Dėl darinių su baigmeniu „-eivis, -ė“

BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ Šiaulių universitetas FOR CONJUNCTIONS WITH THE ENDING -EIVIS, -Ė KEY WORDS: method of production; the category of work; the type of transaction; the conclusion; an appendix; synonymy. ANNOTATION In Lithuanian, there are person-naming derivatives with similar endings -eiva and -eivis, -ė. In the works on word formation, the type of -eiva is written, and the -eivis, -ė derivatives are only mentioned somewhere else. In this paper, the derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė found in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary, the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary, the General Lithuanian Language Dictionary heading, the Digital Lithuanian Language Dictionary additions catalog, the Lithuanian Language New Words Database and the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Text Library are analyzed using the methods of constructive, semantic analysis and substitution. The analysis of the scientific literature and empirical material revealed that some derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė are the result of mixed construction (composition sufixation), but in certain cases (synchronously) -eivis, -ė can be considered a suffix. Thus, in the works on word formation, in the categories of noun, adjective and verb possessors, it would be appropriate to indicate the forming -eivis, -ė type of action next to the existing -eiva action type. INTRODUCTION In Lithuanian there are four main ways of word formation: suffixation, giving derivatives of suffixes, prefixation, giving derivatives of prepositions, paradigm(iz)ation, giving derivatives of endings, and composition, giving derivatives of punctuation. Sometimes two forms of construction are expressed at once – usually prefixation and suffixation, composition and suffixation, thus the mixed form of construction is also mentioned (Urbutis 2009: 107, 333–342; see also LKG 1965: 591; Keinys 1 1999: 22–23). It is worth mentioning that in Lithuanian there are cases when there is no unified opinion on the way of making specific constructs. 1 The article refers to the word formation described in Lithuanian Grammar (LKG 1965: 1971), Contemporary Lithuanian Grammar (DLKG 2005), Vincas Urbutis’s Theory of Word Formation (2009), Stasys Keinis’s General Lithuanian Word Formation (1999). For new insights into how we do things, see Smetona 2005. I would like to thank the secret reviewers for their valuable comments and advice. Jolanda Vaskeliene. About derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė | 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 For example, some consider the numerals from eleven to nineteen to be conjugations, “the second part of which is based on the verb liko” (Keinys 1999: 84; cf. LKG 1965: 619–620, 636), while Aldona Paulauskienė (1994: 237) calls them conjugations with the second element -lika, “which in terms of origin is related to the noun liekas – “what remains is unnecessary”. In the second part of Antanas Pakerio’s Accentology (Pakerys 2002: 22) such numerals are discussed in the context of punctuation, but it is written that “in contemporary language the second accent is already difficult to associate with the verb likti, liko, so it can be assumed that -lika acquires the functions 2 of a sufix”. In Lithuanian, nouns are made in all forms of word formation, especially many of them were (and are) made with prepositions (Ambrazas 1993, 2000; Keinys 1999: 36; 3 DLKG 2005: 86). According to the functional meaning, the derivatives of prepositions and endings are traditionally 4 divided into functional categories (functional classes) – the most commonly mentioned 13 functional categories of nouns (LKG distinguishes 12. Each category of work has a certain 1965: 253–423; DLKG 2005: 87–145; Urbutis 2009: 330), Stasys Keinys (1999: 37–39) jų number of types of work. In the same category of verbs, there are often different types of 5 verbs that have (formally) the same suffix, but different endings. Quite often, derivatives of 6 the same base word belonging to different types of verbs are verb synonyms – they have the same verb meaning, identical or similar lexical meaning; such co-roots are often interpreted in dictionaries. For example, only the endings differ between the types -ėžis, -ė and -ėžius, -ė (LKG 7 1965: 361) of the categories of noun possessors, the derivatives that are considered to be synonyms, e.g. juodėžis, -ė („what is ugly black, ugly; jočkis“ in LKŽe) and juodėžius, -ė („see 8 juodėžis“ in LKŽe), as well as derivatives of the types -lys, -ė and -la, e.g.: dvoklys, -ė („see juodėžis“ in LKŽe). 