Vokietis „Lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ pasaulėvaizdyje

BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas GERMAN IN THE WORLDVIEW OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE DICTIONARY 1 Whether we are friends or enemies, the future has yet to show, germany. Vincas Krėvė KEY WORDS: vocabulary, semantics, illustrative example, worldview, German. ANNOTATION Ethnologists, folklorists, historians and linguists have examined the image of the German in Lithuanian eyes. However, the Lithuanian language dictionary, which can be seen as a chronicle covering the material from our first writings in 1547 to 2001, has not yet been studied in this respect. After a semantic analysis of approximately 650 illustrative examples related to the word German, it turned out that the dictionary most often reflects a negative image of German. In these sentences the Germans are mentioned as enemies who have attacked, hurt and killed Lithuanians since ancient times, they destroyed Lithuanian property or took it away, they burdened people with various obligations, taxes, and expelled them for work. Germans seemed to Lithuanians to be cruel, angry, arrogant, picky, liars, but sometimes – stupid, unpleasant in appearance. Much less in the Lithuanian dictionary there is material about the positive features of Germans. 1 The worldview in the article is understood more broadly than just the worldview of language. It is meant ‘the attitude to the world and its phenomena’, cf. Dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian language (http://lkiis.lki.lt/dabartinis). In this case, we are talking about the world view that is revealed specifically in the Lithuanian language dictionary. There is no doubt that “the image of the world, or the model of reality made up of words, may differ in different dictionary versions, even if they are not extremely distant from each other in historical time” (Kravcova 2013: 10). Danuta Liutkevičienė. German in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Dictionary | 2 INTRODUCTION Vokiečius su lietuviais nuo seno siejo nevienareikšmiai santykiai. Iki pat Antrojo World War Germany bordered with Lithuania. As historian Saulius Kaubrys writes, “The German historian G. Wagner distinguished three waves of German arrival in Lithuania. The first began from the middle of the 13th century and lasted until the beginning of the 16th century, the vidurio, trečioji – nuo XVIII a. pabaigos iki XIX a. vidurio“ (Kaubrys 2011:15). Mažoji second – from the middle of the 16th century to the 17th century. Lithuania never belonged to 1923 m. Todėl daug lietuvių gyveno vokiečių valstybės teritorijoje, o vokiečių gyventa Lietuvos vakaruose ir pietvakariuose bei Kaune (Anglickienė 2000b: 25; 2006: 45), taigi šių Lithuania, and the Klaipėda region was assigned to our state. On the other hand, the Lithuanians often fought with the Germans. Historians, folklorists, ethnologists and others have written about this duality of relations – cruel conquerors, i.e., enemies, and reliable, (Anglickienė 2006; Zybertienė 2006; Kaubrys 2011). respectable neighbors, i.e., friends. The duplicity is evident in many of the researched sources. The Lithuanian folklore reflects two sides of communication with the Germans: peaceful neighborhood and fighting against them. Folk art preserves the attitude of the people towards foreigners for several centuries. German can be found in household tales, anecdotes, sayings, legends, military historical, pastoral, pastoral songs, tales, proverbs, proverbs. In the narrative folklore, the peaceful side of our communication with the Germans is more visible, and in the sung one – the struggle with them. The small folklore illustrates everything – the experience of several centuries and the diverse relations with the Germans (Anglickienė 2000a: 2; 2000b: 25; 2006: 184–186). The German is ridiculed in the talk shows – he is both a fool, he does not learn, and he is generally worth laughing at (Vengrytė-Janavičienė 2004: 61: Anglickienė 2006: DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Vokietis Lietuvių kalbos žodyno pasaulėvaizdyje | 3 193–194). In anecdotes, Germans are either puffed up or stupid (Lukošiūtė 2012: 164; doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 2015: 114–115. Thus, folklore is dominated by a negative, often derogatory