the Lithuanian-Latvian proto-language K. Būg. LKŽₑ; The norms of Old Lithuanian morality survived in our village until the last days LKŽₑ; Two place names of old Lithuania K. Būg. LKŽₑ. Four examples of the use of the neologism naujalietuviškas, -a were found in DLKT (no sentences containing the derivatives senlietuviškas / senalietuviškas, lietuvalatviškas / lietuvylatviškas were found), e.g.: It seems not without reason that people widely talk about the shared interests and working hand in hand of the old nomenklatura and the new Lithuanian elite DLKT. The neologism naujalietuvinis, -ė, formed with the suffix -inis, -ė (: naujalietuvis), is apparently used as a synonym for the genitive of the noun (naujalietuvių): You can’t even touch the new-Lithuanian jellyfish DLKT³⁶. The neologism *naujalietuviškai (: *naujalietuviškas), found in DLKT, should be regarded as a fourth-degree derivative: the competition will end “in the new-Lithuanian way”—when one wins, but someone else has designed the project DLKT. Four adjectives are based on the nouns lietuvis, -ė: lietuviškas, -a; *lietuviakalbis, -ė; lietuvedis, -ė and priešlietuviškas, -a. 2.1.4. Suffixal adjective. The polysemous derivative lietuviškas, -a37, formed with the suffix -iškas, -a, belongs to the adjectives expressing similarity and characteristic properties. “The most characteristic derivational meaning of denominal adjectives with the suffix -iškas, -a is ‘similar to the thing denoted by the base word’” (DLKG 2005: 207; for more on the origin, meanings, and use of the suffix -iškas, -a, see Ambrazas 2011: 82–86). DLKT data show that the adjective lietuviškas, -a is used very frequently in contemporary Lithuanian in texts of all styles; in this potenciniu pamatiniu žodžiu (žr. Urbutis 2009: 241). Toks dūrinio variantas galėjo būti kur nors vartojamas ir galėjo tapti darybos pamatu tolesnės darybos vediniui senalietuviškas, -ė, kita vertus, balsis galėjo atsirasti darybos procese net ir darant iš senlietuvis, -ė. Atkreiptinas dėmesys, kad prie įterptus balsius turinčių darinių lietuvylatviškas, -a ir minėto senalietuviškas, -a LKŽₑ pateikta tik po vieną Kazimiero Būgos užrašytą pavyzdį. 36 Only one example of the use of this neologism was found in DLKT. 37 DLKŽ gives one meaning for the adjective lietuviškas, -a, ‘characteristic of Lithuanians’; LKŽₑ gives 7 meanings of this word: 1 ‘like Lithuanians, similar to Lithuanians; made or produced in the customary Lithuanian way’ (Look, there are Lithuanian cheeses here too (not in Lithuania)—quite similar to the cheeses of Lithuania, to Lithuanian cheeses, the kind you find especially in Lithuania), 2 ‘characteristic of Lithuanians’ (His behavior was entirely Lithuanian), ‘marked by Lithuanian character’ (Ah, where have you gone, Lithuanian days of old, when the Prussians still did not know how to speak German), 3 ‘of Lithuanian origin’ (Can a German give anything to a Lithuanian person), ‘made up of Lithuanians’ (The Lithuanian (Lithuanian) army came), 4 ‘used in Lithuania’ (Lithuanian small coins, struck coins), 5 ‘inhabited by Lithuanians, belonging to them’ (Never have I seen Lithuanian land, a village, its people, from so close), 6 ‘Lithuanian’ (obsolete meaning, referring to the language) (Lithuanian language), ‘the Lithuanian language’ (The young Lithuanian [language] makes that language turn, while we follow the old custom), ‘written in Lithuanian’ (Lithuanian books travel across the land), ‘belonging to the Lithuanian language’ (Kriokti is a sound word found only in Lithuanian), ‘characteristic of the Lithuanian language’ (An expression may be Lithuanian or non-Lithuanian, depending on whether or not it accords with the spirit of the Lithuanian language), 7 archaic ‘High Lithuanian’ (There were no priests who knew Lithuanian or Samogitian). BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuvių turinčių žodžių darbiniai ryšiai | 12 The adjective usually describes nouns of various semantic types (most often referring to concrete things, but sometimes also to abstractions), e.g., lietuviškas, -a (-i, -os) atvirukas, baldai, gaujos, giesmynas, filmas, kalendorius, knyga, laida, litai, miuziklas, mokykla, moneta, pagraudenimai, pašto ženklas, pokalbiai, poteriai, pavadinimai, pavardės, romanas, raštai, serialas, teatras, terminai, universitetas, žodžiai and so on.38 Derivatives of subsequent derivational stages. The adjective lietuviškas, -a serves as the base for eight third-degree derivatives: the noun lietuviškumas (1); the adjectives lietuviškinis, -ė; puslietuviškas, -a; pro lietuviškas, -a (2); the verbs lietuviškauti, lietuviškinti, lietuviškuoti (3); and the adverb lietuviškai (4). 