9 LKŽe), rėklys, -ė („žr. rėksnys“ LKŽe) and dvikla („apvailis žmogus, žiopla“ LKŽe), rėklys, -ė („žr. rėksnys“ LKŽe) and 2 A suffixoid is called “[A] second syllable of a noun that has suffix characteristics and has acquired a more general meaning, separate from that of the base word” (Keinys 1999: 114; see also Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 197). 3 A slightly different understanding of noun construction than in the reference works of linguistics is presented by A. Paulauskienė (1994: 64–97). 4 The article uses the term operative meaning (about operative meaning and operative meaning see more. 1998). 5 S. Keinys (1999: 46–47) considers the names of persons with noun characteristics and professional persons as derivatives of the same class of verbs. 6 “The type of word formation can be understood in two ways – either as an abstract structural scheme in language, according to which derivatives of the same (or somewhat varying) meaning and form of word formation are formed, or as such derivatives themselves in speech, their totality” (Urbutis 2009: 290; cf. Keinys 1999: 24–27). 7 Since the endings realize different grammatical meanings, nouns with different endings often have different grammatical meanings. 8 It should be recalled that verb synonyms are co-root derivatives with identical or closely related meanings of different verb forms, and verb variants are derivatives of the same base word (base words) with the same verb form, which differ in some secondary means of construction: root vowel or consonant, connective vowel, prefix variant, etc. (see Vaskelienė 2013). 9 The nouns with various suffixes (-la, -ėla, -ša, etc.) and the ending -a are nouns of the so-called common genus (substantiva communia) (see Gudzinevičiūtė 2008), while their synonyms with other endings (-lys, -ė, -ėlis, -ė, -šis, -ė, -šas, -a, etc.) have the masculine and feminine genders. Jolanda Vaskeliene. About derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė | 3 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 rėkla („who constantly cries, screams, rėksnys“ in LKŽe), čiauslys, -ė („who is out of his mind, čiausla“ in LKŽe) and čiųsla („out of his mind, long“ in LKŽe), vėplys, -ė („who is out of his mind, žioplys“ in LKŽe) and vėpla („a man of poor judgment, a distracted, out of his mind, žioplys“ in LKŽe). The endings of one of the most constructive types of the suffix -ėlis, -ė and of the less constructive type of the suffix -ėla (see LKG 1965: 318–319, 335) differ in the category of constructing subjects and possessors of verb characteristics. They have the same or very similar meaning, so the derivatives nemokėlis, -ė („nemokša“ in LKŽe) and nemokėla („žr. nemokša“ in LKŽe) are to be considered as DS derivatives; The -vis, -ė (-vys, -ė) and -va types are considered to be different, so the DS lines are made up of the adjective variants ateivis, -ė / ateivys, -ė („come, arrived from elsewhere person, atėjūnas“ in LKŽe) and ateiva („ateivis“ in klaikšis, -ė („kas paklaikęs, kvailas žmogus, klaika“ LKŽe) ir klaikšas, -ė („žr. klaikšis“ LKŽe), LKŽe), pereivis, -ė („perėjūnas“ in LKŽe) and pereiva („perėjūnas“ in LKŽe). The derivatives of the suffixes -š- (-šas, -ė; -šis, -ė; -ša) belonging to different types of action are also considered to be DS, e.g.: paikšas, -ė („paikas žmogus, kvaiša, klaikšas“ in LKŽe), paikšis, -ė („žr. paikšas“ in LKŽe) and paikša (see 10 "paikšas" in LKŽe). In Lithuanian, there are person-naming forms with similar endings -eiva and -eivis, -ė. Persons 11 named by nouns with a preposition -eiva (often in a derogatory way) are performers of some action or persons with some characteristic, e.g.: gudreiva "clever" in LKŽe, karšteiva "hot" in LKŽe, nakteiva "who walks at night, nakviša" in LKŽe, rašeiva