Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas

BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas TRANSLATION OF ABBREVIATIONS IN EUROPEAN UNION LEGISLATION: QUESTION OF THE CRITERIA KEY WORDS: alphabetic abbreviation, syllable abbreviation, proper name, common name, symbolic name. ANNOTATION In works that provide or transmit language norms, abbreviations are usually discussed as an object of the spelling level, but from a brief discussion of them in the spelling sections it becomes clear that such abbreviations of names are not only related to the spelling level. However, in other aspects they are not discussed in detail either in the sections on spelling or in the works covering other areas of the language. With the increasing number of abbreviations, including non-Lithuanian abbreviations, whose peculiarities of composition, reading and writing coincide only partially with those mentioned in the sections of Lithuanian spelling, various uncertainties arise in the use. This article, using translations of European Union legislation into Lithuanian, deals with one of them – the question of translation of non-Lithuanian abbreviations. INTRODUCTION Works providing the general norms of the Lithuanian language, as well as those in which the norms are more transmitted than provided (textbooks, reference books, etc.), show that abbreviations are considered to be the object of the spelling sub-level: both in the normative Ramune Vaskelaite. Translation of abbreviations in European Union legislation: a criterion question | 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Lithuanian language spelling and punctuation (hereinafter – LKRS), as well as in the works covering other language sub-levels in its spelling sections. Nevertheless, from trumpo tuose skyriuose pateikiamo santrumpų aptarimo aiškėja, kad jos nėra susijusios vien su rašybos lygmeniu. Antai LKRS pateikiama skiltis Raidiniai pavadinimų sutrumpinimai, arba santrumpos (LKRS 1992: 73-74) reveals that abbreviations can be altered by apostrophes. When the endings of words sudarytos iš pavadinimo žodžių pirmųjų raidžių, nurodoma, kad kai kurios iš jų esant būtinam that are conjugated for purposes of the sentence are written after a hyphen or apostrophe pranešimas), o paminėjus iš kelių pirmųjų raidžių ar skiemenų sudarytas santrumpas (Elfa ir (TASS-o or TASS’o Kuzbasas), it is said that they are conjugated frequently. This also brings up the question of the structure of abbreviations: some are made up of the first letters, others of several first letters or first syllables. The latter are written differently than the alphabetical ones – only the first capital letter, thus as real words, and elsewhere – as symbolic names: “Euratom”, “Eurostat”, “Unicode” and others (Kazlauskienė 2008: 73). Therefore, the question of the relationship of abbreviations with names or symbolic names is also relevant. Some sections of the spelling refer to borrowed or international abbreviations (Linkevičienė 2013: 29), which makes it clear that abbreviations may be different according to their origin. Thus, even in short sections of spelling, various aspects are stumped, but they do not discuss abbreviations more broadly. And this is understandable – this is not the purpose of spelling sections. However, in the normative works covering other linguistic domains, abbreviations are not discussed at all, and thus they remain undiscussed in these aspects anywhere. Perhaps a 1 more detailed discussion and would not be over 1 Answers on the use of individual abbreviations are provided in the Consultation Bank of the State Lithuanian Language Commission: http://www.vlkk.lt/konsultacijos. Ramune Vaskelaite. Translation of abbreviations in European Union legislation: a criterion question | 3 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 daug reikalingas, jei ne santrumpų gausa ir įvairovė, vis didėjanti iš esmės pasikeitus lietuvių kalbos gyvavimo aplinkybėms: anglų kalboje, bent jau administracinio ir mokslinio stiliaus In texts, they are used a lot, and the peculiarities of compilation, writing, reading in that language lietuvių kalbos rašybos skyriuose nesutampa. Tai vartosenoje kelia didelių neaiškumų. Į neaiškumus dėmesys yra atkreiptas. Antai Gintautas Grigas dviejose publikacijose aptarė with described ambiguities caused by English abbreviations spreading in computer terminology (Grigas 2006, 2011), the author of this article – ambiguities caused by non-Lithuanian abbreviations used in economic texts (Vaskelaitė 2011). The study on symbolic names revealed the uncertainty of the relationship between abbreviations and symbolic names (Vaskelaitė 2019: 10–15, 40–45), and Rūta Marcinkevičienė, looking at abbreviations as acronyms, raised the question of the relationship between abbreviation and word as problematic in her 2003 article. At the end of that article it is akronimais susijusių „klausimų daug, ir į juos atsakyti reikia greitai“ (Marcinkevičienė 2003: 92), stated that with but and five years later in an article published by another author, it is concluded that “it is necessary to consider these matters as soon as possible and make recommendations” (Kazlauskienė 2008: 74). The translation of acronyms is mentioned as one of the necessary issues to be considered: “Language norm-setters should consider which of them to translate and which to leave untranslated” (Marcinkevičienė 2003: 92). A. Kazlauskienė mentioned the issue of Lithuanianization, but also specified it as the question of “which abbreviations should be translated and which not” keliamas, o nagrinėti jo kalbos normų požiūriu nesiimama. Šiuo požiūriu jis paliestas tik poroje (Kazlauskienė 2008: 74). However, this question is only addressed in G. Grigo publications (2006, 2011), but they focus on specific abbreviations – computer terms, and translation of abbreviations is lietuviškame tekste būdų. Juolab vertimo būdų kontekste santrumpos minimos vertimo teorijos mentioned only as one of the non-Lithuanian abbreviations presentation and practice works, such as RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 4 in the comprehensive work of Lionginas Pažūsis Language and Translation, – here it is: BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 mentioned when discussing explanatory changes or additions (Pažūsis 2014: 550–553; in this article, 557–558). published in the journal publishing studies on language norms and usage. In the works providing or žurnale, į santrumpų vertimą, žinoma, bus žvelgiama ne iš vertimo teorijos pozicijų, o kaip į lietuvių bendrinės kalbos normų bei vartosenos objektą. Šiuo požiūriu aktuali problema – transmitting language norms it is acknowledged that in Lithuanian texts non-Lithuanian abbreviations may be used, but the criterion for when a Lithuanian and when a non-Lithuanian abbreviation is used is often not formulated. A certain criterion is formulated in the normative UNCLOS resolution, but it is of a rather general nature, includes only alphabetical abbreviations and is not oriented towards translations. In translated texts, this criterion is difficult to apply, and when difficulties arise in usage, people seek their own criteria. In those kriterijus ir bus sutelkta ši analizė. The usage chosen for analysis is translations of European Union (hereinafter – EU) legislation. However, this does not mean that the abbreviations of a narrow field will be examined, because there are many abbreviations used in EU legislation that are common or rather common in other areas of administrative language use, as well as in scientific, journalistic style texts, in general in general usage. And if some are more common, they are still composed of one of the spelling sections straipsniuose iškeliamų sudarymo būdų. Vis dėlto net jei aptarsimos santrumpos ir nebus mentioned or specific, their scope of use is characterized by certain peculiarities, which may influence the tendencies of the use of abbreviations. Therefore, the aim of the article will not be aimed at the translation of abbreviations in general, but at their translation in EU legislation. The aim of the article is to clarify which criterion or criteria determines the use of Lithuanian or non-Lithuanian abbreviations in translations of EU legislation. Tasks – from selected Ramune Vaskelaite. Translation of abbreviations in European Union legislation: criterion question | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 imties išrinkti visas raidines ir skiemenines santrumpas ir, lyginant lietuviškąsias bei non-Lithuanian abbreviations from various linguistic points of view (by volume, type of abbreviated name, named object, abbreviation formation method, etc.), determine which factor or factors must be įtakos lietuviškos ar nelietuviškos santrumpos pasirinkimui. Kiekvienu aspektu santrumpas vertinant atskirame skyriuje, turėtų išryškėti pagrindinis kriterijus ar kriterijai, o jų summarized in the conclusions. Such analysis is relevant for language standardization, but it should also be useful for writers, editors and translators, and in general for all abbreviation creators and users. Although in the formulation of the normative criterion it is mentioned not the translation of abbreviations, but the translation of names and the making of abbreviations from the translated name, elsewhere it is mentioned about the use of abbreviations, to