image of Germans (Anglickienė 2006: 68; 2007: 446). Linguist Silvija Papaurelytė-Klovienė examined the ethnic stereotype of the German. atsiskleidžia iš Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyno pavyzdžių. Her research shows that the most frequently emphasized German tendency to order, sometimes even to pedantry. In addition, in Lithuanian eyes, Germans are organized, disciplined and patriotic (Papaurelytė-Klovienė 2010: 5–7) 2 . In 2001, the prevailing ethnic stereotypes of students were also investigated. In the eyes of the students, Germans are neat, hardworking, excessively frugal. They are also nationalists, puffed up, exalting themselves and their nationality (Senvaitytė 2004). There is also a study of the nicknames associated with this ethnonym. As their researcher Alvydas Butkus notes, Germans are called people who speak very quickly, unclearly or stutter; angry, rude people; arrogant, arrogant people wearing German clothes. 3 Somewhat less often, such a nickname is related to the origin of a person (Butkus 2009: 17; also cf. English 2005). Historian Alvydas Nikžentaitis analyzed the interwar press and scientific historical literature, which discusses German and German images. In his opinion, at least in the first decade of independence, positive stereotypes of Germans and Germany were developing (Nikžentaitis 1998: 239; also cf. Kaubrys 2011: 16). 2 It should be noted that S. Papaurėlytė-Klovienė’s research focused on the national character traits of Germans (and other nations), the adjective German and the German examples of the noun origin were reviewed. A more complete picture of the German could be made by examining and examples with the whole noun vokietis paradigma. 3 Such appearance is also viewed negatively, for example, "face resemblance to people of other nations is a negative characteristic, i.e. treated as a lack of beauty", cf. Butkus (1995: 224). Danuta Liutkevičienė. German in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary | 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Taigi tyrimų apie vokiečius būta išties nemažai. Tačiau šiuo požiūriu dar nebuvo tirtas Our greatest work of linguistics is the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (hereinafter – LKŽe), and 4 after all it can also be seen as a kind of textbook, a chronicle, which includes material from our first writings in 1547 to 2001. The lexicon of the living language was collected for him from 1902, the dictionary describes about half a million Lithuanian words. This dictionary is like a bridge between ancient folklore and contemporary texts, press, etc., it captures an entire epoch, describes in detail everyday life – work, troubles, wars, feelings, fears and joys. The aim of this article is to investigate the concept of GERMANY that emerges from the 5 illustrative sentences in LKŽe, which mention people of this nationality. To select all material related to the concept of GERMANY from the LKŽ and, after examining it, to classify it as follows: attitude to Germans; German character traits. It is illustrative sentences, rather kad išryškėtų istoriniai vokiečių ryšiai su lietuviais; vokiečių požiūris į lietuvius ir lietuvių than definitions, that were chosen to be studied because they capture a very diverse, 6 authentic worldview reflected not by the dictionary writer, but by all the creators of the dictionary – representatives of the dialects from which the material was written, writers, authors of ancient writings, etc. Methods for this purpose 7 4 Only the German image is meant. With the help of the LKŽ (not always only it) the following are already being studied: images of the Lithuanian language (Gritėnienė 2016: 85–104) and vocabulary (Gritėnienė 2017: 1–19), political worldview (state, law, authority) (Zabarskaitė 2010: 126–143), the words marios, pamarys, pamariškis (Zabarskaitė 2012: 239–271), values in the Lithuanian worldview (Rutkovska et al. 2017), terminological information, interpretations of meanings and illustrations (Umbrasas 2019: 162–183). 5 For more on the term, see concept. 2000: 44–58; 2011. 