1918–1940 m. statybos terminijos dūrinių darybos polinkiai

BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 LINA RUTKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas 1918-1940 CONSTRUCTION TERMS OF DOOR TENDENCES OF ACTIVITIES KEY WORDS: type of work; a puncture; phonetic variant; a generic term; morphological variant; the language of construction science. INTRODUCTION One of the most prominent tendencies of language development in recent times is the active formation of language variants related to certain areas of human professional activity. The most important layer of the lexicon of these languages are the terms that distinguish one language from another. In terms of terms formation, punching takes an increasingly important position. Although this method of terminology depends on the specifics of each language, scholars from different countries often point to the same advantages of the punching and punching of words from different languages. It is stated that new terms can be made by means 2014: 225). Viktorija Nadmidon mano, kad dūriniai labai tinka norint tiksliau pavadinti naujas sąvokas, išreikšti daugiau požymių, žodžiui suteikti didesnį semantinį krūvį (Надмидон 2014: of punching in accordance with the law of language economy (Gaivenis 2014: 539; Kaulakienė 69). Peter Polenz, in addition to the advantages listed, emphasizes that punches are easier to establish in human consciousness because there is a clear semantic motivation for them (Polenz 1980: 178). In the opinion of Oleg Meshkov, many new punches can be made according to the principle of analogy, changing one of the punch sands, for example, according to the scientist, the English punch starquake is made by analogy with the word earthquake, and comedywright – by analogy with the word playwright (Meshkov 1986: 23–24). 24). Stitches are examined in various aspects, 1 one of which is the study of the formal structure, the determination of the type of 2 work represented by the stitch. Scientists Young Ok Jong and Chae 1 Recently, instrumental methods are becoming more popular abroad, which are used to investigate how, for example, the puncture is recorded by the human eye, what impulses they cause in the human brain, etc. (Inhoff et al. 2008; MacGregor, Shtyrov et al. 2013). 2 Based on the examples of verb types by the terminologist Kazimieras Gaivenis, this article distinguishes the verb types according to the belonging of the base verb to a certain part of the language. K. Gaivenis indicates that the following types of construction are most typical for the formation of compound terms: noun + noun, noun + verb, adjective + noun. There are three types of adjectives: adjective + noun, noun + adjective, verb + adjective. LINA RUTKIENĖ. 1918–1940 Construction Thermal Punching Tendencies | 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 According to Kwan Jung, understanding the formal structure of the punch helps learn and kalbas (Jong, Jung 2015: 79). Patrickas Zieringas ir Lonneke Plas, be kitų privalumų, nurodo ir understand other important aspects of machine translation (Ziering, Plas 2014: 1047). The types of work must be studied in order to maintain the appropriate proportions of terms of work, so that some types of work do not overshadow others. When examining the formal structure of stitches, there are a number of problematic questions. One of them relates to the concepts of work-type productivity and activity. According to Tatyana Ivanova, these concepts are often 3 confused or identified. The researcher, discussing the characteristics of the stitch pattern, identifies the differences between these concepts. According to her, the work model is characterized by three features: 1) productivity. This is a quantitative characteristic of the model; 2) the activity. This feature is understood as filling the work model with new members; 3) usability. This is the use of the model members in texts, the realization in the act of language use (Иванова 2001). However, even if the differences between the concepts of productivity and activity are understood, it remains unclear whether, for example, a single neologism is sufficient to confirm activity (Pike 1954: 87). Instead, Zellig Harris considers the question of productivity to be completely insoluble, because language evolves (Harris 1951: 265). However, these doubts cannot prevent the study of the productivity of the type of work, which is considered one of the most important characteristics of the type of work. In this article, we have chosen to examine related Lithuanian and hybrid terms used in the scientific language of one specific field – construction. The