operate with such terms in the tiriamąjį objektą. Dėl šių priežasčių bus nevengiama vartoti termino santrumpų vertimas, juolab article would be not only inconvenient, but also inaccurate, because they assume that it has already been used in the articles of R. Marcinkevičienė, A. Kazlauskienė, G. Grigas, and accordingly will be used the terms abbreviations translation criteria, translated (translated) abbreviations, not translated (untranslated) abbreviations. Only, of course, the term translation of abbreviations will not cover all possible ways of presenting abbreviations used in the original language in the translation text, but only the change or non-change of a non-Lithuanian abbreviation into a Lithuanian abbreviation. This term will differ from the term used in translation theory works, which, understanding translation as the (re)conversion of a text from one language to another while maintaining the same or almost the same meaning, would also include other ways of transmitting an abbreviation – omission, substitution, addition, etc. (Pažūsis 2014: 550– 553; 557–558). Such methods are also used in the investigated usage, but they will not be the subject of this article. Another key term of this article – abbreviations, also not used by all equally, will be used as in previous articles of the author (Vaskelaitė 2011, 2020), i.e. RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 it will include abbreviations of titles rather than abbreviations of words (doc., pr., ap., vlsč.) or symbols (km, 2 h, kW, Eur, EUR, €). 1. VARTOSENA FEATURES Obviously, legislation is not an author's work, but a text produced by an institution, and therefore its production should be regulated and coordinated. This is also reflected in the large number of resources available for the preparation or translation of texts published on EU institutional websites. However, EU legislation is not prepared by one institution but by several (the European Parliament, the Council, the European Commission, etc.), so coordination is not only institutional but also interinstitutional. One source of interinstitutional coordination is the Interinstitutional Writing Guide (hereinafter referred to as the IW), which is aimed at both the editors of the Official 3 Journal, which publishes EU legislation, and those of other publications issued by the EU institutions. Lithuanian translations of legal acts are also published in the Official Gazette, so it is understandable that not only the drafters of texts, but also translators must comply with the provisions formulated in Lithuanian. And those provisions cover both the requirements for the structure of a legal act (Part One) or the preparation of a publication (Part Two), as well as spelling and punctuation. The third part sets out rules common to all official EU languages, covering spelling issues such as footnotes, addresses or telephone numbers, as well as other linguistic aspects, such as the use of the name of the single EU currency in legal documents. vardininko forma būtų rašoma euro (vienas euro). Ketvirtoje šio 24 oficialiomis kalbomis 2 Beje, viename iš anksčiau skelbtų straipsnių pateikiama ir išsami termino vartojimo apžvalga (Vaskelaitė 2011: 61–66). 3 The full title is Official Journal of the European Union. RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 The published part of the manual already contains the national language rules, the Lithuanian version – the Lithuanian spelling and punctuation rules. It is clear from the introductory parts of the LV that it is not only of a coordinating but also of a regulatory nature: “The common rules laid down in the Guide are in principle superior to those laid down elsewhere or previously applied; they shall apply at all stages of the written procedure.’ A description of the IATE, the terminology database used by EU translators, would reveal a more coordinating than regulatory approach. It shows that the terms are entered into this database by the translators (and terminologists) themselves, and they can enter them freely – those who “think they are useful for their work” (FAQ 2020). And the use of this database is also offered relatively freely – taking into account the reliability of the term indicated here: “it is important that you evaluate each solution according to its advantages. If a term has a low reliability and no additional information is provided, it is probably not worth blindly relying on it. On the other hand, if it has a definition and reliable references and other information, you can probably trust it. When assessing the reliability of the terms, please rely on your opinion and the aforementioned criteria” (FAQ 2020). Another tool or resource of a coordinating nature is aimed directly at translators. This 4 is the EU Institutions Translation Guide to Lithuanian (hereinafter referred to as the GV), which is not only published in electronic form, but is also published as a separate publication. Released, like the LV fourth part, 5 daugiausia apima lietuvių kalbos rašybos ir skyrybos dalykus, tačiau, kaip nurodoma įvade, jis yra tęstinis ir bus pildomas (VV 2014: 6). 4 Tarpinstitucinio koordinavimo siekį atskleidžia įvadas: „daugelio ES institucijų vertimo į lietuvių kalbą skyriai ar departamentai turi pasirengę didesnių ar mažesnių vertimo vadovų, gairių ar nurodymų. Norint pasidalyti In order to unify the provisions of all institutions and present what is truly relevant to translators, a common manual for translation of EU institutions into Lithuanian has been prepared” (VV 2014: 6). 5 Translation guide for EU institutions into Lithuanian, Luxembourg, 2014. Ramune Vaskelaite. Translation of abbreviations in European Union legislation: a criterion question | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Thus, not only the drafting of texts, but also linguistic matters are coordinated and regulated at the interinstitutional level, but it is also clear that they are not determined without the knowledge of the translators. For example, the VT, as stated in the preamble (VT 2014: 5), is harmonised among all translators (and editors, lawyer-linguists) of the EU institutions. The LV is described as a ‘unique result of the harmonisation of linguistic versions’ and, more specifically, it is stated that an Interinstitutional Steering Committee was set up to prepare it, which appointed representatives Leidinių biure veikiančios koordinavimo grupės. Vis dėlto nors minimi tik atstovai, teikti from each institution and language, under whose guidance all (authors, editors, lawyer-linguists, terminologists, proofreaders) are invited to submit proposals, including translators. In the absence informaciją, pranešti apie kiekvieną klaidą ar praleidimą. of an employee of the EU institutions, it would be more difficult to decide how much the Lithuanian turėti įtakos lietuvių kalbos specialistai. Iš VV įvado matyti, kad jį rengė Europos Komisijos Language Department of the Directorate-General for Translation can contribute to the pakomisė (VV 2014: 6), taigi šis leidinys ir rengtas, ir svarstytas lietuvių kalbos specialistų. Tame preparation of all this material. In addition to the facts mentioned in the introduction of the VLKK, the fact that the fourth part of the LV was prepared in close cooperation with the Lithuanian Language Department, which also covers the spelling and punctuation rules of the Lithuanian kad šiuo 24 oficialiosiomis ES kalbomis rengtu vadovu derinti įvairių kalbų reikalavimai, ir tai apibūdinta kaip sunkus darbas: „Suvienodinti tokiam dideliam kalbų skaičiui taikomus kalbinius language, was also considered. However, it is unclear how much influence Lithuanian language specialists can have on other parts of the Lithuanian language. From the introduction of the LV, the requirements seemed utopian. Nevertheless, this hard work has been successfully completed and the result – the Interinstitutional Writing Guide – is available online in 24 official languages." It is also Ramune Vaskelaite. Translation of abbreviations in European Union legislation: a criterion question | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 clear that the manual was drawn up in accordance with the ‘principle of multilingualism of the institutions, which requires that texts in all official languages not only reflect the specificities of each language but also be comparable’. Probably, this principle of multilingualism, the need to harmonize the requirements of different languages, will be the main feature of the usage under consideration, distinguishing it from legislation prepared in Lithuania or other Lithuanian texts, where the need to adhere to such principles does not arise. The use of abbreviations is covered in all the sources mentioned. Here is the LV abbreviations) and skiltis Sutrumpinimai ir santrumpos, kurioje santrumpos suskirstomos į akronimus (arba raidines syllable abbreviations. Abbreviations are also used in other sections, for example in the official names of EU institutions and bodies, and the Appendices to the LV provide a list of key acronyms and abbreviations (Annex 2). The translation-oriented VV formulates rules for writing syllable abbreviations. IATE abbreviations are also included in the database, and from the unabbreviated names provided beside it is clear that some of them are Lithuanian, while others are composed of