6 Although the article mainly deals with the word German, some research and illustrative sentences, it records how susiję su lietuvio požiūriu į vokiečius, lietuvio reakcijomis į vokiečio veiksmus ir pan. Straipsnio autorės manymu, tai padeda atskleisti išsamesnį vokiečio vaizdinį. Jei, pavyzdžiui, daugelyje iliustracinių sakinių strongly Lithuanians feared Germans, this characterizes not only Lithuanians, but also Germans: thus, Germans were characterized by such traits that frightened people of other nations and so on. 7 It is quite possible that if you choose definitions that mention the German, you will get a different picture. Perhaps in the future, such a study would also be necessary. Danuta Liutkevičienė. German in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 achieve – semantic analysis, descriptive and interpretative. The study material was collected iš 2018 m. atnaujintos elektroninės žodyno versijos (toliau – LKŽe) 8 . About the fact that Lithuanians had long contact with the Germans, that those contacts were long-term and diverse, can be judged already from the number of LKŽe are presented with the concept GERMAN related words 9 dictionary articles: 1) 1 German, 2 German, German, German, German, 2 German, German, German, German, German, 3 German, 4 German, German, German, German, 5 German, 6 German, German, German, 7 German, 8 German, German, 9 German, 10 German, 11 German, 12 German, 13 German, 14 German, 15 German, 16 German, 17 German, 18 German, 19 German, 20 German, 21 German, 22 German, 23 German, 24 German, 25 German, 26 German, 27 German, 28 German, 29 German, 30 German, 31 German, 32 German, 33 German, 34 German, 35 German, 36 German, 37 German, 38 German, 39 German, 40 German, 41 German, 42 German, 43 German, 44 German, 45 German, 46 German, 47 German, 48 German, 49 German; 2) vokietauti, vokietėjimas, vokietėti, vokietybė, vokietynė, vokietinimas, vokietininkas, vokietinis, vokietinti, vokietintojas, vokietuoti, vokietmetis, vokietystė, vokietišius, vokietiškai, vokietiškas, vokiečiavimas, vokiečiuoti, vokiečiuotojas, vokiečkapiai, vokiečkapis, vokytauti, vokytėti, vokytinis, vokytinti, 3 vokytis, vokytkapiai, vokytmetis, vokytumas, vokytuoti, vokyčiuoti, katvokietis, katvokytis. The first group of words, i.e. those lexicons that are most related to nationality, was studied in 10 this thesis. All illustrative examples were chosen not only from the dictionary articles of the first group of headings, but from the entire dictionary, i.e. the heading could be any word. About 1 500 illustrative sentences with nouns vokietis, vokytis and others were found. After analysis, more than half of the samples were rejected as non-informative for the chosen topic. The remaining approximately 650 illustrative examples were examined and See www.lkz.lt. Material collected in June-August 2020. It should be noted that the LKŽe database data is not examined. 8 9 Due to the abundance of material, other German names such as Prussian, Frisian, German, etc. are not discussed in this article. This would be the subject of another study. 10 All the forms of words in the first group of words, recorded in illustrative sentences in LKŽe, were examined. DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Vokietis Lietuvių kalbos žodyno pasaulėvaizdyje | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 are grouped. They are the basis of this work. The examples found in written language and spoken language are not separated, as the general picture of German was similarly laid out in the illustrations from both scripts and dialects. One can only say that the examples of earlier times 11 are, of course, mostly from writings, because at the time when Simonas Daukantas, Antanas Baranauskas and others lived, nobody had collected material in the LCZ from living usage. In addition, the selected sentences were not divided into periods. Those illustrative sentences that are taken from the written language could be arranged according to the period of time they refer to, but those that are written from the lips of people – not always. For example, in such a sentence Peržengt reikia vis Lietuva, who did not mean Lithuanians here: i švedai, i vokiečiai Ad (see crossing) a person could speak about the times of the Crusades, and about the Germans of 12 the First and Second World Wars, and probably about all three together, in general. 13 The main word of this group, which is also used in the present common Lithuanian language, is German (and Germans). The following are some examples: 1. a German man, -ė, German man, -o 1. a person of the German nation. ǁ German soldier. 