1) From meanings 2, 5, and 6 of the adjective lietuviškas, -a, the noun lietuviškumas (1 Neapsakomas lietuviškumas žmogaus LKŽ, 2 Apylinkės lietuviškumą gerai paliudija vietovardžiai LKŽ, 3 Negali būti kalbos apie jo (žodžio grabas) lietuviškumą LKŽė), formed with the suffix -umas, the most productive suffix in the derivational category of abstract nouns, retains its categorical derivational meaning. This abstract noun is quite frequent in contemporary Lithuanian—721 examples of its use were found in DLKT, e.g.: I instill Lithuanian identity in my daughter through love, not coercion DLKT; In any case, that Lithuanian identity is tied to certain traditions DLKT. Two further-stage (fourth-degree) derivatives not included in the dictionaries were found in LKŽPK and DLKT: the abstract nouns antilietuviškumas (: antilietuviškas / lietuviškumas) and the neologism *pro lietuviškumas (: pro lietuviškas, -a / lietuviškumas) should be regarded as derivatives with an unsettled order of derivational stages39 (formed with the suffix -umas or with the prefixes of non-Lithuanian origin anti- and pro-), e.g.: Anti-Lithuanian sentiment flourished LKŽPK; Therefore, the residue of anti-Lithuanian sentiment remains in people’s consciousness DLKT; one cannot help marveling at her pro-Lithuanian stance DLKT40. 2) The derivative lietuviškas, -a serves as the base for derivatives of the subsequent derivational stage (third degree)—a d j e c t i v e s lietuviškinis, -ė; puslietuviškas, -a; pro lietuviškas, -a. LKG (1965: 572) states that adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė are usually formed from underived words; according to Pranas Kniūkšta (1976: 280), adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė are not formed from adjectives with the suffixes -iškas, -a and -ingas, -a; thus the entry given in LKŽė in contemporary Lithuanian 38 Many (39,561) examples of the use of the word lietuviškas, -a were found in DLKT, but some of them (feminine singular dative) coincide with the adverb lietuviškai. 39 Straipsnyje vartojamas V. Urbučio (2009: 110–111) terminas. 40 DLKT yielded 12 examples of the use of the derivative antilietuviškumas and 1 example of the use of the derivative *pro lietuviškumas. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuvi- turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai | 13 The rare derivative 41 lietuviškinis, -ė (“written or created in the Lithuanian language” We have already forgotten all the hymns you translated into Lithuanian LKŽₑ) does not conform to this word-formation tendency. In the compound puslietuviškas, -a (“not purely Lithuanian”), the adverb pusiau, which functions as the first component, weakens the quality expressed by the second component (the adjective lietuviškas, -a) (see LKG 1965: 600). LKŽₑ gives no example of the adjective puslietuviškas, -a in use, but one example was found in DLKT: There is no need to look far for examples—it is enough to leaf through today’s half-Lithuanian periodicals DLKT. The derivative prolietuviškas, -a (“favorable or friendly toward Lithuanians”) has the borrowed prefix pro-, which denotes acting for someone’s benefit, as in profasi̇stinis, -ė; provokiškas, -a (see Keinys 1999: 80; TŽŽ 2003: 602). LKŽₑ gives no examples with the adjective prolietuviškas, -a (it is not included in DLKŽ or BŽa), but 46 examples of this derivative in use were found in DLKT, for example: Cz. Milosz is surprised by the activities and pro-Lithuanian views of his relative O. Milosz DLKT; I am criticized for being excessively pro-Lithuanian. I reply: “Better pro-Lithuanian than pro-Russian” DLKT. The adjectives prolietuviškas, -a and puslietuviškas, -a serve as the bases for the fourth-degree derivatives recorded in LKŽₑ—the adverbs prolietuviškai, puslietuviškai42. The dictionary gives no examples of these adverbs, while one example of prolietuviškai in use was found in DLKT: The more Lithuanian historians and politicians there are who are pro-German, and Germans who are pro-Lithuanian, the better the contacts and mutual understanding will be DLKT. 3) The adjective lietuviškas, -a serves as the derivational base for the verbs lietuviškinti, lietuviškuoti, lietuviškauti. The derivative lietuviškinti, formed with the suffix -inti, (“to make Lithuanian” Having gathered [the translations] together, we will revise, polish, and Lithuanianize them LKŽₑ), has a causative meaning in terms of its derivational meaning and relationship to the base word (“to make something or someone into what is expressed by the base word”). Derivatives in this category are also called causatives, or sequentives (see DLKG 2005: 387–388). The verbs lietuviškauti (“to speak standard Lithuanian”) and lietuviškuoti (“to speak standard Lithuanian”), formed with the suffixes -auti and -uoti, are considered DS—derivatives of identical semantics have a correspondence meaning (“to perform the functions of, work as, or behave in the manner expressed by the base word”). It should be noted that the -auti suffix type is highly productive, whereas derivatives of the -uoti type are much less numerous in standard Lithuanian and have a terminological 41 Not a single example of its use was found in DLKT. 42 In principle, this adverb could also be based on the two words pusiau, lietuviškai, but linguistic studies do not discuss the formation of adverbs. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuvių turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai | 14 atspalvį (žr. DLKG 2005: 391–392). Šių bendrašaknių vedinių kaita žodžių junginiuose ir sakiniuose iš esmės galima, pvz.: Ko tu vis lietuviškauji – kalbek dzūkiškai LKŽ; Jaunesni jau lietuviškuoja, o senesni dar dzūkiškai šneka LKŽ (plg. ko tu lietuviškuoji, jaunesni lietuviškauja ir pan.). LKŽ pateiktas veiksmažodis apsilietuviškuoti („aplietuvėti“⁴³ Jų vaikai apsilietuviškuojasi, nes jų motinos lietuvės LKŽ) yra tolesnės darybos pakopos produktas – 4-ojo laipsnio darinys (Lietuva→ lietuvis→ lietuviškas→ lietuviškuoti→ apsilietuviškuoti). Veiksmažodžiai lietuviškinti, lietuviškauti, lietuviškuoti ir apsilietuviškuoti veikiausiai yra dabartinės lietuvių kalbos leksikos periferijoje – DLKT nerasta jų vartosenos pavyzdžių. 4) Iš būdvardžio lietuviškas, -a su pačia dariaja priesaga -ai sudarytas prieveiksmis lietuviškai turi reikšmę „lietuvių kalba, jos priemonėmis“: Sakyk man lietuviškai LKŽ; Atsirado pradinių mokyklų ir gimnazija, kur žydų vaikai mokėsi lietuviškai DLKT. Prieveiksmis lietuviškai darybos opozicijos santykiu susijęs su 4-ojo laipsnio dariniais – priešdėlio ne- vediniu nelietuviškai (Mūsų šeimoje buvo labai griežtai – jei kalbėdavai nelietuviškai, kartais gaudavai net diržo DLKT) ir LKŽPK užfiksuotu vediniu palietuviškai (Mus mokino palietuviškai LKŽPK)⁴⁴. Dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje prieveiksmiai lietuviškai, nelietuviškai, palietuviškai vartojami nevienodai dažnai: DLKT iš viso rasta 6012 lietuviškai vartosenos pavyzdžių⁴⁵, 45 prieveiksmio nelietuviškai vartosenos pavyzdžiai, o pavyzdžių su prieveiksmiu palietuviškai nerasta.⁴⁶ 2.1.5. C o m p o u n d s (a d j e c t i v e s). The derivatives lietuviakalbis, -ė and lietuvedis, -ė are used both as nouns (see 2.1.3. Compounds) and as adjectives. The neologism *lietuviakalbis, -ė (‘which is presented in the Lithuanian language’ ND) listed in ND is based on the noun lietuvis, -ė and the verb kalbėti. A total of 13 usage examples of the compound *lietuviakalbis, -ė were found in DLKT. Their analysis showed that lietuviakalbis, -ė is more often used as an adjective in contemporary Lithuanian (cf. 11 adjectival uses and 2 nominal uses), e.g.: The Lithuanian-speaking public has the greatest influence on the attitudes of Lithuanian society ⁴³ Based on the definitions of meaning, apsilietuviškuoti and lietuvauti should be regarded as synonyms. ⁴⁴ It cannot be ruled out that palietuviškai is an adverb formed by mixed derivation (cf. padieniui, pranačkiui, etc.; see Keinys 1999: 102). ⁴⁵ Not all examples were checked; it is likely that there are somewhat fewer examples of adverbial use, since lietuviškai is not only an adverb but also the dative singular feminine form of the adjective lietuviškas, -a. ⁴⁶ Also worth noting is the hybrid adverb palietuvišku, which is not included in dictionaries but is recorded in LKŽPK (see “palietuviški”). It is explained by a word with the same root, which is recorded neither in LKŽPK nor in LKŽe. No usage examples of this adverb, formed according to a Slavic-language pattern, were found in DLKT, while the supplementary card index contains one usage example: Everyone will laugh then when we speak in a Lithuanian-like way, they in Belarusian, and we in a Lithuanian-like way LKŽPK (note that palietuvišku is used alongside the adverb pabielarusku, formed in an analogous way). BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuv- turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai | 15 the media ND; Julija’s father, as a forest district officer, acted as an intermediary between the Polish-speaking landlord and the Lithuanian-speaking serfs DLKT; For most Poles, Lithuanians in history or Lithuanian-speaking inhabitants living alongside Poles become a symbol of backwardness DLKT. On the periphery of the Lithuanian language is the derivative lietuvėdis, -ė, which is not included in dictionaries but is recorded in LKŽPK: At first Lithuanian-eating astrophysicists used to say... LKŽPK. (No examples of adjectival use of the derivative lietuvėdis, -ė were found in DLKT.) 2.1.6. Adjective formed by mixed derivation. In Lithuanian, a small number of adjectives are formed by adding a prefix and a suffix together (often prieš- and -inis, -ė, e.g., prieššventinis, -ė ‘pre-holiday’; priešgaisrinis, -ė ‘fire-prevention’) or by adding a suffix as well as compounding. “The prefix-suffix method of derivation is more productive” (Keinys 1999: 82). The derivative priešlietuviškas, -a, listed in LKŽₑ and meaning ‘hostile to Lithuanians’, could essentially form a derivational opposition both with the noun lietuvis, -ė and with the adjective lietuviškas, -a: in the first case it is the result of mixed derivation—a derivative formed with the prefix prieš- and the suffix -iškas, -a, while in the second it is a derivative formed with the prefix prieš-. Semantically, a connection with the noun lietuvis, -ė seems better justified. A few usage examples of the adjective priešlietuviškas, -a: Demands an end to the anti-Lithuanian press LKŽₑ; They covered the enormous wall of my bookshop with posters containing anti-Lithuanian content DLKT47. 