menk. "bad writer, graphomane" DŽ, soldier iron. "Neveikėlis kareivis" LKŽe, šventeiva menk. „who is a saint, religious or moral hypocrite“ in LKŽ. Substantives with -eivis, -ė are also used to refer to persons of the masculine or feminine gender, e.g. darbeivis, -ė "worker, contractor" in LKŽe, gireivis "who is devoted to the forest, who loves the forest, who looks after the forest" in LKŽe. In the works on word formation, the type of word formation of the suffix -eiva is described, and the derivatives -eivis, -ė are only mentioned somewhere else. Thus, the object of the research and chosen Lithuanian nouns with the ending -eivis, -ė. To achieve the purpose of the article – to analyze the derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė – the following tasks are posed: to collect and present data about -eiva and -eivis, -ė from the scientific literature; from the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (LKŽe), Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary (DŽ), General Lithuanian Language Dictionary Heading (BŽa), Digital Lithuanian 10 It should be noted that LKG (1965) does not have -šius type of action, and in LKŽ such actions exist, e.g., paikšius, -ė „see. paikšis’. 11 The ending DŽ of a term not included in the CAT is interpreted as ‘end of a word or syllable’; Pakerys uses this term (alongside the prefix) – in his Accentology, the prefix is considered to be the part of the word (indefinite) that formally coincides with the suffix (see Pakerys 1994: 6). The article only deals with derivatives with -eivis, -ė, and discusses the function of this ending in the process of noun formation. It is noted that the nouns left outside the scope of the study, which have obtained the ending -eivis, -ė from the base words (usually they are words formed by the example of other languages) (e.g.: puskareivis (: pusiau, kareivis), draugkareivis (it is considered a compound word formed by the example of foreign languages (see Skardžius 1996: 401), as well as the -vis, -ė (-vys, -ė) derivatives of the prefix (įeivis, -ė, praeivis, -ė, etc.), whose construction base is the prepositional verbs derived from the verb go (įeiti, praeiti, etc.) (about them see LKG 1965: 331; DLKG 2005: 110–111). Jolanda Vaskeliene. About derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė | 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 The aim of this study is to select the derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė from the supplementary database of the Lithuanian language dictionary (LKŽPK), to supplement the material with data from the Lithuanian language new words database (ND) and the Contemporary Lithuanian language textbook (DLKT), to discuss the construction and semantics of derivatives with -eivis, -ė. The research applied the method of constructive analysis, using approximation, semantic analysis and substitution methods. 1. CONJUNCTIONS WITH THE PREFIXES -EIVA AND -EIVIS, -Ė IN LINGUISTICAL ACTIVITIES About substantiva communia nouns with the suffix -eiva, LKG (1965: 330, 353), DLKG (2005: 110, 119–120), both parts of Saulius Ambraz’s book Neiktavardžių darybos raida (1993: 153; 2000: 181), the derivatives of that prefix are mentioned in Pranas Skardzis’s Lithuanian language word making (1996: 389), Antanas Pakerio’s Accentology (1994: 77), Stasys Keinis’s General Lithuanian language word making (1999: 47). Linguists have the same opinion about derivatives with the suffix -eiva – depending on the base word and the operative meaning, they are considered derivatives of two 12 categories of derivation: from verbs are derived names of actors and possessors of the verb property, e.g., maineiva (: mainė) and puošeiva (: puošė), while derivatives derived from nouns are derivatives of noun origin -eiva. DLKG writes: „[All] names of possessors of the noun property of ypatybės turėtojų pavadinimai, pvz., drūteiva (: drūtas) ir gražeiva (: gražus). Apie vardažodinės this suffix are nouns of the general genus, denoting persons and usually having a derogatory connotation, made from qualitative adjectives of simple construction, e.g., gražeiva, gudreiva, pikteiva, rimteiva, šventeiva“ (DLKG 2005: 119–120). Derivatives of the category of constructing names of subjects and