2. a person of Protestant faith living in Lithuania. 2 German, German 1. devil. 2. German occupation authorities. 3. German army. 14 11 It is possible to compare several illustrative sentences describing the same things related to Germans. See examples in the following article: 1 and 2; 22 and 21; 94 and 95; 187 and 188, etc. The first pavyzdžiai yra fiksuoti iš gyvosios kalbos, antrieji – iš raštų kalbos. Ir kitose vietose sąmoningai stengtasi iliustruoti teiginius pavyzdžiais ir iš raštų, ir iš gyvosios kalbos. 12 Iliustracinių sakinių santrumpos – kaip LKŽe. Skliaustuose nurodomas žodis, iš kurio straipsnio imtas examples. 13 It may be recalled that L. Anglickienė, when examining songs that mention the fighting with the Germans during rašo, kad chronologiniu požiūriu, tokių dainų esama dvejopų: senesnės (iki XX a.) ir dainuotos Pirmojo ir the Second World War. These layers do not have a sharp boundary, because older songs were remembered again and dainuotos vėliau, kai tapo aktualios (Anglickienė 2006: 190–194). 14 In fact, this meaning refers to another word: see 2 German 1. And that little German word means ‘devil’. Danuta Liutkevičienė. German in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Germans 1. A Central European people who speak one of the West Germanic languages. 2. German occupation authorities. 3. German army. There are also 1-way, 2-way and 4-way buses. Often it is difficult to distinguish (probably not necessary) what is meant – nation, government, army or just a few Germans, especially when such examples are found with other (not dukiet*, vokyt* root) heading words. For example, the sentence The Russian chased the German Pgg (see 2 German) illustrates the meaning of ‘German army’, but if it were the title word chase in the article, it would be impossible to say whether the army is meant here, or just one person (the Russian) chasing another person (the German) from somewhere. Another example is the following two sentences: Germans went, so they had to give something to Slv (see 1 German) and Germans then through the German army, although mūsų sodžių ėjo Kpč (ž. vokiečiai). Pirmuoju atveju iliustruojama tautybė, antruoju – the sentences are very similar. Other words in this group mean the same person of the kaip savo tautos atstovo, reikšme, buvo nagrinėjami kartu. German nation (man or woman) without stylistic connotation (vokietka, vokytka, vokyčia, 3 vokis) or with negative connotation (vokietelka, vokytelka, vokietpalaikis, vokytpalaikis) or young German (German) or vokytkikė, 1 vokytukas, -ė, vokyčiokas). vokiečio vaiką (1 vokietaitis, -ė, 1 vokietukas, -ė, vokietūtis, -ė, 1 vokytelis, vokytalis, It is a very logical transfer of meaning from ‘man’ to ‘devil’. ‘Devil’ means not only, kaip minėta, 2 vokietis (2 vokytis), bet ir vokietpalaikis, 2 vokietukas 15 , 2 vokietaitis, vokietėlis, vokytaitis, 2 vokytelis, 2 vokytukas, vokiečiukas. 15 2 vokietukas and 2 vokytukas can also mean ‘wheel blade, connecting the end of the foot with the wheel axle, foot, bitch’, 2 vokietukas – ‘such an ancient dance’ and ‘a mushroom of the sedentary family, the gudy (Rozites caperata)’, and 2 vokietukas – ‘gingerbread’. This only shows once again that Lithuanian and German relations were close enough if the German name was also used for realities not related to nationality. Danuta Liutkevičienė. German in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Here works the model alien – a mythical creature; structurally, both aliens and mythical beings belong to the “non-human category”. Therefore, foreigners are associated with demonic traits in traditional culture (Jasiūnaitė 2018: 181). It must be said that the opposition of one’s own – the stranger exists as long as humanity itself. For Lithuanians, a foreigner is a person of a different faith, another nationality, social group, another ethnographic area or a resident of another village (Vengrytė-Janavičienė 2004: 57; Anglickienė 2006: 64; Bandoriūtė 2007: 10). 