non-Lithuanian names. And quite recently another tool, criteria, was published, but these orientuota tiesiogiai į santrumpų vertimą –Santrumpų vartojimo į lietuvių kalbą verčiamuose ES dokumentuose praktika ir rekomendacijos (toliau – SVPR). Joje vardijami santrumpų vartojimo ES dokumentuose būdai, net formuluojami lietuviškos ar nelietuviškos santrumpos pasirinkimo recommendations are not a normative work, but a work tool for translators, and therefore the formulated criteria are rather guidelines taught in a convenient way for translators, – practice and nuorodos, o lingvistiniu požiūriu jie vieni kitus tarsi dubliuoja ir ne visi yra lingvistiniai. Antraštėje užrašyta data – 2020 04 08 – rodo, kad priemonė paskelbta neseniai, bet kartu antraštė recommendations – would show that it can be summarized in the practice already applied up to now. As can be seen, there are several instruments governing the use of abbreviations in the EU institutions, so it would be difficult to decide in the absence of a translator or drafter of the EU institutions what order they should be used. Ramune Vaskelaite. Translation of abbreviations in European Union legislation: a criterion question | 16 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Understandably, EU legislation does not only use the names of the objects to be established, so the criterion of spread could influence the decision on their abbreviation. That such a criterion can have a certain influence is also shown by the SVPR, which lists 7 criteria for the selection of abbreviations (source, tradition, recognisability, symbolic significance, prevalence, conciseness and phonological structure, marked object), and as the second one mentions tradition. It is true that it is not explained, only a couple of examples of Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian abbreviations are given (OSCE – Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, WHO – World Health Organization and NATO, UNESCO), and from them it is difficult to decide whether the tradition of using the abbreviation in general or the tradition in EU legislation is meant. In any case, the first criterion refers to the source, and from its specification it becomes clear that the translation of abbreviations must first of all respect the founding documents, other legislative acts, instructions of competent bodies or official declarations. This is underlined by the following note: ‘The abbreviations of the names of the agencies and bodies of the European Union shall be used as set out in the founding instruments. Since not all the abbreviations of the names of agencies or bodies are included in the founding documents, it is recommended to check the IATE database for the latest information and instructions or official statements of the competent bodies.’ (SVPR 2020: 12). This shows the importance of the metal-linguistic factor – the abbreviations must be used as they are indicated by the competent entities, used in the documents. This does not mean that they have to be only non-Lithuanian. For example, even in the LV, which translators are also instructed to follow (SVPR 2020: 12), some abbreviations of names are non-Lithuanian (EASO – European Asylum Support Office, EUIPO – European Union Intellectual Property Office), others are of Lithuanian origin (EIB – European Investment Bank, EEA – European Environment Agency, EEAS – European External Action Service). - European External Action Service). RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 17 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 By the way, the prevalence criterion is also mentioned in the SVPR (as the fifth), but it is formulated not as the prevalence of the name, but as the prevalence of the abbreviation, and not as the prevalence in the Lithuanian language, but as the prevalence in other languages: “A borrowed abbreviation may be chosen if it is widely used in other languages (according to IATE data)” (SVPR 2020: 13). In normative works of the Lithuanian language such criterion is not formulated, but some interpretation possibilities are made up of the context of the formulation of the normative criterion already discussed. The first subparagraph of the aforementioned section Concerning abbreviations states that non-Lithuanian (international) abbreviations composed of Latin letters are to be written as in the original language, and, without linking this subparagraph with the third, it can be concluded that all non-Lithuanian (international) abbreviations can be written in this way. Even if in this case the brackets do not indicate the identification of the concepts, but a clarification (that from the “non-Lithuanian” only “international” is used), nevertheless neither in this decision nor elsewhere the term international abbreviation is explained. Unexplained, it is a medium for various interpretations, even for the identification of an international abbreviation and an international word, and the latter now has more than one concept. For example, in the Lithuanian language encyclopedia, the term international words is interpreted as “borrowings acceptable to the common language (not considered barbarisms), whose foreign origin is clearly confirmed by at least some of the most important international communication (or classical) languages and which do not have any 14 undeniable traces of borrowing from any neighboring language” (LKE 2008: 547). If we start to apply kalbų, kuriose pavartota angliška santrumpa, ir jos jau galima neversti, nors, pavyzdžiui, LKRS this analogy to abbreviations, it would indeed appear that a few abbreviations mentioned as 14 Praktiškai tokia samprata jau yra pritaikyta naujausiame tarptautinių žodžių žodyne (TŽŽ 2013). Išsamią tarptautinio žodžio sampratų apžvalgą prieš aptardama tarptautinius kompiuterijos ir informatikos terminus pateikia P. Zemlevičiūtė (2018: 153–154). RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 18 international are sufficient: PS or P.S. (Latin post scriptum), NN or N.N. (Latin nomen dubium). BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 nescio), MDS or M.D.S. (Latin misce, da, signa or misceatur, detur, signetur), thus abbreviations based on Latin phrases or words (LKRS 1992: 74). To what extent the analogy between an international abbreviation and an international word is possible, would be better shown by studies of the relationship between an abbreviation and a word, but this question, if we take into account R. Marcinkevičienė’s article, has not yet been investigated, but rather only raised. When listing sources in the SVPR, the normative source is mentioned only after the founding document, other legislative act, indication of the competent entity or official statement, which is represented here by IATE, the term bank of the Republic of Lithuania, encyclopedia, dictionary, textbook, etc. (SVPR 2020: 12). Thus, this alone shows that the criteria for translating abbreviations applied by the EU institutions do not coincide with the normative criterion laid down in the FCI Decision. As it turns out, the usage under consideration should be largely regulated by a non-linguistic, or metal-linguistic, factor, but do not linguistic laws emerge in it? This will be further investigated. 3. Scope Alphabetical abbreviations, i.e. abbreviations consisting of the first letters of the title words, were found in 214 of the 100 acts (only non-repetitive abbreviations were counted). Three of them are difficult to evaluate from the point of view of translation, because the first letters of the Lithuanian and English names coincide: VIS (Visa Information System), ESI (European Structural and Investment Funds) and ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). European Telecommunications Standards Institute). Kadangi santrumpos, kaip jau apžvelgta, tekstuose pateikiamos po pavadinimo, kuris bet kuriuo atveju yra verčiamas, nėra kaip išsiaiškinti, RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 19 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 kurio pavadinimo pagrindu yra sudarytos šios trys santrumpos. Taigi, toliau vertimo požiūriu bus evaluated 211 abbreviations. The group of bicycle abbreviations does not show any more obvious tendencies. Only two non-Lithuanian names were found, namely CV (Curriculum Vitae) and SE (European companies), but only 6 Lithuanian names were found: UN (United Nations), EU (European Union), IT (Information Technology), EC (European Community), OL (Official Journal) and one legal act contained MA (salary scope). All Lithuanian two-letter abbreviations, except the last one, are used without the name, paprastai eina nurodomų teisės aktų antraščių dalimi, pvz.: jie atitinka dabartines bankininkystės EC sector and Directive 2004/39/EC rules and procedures. The abbreviation OJ (Official Journal) is used in footnotes to indicate the source of publication of the cited legislation, e.g. : OJ L 25, 2009, 1, 29, p. 28. Judging by the SVPR, such a meager set of two-letter abbreviations may be the result of an attempt to avoid them – translators are advised that if the word combination consists of only two elements or it is possible to shorten it to two elements, it is better not to use the abbreviation in Lithuanian documents (SVPR 2020: 10). Ilgų raidinių santrumpų irgi pasitaiko tik pavienių. Iš šešiaraidžių nelietuviškųjų rasta CEIOPS (Committee of European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Supervisors), from Lithuanian – EAGF (European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund), EAFRD (European Fund (Europos žemės ūkio fondas kaimo plėtrai) ir KIPVPS (kolektyvinio investavimo į perleidžiamus for Rural Development). Seven-letter abbreviation only for EIOPA (European Insurance and profesinių pensijų priežiūros institucijų komitetas). Pensions Providers Association) and EIOPA (European Insurance and Pensions Providers akivaizdesnio dėsningumo neišryškina: lietuviškų raidinių santrumpų rasta 40 (AIFV, BEPS, Association). The latter includes IAS, IFRIC, ESCB, EFSD, EIF, ESIF, ETF, ECA, WIPO, SEC, HICP, CCI, etc. ), Ramune Vaskelaite. Translation of abbreviations in European Union legislation: a criterion question | 20 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 nelietuviškų – 35 (ACER, BBAN, CISE, EEPR, EPER, EIPA, EMAS, EMSA, EPPO, ETSC, EURI, FADO, GATT, GMES, etc.), including 15 those based on French names OLAF and CIFE, which are, incidentally, the only non-English abbreviations in the sample. However, the collection of three-letter abbreviations highlights the obvious predominance of Lithuanian 16 abbreviations: non-Lithuanian three-letter abbreviations were used 19 (BIC, CPA, CPC, more abundantly: 79 (AIF, AIS, BKI, BPM, DPS, EEB, EEE, EBI, EIB, EPF, GMO, IRT, MPT, SME, NCB, OPS, UŽT, GEO, EMA, ISO, SMS, DNR, WAL, WAM ir kt.), lietuviškų – daugiau nei keturiskart etc.), and this is the most abundant group of Lithuanian alphabetic abbreviations. TABLE 1. Abbreviations by composition Lithuanian Non-Lithuanian Total Bicycles 6 2 8 Four-letters 40 35 Triraidės 79 19 98 75 Five-letters 11 14 25 Seven-letters 1 –1 Total 140 71 211 Šešiaraidės 3 1 4 15 The three above mentioned exceptions, namely the abbreviations EPPO and EASO, ESMA and ESMA, EIOPA and EIOPA, are included in both Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian abbreviation sets. 16 There is also one other abbreviation of French origin in the EU tools for drafters and translators, e.g. : SA (public limited company), TGV (high-speed train), ASBL (non-profit association). RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 21 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Abbreviations consisting of five letters are used much less, and at least this sample would show that the more common ones are non-Lithuanian. 14 were identified: BEREC, CSIRT, GEOSS, ECMWF, EIOPA, ETIAS, ICSMS, IOSCO, LIBOR, NARIC, TDAWN, SIENA. Lietuviškųjų pavartota 11: BDANP, BKKMN, EDAPP, EFPIS, EJRŽF, EKSSG, ENADS, EOEVT, EŽŪGF, EDPPI ir ECRIS, EONIA, ESMA. However, as already mentioned, there is a tendency to move from EIOPA to EIOPA, from ESMA to ESMA, so if these abbreviations were rejected, the set of Lithuanian five-letter abbreviations would decrease even more. However, only purely alphabetical abbreviations are included in these calculations, i.e. abbreviations consisting of the first letters of all the words of the name, including a number which are usually referred to as isolated instances in the discussion of alphabetical abbreviations. For example, the Speech Tips indicate that sometimes pavyzdžiai LST (Lietuvos standartas), VšĮ (viešoji įstaiga) (KancKP 1998: 277). Analizuojamuose the beginning of a word may be marked with two letters, and provide two such abbreviations found in sources: NGOs (non-governmental organisations) and SRM (Single Resolution Mechanism). However, the spelling works do not mention either between letters or between syllables abbreviations, formed by omitting some of the words of the name, and such in the material under consideration are many, mostly non-Lithuanian: EASA – European Union Aviation Safety Agency, EQAR – European Quality Assurance Register for Higher Education, ECVET – European Credit System for Vocational Education and Training, EQAVET – European Quality Assurance Reference Framework for Vocational Education and Training, LETS – European Law Enforcement Training Scheme, MREL – minimum requirement for own funds and eligible liabilities, TRIPS – Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property ir kt. Of the Lithuanian abbreviations thus formed, only three were found: ESS (European System of Integrated Economic Accounts), GSP (Community Generalized System of Tariff Preferences) and CASS (Central Repository of Reports and Statistical Data). First RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 22 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 two made following the original – in it the abbreviations are also made of three letters, omitting the name words. And the third would show respect for the original – it consists of the same number of letters, only the translation of the name requires more words (cf. CASS – central repository for reporting and statistics and CRRS – central repository for reporting and statistics). This would raise the question of Lithuanianness and non-Lithuanianness of the methods of forming abbreviations. Perhaps the ambiguity of the answer contributes to the lack of such Lithuanian abbreviations in the material under consideration. Except for the three exceptions already mentioned, the others are rewritten as used in the original, e.g. : The General Secretariat of the Council has also made the authentic documents available to the public in the Public Register of Authentic Travel and Identity Documents online, known as PRADO. Including such abbreviations in the calculation of alphabetic abbreviations would increase the number of longer non-Lithuanian abbreviations and overwhelming the Lithuanian ones. However, they will be discussed later, and from the discussion of abbreviations formed in a typical alphabetical way it becomes clear that the volume alone does not draw the boundary between translatable and non-translatable abbreviations – in all volume groups, with the exception of seven-letter abbreviations, there are both Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian abbreviations, although in general the former are twice as many as the latter, respectively 140 and 71. Nevertheless, the prevalence of three-letter Lithuanian abbreviations (79 and 19) is clearly visible, which is a sign that they are translated most often and an incentive to examine alphabetic abbreviations in other linguistic aspects. 4. TYPE OF NAME When describing alphabetic abbreviations in the spelling sections, mainly only abbreviated tikrinių pavadinimų pavyzdžių, tokių kaip JT (Jungtinės Tautos), LDK (Lietuvos Didžioji Ramune Vaskelaite. Translation of abbreviations in European Union legislation: a question of criteria | 23 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Kunigaikštystė) ar KAD (Krašto apsaugos departamentas), tačiau tarp jų pasitaiko ir bendrinio title-based abbreviations, e.g. : UAB – limited liability company, VAT – not only actual, but also generic names: pridėtinės vertės mokestis (LKŽin 1998). Net ir tiesiogiai pasakoma, kad trumpinami gali būti “Travel words names, both real and generic. bendriniai, trumpinami visus savarankiškus žodžius žymint pirmosiomis didžiosiomis raidėmis“ (LKRS 1992: 73). An analysis of the group of alphabetical abbreviations most often translated in EU legislation – three-letter abbreviations – reveals that abbreviations based on a generic name predominate. Of the 79 Lithuanians, 48 are: AIF – alternative investment funds, OMC – open coordination method, MFF – multiannual financial framework, MTF – multilateral trading facilities, DTD – multiple identity detector, ICS – institutional protection schemes, SCR – solvency capital requirement, MPV – payments national central banks, OTF – organized trading facilities, OTS – transmission system operators, CCP – central counterparties, OOH – owner-occupied housing, OCT – overseas countries and territories, SRM – single resolution mechanism, etc. One translational abbreviation, EKS, is formed by the inclusion of actual words – Èltetò-Köves-Szulc parities, but the whole name is generic. A number of Lithuanian abbreviations based on a generic name also occur among four-letters: among the 36 Lithuanian abbreviations – 17: AIFM (alternative investment fund managers), CEAS (common European asylum system), CIAS (common environmental information system), CAP (common agricultural policy), CSD (central securities depositories), CCCTB (cash transport companies), CIR (consolidated reporting providers), FFI (fisheries guidance financial instrument), etc. Among the 11 pentagrams, only two were found: The APR (biometric matching service) and the APR (annual percentage rate). This does not mean, RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 24 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 however, that the common name is used for incident services), ELTIFs (European Long-Term keturraidės ar penkiaraidės santrumpos neverčiamos. Tarp nelietuviškųjų jų irgi beveik nepasitaiko. Antai tarp 14 penkiaraidžių tokios tik CSIRT (reagavimo į kompiuterių saugumo Investment Funds) and NARICs (National Academic Recognition Information Centres). Among the 35 four-letters, only BBAN (basic bank account number), IBAN (international bank account number), PEPP (pan-European personal pension product) and, if the principle of spelling in translation is respected, CISE (common information sharing environment), FADO (online system for counterfeit and authentic documents), GMES (global monitoring system for environment and security) are such. Thus, four-letter and five-letter abbreviations are the most commonly used abbreviations. bendrinio pavadinimo sudarytų santrumpų mažiau vartojama, mažiau ir verčiama. The smaller number of abbreviations is shown by the whole sample: out of 211 alphabetic abbreviations, 89 are based on the common name, 120 are based on the real name (the basis for the abbreviations DNS and BGP, used without giving the full name, has not been determined). However, among the abbreviations based on generic names, Lithuanian abbreviations clearly outweigh – out of 89 Lithuanian abbreviations, 71 are such (see table 2). There are only 18 non-Lithuanian systems (CV, SE, SCE, BIC, CSIRT, ELTIF, NARIC, PEPP, BBAN, IBAN and others), including several lowercase systems pavadinimų santrumpas (FADO, CISE ir GMES). Ramune Vaskelaite. Translation of abbreviations in European Union legislation: a criterion question | 25 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 TABLE 2. Abbreviations by type of name Lietuviškos Nelietuviškos Iš viso Consistipavadinimo ng of general 71 18 89 Sudarytos iš tikrinio name 61 59 120 Iš viso 132 77 209 However, the distribution of Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian abbreviations based on the actual name is approximate. Three abbreviations of this group, i.e. EASO, ESMA and EDPS, used and lietuviškos, ir nelietuviškos (EASO, ESMA ir EIOPA), o iš kitų 117 lietuviškos kilmės yra 61: EGA – Europos gynybos agentūra, EMT – Europos mokėjimų taryba, EPP – Europos paieškos portal, JPCG – Joint Parliamentary Control Group, EEAS – European External Action Service, TFEU – Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, EAFRD – European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development, etc. The other 59 are of non-Lithuanian origin, e.g. : GEO – Žemės stebėjimo grupė, ISO – Tarptautinė standartizacijos organizacija, SIS – Šengeno informacinė sistema, EIPA – Europos viešojo administravimo institutas, EMSA – Europos jūrų saugumo agentūra, GATT – Bendrasis susitarimas dėl muitų tarifų ir prekybos, ACER – Energetikos reguliavimo institucijų Taip aiškėja, bendradarbiavimo agentūra, BEREC – Europos elektroninių ryšių reguliuotojų institucija. kad versti labiausiai linkstama trumpas iš bendrinio pavadinimo sudarytas santrumpas, tačiau lieka neaišku, kodėl apylygiai vertimo požiūriu yra pasiskirsčiusios tikrinio pavadinimo pagrindu sudarytos raidinės santrumpos. Further analysis is therefore needed. Ramune Vaskelaite. Translation of abbreviations in European Union legislation: a criterion question | 32 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 However, most of the other groups of the SIL assigned according to the designated object mention both Lithuanian and borrowed abbreviations. This publication for translators shows the importance of the metal-linguistic factor, but it seems that it is more important only for the abbreviations of organization names, while the abbreviations of almost all the groups attempted to be designated vary. The tendency to classify abbreviations on the basis of the designated object, eventually it becomes clear that almost every one of them can contain both Lithuanian and santrumpų brėžiančių ribą kitu pagrindu. 6. SUDARYMO BŪDAS SVPR tarp kriterijų visiškai neminimas santrumpos sudarymo būdas. Vardijant kiekvieną borrowed abbreviations. This may indicate that other factors are influenced by the usage itself, as the criteria include examples of both alphabetic and syllabic abbreviations, without making any objekto kriterijų išskyrus Regionų komiteto ir Europos ekonomikos ir socialinių reikalų komiteto komisijų pavadinimų pogrupį, kaip pavyzdys pateikiama tiek raidinė santrumpa CCMI, tiek distinction between them, which indicates that the way the abbreviation is formed is not considered important. For example, according to the syllabic marker COTER (SVPR 2020: 17–18). Alternatively, the abbreviations of system names include not only SITC, which is composed of letters, PRADO, which is composed of letters without words, but also TRACES (Trade Control and Expert System), which is composed of a syllable. (ESRV 2020: 21). It is true that the factor of the method of conclusion is not mentioned in formulating the normative criterion. It is illustrated only with examples of abbreviations (TO – United Nations Organization, CIS – Commonwealth of Independent States). Nepriklausomų Valstybių Sandrauga, ES – Europos Sąjunga), o ir formuluojamas nutarimo RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 33 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 on alphabetical abbreviations (CCC 1997). The Decision on alphabetic abbreviations was adopted in 1989 (KK 1989), only later transferred (with some additions) to the 1997 Decision covering the entirety of spelling and punctuation rules, which would show that the provision formulated probably arose from the need to present the most general rules for writing non-Lithuanian abbreviations, when Russian abbreviations began to be replaced by English abbreviations in Lithuanian. A short section could not cover all aspects of the use of abbreviations, and a detailed classification of abbreviations is not appropriate in the Decision. However, the classification of spelling works according to the method of composition is popular and significant – it draws the line between writing abbreviations and spelling. It is true that abbreviations are not discussed in writing works from the point of view of translation, so it is unclear whether this limit is important for translation. The first reference to the classification of abbreviations according to the method of formation in Lithuanian linguistics is probably an article published in 1964 in the journal Kalbos kultūra, which attempts to provide a classification of all abbreviations used in the language. It focuses mainly on the abbreviation of word combinations in names and distinguishes four ways, respectively, four results, which are proposed to be called abbreviations. As two abbreviations are mentioned alphabetical abbreviations (TSKP, LTSR, VLKYS) and phonological abbreviations (when they are pronounced the sounds are merged into one word: VRES, HES, TASS, nepas (new economic policy), FIBA), and together they are proposed to be called initial abbreviations. The other two results are related to the shortening of a compound name to a single word: as one of the discussed results of the abbreviation by taking the beginning of the trumpinimo būdas ir rezultatas aptariami įvairūs žodžių darybos taisyklių neatitinkantys atvejai, word and another word (agitpunktas – from agitacinis punktas, profsąjunga – profesinė sąjunga), organizatorius), vieno imamas du skiemenis apimantis dėmuo (Kominternas – Komunistų Internacionalas, Proletkultas – Proletarinė kultūros-švietimo organizacija) ar kamieną apimantis RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 34 this is called enriched compound words. And another when the beginnings of two words collide (krikdemas – Christian democrat, partorgas – party official). doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 point (gruporgas – group organizer, vietkomas – local committee). The following classification darybos taisyklių neatitinkančius atvejus čia pasiūloma vadinti skiemeninėmis santrumpomis, o scheme is proposed for all such words in general: to distinguish enriched abbreviated words and word abbreviations, and to divide the latter into syllable and initial, with the possibility of dividing initials into alphabetical and phonological. Thus, one scheme tries to cover two aspects – the sound structure and the way of forming the abbreviation. As can be seen from the examples given in that article, most of them are Russian abbreviations that were relevant at the time. However, their foreignness is also identified directly: about syllable abbreviations it is said that they are “mostly words formed in other languages, adapted to the grammatical structure of the Lithuanian language” (Klimavičius 1964: 40), and about phonological abbreviations (TASS, VRES, FIBA) – that they are “just taken from other languages or are translations. In Lithuanian, we don’t like to merge the first sounds into a word, for example, in USA we don’t pronounce jav. In Lithuanian, a natural compound, despite the pronunciation-comfortable arrangement of vowels and consonants, can only have an ending. Therefore, it is read by adding Lithuanian endings and such abbreviations as hesas, Tasas, šecas, vrecas, zilas” (Klimavičius 1964: 41). This would make it clear that only alphabetic abbreviations are considered more characteristic of Lithuanian, and those that show similarity to the word (phonetic and syllable) are considered mainly from other languages. It also becomes clear that the classification scheme aims to cover both Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian abbreviations, which were represented by Russian abbreviations in the circumstances of Lithuanian language existence at that time. Subsequently, the syllable daugiausia aptariamos raidinės, tačiau, jas aptarus, paminima, kad yra tokių, kurias „sudaro pavadinimo kiekvieno žodžio pirmosios dvi arba trys raidės arba pirmieji skiemenys“, ir priduriama, kad jas tiksliau