popularization of terminology encourages to look at the traditions of this method of terminology, and after evaluating them it is possible to identify new trends in terminology and define directions in which it is possible to develop terminology creatively. The period of use of construction terminology punches in the language of science – 1919–1940 – was chosen both for the historical valstybės atkūrimo šimtmečio, tiek dėl šio tarpsnio svarbos bendrinės lietuvių kalbos raidai, taip relevance of Lithuania and for terminology. At that time, with the rapid development of the economy, many new realities appeared, for which many new terms were made (not an exception and construction stitches), the science of terminology developed. Aldonas Pupkis considers the years 1918–1940 as the brightest period of the rise of the general language (Pupkis 2005: 44). This article, using descriptive, structural analysis and logical classification methods, aims to highlight how construction thermal stitches were formed in the period under review, which types of work were the most productive. In order to determine whether 1918– 1940 m. statybos terminijos dūrinių darybos tipų produktyvumas bei aktyvumas išliko ir 3 In Russian linguistics, the model is usually considered to be what is referred to in this article as the type of action, i.e. the formal structure (Черепанов 2004). LINA RUTKIENĖ. 1918–1940 construction terminology punching tendencies | 3 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 In the last stage of the development of construction terminology (late 20th century – early 21st century), from the point of view of the formal structure, the punches included in the 2002 Dictionary of Construction Terms (hereinafter – DCT) are also examined. The material for the article was collected from 33 sources: interwar Lithuanian construction textbooks, teaching books and scientific articles. The books were mostly printed between 1929 and 1939. Based on this information, it can be assumed that a large-scale scientific publication requires almost a decade of work. The magazine has been published since 1924. In the sources of the construction field read 262 related construction terms dūriniai. The article does not deal with borrowed puns, since the act of doing has occurred in a non-Lithuanian language. The punches, the meaning of which may be unclear to the reader, are written references to tekstinę išnašą, kurioje pateikiamos dūrinio konteksto ištraukos. 1. CONTEXT OF THE SUBSTANCE UNDER CONSIDERATION Po Pirmojo pasaulinio karo, Lietuvai atkūrus Nepriklausomybę, be kitų, sparčiai plėtojasi and construction sector. The war of 1914–1918 caused great damage to the construction industry, destroying 13,250 residential and 24,680 non-residential buildings (Macijauskas 1929: 10). During this period, it became important not only to restore what was destroyed, but also to modernize the construction sector, introduce new materials and technologies. In Kaunas, for example, 4,149 buildings were built between 1919 and 1930, with new compositional principles and new constructions (Butkuvienė 2001: 150, 153). There were several areas of construction: road construction, bridge construction, geotechnics, construction materials and constructions production. Scientific literature has become particularly relevant for the theoretical basis of the activity. A number of textbooks and educational books in the field of construction were printed in Lithuania during the interwar period. Some of them were the first books in Lithuanian language about a certain construction technology or even a field. In 1924, the journal Technika began to be published at the University of Lithuania. Each issue of the publication contains scientific articles on construction, as well as reviews of scientific publications on construction, which, in addition to special subjects, also discuss issues of terminology used in publications in the field of construction. The development of construction terminology is also connected with intensive construction activities and publishing. Outstanding personalities – civil engineers, who worked in Lithuania, carried out significant scientific researches, wrote Pranas Morkūnas, Anatolijus Rozenbliumas, Jonas straipsnius ir knygas, mokę jaunimą. Minėtini Juozas Gabrys, Pranas Jodelė, Jonas Kiškinas, Šimoliūnas, Kazimieras Vasiliauskas and others – played a major role in the formation of construction terminology and all this professional language of that period. These were educated people, who studied and/or worked abroad, able to apply good practices LINA RUTKIENĖ. 