2015: 111). As Norbertas Vėlius writes, about one of the most popular forms of the devil – the German – užsiminę daugelis lietuvių folkloro tyrinėtojų: Simonas Daukantas, Eduardas Gizevijus, there are many stories. They associated this devil’s form with historical memory – Lithuanian hatred of the German Crusaders (Vėlius 1986: 19–20, 33). It is possible that a religion (confession) other than the Lithuanian one also influenced this transfer of meaning (Savukynas 2012: 94; also cf. Bandoriūtė 2015: 115). The devil was usually called German there, where Germans lived more or with them throughout all periods of history ethnonym – susidurta dažniau nei kitur – Žemaitijoje, Suvalkijoje ir Mažojoje Lietuvoje (Vėlius 1986: 41; Jasiūnaitė 2018: 181). Lietuviai velnią beveik išimtinai įvardydavo vieninteliu German (sometimes Prussian) and its derivatives. Only once in the mythological tale is 16 another ethnonym recorded, the devil-named Tatar (Anglickienė 2000b: 26; Kaubrys 2011: 16; Jasiūnaitė 2018: 177–178). It is noteworthy that some other nations – Poles, Latvians, Belarusians, Estonians – also imagined the devil in the form of a German. Demonization of foreigners (or foreign faiths) is a universal thing. For example, the Finns imagined the devil as a Norwegian, the Slavs imagined a Lithuanian alongside other foreigners who appeared as the devil – a German, a Frenchman, a Jew, an Ethiopian (Anglickienė 2006: 188; Jasiūnaitė 2010: 88; 2018: 183). 16 Here we are talking only about the devil's names ethnonyms. Anyway, the devil has many other names. Danuta Liutkevičienė. German in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 It must be said that from the examples in the LKŽe it is not always clear whether a person of the nationality in question or a devil is meant, cf. : We're so bored, that we just don't meet the German Plt (see agree). 1. NEGATIVE FORM OF GERMAN IN THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE DICTIONARY 1.1. Reflection of the Wars with the Germans in LKŽ LKŽe žodyninė analizė rodo, kad visų pirma lietuviams vokiečiai atrodė kaip labai warlike, aggressive to their nearer and further neighbors nation. This is not surprising, since the illustrative examples mention both the constant Lithuanian struggles with the Crusaders and the First and Second World Wars. There are many such examples in the LKŽ. 17 The illustrative sentences in the LKŽ show that those wars and struggles were marked by cruelty and that the Germans were usually guilty of them, cf. : 1) Germans start wars, not who. The dreamer, who creates everything and makes everything bad, is GDR (see dreamer) from the very beginning. 2) Inhuman Germans waged wars A1883,129 (see inhuman). 3) The German army is accused of black work Pt (see black). The sentences in the LKŽ show that 4) Žiaurūs ir nežmoniški buvo tikslai, kurių siekė Antrame pasauliniame kare vokiečiai fašistai, tie niekingi istorijos išgamos sp (ž. išgama). the Germans had great military ambitions, cf.: 5) From their speeches it seemed that the whole world would be German slaves Plšk (see slave). 17 According to the ethnologist L. Anglickienė, “again, ‘active military’ communication between two nations is reflected more, such foreigners are mentioned more often than those with whom only peaceful, friendly relations were maintained” (Anglickienė 2007: 453). It should be noted that in the folklore of many other European nations, the German is associated with the image of the enemy – he is associated with power, cruelty, malice, savagery (Anglickienė 2007: 449). DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Vokietis Lietuvių kalbos žodyno pasaulėvaizdyje | 16 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 1.2. Reflection of German Conquerors’ Behaviour in Lithuania During the Wars in the LCŽ The Lithuanians were afraid of the German conquerors. This is evidenced by the following examples of live use found in LKŽ: 80) People were afraid of those Germans – seeing them coming, and tremble Bsg (see frightened). 81) As soon as he sees that the Germans are coming, he blows the horn! Trieste (Trieste). 82) I fleas died when I saw coming German Btg (see die). 83) When he saw the Germans in the yard, he burned Srv (see the yard) from the roof under the shed. 84) Germans came to Lyduikiai and fucked the whole village Ldk (see 22 sušikinti). There are only a few examples where it is said that the German is afraid of something, and they are quite ambiguous. Therefore, it can be said that the Lithuanians did not consider the Germans cowards. There is only one sentence in which this fear is named specifically: 85) Į klėbius vokytis nerangus kibties – bijo Šts (see klėbys). In the LKŽ it can be seen that the Germans were not feared without reason – they were cruel to other peoples (see examples 86–87), killed (or they were expected to kill) (see examples 88–91) and hurt (see examples 92–93), cf.: 86) The Germans were cruel, they shot many people See (see cruel). 