2.1.7. Suffixal verbs. From the noun lietuvis, -ė, the verbs lietuvinti, lietuvėti, lietuviuoti, lietuvuoti and lietuvauti are derived using suffixes. The derivative lietuvinti with the suffix -inti (“to make Lithuanian, to give a Lithuanian character”) has a causative meaning (“to make something into what is expressed by the base word,” see DLKG 2005: 387); the derivative lietuvėti with the suffix -ėti (“to become Lithuanian, to acquire Lithuanian characteristics or traits”) has the meaning “to become or turn into what is expressed by the base noun” (see DLKG 2005: 390). The derivatives with the suffixes -(i)uoti and -auti have individual meanings: lietuvauti (1 “to speak standard Lithuanian,” 2 “to consider oneself Lithuanian, to speak Lithuanian”), DV lietuviuoti (“to speak some language with a Lithuanian accent, following the syntax characteristic of Lithuanian, etc.”), and lietuviuoti (“to speak Lithuanian, with a Lithuanian accent,” LKŽPK). The verbs are not all used with equal frequency in contemporary Lithuanian: DLKT yielded 90 examples of the verb lietuvinti (He advised Lithuanianizing the names only of those elements that had to be popularized, i.e. made known 47 DLKT yielded one example of this adjective in use, while the Google search engine yielded more examples, e.g.: anti-Lithuanian church policy continues G; Anti-Jewish and anti-Lithuanian pogroms in Vilnius G (accessed 2018-08-17). BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietūv- turinčių žodžių darbiniai ryšiai | 16 for the broad masses of people LKŽė; Everyone shouted and yelled about the need to Lithuanianize our theatrical art DLKT), 16 examples of lietuvėti (The resort is becoming very Lithuanian LKŽė; Vilnius began to become Lithuanian at a faster and more pronounced pace DLKT), and no examples of the verbs lietuvauti and lietuvuoti / lietuviuoti were found in DLKT, although they are given in LKŽė and LKŽPK: The younger people speak Lithuanian, not Dzūkian LKŽė; She <..> no longer Lithuanianizes LKŽPK; Around 1883 <...> the seminarians had clearly split into those who spoke Polish and those who spoke Lithuanian LKŽPK. Derivatives at further stages of word formation. Derivatives from the verb lietuvinti. This verb serves as the base for eight derivatives (two suffixal and six prefixal): lietuvinimas; lietuvintojas, –a; aplietuvinti; atlietuvinti; sulietuvinti; *įlietuvinti; *išlietuvinti; *nulietuvinti. The suffixal derivatives lietuvinimas (Jablonskis was not an advocate of the strict, indiscriminate Lithuanianization of all terms LKŽė) and lietuvintojas, –a (“one who Lithuanianizes” What does that Lithuanianizer of our orthography want to achieve with his spelling project? LKŽė) belong to productive derivational types that form verbal abstracts and names of agents and bearers of verbal characteristics (Ambrazas 1993: 21–26, 112–117; DLKG 2005: 94–95, 104–105). The prefixes ap-, at-, su- modify the meaning of the base verb lietuvinti. The derivative with the prefix su-, sulietuvinti (“to make Lithuanian, to give a Lithuanian character” He Lithuanianized and Latinized other local and foreign peoples LKŽė), has a resultative meaning denoting the completion of an action (see Paulauskienė 1994: 275–276). The verb aplietuvinti, formed with the prefix ap- (“to make somewhat Lithuanian” In this way most foreign words entered the Lithuanian tongue, and having become somewhat Lithuanian, spread into the neighboring regions of Lithuania LKŽė), has a diminutive meaning (“to perform a lesser or weaker action than that expressed by the base word,” see DLKG 2005: 405). The derivative atlietuvinti with the prefix at- (“to make Lithuanian again” To Lithuanianize a surname LKŽė) indicates that, in performing the action of the main verb, one returns to an earlier state (LKG 1971: 275). In ND and DLKT, derivatives with the prefixes į-, iš- and nu-—not included in dictionaries—were found: *įlietuvinti, *išlietuvinti and *nulietuvinti. Based on the definitions given in ND, the neologisms *įlietuvinti (“to impart Lithuanian characteristics; to introduce into the Lithuanian language”) and *išlietuvinti (“to remove Lithuanian characteristics”) can be considered antonyms. The derivative *nulietuvinti with the prefix nu- probably means that, while the action expressed by the base word is being performed for