1918–1940 construction terminology punching tendencies | 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 In Lithuania. As can be seen from the reference lists in their publications, these engineers were fluent in several foreign languages. When writing publications and textbooks, they usually translated from German, often from Russian, less often from French. Since new terms were needed to describe the new realities, many construction innovations were created at that time, including the stitching. In the first period of Lithuanian independence, the German language was important for the creation of new stitches, characterized by the abundance of stitches (in the German language, stitching is the most productive way of creation). In construction scientific texts, German equivalents are often presented in parentheses next to new Lithuanian terms. In the prefaces of their publications, the authors talk about the lack of Lithuanian construction terms, apologise to readers for the terms that need to be corrected. For example, Jonas Gabrys, an engineer and lecturer at the University of Lithuania (Vytautas Magnus University since 1930), writes in the preface to his textbook: “This textbook is printed without yet having developed and established Keleta pavartotų brėžiniuose terminų (pvz., spragbalkė, ledlaužys, pusiaupiuva) neatitinka tekstui, terminology for bridges and construction. However, perhaps not all of the terms used here should be corrected. However, these imperfections will only be avoided in the future. because the clichés were made before these terms were changed” (SGBT 1931: 7). Reading the publications of that period, it is obvious that the terms used depended heavily on the personal preference of the authors. For example, Professor Pranas Jodelė had anti-religious views, he supported the position of Jon vieno iš savo vadovėlių Prakalboje (1922: Pr 4 ). Tačiau profesorius vartojo ir skolinių, kurie nėra Jablonskis not to invent equivalents to international terms unnecessarily. “As far as terminology is concerned, I am a supporter of international terms,” wrote P. Jodelė on international terms, arguing for their “englishization”. Mr. Jodel was a great authority, and his views and attitudes regarding the use of certain terms probably had a considerable influence on the spread or withdrawal of certain terms from use (see section 3 on the term reinforced concrete). As for the stitches of that period, it must be said that there were different opinions on this topic. Antanas Vireliūnas, head of the Terminology Commission, proposed a number of punches that were equivalent to international words, e.g.: ormatis, šilčiarodis, šilčiomatis. When J. Jablonskis took over the leadership of the commission, the international words were returned instead of such novelties (Piročkinas 1978: 180). Antanas Salys also criticized the unnecessary, excessive use of punches, called "kalimu", and their inclusion in dictionaries. In a review of Benjamin Sereiskis’ Lithuanian-Russian Dictionary (1933), A. Salys writes: 4 2000. Not published in the journal. LINA RUTKIENĖ. 1918–1940 construction terminology punching tendencies | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 “But it seems strange to cast compound words from numerals. On page 41 a string of words like eight(ia)century, eight(ia)end <…> is given. In doing so, it is possible to repeat all the nouns in the dictionary with all the numerals” (Salys 1933: 31). And here he adds: “In the dictionary there is also no such word: baltadančiui, baltanosiui, geltondančiui, geltonuodegiui…” (Salys 1933: 32). Among the construction specialists, the most important contribution to the subsystem of construction thermography has been made by Professor Jonas Šimoliūnas, Head of the Department of Construction at the University of Lithuania. Only in his book Construction. 1937: 72 new buildings are built in the city, including a new railway station. 1939: 62 runs. J. Šimoliūnas often gives German equivalents in parentheses for new punches, based on which it is possible to say that the construction terminology novelties punches are essentially partial or complete values, e.g.: Mehlbaum SSM 1937: 159, Fliessand, Triebsand SŽD 1939: 277, Absaugeklosettanlage SSM 1937: 102, Grundbohrer SŽD 1939: 308, cherry tree (Wildkirshe) SSM 1937: 159. Of the 262 related construction terms found in the scientific literature in the field of construction from 1918 to 1940, the following terms were the most common: chimney, chimney, reinforced concrete, lightning rod, balance, cross-section, pillar, sidewalk, water supply. Probably their prevalence and frequency of use were among the extralinguistic factors that led to the fact that all the listed