87) The Germans were more cruel, we have not seen the Russians so much Erž (see cruel). 88) The Germans killed not only Jews, but also other people where they were not trusted Plsk (see kill). 89) Because of his Lithuanian attitude, he was murdered by the Germans in Plšk (see determination). 90) Said, the Germans will come, say, kill the girls Plt (see kill). 91) There the Germans cut them into half-bodies, turned Gl (see cut). 92) Sodiers howl with a loud voice, so they are supposedly hurt by the Germans Pt (see hurt). 22 ‘scared’, cf. shit LKŽe. DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Vokietis Lietuvių kalbos žodyno pasaulėvaizdyje | 17 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 93) We have been knocked 23 down by Germans [soldiers] See (see knocked down). As can be seen from the illustrative sentences, not only people suffered when the German army entered. The soldiers of a foreign country, both coming into Lithuania and withdrawing from it, destroyed everything on their way (see examples 94–95) – the houses and property of the local inhabitants (see examples 96–98), other buildings (see examples 99–100), forests (see example 101), and did not spare animals (see examples 102–103), cf.: 94. 24 95) The Germans turned the mature and fertile land into a terrible pure S. Dauk (see brandingas). 96) Germans dagged the Zemgalian huts S. Dauk (v. dagioti). 97) Tausojo tausojo žmoneliai tiek metų, o užėjo vokiečiai ir kaip bematai sunaikino viską Šl (ž. tausoti). 98) On St. George's day the Germans poured all the grain and potatoes into the pond and it broke down Ms (see broken). 99) The Germans blew up the bridge Trg (see blow up). The Germans burned down the village and destroyed the mill. 101) After the Germans passed, the forests were left with a cut Dglš (see cut). 102) Germans for war ordered farmers to kill dogs Krt (see Germans). 103) All the bees were tortured by the Germans Shr (see torture). The investigation material testifies that during the wars German soldiers took local people for forced labour (see examples 104–106), sometimes (from the found examples) and for unknown purposes (see examples 107–108). From the sentences found in the LKŽ it is obvious that this was not only done by force, but also regardless of the age or health of the person (109–110): 23 ‘nuskriausti’, cf. kriokinti in LKŽe. 24 ‘made it no longer exist, disappeared, destroyed’, cf. sweep in LKŽ. Danuta Liutkevičienė. German in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary | 18 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 104) The Germans caught a hundred workers and drove them to Vilnius St. (see caught). 105) Norėjo muni į Vokytiją išvežti, į darbus Varn (ž. vežti). 106) Ūkininkai turi dar kentėti nuo vokiečių dėl nuolatinio varinėjimo tiltų ir kelių taisyti Pt (see welding). 107) When the war went on, the Germans chose the men and drove them out of Smal (see drove out). 108) It was the Germans who caught us, such guys, Ss (see guy). 110) Such breathes beesu, 109) Vokiečiai aną metą varydavo mažas mergučes po tris po vienu dalgiu rišt Skr (ž. po). and promises to take to Germany Šts (see breath). It was found illustrative sentences showing that the local people, afraid of what the German soldiers could do to them, hid as they could: 111) I entered the fortress, and the Germans did not see Skr (see fortress). 112) People hide in the sand pits of the Germans See (see sandpit). 113) Seeing the wolf coming, on the horse you will run after the devil Vsv (devil). 114) The Germans had ordered us not to accept any cookie in Cairo (see cookie 2). As it can be seen from the investigated material, the conquerors Germans not only killed, hurt the local inhabitants and destroyed their homes, they always took the local property for their own needs. It was so common that there are many examples in the dictionary. Of them, local people. In particular, the most general things should be mentioned: 116) For the four-year war, the Germans took everything from the Krš galima susidaryti labai tikslų vaizdą, ką atimdavo vokiečių kareiviai ir kaip dėl to jautėsi (see vokytis). 