būtų vadinti skiemeninėmis (LKRS 1992: 74). Nors toks aptarimas Ramune Vaskelaite. Translation of abbreviations in European Union legislation: question of criterion | 35 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 does not seem to indicate that syllable abbreviations are completely separated from alphabets, but it is stated that they are usually written with the first capital letter and are often syllabised (Elfa and Kuzbass), thus the basis of the method of formation essentially draws the boundary of both syllabisation and syllabisation. The alphabetic abbreviations in question are written here in capital letters, and the addition of the ending is proposed only for some, namely, the abbreviations that are read by pronouncing the sounds of the letters (TASS-o report or TASS’o report), thus, the abbreviations discussed in the garsinės. Tiesa, terminas garsinės santrumpos LKRS nevartojamas, visos iš raidžių sudarytos aforementioned article of 1964 are called alphabetic. This is the main classification of abbreviations from the LKRS according to the method of formation. In later works, syllable abbreviations are already clearly distinguished from alphabetical abbreviations, and the basis for such distinction would be the way of forming an abbreviation, different writing and spelling: "Syllable abbreviations are made up of the first two or three letters of words or the first syllables. Often syllable abbreviations are not made up of all the words in the name. These abbreviations are capitalized only on the first letter, and often have yra linksniuojamos, pvz.: „Euratomas“ (Europos atominės energijos bendrija), „Eurostatas“ endings and (Statistical Office of the European Union), Europol (European Police), Unicode (Unicode). Unicode)" (Kazlauskienė 2008: 73). Tačiau tuose darbuose, kitaip nei LKRS, skiemenines santrumpas dar ir teikiama rašyti abbreviations are actually distinguished. In the LCRS, they are in quotation marks, so they are A. Kazlauskienės straipsnyje: „Manyčiau, kad tokias santrumpas būtų galima rekomenduoti rašyti removed from the letters. It is probably the first time that such an idea is raised in quotation Kituose darbuose rašymas kabutėse jau formuluojamas kaip taisyklė: „Tokių santrumpų tik marks, they function in speech as symbolic names” (Kazlauskienė 2008: 73). the first letter is capitalized, and the abbreviation itself is written in quotation marks” (Linkevičienė 2013: 29). By the way, it is also formulated in the VV for translators: “Quotations separate syllables Ramune Vaskelaite. Translation of abbreviations in European Union legislation: a question of criteria | 36 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 abbreviations (they are assimilated to symbolic artificial names and written in capital letters)” (VV 2014: 20). However, a few abbreviations (Europol, Interpol, Euratom, Eurojust and Eurostat) are allowed to be capitalised and spelled out of tradition. In general, it is clear that although syllable abbreviations are distinguished as a type of abbreviations, according to spelling they tend to be considered as a type of names – symbolic names. This is why the spelling works highlight a twofold interpretation of syllable abbreviations: the LCSR mentioned names of symbolic significance. Based on these interpretations, the rašyba jos labiau vertinamos kaip tiesioginės reikšmės, o rašymu kabutėse – labiau kaip result should be different when dealing with the issue of translation. The names of direct meaning are usually translated, and symbolic names are re-written in the original spelling. It is true that some names of direct meaning, namely personal names and place names, can also be written in the original spelling (VLKK 1997, 2016), but nowhere is it said that syllable abbreviations are equivalent to place names or personal names. The LKRS does not provide an answer to this question, nor does it explain whether the du skiemeninių santrumpų pavyzdžiai Elfa (elektros fabrikas, elektrotechnikos fabrikas Vilniuje) syllable abbreviations are translatable, since the first example is an abbreviation of Lithuanian origin, and the basis for the second is the same in Lithuanian and Russian (Kuznecko akmens anglies baseinas and Кузнецкий угольный бассейн). By the way, the discussion of syllable abbreviations, based on abbreviations of English origin, is illustrated by examples that coincide in two languages. This is the case of the 2000 WCRC decision, which also leaves the question of phonetic adaptation unanswered among the alphabetical abbreviations. True, both they and the formulated rules skiemeninė santrumpa Euratomas (Europos atominės energijos bendrija ir European Atomic Energy Community) ar paprastai minimos Eurostatas (Europos Sąjungos statistikos tarnyba ir European Statistics), Europolas (Europos policija ir European Police Office). Tokie pavyzdžiai Ramune Vaskelaite. Translation of abbreviations in European Union legislation: question of criterion | 37 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 indicates that syllable abbreviations should be adapted morphologically, i.e. written with Lithuanian endings. Non-Lithuanian symbolic names are not phonetically adaptable – they are written in the original spelling (VLKK 1997). As the VLKK resolution of 1997 shows, they are not adaptable even morphologically, i.e. they can be written without endings, but the resolution adopted in 2007 already 18 provides services for writing without endings), and the ones that precede it are recommended to be tik einančius po nomenklatūrinio žodžio simbolinius pavadinimus (Bendrovės „Sonex“ teikiamos consonanted if they can be adapted to any consonant of the Lithuanian language (VLKK 2007). By the way, this is also indicated in some places when speaking about syllable abbreviations: “These abbreviations usually have endings and are conjugated (e.g., “Sodra”, “Sodros”, “Sodrai”); When taking from other languages, the necessary Lithuanian syllable endings are also added, e.g.: „Euratom“ – European Atomic Energy Community; data from Eurostat (the Statistical Office of the European Union); transferred to Europol (the European police); Unicode is a standard for encoding the alphabets of almost all languages and additional characters in computers, etc.” (Lincoln 2014: 29). Anyway, even if the possibility of writing syllable abbreviations as symbolic names is provided, the question of their morphological adaptation is not clear. In the usage under consideration, syllable abbreviations are neither phonetically nor morphologically adaptable, with the exception of Europol, Interpol, Euratom, Eurojust and Eurostat, which, as indicated in the VV, are written with the first capital letter and with endings, e.g. : Europol, Eurojust and the European Border and Coast Guard Agency may each appoint one representative to the SIS II Advisory Group; 18 “Non-Lithuanian names of periodicals, organizations, sports, art and other collectives, firms, branded products and other officially used symbolic names (often with numbers or other special references) of languages using Latin-based scripts are written in the original spelling without Lithuanian endings” (VLKK 1997). RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 38 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Where operational personal data are transferred from Eurojust to Interpol and to States that have designated members of Interpol, this Regulation should apply, in particular the provisions on international transfers. Other abbreviations are written in capital letters, e.g. : the Commission concludes a mandate agreement with EUMETSAT; The nature of the activities of Cedefop should therefore be clearly defined. SOLVIT is an effective extrajudicial problem-solving mechanism. ECOICOP should also be aligned with the United Nations COICOP, the international standard for the classification of individual consumption expenditure by purpose, and ECOICOP should therefore be adapted to align it with the changes to UN COICOP. Even the abbreviations EUROFOUND, EUROSUR or EURODAC are spelled in this way, although they are composed like Europol, Eurostat or Eurojust, i.e. from the accent Euro and the beginning of another word, for example: since its establishment in 1975, EUROFOUND has played an important role in helping to improve living and working conditions throughout the Union; The Agency should provide the necessary support for the development and operation of EUROSUR, including the interoperability of the systems. It would appear that these abbreviations are considered to be abbreviations rather than names of literal or symbolic meaning. However, symbolic names may be written in capital letters, as indicated in Part 4 of the LV for EU legislators. Thus, capitalisation may indicate that syllable abbreviations are treated as symbolic names in translations of EU legislation. However, the actual symbolic names are in quotation marks here, cf.: The Commission may entrust the implementation of the Copernicus service component to competent entities, the Agency for the Management of the External Borders of the Member States of the Union pavyzdžiui, Europos aplinkos agentūrai (EEA), Europos operatyvaus bendradarbiavimo prie Europos (FRONTEX), the European Maritime Security Agency (EMSA) and the European Maritime Safety Agency agentūrai (EMSA) ir Europos Sąjungos