possessors of verb properties, having the suffix -eiva, are "made from verbs (usually non-prepositional), denoting persons, having a derogatory meaning and being of the general genus, e.g.: mušeiva, puošeiva, rašeiva, skundeiva, verteiva. It is also part of the 2005-2006 UCI ProTour (2005–2007). S. Ambrazas (1993: 153) also speaks about -eiva derivatives of two categories of action: names of actors (išireiva, maineiva, mušeiva, nedereiva) and names of possessors of a characteristic (gražeiva, narseiva). He notes that “[T]hese Vedas have been followed by a number of innovations in common language, e.g.: 12 In A. Pakeri’s Accentology (1994: 77) the derivatives of the -eiva suffix (derived from verbs and nouns) are discussed together – this is understandable, because it is about pronunciation, not about the differences of derivatives that formally have the same suffix. It should be recalled that derivatives of the same category of action are called names of the owners of noun characteristics (LKG 1965: 340; Urbutis 2009: 330) or names of the owners of characteristics (Ambrazas 2000). S. Keinys gives Vedic examples of the -ėla type (gudreiva, smarkeiva) only when speaking about names of persons with noun characteristics and professional names, and when discussing names of actors and names of persons with verb characteristics the suffix -ėla is not mentioned (Keinys 1999: 47). Jolanda Vaskeliene. About derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 „pikčiurna“, rimteiva „what is serious“, šventeiva „saint, hypocrite“ (Ambrazas 2000: 181). There is no consensus on the derivatives ending in -eivis, -ė. In P. Skardžius’s Lithuanian Word Formation (1996: 436) the noun keleivis, -ė is presented in the section of punctions, as well as in A. Pakeri’s first part of Accentology. It is true that it says that “the suffix -eivis, -ė (with the suffix -vis, -ė), it can be said, has already become a suffixoid” (see Pakerys 1994: 288). The female noun plateivė in the same book is considered a derivative of the suffix -eivė (Pakerys 1994: 87, 288). "S. Ambrazas: studentas (: mokslas) laikomas vedybininku" (1993: 8-9). It is assumed that the suffix -eivis, -ė is in mind, but such a type of verb, such a suffix is no longer mentioned in the book – in the index of verb affixes only the suffix -eiva is indicated (see Ambrazas 1993: 278). It should be noted that S. Keinys (2005: 63) considers the ending -eivis, -ė suffix – discussing the term oreivis it is stated: „[N]erther is this suffix indicated in Lithuanian word formation works, but it can be distinguished synchronously“ (2005: 63). In other mentioned works of linguistics – grammars, V. Urbutis’s Theory of Word Formation (2009), S. Keinis’s General Word Formation of the Lithuanian Language (1999) – there is no mention of constructs with -eivis, -ė. LITHUANIAN WORDS WITH THE END -EIVIS, -Ė In LKŽe, LKŽPK, ND, DLKT a total of 41 words with the ending -eivis, -ė were found, of which 34 were presented in LKŽe (7 words have the neologism mark). It is worth mentioning that the botany term plateivė ("plant of the orchid family, blandis (Platanthera)") is indicated in the LKŽ as having only feminine gender, 7 words are presented only as masculine nouns: dieneivis "(soldier's) messenger", gireivis (neol.) "who is devoted to the forest, who loves the forest, who looks 13 after the forest", kružeivis "see. 1 kružiuotis", hybrids mečeivis historic. "kalavijuotis" and miečeivis "kalavijuotis", vandeneivis (neol.) "sailor" and žmogeivis (neol.) "simple, unnoble man". In other LKŽs there are derivatives with the endings -eivis, -ė from the base words keleivis, kareivis, studentas (such as mentioned above are not included in the study), e.g.: draugkareivis, -ė, kryžkareivis, -ė, puskareivis, -ė, sąkareivis, -ė, sankareivis, -ė, 14 bendrakeleivis, -ė, draugkeleivis, -ė, sąkeleivis, -ė, sankeleivis, -ė, šventkeleivis, -ė, sanmoksleivis, -ė and others. In fact, in principle, we can talk about the possibility of double standards for some of these entities. For example, the noun bendrakeleivis („bendrakelionis, bendrakelis“ in LKŽe) is probably a conjunction (: bendras / bendrai, keleivis), but could also be associated with the words bendrai, keliauti (+ -eivis, -ė), šventkeleivis („holy places visitor, pilgrim, pilgrim“ in dariniais gali būti pavadinami ir vyriškosios, ir moteriškosios giminės asmenys: atbuleivis, -ė, 13 LKŽe) is probably a conjunction of šventas, keleivis, but semantically it can also be associated with the words šventas, keliauti (+ -eivis); It should be noted that in the second case of measurement the derivatives have a discontinuous formant, are the result of composition-suffixing, where -eivis, -ė performs the function of a suffix. 