117) The Germans worked on us as after the baptism Sts (see work). It is stated 115) Vokyčiai, visokių lobių kupetomis prisiplėšusys, džiaugės S. Dauk (ž. kupeta). that the peasants lost what constituted the basis of the farms – grain and fodder (see. 118–119 pavyzdžius) ir gyvulių (žr. 120–121 pavyzdžius); iš jų buvo paimti arkliai (žr. 122 Danuta Liutkevičienė. German in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary | 19 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 123–124), cows (see examples 124–125), sheep (see examples 124–125), pigs (see example 125), geese (see example 126), ducks (see example 127): 118) On a bare bottomine beparvažiavau, vokytis ir pašarus atėmė Šts (see bottomine). 119) The Germans exhausted the grains, cleaned Grd (see cleaned). 120) The Germans collected all the livestock, burned the barns Ad (see collected). 121) Germans breeded animals, they would not agree with them Krz (see agree). 122) The Germans have brought out the horses, the man of Mun sits and cries Krž (see crying). 123) The German military authorities took one cow after another from the inhabitants, another and the last "Plška" (in Czech). 124) Telyčias, aveles visas tuoj vokiečiai išpjovė Kp (ž. telyčia). 125) The Germans went and everything when the broom swept: shot sheep, cut pigs Bgs (see shot). 126) The Germans killed a whole pack of geese Slm (see kill). 127) The Germans killed all the ducks, only on the wings rose and flew Sem (v. 1 German). The material shows that the Germans also robbed the inhabitants of the conquered lands of food, sometimes the last thing they had – butter (see examples 128–129), bacon (see example 129), cheese (see example 129), meat (see example 130), bread (see example 130), milk (see example 131), and eggs (see example 132). 131). 128) Kiekvieną sviesto gniužinėlį reikėjo atiduoti vokiečiams rš (ž. gniužinys). 129) Germans walk around the gardens buttering, dripping, salting (see butter). 130) They took meat, bread, what we had from food, everything the Germans took Sb (see everything). 131) Milk spranginom vokyčius, o patys starvom Šts (v. spranginti). Danuta Liutkevičienė. German in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary | 20 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 It is recorded in the LKŽ that the German conquerors were interested in absolutely būtų pasipelnyti – nuo miškų (žr. 132 pavyzdį) iki gintaro (žr. 133 pavyzdį) ar girnų (žr. 134 everything that could be used as an example), plg. : 132) The Germans drove 25 out the Lithuanian forests Brb (see drove out). 133) The Germans want to reclaim amber (see reclaim). 134) We even cooked coffee with the Germans, because we were afraid that they would not take the Zb (see Germans). From the research material, other methods that the conquerors used to profit from the local population are also revealed, namely, requisitions (see example 135), taxes (see examples 136–137), embankments (see example 138): 135) German requisitions end up strangling us Pt (see requisition). 136) Vokietis išrašė kvitus – tuojau mokėk šuninius (paid for a dog) mokesčius and 137) Vokietis pagalvę lupo, šunmokesčius lupo rš (see pabaudą, kad šuo nepririštas A. Vencl (ž. 1 šuninis). šunmokestis). 138) Pyliavas must be given to the Germans in half sheets by J. Avyž (see in half sheets). In the LKŽ illustrative sentences are recorded how Lithuanians tried to survive and protect their property, usually simply trying to hide it: 139) In the times of the Germans people had invented all kinds of slaptų Skd (see secretly). 141) Hanged animals had to be fed, so that they would not make themselves known, while the Germans walked 140) Kaip sužinojom, kad vokyčiai ims karves, išvarėm į mišką Als (ž. imti). around Vkš (see paskelbenti). 142) Grain where we removed, and the Germans did not find Shd (see removed). However, the investigative material also shows how the Germans searched for hidden objects, animals (perhaps people), and carried out searches: 143) One drag (fast) flew Germans to shake people Gršl (see drag). 25 ‘transported, carried away’, pg. varyti LKŽe. Danuta Liutkevičienė. German in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary | 21 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 144) Iššvaistė trobą, išieškojo vokyčiai Šts (ž. iššvaistyti). 145) The Germans who climbed up the hill, but found nothing Pns (see grozdyti). 