palydovų centrui (SATCEN); tuo tikslu Institucija turėtų bendradarbiauti su kitų susijusių Sąjungos iniciatyvų vykdytojais ir tinklais, visų pirma su Europos RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 39 (EMSA). BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 the network of public employment services, the Enterprise Europe Network, the Border Focal Vyresniųjų darbo inspektorių komitetu. O kabutėse rašomų skiemeninių santrumpų rasti vos keli Point, SOLVIT and cases such as : Europol may also appoint a representative to the VIS, Eurodac and AIS-ETIAS Advisory Groups. The reasons for not writing syllable abbreviations as symbolic names can be various. As discussed, there are regulatory uncertainties. In addition, in texts of the official subjective style, where the aim is to convey official names as accurately as possible, adaptation could be perceived as a distortion of the official name (Vaskelaitė 2011: 72). In some cases, context may be involved, i.e. the surrounding abbreviations, e.g. : This Regulation, together with Regulation (EU) 2019/818 of the European Parliament and of the Council (34), establishes a framework to ensure the interoperability of the Entry/Exit System (‘AIS’), the Visa Information System (‘VIS’), the European Travel Information and Authorisation System (‘ETIAS’), EURODAC, the Schengen Information System (‘SIS’) and the European Criminal Records Information System for third-country nationals (‘ECRIS-TCN’). Since the texts are translated, the original probably also has an effect – in English legislation such abbreviations are also often written in capital letters, e.g. : EUROSUR is necessary; In addition, the Commission should also rely on the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) for the operation of dedicated missions in accordance with its expertise and mandate. And if they are not written, they are not separated by quotation marks, e.g. : Eurofound should also take account of the mediumand long-term perspectives in that context; The ESP should also be established to support the objectives of the EES, VIS, ETIAS, Eurodac, SIS, ECRIS-TCN and Europol data. Be to, tekste tiek rašomi didžiosiomis raidėmis, tiek jomis nerašomi trumpiniai vartojami kaip santrumpos – parašius visą pavadinimą pateikiami skliaustuose, pvz.: The HICP and the harmonised index of consumer prices at constant Ramune Vaskelaite. 40 tax rates (HICP-CT) should be broken down into categories of the European doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 classification of individual consumption according to purpose (ECOICOP). 40 tax rates (HICP-CT) should be broken down into categories of the European classification of individual consumption according to purpose (ECOICOP). The ECOICOP should also be consistent with the UN COICOP, which is the international standard classifying individual consumption according to purpose, therefore the ECOICOP should be adapted to align it with changes to the UN COICOP. The full name does not require any additional explanation, so no explanatory notes are used 2011), which also prevents these abbreviations from žodžių, kurių paprastai prireikia vartojant tokias santrumpas neverstiniuose tekstuose (Vaskelaitė appearing as symbolic names. In addition, such a position usually makes it possible to see the connection of the abbreviation with the full name, which is of direct meaning, e.g. : CEDEFOP (European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training), ECOFIN (Economic and Financial Affairs), EUMETSAT (European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites). It is true that there are also abbreviations with only one syllable after the name, such as SOLVIT (Market Problem Solving for European Citizens). Thus, these derivatives are not written as symbolic names either, although they are rather Network) ar RAPEX (Rapid Alert System for dangerous non-food products), tačiau dėl originale linked to the longer name by the symbolic meaning mentioned as the fourth criterion in the SVPR: “The borrowed abbreviation is chosen, translated it would lose its symbolic meaning” (SVPR 2020: 13). However, simbolinė sąsaja, ir tas simboliškumas, kaip būtų galima spręsti iš SVPR, yra suvokiamas. Antai to separate these abbreviations by quotation marks is not a good idea, as it would have to draw a line jei originalo kalba ji sudaryta sąmoningai siekiant santrumpai suteikti simbolinę reikšmę, o between abbreviations made in different ways, and in spelling works the spelling of syllable abbreviations bendrybių su ilgesniu pavadinimu teturinčių santrumpų SVPR nesiūloma. Paisant sudarymo is provided for all syllable abbreviations. Ramune Vaskelaite. Translation of abbreviations in European Union legislation: a question of criteria | 41 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 All syllable abbreviations, with the few exceptions already mentioned, are written in the same way in the material under consideration, except for the choice of capitalization rather than quotation marks, which would indicate that they are treated more as abbreviations than as symbolic names. According to the rule of syllable abbreviations provided for in the LCSR, these derivatives are also unlikely to be written, although the original spelling in some cases would seem to encourage this. The reasons, in addition to those already mentioned, could be the normative uncertainties santrumpos tik dažniausiai rašomos pirma didžiąja raide ir tik dažniausiai linksniuojamos. Šis associated with phonetic adaptation. In addition, the LKRS stated that the syllabic publication is more oriented towards general usage, and thus the possibility of translating abbreviations into actual words, which is evident from the writing Elfa, Kuzbasas, may be formulated in it more oriented towards texts of general usage, rather than specialized usage. In addition, even in the original, which may have a direct or indirect effect on the translated texts, these abbreviations rašomi didžiosiomis raidėmis, taigi traktuojami kaip santrumpos. Tačiau ir tais kitais atvejais are capitalized first only in some cases – in other cases they are capitalized in Lithuanian texts, cf. : INSPIRE should be based on the infrastructures for spatial information established by the Member States; As the three tripartite agencies, namely Eurofound, the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU OSHA) and the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop), address issues <...> close coordination among them is required) and whereas the three tripartite agencies, namely Eurofound, the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU Europos darbuotojų saugos ir sveikatos agentūra (toliau – ES-OSHA) ir Europos profesinio mokymo plėtros centras (toliau – CEDEFOP), nagrinėja <...> klausimus, reikia, kad jos tarpusavyje glaudžiai koordinuotų savo veiklą. Tai, žinoma, gali rodyti vienos ar kitos santrumpos rašymo Ramune Vaskelaite. Translation of abbreviations in European Union legislation: a criterion question | 48 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 pavadinimą (LKRS 1992: 74). Tai rodytų šių santrumpų artimumą skiemeninėms santrumpoms 21 , OSHA) and the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop), address issues <...> close coordination among them is required), EUROFOUND, and at the same time would show that the criterion of phonological structure draws a different line between abbreviations than the one drawn here according to the method of formation: abbreviations that do not resemble words (read literally) and more verbal abbreviations, including alphabetic abbreviations sieja dar ir nelietuviška kilmė, arba nebūdingumas lietuvių kalbai. read by merging sounds and syllable abbreviations. And one article explaining the origins of the classification, written in the circumstances of the existence of the Lithuanian language at that time, would show that the latter two subgroups of abbreviations are the abbreviations of the Lithuanian language. Discussion of abbreviations already in these circumstances of the existence of the language (Marcinkevičienė 2003; Kazlauskienė 2008; Vaskelaitė 2011, 2020) shows that alphabetic abbreviations that can be read by merging sounds, such as SEPA, OPEC, EONIA, have already become commonplace, while syllables illustrated with Russian examples and considered as not characteristic of the Lithuanian language are relevant and after the changing circumstances of the language’s existence, perhaps even more relevant (cf. With the spread of such abbreviations, as could be deduced from the article written by R. Marcinkevičienė in 2003, which, based mainly on non-Lithuanian abbreviations and their non-Lithuanian conception, raises the idea of equally assessing all abbreviations that can be pronounced as words, the aspect of phonological structure should become more relevant than the way of formation. The investigated usage, having a direct relationship with non-Lithuanian abbreviations, shows that it really becomes relevant – although formulated 21 Later works tend to eliminate this exception: A. Kazlauskienė’s article suggests writing abbreviations formed in this way like other letters, for example, BAFTA-os (Kazlauskienė 2008: 73), while another work mentions such writing as the main one (Linkevičienė 2013: 29). RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 