punchings, except perkūnsargį, are used in later scientific literature, which is included in the 2002 STŽ. 2. CONSTRUCTION TERMS TYPES OF DURABLE ACTIVITIES Stasio Keinio teigimu, lietuviškų sudurtinių terminų darybai būdingi visi pagrindiniai types of punching in the contemporary Lithuanian language. The researcher, who examined the stitches of 11 dictionaries of terms published between 1954 and 1971, presents 16 types of stitches (see Keinys 2005: 131–132). In 1918–1919, the 100th anniversary of the construction of the bridge was marked by a series of events. The most productive parts of speech are the noun, verb, and adjective. There are only a few of these words that have one syllable based on an adverb, a number and a pronoun (see Figure 1). Thus, although the same parts of the language are involved in the construction of interwar Lithuanian construction terminology as in the construction of terms in the second half of the 20th century, the construction terminology of the period discussed in this article is not characterized by the variety of combinations of these parts of the language. LINA RUTKIENĖ. 1918–1940 m. statybos terminijos dūrinių darybos polinkiai | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 1 PAV. Distribution of construction thermal stitches by types of work in 1918–1940 5 In Lithuanian linguistics, it is common to consider the second sand as the semantic and grammatical center of the punch. From the investigated material, it was determined that the second syllable of most of the construction terms of the time is noun. As stated in the Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (hereinafter referred to as the DLKG), “Dūriniai with noun second-person singular forms almost three quarters of all compound nouns in the contemporary Lithuanian language” (DLKG 1997: 151). In the construction terminology of the period under consideration, such joints make up an even greater part – as much as 85% of all joints. There are many fewer punches with the verb second sandu and only one with the adjective. Among all the types of works, defining punches prevail: usually the first sentence defines the second, narrowing, specializing its meaning. 2.1. Pronouns with a noun second sandu Pats produktyviausias rastų statybos terminijos dūrinių darybos tipas – daiktv. + daiktav. Jam priklauso beveik pusė – 139 – nagrinėjamo laikotarpio gimininių statybos terminų dūrinių, e.g., akmengruntis SŽD 1939: 435, akmenkaltis SŽD 1939: 281, akmenspalvas SSM 1937: 172, basliašulis SSM 1937: 161, darbovietė KPĮ 1939: 20, drenažovis SŽD 1939: 306, dujotiekis SŽD 1939: 438, dūmtraukis ŪP 1934: 10, pepiagruntis SŽD 1939: 305, gontvinė SSČ 1935: 25, DD – noun + noun, BD – adjective + noun, VD – verb + noun, SD 5 – numerals + nouns, PD – adverbs + nouns, ĮD – pronouns + nouns, BV – adjectives + verbs, DV – nouns + verbs, PV – adverbs + verbs, SV – numerals + verbs, DB – nouns + adjectives. 52,9% 23,2% 4,6% 1,9% 0,8% 0,4% 14,1% 1,5% 0,4% 0,4% 0,0% 10,0% 20,0% 30,0% 40,0% 50,0% 60,0% 1 DD BD VD SD PD ĮD DV PV SV DB LINA RUTKIENĖ. 1918–1940 m. statybos terminijos dūrinių darybos polinkiai | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 ground drill SŽD 1939: 308, limestone MSUP 1938: 59, riveting gap GK 1933: 55, gear SSM 1937: 90, ladder SSM 1937: 156, field stones PSD 1932: 120, wood seam SSM 1937: 267, brick SSM 1937: 156, clay sand SŽD 1939: 355, motor tiller SSM 1937: 168, hardwood SSM 1937: 153, overhead guard GTS 1930: 80, roadside DS 1929: 10, road roller PSD 1932: 117, reinforced concrete GTS 1930: 28, pole end SŽD 1939: 433, pongal KS 1936: 121, rim SGBT 1931: 304, arch drill SŽD 1939: 357, arch SGBT 1931: 111, hole tube SGBT 1939: 450, spruce board SGBT 1931: 147, or pump SSM 1937: 2015, roof liner KS 1936: 38, brick SSM 1937: 228, net ball KS 1936: 31, firewall ŽŪS 1929: 75, water pump SBTĮ 1922: 100, cherry tree SSM 1937: 159, land SGBT 1931: 141, earthmover SŽD 1939: 277, bark fiber SSM 1937: 121, gravel pit KS 1936: 8, gravel sand SSM 1937: 14. The productivity, although much lower, is distinguished by another type of work – by way of. + dive. In 6 the scientific literature of the field of construction from 1918 to 1940, 61 types of this type of work were found, for example: blast furnace SSM 1937: 85, drill SŽD 1939: 325, railway GTS 1930: 65, blacksmith SDTSS 1930: 70, black floor KS 1936: 27, blackwood KS 1936: 27, blackwood SSM 1937: 172, black earth PMST 1923: 17, boat KS 1936: 6, softwood SSM 1937: 161, flat row SS 1940: 530, plongalis GTS 1930: 82, SŽD 1939: 309, maple SSM 1937: 267, sauskelis DS 1929: 6, crossbar KS 1936: 28, crossbar MT 1929: 63, liquid sand SŽD 1939: 277, pointed