14 In LKŽ, the nouns with the neologism mark gireivis, žmogeivis can also be used to refer to women; The dictionary does not provide any example of use of the word gireivis, and človekeivis is illustrated with sentences from Simonas Daukantas’ writings (Žemes ir valsčius jo mylistams ir bajorams atidavė tik įsakęs žmogeivius nespausti S. Dauk. LKŽe) – probably in his texts only the masculine form of the genus was used. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Dėl darinių su baigmeniu -eivis, -ė | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 atgaleivis, -ė, atžagareivis, -ė, darbeivis, -ė, draugeivis, -ė, jūreivis, -ė, kareivis, -ė, keleivis, -ė / keleivis, -ė, lygeivis, -ė, mareivis, -ė, miegeivis, -ė, studenteivis, -ė, nameivis, -ė, niekurneivis, -ė, oreivis, -ė, pakeleivis, -ė, pašaleivis, -ė, pirmaeivis, -ė, pirmeivis, -ė, prakeleivis, -ė, prašaleivis, -ė, prekeivis, -ė, prošaleivis, -ė, rašteivis, -ė, upeivis, -ė, žygeivis, -ė. The LKŽPK finds three more (not included in the LKŽ) names of persons with the ending -eivis: kūleivis, lengvaeivis, važeivis, and the ND – the new forms svetimeivis, -ė and sugrįžeivis, -ė. 15 It should be noted that not all these forms are used equally often in the present Lithuanian language – the DLKT found many examples of usage with the nouns studentas, -ė (19 963), keleivis, -ė 16 (12 957), kareivis, -ė (8 106), prekeivis, -ė (1 725), jūreivis, -ė (1 639), quite a lot with the nouns pakeleivis (383), oreivis (212), pirmeivis (118), žygeivis (56), kryžeivis (53), upeivis (48), atžagareivis (17), one other example with šviesiaeivis (8), pirmaeivis (3), nameivis (2), svetimeivis (2), one example with darbeivis, miegeivis, prakeleivis, prašaleivis, tautpažanengis, žmogeivis, plateivė, no examples were found in the text with the nouns dieneivis, gireivis, mečeivis, miečeivis, vandeneivis, atbuleivis, atgaleivis, draugeivis, lygeivis, mareivis, niekurneivis, pašaleivis, prošaleivis, rašteivis and with the new 17 forms kūleivis, lengvaeivis, sugrįžeivis, važeivis. 3. CONSTRUCTION AND SEMANTICS OF CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE END -EIVIS, -Ė Whether a word is a construction, and what construction, is determined by the opposition of the construction. When considering with which word (or words) the oppositions of the action are formed by the derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė, it is clear that the lexical meaning of a large part of the 18 derivatives shows a fairly clear connection with the verb eiti, i.e. derivatives are semantically and formally related to two base words, of which the second is based on the verb go, and also has the suffix -vis, -ė. 15 The DLKT found examples of the use of the ND-presented derivative strangeivis:...you will not allow an adulterer to spend his money in your pockets... 16 All singular and plural nouns of the masculine and feminine gender are counted. 17 In the example found in the text, however, the feminine gender is not used (as indicated in LKŽe, VLE), but the masculine gender form: Here grew gently fragrant zubražolės, miškinės pelėsės, žalieji plateiviai, pataisai, miškinės glažutės DLKT. 18 The verb go is polymorphic: LKŽ presents 42 meanings of the verb, DŽ – 23, BŽ – 27. Thus, the Vedic words can rely not only on the basic (1) meaning “to move from place to place on foot, with a step” in the LKŽ, but also on various other dictionaries fixed meanings, e.g.: “to move sharply in any direction” in the LKŽ, “unrestrainably slide, pull, flow; važiuoti, plaukti (susisiekimo priemonei)“ in LKŽe, „atlikti (darbą, pareigas)“ in LKŽe, „vykti“ in LKŽe, „veikti, dirbti“ in LKŽe, etc. Jolanda Vaskeliene. About derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 composition-suffixation – the way of making and derivatives with interrupted formant. Most of these forms have a noun as the first element: miegeivis, -ė „lunatikas “, i.e. 19 who goes / walks through beds (: miegas, eiti), nameivis, -ė „merchant, carrying goods around the house“, i.e. who goes with goods through the house (: namai, eiti), prekeivis, -ė „travelling merchant, commovoyager“, i.e. walking / walking with goods (: prekė, eiti), žygeivis, -ė „who likes to walk or participates in a hike, tourist“, i.e. who goes on a hike (: žygis, eiti), gireivis „who is devoted to the forest, who likes the forest, who takes care of the forest“, i.e. who (walking, inspecting) takes care of the forest (: giria, eiti), kareivis, -ė „soldier, performing military duties“, i.e. who goes to war, fight (: karas, eiti), as adjective variants are considered keleivis, -ė / keleivis, -ė „traveller, traveler“, i.e. who goes on a road, travels (: kelias, eiti), moksleivis, -ė „who studies at school, pupil“, i.e. who goes to school (: mokslas, eiti), kelialeivis, -ė 20 1. “traveller”, 2. ‘passenger who, while travelling, enters a place to rest, spend the night, drink, eat’, 3. „a person who goes on a journey with another person, companion”, i.e. who enters on a journey or on a journey with someone else (: kelias / keliui, eiti), outsider, -ė 2. „from elsewhere 21 come, non-local person“, i.e. who came from the countryside (: pašalė, go), prašaleivis, -ė („see prašalaitis 3“, prašalaitis, -ė 3. „passing by“), i.e. who came from the countryside, the countryside (: prašalys, go), have the neologism mark darbeivis, -ė „worker, contractor“, i.e. who goes and 22 supervises the work (: darbas, eiti). A person who goes with a sword is called mečeivis "to sword" (: mečius, to go) and miečeivis "to sword" (: miečius, to go), and one who goes with a cross - kružeivis "see. 1 cross" (: cross, go). 23 The first point of some constructs is based on an adverb, an adjective or a numerals. For 24 example, the noun lengvaeivis presented in LKŽPK is related to the adverb lengvai and the verb eiti. This is the case with the name of the persons who are not mentioned in the text. niekurneiva“ (niekurrneiva „who goes nowhere, does nothing, lazy“ (: nowhere, not to go), 25 Lunatikas „who suffers from lunaticism, sleepwalking, sleepy“ DŽ. 19 20 In the LKŽ, the second meaning of the verb eiti, "gaining knowledge, learning", is illustrated by sentences with the verb form eiti mokslus: When the sons grew up to a year, the father sent them to school. They say, boy, that you are very learned, you have completed all the studies," the old man turned to me again. It should be recalled that S. Ambrazas (1993: 8-9) considers the student as a derivative. 21 The first part of the verb can be based on both a noun and an adverb. 22 The request ‘see. margin 1’, margin 1. „place along the edge, outskirts“ in LKŽe. 23 The elements of the derivatives are based on Slavisms mečius („kardas, kalavijas“ in LKŽ), which are miečius („kardas, kalavijas“ LKŽe). Beje, iš tokią pat reikšmę turinčių asmenų pavadinimų miečeivis ir mečeivis tik not present in the common language, and the latter has a mark of historicism in LKŽ. 24 Sometimes it is difficult to unequivocally identify the part of speech, because in principle the construct can be measured by both an adjective and an adverb, so LKG (1965: 468–469) speaks simultaneously about constructs from an adjective or an adjective adverb and a verb. 25 The LKŽPK records the word itself (with reference to Simon Daukanto writings), but the meaning is not specified and no examples of use are provided. Jolanda Vaskeliene. About derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 prošaleivis, -ė ‘see prašaleivis“ (: prošal, eiti), atgaleivis, -ė (neol.) „atsilikėlis, atžagareivis, 26 reakcionierius“, t. y. kuris tarsi eina atgal (: atgal, eiti), atbuleivis, -ė „žr. backward 2’ (atbuleikis ‘2’. prk. who always opposes, always does the opposite, priešgyna, atžgaris“, i.e. who does backwards, as if going backwards (: atbulas / backwards, go), atžagareivis, -ė „who does everything the other way around, oppositely; plg. atžagarainis, atžagaris 2“, 2. „a man of backward views, a reactionary“, i.e. who goes backward, does backward (: backward / backward, go). The first pair of verb variants consists of the same base words pirmas and eiti, the conjunctive-different derivatives pirmaeivis, -ė "see. pirmaivis 1“ and pirmaivis, -ė (1. „man of progressive views“), i.e. who as if goes ahead of all. In principle, the verb go can be associated with the names of persons who work in the water (the first accent is based on the nouns naming water bodies): jūreivis, -ė "who sails through the seas...", in other words, who works in the sea, who goes to the sea (: jūra, go), mareivis, -ė 27 "seafarer" (: marios, go), upeivis, -ė "river shipping officer or worker" (: upė, go), vandeneivis, -ė (neo-latin) "seaman" (: vandenį, go). With the verb go some such semantic connections have the modern forms stranimeivis ("alien from space (usually used in the plural of strantimeiviai)" ND) and šviesiaeivis, probably used in the meaning of "going to the light" (I never was a šviesiaeivis; Teacher šviesiaeivis DLKT). These derivatives are based on the adjective strainis and the noun šviesa. 28 29 The connection with eiti in some of the nouns with the ending -eivis, -ė is faded, indirect, not felt or absent. In the process of making such compounds, -eivis, -ė performs the function of an adverb. This is particularly true of the botanical term plateia („plant of the orchid family, blandis (Platanthera)“ in LKŽe, „rare meadow plant of the coeloglossum family (Coeloglossum)“ in DŽ). As mentioned (see Pakerys 1994: 78), the ending -eivė of this noun is considered a suffix. A plant with many different characteristics is named according to one of its characteristics (about the choice 30 of the motivation of the noun see Urbutis 2009: 69–72). The name of the group may be derived from the name of a person, but it may also be derived from the name of an animal, a plant, or an object. Twice assessed for the same act 26 It is probably based on an adverb, although the LKŽ presents the noun prošalis, -ė "an outsider, a stranger". 27 Probably due to the influence of Russian language (Russian says “go to the sea”) sailors, sailors and others used (use?) the phrase go to the sea (see https://skipperltu.wordpress.com/2015/03/06/eina-ar-plaukia/ 2019-05-25). 28 The meaning of ND and examples are given, and the meaning of the DLKT derivatives found is interpreted as it is understood from the context. 29 Although the latter case does not rule out the possibility of the measurement adjective šviesus, -i, the derivative šviesiaeivis is considered to be more related to the noun. 30 See. VLE (access on the Internet: http://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/plateive-5342), cf. LRTB. Jolanda Vaskeliene. About derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 the personal name belonging to the category oreivis, -ė („lakūnas, aviatorius“ in LKŽe): according to S. Keinio (2005: 63), from the point of view of synchrony oreivis, -ė (: oras) is a derivative of the suffix -eivis, -ė, A. Pakerys (1994: 288) puts this derivative to the conjugations, whose second accent is related to the verb eiti. The following person names are also based on the same noun: 31 dieneivis „(soldier’s) messenger“ (: diena), draugeivis, -ė „friend (?)“ (: draugas), rašteivis, -ė (neol.) „officer“ (: raštas), žmogeivis (neol.) „simple, unnoble man“ (: žmogus). In the process of making them, -eivis, -ė also plays the role of an adverb. The noun prakeleivis, -ė („see keleivis“ in LKŽ) could be associated with the noun keleivis or with the verb prakeliauti. Since the prepositional pronouns in Lithuanian 32 usually denote a place (e.g. pradalgė, pradantė, pralomė, etc., see LKG 1965: 434; DLKG 149; cf. Paulauskienė 1983: 94; Pakerys 1994: 257), it is assumed that the noun prakeleivis, denoting a person, is connected by a relation of opposition of action to the verb prakeliauti („pravažiuoti, praeiti, praplaukti“ in LKŽ), then -eivis has the function of a suffix. There are also more verb -eivis, -ė derivatives. For example, such are the nouns kūleivis and važeivis recorded in the LKŽPK. The meaning of the noun kūleivis allows it to be compared with the derivatives of the suffixes -ėjas, -a and -ikas, -ė, formed from the verb kulti: kūlėjas, -a "who cuts" LKŽe kūlikas, -ė "who cuts, cutter" kūleivis "cutter" LKŽPK 33 Someone is very priemenėje: tai grįžta iš kluono LKŽe much shaking Prepare lunch – the sticks are coming! LKŽe LKŽe...kulia kūleiviai kluoni... LKŽPK Common-rooted derivatives kūlėjas, kūlikas and kūleivis are to be considered constructive synonyms – they are made up of the same basic verb with different constructive formants, have the same constructive meaning, very similar lexical meaning and can be replaced in word combinations or sentences (e.g. grįžta kūlėjai – grįžta kūlikai / kūleiviai, pareis kūlikai – pareis kūlėjai / kūleiviai, kulia kūleiviai – kulia kūlėjai / kūlikai) without substantially changing the contextual meaning. The meaning of the noun važeivis is not specified in the additions record, but 34 from the usage example 31 Although the derivative oreivis still somewhat can be linked to the verb eiti (4. „unrelentingly slide, pull, flow ǁ run, fly (in a group)“: Airplanes go – kap a bug goes! LKŽe), it is obvious that this connection is fading. 32 It is a synonym of the term circle. 33 It is said that all the derivatives are based on the past participle form kūlė, so the derivative kūleivis is similar in this respect to the verb derivatives of the suffix -eiva (see LKG 1965: 330). 34 It is probably a remake by Petronėlė Orintaitė, as stated in the Dirva newspaper’s article “Petronėlė Orintaitė – apybraižynkė”: “We do not find such words as dairy, courteous, wagon, young, even in the greatest dictionary. Apparently, the writer herself created these words, guided by the spirit of the language.” (See p. 6, available online at: http://www.spauda.org/dirva/archive/n1972/1972-01-19-DIRVA.pdf) Jolanda Vaskeliene. About derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė | 16 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Lithuanian Neologisms and the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, to discuss the semantics and derivation of derivatives ending in -eivis, -ė. A total of 41 derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė have been found in the mentioned resources (34 of them have been fixed in Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language). After the analysis of the formation and semantics of the derivatives ending in -eivis, -ė, the following conclusions have been drawn: One part of the derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė are based on two underlying words, one of which is a verb eiti with a suffix -vis, -ė, therefore, they are considered to be the result of composition-suffixation. Some of the derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė do not have the coherence with a verb eiti and are based on one underlying word. Considering the totality of derivatives and neologisms with the ending -eivis, -ė presented in the dictionaries, i.e. distancing from the individual derivational meanings of the derivatives, and comparing the derivatives ending in -eivis, -ė with cognate synonymic derivatives of the suffix -eiva as well as other suffixes, it is assumed that in some cases -eivis, -ė has to be considered as a suffix. 2. The bigger part of the derivatives ending in -eivis, -ė (92 per cent) are used as the derivatives of the derivational category of the possessors of nominal particularities, some of them (8 per cent) are used as the derivatives of the derivational category of the actors and the possessors of verbal particularities. Therefore, in the writings on word derivation, in these derivational categories, alongside the presented -eiva derivational type it is purposeful to indicate the emerging -eivis, -ė derivational type. 3. There is an analogy in word formation, and new derivations are constantly being created according to existing patterns of derivation. According to Database of Lithuanian Neologisms and the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language material, in the Lithuanian language occur and likely will occur more neologisms with the ending -eivis, -ė, which supplement the rank of existing personal names. KEYWORDS: derivational method; derivational category; derivational type; ending; suffix; synonymity. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ Šiaulių universitetas P. Višinskio g. 38, LT-76352 Šiauliai, Lithuania [email protected]