a time, something is made simpler (see LKG 1971: 279). Derivatives from the verb lietuvinti are used with varying frequency in contemporary Lithuanian: DLKT yielded 239 examples of sulietuvinti, 84 of lietuvinimas, 38 of atlietuvinti, 26 of aplietuvinti, 4 of *nulietuvinti, and 2 usage examples of lietuvintojas, –a, while BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuv- turinčių žodžių darbiniai ryšiai | 17 No examples of *įlietuvinti or *išlietuvinti were found in the corpus, e.g.: Names are very quickly taught to be Lithuanianized according to the local dialect DLKT; Vireliūnas was the initiator of this Lithuanianization DLKT; The LMS board discussed the Lithuanianization of state schools DLKT; Lithuanian surnames and first names were re-Lithuanianized DLKT; All these terms are somewhat Lithuanianized DLKT; a plan currently being hatched behind the scenes to “de-Lithuanianize” Lithuanian academics by encouraging them to write only in English will come into effect... DLKT; The scenario of a Lithuania commissariat de-Lithuanianized by the Nazis DLKT; other software Lithuanianization groups will also be able to make use of it DLKT; Do those two fools Lithuanianized by D. Grybauskaitė really not understand even that? ND; Personal names need to be de-Lithuanianized, otherwise someone abroad may have difficulty reading them ND. In turn, the derivatives atlietuvinti, aplietuvinti, sulietuvinti, *išlietuvinti, *nulietuvinti serve as the bases for further-stage (fourth-degree) derivatives: the abstract noun atlietuvinimas given in LKŽₑ and the neologisms *aplietuvinimas; *sulietuvinimas; *atlietuvintojas, -a; *sulietuvintojas, -a; *išlietuvinimas (“removal of Lithuanian characteristics,” ND), recorded in ND and found in DLKT, as well as *nulietuvinimas. Thus, the following derivational chains result: Lithuania→ Lithuanian→ Lithuanianize→ partially Lithuanianize→ *partial Lithuanianization; Lithuania→ Lithuanian→ Lithuanianize→ re-Lithuanianize→ re-Lithuanianization, *re-Lithuanianizer, -a; Lithuania→ Lithuanian→ Lithuanianize→ Lithuanianize→ *Lithuanianization, *Lithuanianizer, -a; Lithuania→ Lithuanian→ Lithuanianize→ *de-Lithuanianize→ *de-Lithuanianization*; Lithuania→ Lithuanian→ Lithuanianize→ *de-Lithuanianize→ *de-Lithuanianization. A few examples of the derivatives found in DLKT in use⁴⁸: Lithuanians in Poland believe that the Lithuanianization of their first and surnames is not the main problem facing this national minority DLKT; The book’s authors use the concept of “de-nationalization” or “re-Lithuanianization” DLKT; Back then, the way of Lithuanianizing and spelling so-called international words had not yet become fully established DLKT; Authorship of Lithuanianized works went to Antanas Macijauskas-Adatas’s The Enchanted Priest DLKT; the administrator-Lithuanianizer of the University of Stefan Batory DLKT; Lutherans in Lithuania carried a silver torch through the darkness of de-Lithuanianization DLKT; Could it really be that Lithuania’s de-Lithuanianization policy has so thoroughly brainwashed people? ND. Derivatives from the verb lietuvėti. This verb is the base word for five derivatives: the suffixal derivative lietuvėjimas and four prefixal derivatives (aplietuvėti, atlietuvėti, nulietuvėti, sulietuvėti). As a verbal abstract (a derivative with the suffix –imas) 48 In DLKT, 38 usage examples of *sulietuvinimas, 35 of atlietuvinimas, 2 of *aplietuvinimas, and 1 each of *atlietuvintojas, *sulietuvintojas, *nulietuvinimas were found; no examples were found for the neologism *išlietuvinimas. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuv- turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai | 18 lietuvėjimas denotes an action in a concrete, nominal form (Baltų genčių lietuvėjimas BŽa). The verb nulietuvėti, formed with the prefix nu- (“to lose Lithuanian characteristics, to become Germanized”), has a meaning of loss49. The meanings imparted by the aforementioned prefixes ap-, at- and su- are found in the verbs aplietuvėti (“to become somewhat Lithuanian”), atlietuvėti (“to become Lithuanian again”), and sulietuvėti (“to become Lithuanian, to acquire Lithuanian characteristics”). The verbs atlietuvėti and sulietuvėti serve as the bases for the abstract noun atlietuvėjimas, listed in LKŽₑ, and the abstract noun *sulietuvėjimas, found in DLKT but not included in dictionaries (thus, the derivational opposition obtains between adjacent members in such derivational chains: Lietuva→ lietuvis→ lietuvėti→ atlietuvėti→ atlietuvėjimas; Lietuva→ lietuvis→ lietuvėti→ sulietuvėti→ *sulietuvėjimas. Of the group of cognate derivatives based on the verb lietuvėti, the most frequently used verb is sulietuvėti50, e.g.: Then the children became Lithuanian when they started going to school LKŽₑ; Some Poles, Russians, and Germans became Lithuanian DLKT; now they face the real danger of becoming Lithuanian DLKT; this