glass SŽD 1939: 446, column GTS 1930: 82, hotel TŽ 1920: 71, highway DS 1929: 6, green core SSM 1937: 150, green fence KS 1936: 245. Several punches represent actionaž. + dive. for type of work: toilet SSM 1937: 102, gaubmeškė 7 SŽD 1939: 441, gręžkaltis SŽD 1939: 316, gręžmaišis 8 SŽD 1939: 367, gręžskylė SŽD 1939: 307, joint mill SŽD 1939: 469, plywood SSM 1937: 267, block wall SŽD 1939: 352, plug pole SŽD 1939: 9 412, plug wall SŽD 1939: 349. Almost all (except freight charges) can be found in J. Šimoliūnas' books. Since the punches of this type were used (and perhaps made?) by one scientist, the question arises whether these punches were made based on the same inclination to work, or stichiškai. Atkreiptinas dėmesys į tai, kad J. Šimoliūno vartoti dūrinių pirmieji sandai remiasi 6 “In a site that is not permanently covered with water (not thinner than a layer of 0.5 m), the foundation base must be lowered into the ground so that the ground under the base does not freeze in winter.” SGBT 1931: 141. 7 “E x p r e s s – a polyp with a circumferential tube a, a left foot k, a flower plate d, a double dome b, a lifting trosais e ir k (žr. a-g v.)“ SŽD 1939: 441. Meška – polių kalimo įtaisas. 8 „Extraction of soil from under the ledge is carried out with buckets, ratchets, drill bags, Indian shovels, buckets, grabs, nories and other tools and devices.“ 1939. pp. 367. 9 “From the triple room (9-10) the clinker with impurities is allowed into the Verbundmühle and there the cement is already obtained, which is lifted by elevator to the cement silo (13) and from it at the bottom (14) is bottled into bags or barrels.” 1939. pp. 470. LINA RUTKIENĖ. 1918–1940 construction term punching tendencies | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 primary verbs that do not change the root vowels (čiulpklozetis SSM 1937: 102, 1939: 307, jungiamalūnis gaubmeškė SŽD 1939: 441, gręžkaltis SŽD 1939: 316, gręžmaišis SŽD 1939: 367, gręžskylė SŽD SŽD 1939), and past tense passive participants (klijuotmedis SSM 1937: 267, klotsienė SŽD 1939: 352, spraustpolis SŽD 1939: 412, spraustsienė SŽD 1939: 349). According to DLKG, the participants of prepositional verbs are usually used to form compound nouns (DLKG 1997: 159). The collected examples show that in the interwar period construction terms were made only from past participles of non-prepositional verbs. The form of the verb sando of purely verb (non-participative) conjugations does not indicate whether the past or present tense stem is used (e.g.: čiulpklozetis: čiulpia, čiulpė; gaubmeškė: gaubia, gaubė; gręžkaltis, gręžmašis: gręžia, drižė; jungiamalūnis: jungia, jungė). In general, the creation of punches with verb consonants is considered ambiguous by linguists. S. Keinys associates the forms of such action with the personified forms of the corresponding verbs, and according to the meaning some of them (as examples he gives the terms gręžvietė, lydraštis, siurbimo vamzdis) associates with the present tense participants of the passive kind. The researcher argues the connection of the term settlement with the present tense participant of the passive species with the dictionary synonym residence (Keinys 2005: 159–160). Very few of the construction thermal stitches belong to digits. + daiktv. for the type of work – 5 punchings of this type of work were found: tribalkis SDTSS 1930: 76, trikojis SŽD: 438, trišakis SDTSS 76, vienkiemis DS 1929: 11, vienratis SŽD 1939: 290. Minėtina, kad šio tipo dūrinių pirmieji 1930: the sets are based only on the numerical numerals one and three. There is no single piece of evidence that the first number of the series was a number. Interestingly, in the 2002 STŽ there is also not a single punch of a relative term, the sum of which is based on a number other than one and three. However, all quantitive digits up to ten are taken for the construction of species-term Tik du dūriniai – šaligatvis SDTSS 1930: 48 ir pusiauletena 10 ŽŪS 1929: 88 – atstovauja elements. priev. + daiktv. and only one – cost KPĮ 1939: 59 – indent. + daiktv. the type of operation. The term cost has an unchanged ending, Vincas Urbutis states that the verbs with the first noun sand saviand the second noun are close to the verbs with the second verb sand: savimyla, savišalpa, etc. (Urbutis 1961: 105). Most of the 1918–1940 construction terminology punches are made from parts of the language with a verbally indivisible stem. Few stabs were found, the sand of which would have 10 “The crowns in the corners are joined with half-beams (see figure 132), and their beams in the middle of the wall – universal lock (figure 133).” 1929. pp. 88. LINA RUTKIENĖ. 