49 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 there are various criteria governing this usage, yet from a translational point of view the boundary between abbreviations is drawn mainly on the basis of phonology. Of course, the usage examined is the sphere of written language use, so it should not be relevant to the convenience of pronunciation of the abbreviation, but the fact that such abbreviations, being similar to words, as well as real words, perform a nominative, individualizing function (see Jakaitienė 2010: 264) – allowing to distinguish objects of the same type from each other. CONCLUSIONS Although in newer works on Lithuanian spelling the boundary between abbreviations is mainly attempted to be drawn on the basis of the structure, after examining their translation tendencies it becomes clear that the boundary is rather drawn on the basis of the phonological structure, which determines the similarity or non-similarity of the abbreviation to the word. The studied usage has a direct connection with English abbreviations, for which this aspect is particularly relevant, but it is also reflected, albeit indirectly, in the discussion of abbreviations presented in the Lithuanian spelling sections: although according to structure (and spelling, spelling possibilities) alphabetic and syllable abbreviations are distinguished, common spelling and spelling possibilities are provided for abbreviations and syllable abbreviations that can be pronounced by merging sounds, thus similar to a word. It is true that from an article written in the earlier period it also becomes clear that the latter abbreviations are mostly of foreign origin. It also becomes clear that the classification of abbreviations provided in the sections of Lithuanian spelling is probably determined by the aim to include both Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian abbreviations used in Lithuanian. RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 50 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Tačiau kilmės požiūriu santrumpos rašybos skyriuose neklasifikuojamos ir neaptariamos, taigi nė nelietuviškųjų santrumpų vertimo kriterijaus juose neformuluojama. Suformuluotas in the normative VLKK resolution, focused on the clarity of the abbreviated name. With a lack of paplitimą, apima tik raidines santrumpas, nėra orientuotas į verčiamus tekstus ir pakankamai clarity and a greatly expanded use of abbreviations, kriterijų. The normative criterion formulated in the examined usage is difficult to apply also because of its peculiarities – it is legislation, the preparation of which is regulated and coordinated, and regulated not at the Lithuanian level, but at the level of the multilingual environment. The usage of abbreviations under such conditions reveals that the use of abbreviations is regulated not only by linguistic but also by institutional factors. However, as can be seen from the work summarising the practice of using abbreviations in the EU institutions and providing recommendations for translators, linguistic criteria are also being sought and attempted to be harmonised with each other. Nevertheless, from the usage itself, i.e. the translations of legislative acts into Lithuanian, the criterion of the phonological structure of the abbreviation, which determines the similarity or non-similarity to the word, emerges as the most obvious: from the point of view of translation, abbreviations that can be pronounced as a single syllable or a word composed of more syllables tend to be treated equally and distinguished from abbreviations that do not have such possibilities. This criterion is relevant to English, where so-called acronyms tend to be formed in order to create a possible combination of sounds – meaningless or forming a real word. The abbreviations thus formed are relevant for written language in that, being similar to words, they perform a nominative, individualizing function like actual words – allowing to distinguish objects of the same type. However, they also have long equivalents, i.e. they are used as abbreviations of longer names. Since the translated original always presents those equivalents, and they show Ramune Vaskelaite. Translation of abbreviations in European Union legislation: a question of criteria | 51 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 trumpinamojo pavadinimo ir trumpinio sąsaja, ES teisės aktų vertimuose net ir su ilguoju The reason for the difficulty of distinguishing spelling abbreviations with few connections from letters santrumpų. Kitaip tariant, rašybos požiūriu vienodai traktuojamos visos santrumpos. Tam įtakos gali turėti šis originalo ypatumas, taip pat norminamieji neaiškumai ar kiti veiksniai, tačiau svarbi may also be the criterion highlighted in the translation: as the most important criterion of phonological structure (verbality), the border between abbreviations in Lithuanian spelling works becomes no longer adequate according to the criterion of the method of composition. 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Teisės akto priėmimo datą rodo prieš pasvirąjį brūkšnį or the year after it. 2015/2366 2001/29/EC EC 2007/2/EC 2004/48/EB 2009/65/EC BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 2011/61/EU 2014/17/ES 2014/65/EU (EC) 2516/2000 (EC) No (EB) Nr. 1161/2005 (EB) Nr. 1221/2002 (EC) No (EC) No (EC) No (EC) No (EU) 2015/2219 (EU) 2016/1037 (ES) 2016/2135 (EU) 2016/792 (EU) 2016/794 (EU) 2016/942 (EU) 2017/1131 (EU) 2017/1601 (ES) 2018/1727 (EU) 2018/1860 (EU) 2018/1971 (EU) 2019/1024 (EU) 2019/1156 (EU) 2019/1238 (ES) 2019/127 (EU) 2019/128 (EU) 2019/1896 1082/2006 (EU) 2019/515 (ES) 2019/816 (ES) 2019/817 1221/2009 (EU) 2019/881 1445/2007 (EU) 2020/1041 451/2008 (EU) 2020/1043 924/2009 (EU) 2020/1503 (EU) 2020/2092 (EU) 2020/2220 (ES) 2020/2221 (EU) 2020/2222 (EU) 2020/2224 (EU) 2020/493 (EU) 2020/558 (EU) 2020/698 (ES) 2020/852 (EU) 2020/873 (EU) No 1052/2013 (EU) No 1092/2010 (EU) No 1094/2010 Ramune Vaskelaite. 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Prieiga internete: http://www.vlkk.lt/vlkk-nutarimai. VLKK 2007: Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos nutarimas „Dėl simbolinių pavadinimų linksniavimo“ (2007 m. balandžio 5 d., Nr. N-1(110). Prieiga internete: http://www.vlkk.lt/vlkk-nutarimai. RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 56 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 VLKK 2016: Protokolinis nutarimas dėl rekomendacijos „Dėl autentiškų asmenvardžių gramatinimo“ (2016 m. gegužės 26 d., Nr. Pn-3). Prieiga internete: http://www.vlkk.lt/vlkk-nutarimai/protokoliniai-nutarimai/rekomendacija-delautentisku-asmenvardziu-gramatinimo. VV – Europos Sąjungos institucijų vertimo į lietuvių kalbą vadovas. Prieiga internete: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/about_the_european_commission/what_the_eu ropean_commission_does/documents/interinstitutional_translation_guide_lt.pdf [žiūrėta 2020 12 20]. Zemlevičiūtė Palmira 2018: Kitų kalbų poveikis lietuviškai informatikos ir kompiuterijos terminijai. – Albina Auksoriūtė, Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler, Solvita Labanauskienė, Asta Mitkevičienė, Robertas Stunžinas, Alvydas Umbrasas, Palmira Zemlevičiūtė. Lietuviškos informatikos ir kompiuterijos terminijos tyrimai, 150–307. Gauta 2020 11 20 Priimta 2020 12 28 RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ. Santrumpų vertimas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose: kriterijaus klausimas | 57 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.14 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 TRANSLATION OF ABBREVIATIONS IN EU LEGISLATION: CRITERION ISSUE Summary Abbreviations in the normative linguistic work are considered as an orthography level object, clear that therefore they are discussed in orthography sections. However, this discussion alone makes it it is difficult to restrict it to the level of an orthography – the structure of abbreviations, orthography origin, relationship with names and other issues are dealt with as well. The purpose of the sections in their turn is to provide orthographic rules, so these questions are just touched instead of being analyzed in a more detailed manner. Moreover, they are not dealt with in the works focused on other linguistic levels. The recent use of abbreviations is extremely orthography only partially, leads to abundant, including non-Lithuanian abbreviations, the peculiarities of which in their formation, declension and orthography coincide with the mentioned sections of the Lithuanian language various uncertainties in use. The article analyzes one of the uncertainties: the issue of translation of abbreviations and acronyms. As the texts of administrative style, namely translations of EU legal acts (directives and regulations) were selected for the analysis, attention is focused on the translation criteria, i.e. seeks to find out what leads in a translation to the selection of a Lithuanian or non-Lithuanian abbreviation. In this respect, two types of abbreviations are considered in the works of the words of the name (EU, ECB, OECD) and abbreviations formed by several first letters or syllables of Lithuanian language orthography: Abbreviations (acronyms) formed from the first letters of the a name (Eurostat, Eurodac, Interpol). It becomes clear that various factors may influence