center of Lithuanianization was dismantled by the hands of Komsomol activists DLKT; Gečius felt within himself the power that urged him to become Lithuanian again LKŽₑ; The Petkevičiai and Landsbergiai were minor Samogitian nobles who had become Lithuanian again DLKT; We know of many such examples of the process of re-Lithuanianization from those times and later LKŽₑ; other reasons for “slower re-Lithuanianization” can also be discerned here DLKT; This stage of Frankfurt’s “Lithuanianization” apparently began a good three years ago DLKT; The eastern parts of Lithuania gradually became non-Lithuanian, while within the country manors and monasteries successfully Polonized the Lithuanian people LKŽₑ; This form [of the word] is the most Lithuanianized LKŽₑ. Derivatives from the verb lietuv iuoti. Two derivatives are based on this word: the verbal abstract liet uviavimas with the suffix -imas, and the verb įsilietuviuoti51, formed with the prefix į- and expressing intensity (“for the Lithuanian language, Lithuanian identity to take hold” Tokiose vietose, kaip Gr iškabūdyje, Keturualakiuose ir kitose taip įsilietuviavusiose..., dvasiškieji gies ti... lenkiškai LKŽₑ). It should be noted that the verb įsilietuviuoti, as is characteristic of derivatives in this derivational group (see DLKG 2005: 405), has acquired not only a prefix but also a reflexive affix. 49 Apie veiksmažodžių su nu- vartoseną, normiškumą žr. Alvydo Umbraso (2016) publikacijoje. 50 In DLKT, 44 usage examples of sulietuvėti, 7 each of lietuvėjimas and atlietuvėti were found, as well as one example each of the abstract nouns atlietuvėjimas, *sulietuvėjimas. No examples were found for the verbs nulietuvėti and aplietuvėti (their usage in contemporary Lithuanian is presumably rare). 51 Both derivatives are at the periphery of the Lithuanian lexicon—no examples of their use were found in DLKT. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuv- turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai | 19 2.2. Derivatives from jaunalietuvis, -ė; mažalietuvis, -ė; did lietuvis The compounds jaunalietuvis, -ė and mažalietuvis, -ė serve as the bases for the neologisms (second-degree derivatives) found in DLKT: *jaunalietuvaitis, -ė; *jaunalietuviukas, -ė; *jaunalietuviškas, -a; *mažalietuviškas, -a. According to DS, the forms *jaunalietuvaitis and *jaunalietuviukas are derivatives formed with the suffixes -aitis and -ukas, respectively; they are presumably used to mean “young people belonging to the Young Lithuanian organization,” e.g.: This is not about the initiatives of the Young Lithuanian youths, the elelesininkai, or the megztaberetės, nor about interpellations and referendums DLKT; whose high-office thresholds do those red-bearded revolutionaries, those stern young Lithuanians with funny little faces, servilely tread DLKT52. These cognate derivatives can be substituted for one another without essentially changing the meaning of the context (cf. Young Lithuanian initiatives, young Lithuanian youths with funny little faces). Su priesaga -iškas, -a sudaryti naujadarai *jaunalietuviškas, -a (: jaunalietuvis) ir *mažalietuviškas, -a (: *mažalietuvis) veikiausiai turi reikšmes „būdingas jaunalietuviams, toks kaip jaunalietuvių“, „būdingas Mažosios Lietuvos lietuviams“. DLKT rasti 2 *jaunalietuviškas, -a ir 1 *mažalietuviškas, -a vartosenos pavyzdžiai: tų žmonių požiūris į etniškumą nėra nukreiptas prieš kitas tautas, ne etnocentristinis, todėl negali būti tapatinamas su „jaunalietuviškuoju“ DLKT; o Mažoji Lietuva, į valstybingumą nepretendavusi, tam tikra prasme buvo lietuviškesnė už Didžiąją su savo realia nors nepaskelbta mažalietuviška kultūrine autonomija DLKT. Derivatives at later stages of derivation. The neologism *did lietuviškumas, found in DLKT and based on a potential base word, is considered a third-degree derivative: Lietuva → didliet uvis → [*didliet uviškas] → *did lietuviškumas: as a German, I consider it my duty to fight for Greater Lithuanian identity DLKT. 52 DLKT contains only one usage example for each of the neologisms. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuv- turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai | 20 CONCLUSIONS 1. The article discusses 102 derivatives containing the stem lietuv-: 9 derivatives formed from the place name Lietuva, and 35 derivatives formed from lietuvis, -ė, which in turn serve as bases for forming further derivatives (at subsequent derivational stages). The derivational nest contains mostly multistage derivatives: 9 are of the first degree, 39 of the second, 36 of the third, and 18 of the fourth. By part of speech, nouns predominate (58): 34 suffixal derivatives (59% of all nouns), 16 compounds (28%), 4 prefixal derivatives (7%), 2 inflectional-ending derivatives (3%), and 2 derivatives (3%) with an unsettled ordering of derivational stages. 