1918–1940 construction term punching tendencies | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 can be subdivided by function, e.g. woodworker SSM 1937: 267, railway GTS 1930: 65, gradiometer PMST 1923: 21, drill SŽD 1939: 309. In modern Lithuanian terminology, the gender of the adverb usually depends on the gender of the noun on which the second verb is based: the adverb usually retains the gender of this noun. However, for some of the 1918-1940 construction terminology stitches this law was not yet taikytas: pvz., ugniasienis 11 ŽŪS 1929: 79, vandenpumpis SBTĮ 1922: 100, šaligatvis SDTSS 1930: 48, 1930 SDTSS: 76. The examples show that, although the noun on which the second verb is based is feminine, the verb acquires the masculine gender. The opposite cases – that the dummy is feminine, and the noun on which the second sand is based – masculine – are not recorded. As for the ending, it is said that most of the conjugations correspond to systematic construction: feminine conjugations with noun second-person singular usually acquire the ending -ė, and masculine – -is, -ys. Nevertheless, in the scientific literature of the field of construction, I found another example where the feminine ending remains -a, i.e. the same as the feminine noun, which supports the second verb, e.g.: skliautsija SGBT 1931: 111, skersija MT 1929: 45, diameter MT 1929: 63. 2.2. Dūrņi with the verb second sandu As mentioned, 15% of the punches are with the second verb sandu. Most of them, i.e. 37, belong to the real property. + action. for the type of work, e.g.: stone chipper DS 1929: 10, stone chipper SSM 1937: 3, dust collector TŽ 1920: 16, chimney extractor SSM 1937: 228, chimney T 1930: 348, steam extractor SDTSS 1930: 87, drill SŽD 1939: 309, chimney shaker KS 1936: 79, axe breaker SSM 1937: 160, plank saw KS 1936: 7, wood chipper PMST 1923: 73, air-driven 12 SDTSS 1930: 79, wood chipper SSM 1937: 3, wood chipper SSM 1937: 3, roofer SDTSS 1930: 70, single-wheel SGBT 13 1931: 20, firefighter TŽ 1920: 67, water supply BŽV 1925: 6, water pump SBTĮ 1922: 11, lightning rod KS 1936: 254, miner SDTSS 1930: 70. Several punches with the second verb sandu represent priev. + action. for the type of work: high-speed mixer SSM 1937: 87, high-speed pourer SSM 1937: 92, PMST 1923: Įž., equilibrium PMST 1923: 73, balance SGBT 1931: 7. KS 1936: 3, „By the building rules of the former Lithuanian Reconstruction Commissariat <...>, „firewalls are 11 called entire brick walls without windows and doors, intended to protect against fire.“ 1929: 79. 12 "Bridge pillars are being protected from the sexes by sex breakers." PMST 1923: 73. 13 “The basin is defined on one side by a road and on the other by a line or path separating the waters (Figure 26).” SGBT 1931: 20. LINA RUTKIENĖ. 1918–1940 construction term punching tendencies | 16 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 (verbal only the second digit (1.5 per cent)), very rarely – with numerical (verbal only the second digit (0.4 per cent)) digit. 5. Quantitative data show a high frequency of punches with an adjective sand in interwar construction terminology, but it is not typical for an adjective to form punches of different types of construction: the adjective sand is punched only with the noun sandu (23.2%) and almost always is the first (except for the discussed term semicircular). 6. Most of the constructional terminology punches are made from parts of the language with a verbally indivisible stem. In addition, a noun with a second verb usually retains the gender of the noun on which the second verb is based. In this respect, the creation of punctuation marks does not differ from the general tendencies of the current Lithuanian language. There are only a few words found that have changed their gender: the noun on which the second verb is based is of feminine gender, and the word is of masculine gender. The opposite direction was not observed. 7. interwar Lithuanian construction terminology punchings are not characterized by high phonetic and morphological variability. The main variations are the vowel of the root, its length (phonetic, in some cases – spelling variation) and the genus and ending (morphological variation). 8. Although many of the stitches used in scientific texts in the field of construction between 1918 and 1940 remained so-called textual terms, some of the stitches are still used in the current scientific language, are included in dictionaries of terms and other terminology resources – they have become part of the lexicon of the normative common language. ŠALTINIAI ABSS – V a s i l i a u s k a s K. 1929: Apskritimo būdas statybos statikoje, Kaunas: Spindulys. BŽV – Č e c h a v i č i u s P. 1925: Bendrosios žinios apie vandentiekius, Kaunas: Valstybės spaustuvė. CŠV – J a s i u k a i t i s J. 1 936: Centralinis šildymas ir vėdinimas, Kaunas: Varpas. DS – Š i m o l i ū n a s J. 1929: Danijos sauskeliai ir jų su mūsų keliais palyginimas, Kaunas: Spindulys. GK – G r i n k e v i č i u s S. 1923: Geležinės konstrukcijos, Kaunas: Spindulys. GTS – K i š k i n a s J. 1930: Geležbetonis: teorija ir skaičiavimai: vadovėlis, Kaunas: Spindulys. GTT – J o d e l ė P. 1922: Geologiniai tyrinėjimai technikos žvilgsnius su Lietuvos geologiniais daviniais ir šulinių gręžiniais, Kaunas: Švietimo ministerijos knygų leidimo komisija. LINA RUTKIENĖ. 1918–1940 m. statybos terminijos dūrinių darybos polinkiai | 17 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 KPĮ – M a s l e n i k o v a s B. F. 1939: Kaimo plytinės įrengimas. Laisvai vertė T. Šilutis, Kaunas: Adomavičiaus spaustuvė. KS – D e g u t i s S., D r ą s u t i s P., G a i ž u t i s P., G u d z i n s k a s L., J u š k a J., K a l i t a P., K e r s n a u s k a s E., Š v i p a s V. 1936: Kaimo statyba, Kaunas: Žemės ūkio rūmai. MGN – Š v i p a s V. 1933: Miesto gyvenamieji namai: jiems statomi reikalavimai ir jų projektavimas, Kaunas: Varpas. MS – R e i s o n a s K. 1928: Molio statyba, Kaunas: Valstybės spaustuvė. MSUP – Mūrinės statybos ugdymo planas. Rengė V. Juodeika ir V. Švipas, Kaunas: Spindulys. 1938. MT – G r i n k e v i č i u s S. 1929: Mediniai tiltai, Kaunas: Lietuvos universiteto technikos fakultetas. PMST – Papraščiausiųjų medinių sijinių tiltų tipai, Kaunas: Valstybės spaustuvė. 1923. PSD – G r i n k e v i č i u s S. 1932: Pastatams skaičiuoti daviniai, Kaunas: Spindulys. PTŽ – Š l i o g er i s J. 1925: Perkūnsargiai (trobų nuo žaibo apsaugojimo būdai), Kaunas: Valstybės spaustuvė. SBTĮ – Z u b a u s k a s K. 1922: Statybos ir butų tvarkymo įstatymai, taisyklės: atstatymo apžvalga ir kritika, Kaunas: n. d. SDTSS – D u š a u s k a s-D u ž K.: 1930: Statybos darbams technikinės sąlygos, sutartys ir kainos (gelžbetonas, kanalizacija, vandentiekis, centralinis apšildymas, elektros šviesos instaliacija ir t. t., Kaunas: A. Bako spaustuvė. SGBT – G a b r y s J. 1931: Sauskeliai. Gelžbetoniniai ir betoniniai tiltai, Kaunas: Spindulys. SĮRG – K i š k i n a s J. 1933: Skėlimo įtempimų reikšmė gelžbetonio pastatus projektuojant, Kaunas: Spindulys. SS – Š i m o l i ū n a s J. 1940: Statyba. III tomas. Sienos, Kaunas: Spindulys. SSČ – K a l i t a P. 1935: Stogai: skardos, čerpių, gontų, skiedrų, lentelių ir tolio stogų savybės, jų dengimas ir dengimo normos, Kaunas: Spaudos fondo dirbtuvė. SSM – Š i m o l i ū n a s J. 1937: Statyba. I tomas. Statybinės medžiagos, Kaunas: Spindulys. STŽ 2002 – Statybos terminų žodynas. Parengė A. Kudzys, A. Rosinas, B. Kudzienė, Vilnius: Lietuvos mokslas. SŽD – Š i m o l i ū n a s J. 1939: Statyba. II tomas. Žemės darbai, Kaunas: Spindulys. T 1930 – Technika. Nr. 6. Redaktorius V. Mošinskis, Kaunas: Kauno universiteto Technikos fakultetas. LINA RUTKIENĖ. 1918–1940 m. statybos terminijos dūrinių darybos polinkiai | 18 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 T 1935 – Technika. Nr. 8. Redaktorius V. Mošinskis, Kaunas: Kauno universiteto Technikos fakultetas. TŽ 1920 – M a c i j a u s k a s A. Techniko žodynėlis, Kaunas: Valstybės spaustuvė. ŪP – Š v i p a s V. 1934: Ūkininko pirtis, Kaunas: Spindulys. VSD – Vamzdžių sujungiamosios dalys, Kaunas: J. Kuznickio ir L. Beilio spaustuvė. 1931. ŽŪS – G i m b u t a s L. 1929: Žemės ūkio statyba: bendroji dalis: statybos medžiagos ir trobesių dalys, Kaunas: Spindulys. 1929. LITTERACY B a c e v i č i ū t ė R. 2007: Vowel contraction and elision in the Kaunas dialects of the western Highlands of Lithuania. – Language 2007: Language in the context of different cultures. 1999. 11–17. Daugavpils: Daugavpils University Press. 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LINA RUTKIENĖ. 1918–1940 construction term punching tendencies | 20 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Z i e r i n g P., P l a s L. 2014: What good are ‘Nominalkomposita’ for ‘noun compounds’: Multilingual Extraction and Structure Analysisof Nominal Compositions using Linguistic Restrictors. – Proceedings of COLING 2014, the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers, 1047–1058. Retrieved 2019-01-09. ^ https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C14- "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8888888888&feature=player_embedded" (in Japanese). И в а н о в а Т. К. 2001: Наименования лица в современном русском и немецком словосложении: дис. канд. фил. наук, Казань. Н а д м и д о н В. Д. 2014: К вопросу о классификации сложных слов в разносистемных languages. Journal of Buryatia State University 1 (10), 69–73. Online access: http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-klassifikatsii-slozhnyh-slov-vraznosistemnyh-yazykah (accessed January–March 2019). М е ш к о в О. Д. 1986: Семантические аспекты словосложения английского языка, Москва: Наука. М о р о з о в а Л. В. 1970: Опыт дефиниционного описания терминополя (на базе терминов ядерной физики и техники): дис. канд. филол. наук, Калинин. Ч е р е п а н о в М. В. 2004: Очерк словообразовательной типологии русского глагола, Саратов. Received 20 Jan 2019 Adopted on 14 November 2019 LINA RUTKIENĖ. 