2. The DLKT data show that some derivatives are part of the active Lithuanian lexicon, are familiar, and are used quite frequently (lietuvis, -ė; lietuvaitis, -ė; lietuvybė; lietuviškumas; lietuviškas, -a; lietuviškai), while others are known from written sources or, conversely, have appeared recently and are used infrequently in contemporary Lithuanian (no usage examples were found in the DLKT for 28 derivatives). 3. Lithuanian uses not only derivatives that are established in the language and included in dictionaries, but also produces neologisms: the ND and DLKT contain 25 derivatives (or derivative variants) not recorded in dictionaries (lietuvybininkas; sulietuvėjimas; afrolietuvis, -ė; jaunlietūviškas, -a, etc.). The meanings of all neologisms (which generally belong to productive patterns) are readily understood from context; most are derivatives that retain a categorical derivational meaning (abstract nouns, person-denoting nouns, prefixed verbs, -iškas, -a adjectives). 4. The ND data show that derivatives containing the stem lietuv- sometimes acquire new meanings not recorded in dictionaries—the ND yielded 3 such derivatives: lietu(s)ybė, lietuvija and jaunliet(u)vis, -ė. 5. Kai kurie dariniai, nerasti žodynuose, galėtų būti į juos įtraukti: LKŽe galėtų būti fiksuojamas mažalietuvis, -ė, o į BŽa vertėtų įtraukti būdvardį lietuviakalbis, -ė. 6. Some derivatives containing the stem lietuv- are related by variant or synonymy relations: a total of 7 DV and 6 DS series have been compiled and discussed. Members of DV series differ in their linking vowel or have different variants of the same suffix (liet(u)vuoti / liet(u)vuoti, mažliet(u)vis, -ė / mažliet(u)vis, -ė). Derivatives of different degrees are also sometimes synonymous (three such cases are discussed). Some synonym series feature a high degree of synonymy and allow substitution (lietuvybė – lietuvystė, proletuviai – pralietuviai), but more often even derivatives with closely related meanings differ stylistically (puslietuvis, -ė – puslietuvi(n)inkis, -ė – BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuvių turinčių žodžių darbiniai ryšiai | 21 derog. skerslietuvis, -ė) and/or differ in frequency of use (e.g., lietuvaitis, -ė – lietuviukas, -ė / lietuvukė – lietuvikė). ŠALTINIAI BŽa – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno antraštynas. Prieiga internete: http://bkz.lki.lt/antrasynas/?pg=c (žiūrėta 2018 m. liepos–rugpjūčio mėn.). DLKT – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/tekstynas/ (žiūrėta 2018 m. liepos–rugpjūčio mėn.). DLKŽ 2012 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vyr. red. S. Keinys, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://lkiis.lki.lt/dabartinis (žiūrėta 2018 liepos–rugpjūčio mėn.). LKŽₑ – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, t. 1–20, elektroninis variantas. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://www.lkz.lt/ (žiūrėta 2018 m. liepos–rugpjūčio mėn.). LKŽEPK 2015– Skaitmeninė Lietuvių kalbos žodyno papildymų kartoteka. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://lkiis.lki.lt/antra-kartoteka (žiūrėta 2018 m. liepos–rugpjūčio mėn.). ND – Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas. Sudarytoja R. Miliūnaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://naujazodziai.lki.lt/ (žiūrėta 2018 m. liepos–rugpjūčio mėn.). LITERATŪRA Ambrazas S. 1993: Daiktavardžių darybos raida, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Ambrazas S. 2002: Daiktavardžių darybos raida 2, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Ambrazas S. 2011: Būdvardžių darybos raida, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Bumbliauskas A. 2005: Senosios Lietuvos istorija 1009–1795, Vilnius: R. Paknio leidykla. DLKG 2005 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Jakaitienė E. 2010: Leksikologija, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuvių turinčių žodžių darbiniai ryšiai | 22 Keinys S. 1999: Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Šiauliai: Šiaulių universiteto leidykla. Kniūkšta P. 1976: Priesagos -inis būdvardžiai. Daryba, reikšmės, gramatiniai sinonimai, Vilnius: Mokslas. LKG 1965, 1971 – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1, 2, Vilnius: Mintis. Miliūnaitė R. 2009: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos vartosenos variantai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Pakerys A. 1994: Akcentologija 1, Kaunas: Šviesa. Patackas A. 2014: Litua, Vilnius: Versmė. Paulauskienė A. 1983: Lietuvių kalbos morfologijos apybraiža, Kaunas: Šviesa. Paulauskienė A. 1994: Lietuvių kalbos morfologija. Paskaitos lituanistams, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Pikčilingis J. 1988: Sinonimika. Kalbos figūros, Kaunas: Šviesa. Skardžius P. 1996: Rinktiniai raštai 1, Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Smetona A. 2005: Pagrindinių darybos būdų skyrimo klausimu. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 52, 83–85. TŽŽ 2003 – Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius: Alma littera. Umbrasas A. 2016: Nuo nuriebalinimo iki nuprasminimo: teikyba ir vartosena.– Terminologija 23, 120–160. Urbutis V. 2009: Žodžių darybos teorija, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Urbutis V. 1997: Trevor G. Fennell, Fürecker's dictionary: the first manuscript. – Baltistica 32 (2), 264–269. Vaskelienė J. 2000: Darybiniai sinonimai, Šiauliai: K. J. Vasiliausko įm. Vaskelienė J. 2013: Darybinių sinonimų, darybinių variantų ir paronimų panašumai bei skirtumai. – Žmogus ir žodis: Didaktinė lingvistika 5 (1), 206–214. Zinkevičius Z. 1993: Rytų Lietuva praeityje ir dabar, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Zinkevičius Z. 2010: Lietuvos vardas. Kilmė ir formų daryba, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. Zinkevičius Z. 2010a, Šventasis Brunonas ir Lietuva. Lietuvos vardo paminėjimo istorijos šaltiniuose tūkstantmečiui, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuv- turinčių žodžių darybiniai ryšiai | 23 Zinkevičius Z. 2011: Lietuvos senosios valstybės 40 svarbiausių mįslių. Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštija kalbotyros požiūriu, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. Župerka K. 2012: Stilistika, Šiauliai: Šiaulių universiteto leidykla. Gauta 2018 11 18 Priimta 2018 12 17 DERIVATIONAL RELATIONS OF WORDS WITH THE STEM LIETUV- Summary The Lithuanian language, where derivation is one of the most common sources of new words and the major part of the vocabulary are derivatives, uses not only the place name Lietuva, but there are other related words that have different semantic and derivational relations. The object of the present article, dedicated to the centenary of the restoration of the Lithuanian state, is the derivatives with the stem lietuvo- found in Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽe), supplement files of Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽPK), Data Directory of Neologisms (ND), and Corpus of the Current Lithuanian Language (DLKT). The analysis of 102 derivatives with the stem lietuvo- (58 nouns, 17 adjectives, 20 verbs, 7 adverbs), the relations between them, and their usage particularities allowed to draw the following conclusions: 1. 9 words were derived from the place name Lietuva, 35 words were derived from lietuvis, which in turn were the basis for other derivatives of the further stages. The family mostly consists of derivatives of several stages: 1st degree derivatives (9), 2nd degree derivatives (39), 3rd (36) and 4th (18) degree derivatives. According to the part of speech the nouns are dominant: 34 suffix derivatives, 16 compounds, 4 prefix derivatives, 2 inflexional derivatives, and 2 derivatives of not settled system of derivation stages. 2. The data of Corpus of the Current Lithuanian Language (DLKT) revealed that some derivatives are part of the Lithuanian active vocabulary, are common and are quite frequently used, while others belong to the periphery of the vocabulary as they are known only from writings or are newly created (the usage examples of 28 derivatives were not found in the corpus). BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ, REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ. Kamieną lietuv- turinčių žodžių darbiniai ryšiai | 24 3. The Lithuanian language not only uses derivatives incorporated in dictionaries but allows creating neologisms as well: 25 derivatives not incorporated in dictionaries were found in Data Directory of Neologisms and Corpus of the Current Lithuanian Language (DLKT). The meanings of all neologisms are easily understood from the context. Some derivatives incorporated in dictionaries have acquired new meanings. 4. Some new derivatives could be incorporated in dictionaries: Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽe) could include the compound mažalietuvis, -ė, and the adjective lietuviakalbis, -ė could be included in Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language. 5. Some derivatives with the stem lietuv- are related in terms of variation or synonymy: in total, 7 rows of derivational variants and 6 rows of derivational synonyms were formed and discussed. Sometimes the derivatives of different derivation degree are synonymous. The members of some rows of synonyms have a high degree of synonymity and substitution possibilities, but more often even semantically close derivatives have stylistic differences and / or the use frequency of derivatives varies. KEYWORDS: derivative; compound; word family; neologism; (derivational) synonyms; (derivational) variants; derivation stages. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ REGINA VILČINSKIENĖ Šiaulių universitetas, Povilo Višinskio g. 38, LT-76352, Šiauliai [email protected] [email protected] BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204