1918–1940 construction term punching tendencies | 21 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 1918–1940 COMPOUND FORMATION TRENDS IN CONSTRUCTION TERMINOLOGY Summary The article deals with the compound constructional terms in scientific literature, published between 1918 and 1940. In Lithuania, during the interwar period, the construction sector was rapidly expanding, there were many new realities, which called for many new terms, including compounds. Exclusive personalities were very important for the development of construction terms of this period and for the formation of this professional language: Kazimieras Vasiliauskas, Jonas Šimoliūnas, Pranas Morkūnas, Anatolijus Rozenbliumas, Pranas Jodele, Jonas Kiškinas, Juozas Gabrys and others. Not only did these construction engineers carry out significant research, writing articles and books, teaching young people, but also enriched construction terminology. Quantitative data of related terms from 33 scientific papers and articles on construction indicate that during the interwar period compounding was an important way of developing construction terms: in the literature read, 262 related compound terms were found. The German equivalents presented in addition to some of the compounds make the assumption that the Lithuanian compounds are to be regarded as partial or full evaluations. Although general types of Lithuanian compound terms are characterized by the same major types to 1940 construction terminology compounds, it is determined that they are made of compounding found in the the present Lithuanian language, analyzing the period from 1918 according to 10 types of production. The most productive parts of the language are nouns, verbs, and adjectives. There are only a few of the compounds, of which of one part would be based on an adverb, a numerical character and pronoun. Thus, while all of the same language parts play a role in the development of Lithuanian construction term compound development as they did in the second half of the 20th Century, the terms of the discussed period do not possess a wide array of combinations of these language parts. It has been determined from the investigated material that the second part of most of the construction terminology compounds of that time is noun. Such compounds make up as much as 85 percent of all compounds. There are much fewer compounds that would contain a verb as the second part of it and only one containing a adjective. The following types of construction terminology compounds have been identified following the examination of the material and the following quantitative data have been obtained: for the type of the noun. + noun made up 52,9 % of all compounds recorded; adjective + noun – 23,2 % of all compounds; noun + verb – 14,1 % of all compounds; verb + noun – 4,6 % of all compounds; LINA RUTKIENĖ. 1918–1940 m. statybos terminijos dūrinių darybos polinkiai | 22 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 adverb + verb – 1,5 %, adverb + noun – 0,8 %; pronoun + noun – 0.4%; noun + adjective – 0.4 %; numeral + verb – 0.4%. There are few terms that are repeated in different sources, and therefore the phonetic and morphological variants in the terminology of construction of that period are not abundant. Of the most common and distinguished variants, the aforementioned reinforced concrete is mentioned. Although many of the compounds used in 1918–1940 scientific construction literature remained so-called textual terms, part of the compounds are used to this day in modern scientific language, are included in glossary terminology and other terminological resources. Thus, the compounds of the analyzed period are important not only for the history of the language, the development of terminology, but also for the modern construction terminology. KEYWORDS: type of word formation; compound; phonetic variant; related term; morphological variant; construction science language. LINA RUTKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]