146) The Germans were looking for bacon all day long Plt (see krėsti). 1.3. Reflection of life under German rule in LKŽe 26 As can be seen from the illustrative sentences, the Germans in the conquered lands (at any time) created their own order and life for the local people was considerably difficult (see examples 147–149), lacking the most essential things (see examples 150–153): 148) 147) Vokiečiai jau pirmais metais juos smaugė Slm (ž. smaugti). Badavom prieg germans Kš (see examples 147–149). 149) Kumet po vokyčiais gyvenome, buvo daug rinkiukų atsiradę Kal (ž. rinkiukas 27 ). 150) With the Germans it was so difficult with bread that even the cornmeal had to be added to the bread Bgs (see 28 grains). 151) At the Germans there were no mills, nothing, so for everything they begged [houses] Kp (see Germans). 152) In German times, the lamps were split in Al (see split). 153) Apskurom, po vokyčiais bebūdami Trš (see apskurti). The LKŽ records that the German government was strict (see examples 154–155), especially in Lesser Lithuania (see examples 156–157): 154) There was still nothing until the Germans invaded and oppressed everyone with their iron rule A. Alone (v. depressed). 26 The examples in this subsection are closely related (and sometimes intertwined) with 1.2, but it should be borne in mind that Lesser Lithuania was under German rule not only during the war. 27 ‘elgeta’, cf. LKŽe collection. 28 ‘pjuvenos’, cf. pielavinos LKŽe. DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Vokietis Lietuvių kalbos žodyno pasaulėvaizdyje | 22 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 155) The introduction of Germans was strict Trg (introduction). 156) The administration and courts in Prussian Lithuania were in German hands. 157) The German occupation authorities registered every fisherman's departure (see departure). From the research material it is clear that at all times the Germans Germanized the conquered lands (see examples 158-160) and their inhabitants themselves Germanized (see examples 161-163). 158) In German times Lithuanianness began to be marked with the field Pgg (see rauti). 159) Germans in East Prussia named all Lithuanian names with German names Plšk (see name). 160) The Germans would like the Lithuanians to Germanize as soon as possible A1884,238 (see Germanization). 161) After several hundred years of slavery to the Germans here and there, he lost his unity and translated his language S. Dauk (see translate). 162) All … manors and wealthier farmers turned into Germans A1885,40 (see manor). 163) Already young people were quite Germans, mės, senieji, so da keikėmės savo Vlkš (v. senas). 1.4. German and Lithuanian relations and attitudes towards each other in the LKŽ There is a number of examples of usage recorded in the LKŽ, which testifies that the Germans looked down on Lithuanians and despised them: 164) The Germans hold the Lithuanian over three inches K. Donel (see 1 German). 165) As a dumb vokites, by setting up zūbus, despises Lithuanians prš (see zūbas). 166) German chroniclers proclaimed that the Grand Dukes of Lithuania were not at all dukes, but stupid, usurpers of power (see usurper). Danuta Liutkevičienė. German in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary | 23 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Tačiau ir lietuviųpaniekinamą požiūrį į vokiečius rodo visoje Lietuvoje fiksuoti (taigi widespread and established) ridiculous 29 comparisons, which mention people of the following nationalities: 167) Ko zyzi as vokytis milztas Gršl (see zyzti). 168) I bludgeon as a whistle after the South End (see whistle 1). 169) Snatches like a German into the sky LTR (Vb) (see 1 German). 171) Laughs like a furious German Srv (see 1 German). turned into a fight. Both 170) Mindai kaip vokietys kisielių Zp (ž. 1 vokietis). Germans (see examples 172–173) and Lithuanians started them. Iš minėtų pavyzdžių akivaizdu, kad šių dviejų tam tikrais istorijos laikotarpiais kartu ar šalia gyvenusių tautų žmonės nemėgo vieni kitų ir ta nesantaika net ir taikos metais kartais (see examples 174-175): 172) The German raised his hand to beat, the grey-tailed snake cleverly bent, and the perskrido per orą I. Simon (ž. perskristi). German's hand 173) The German drew the bob through the ear, it just kebavirst and overturned LTR (see kebavirst). 174) That I drew, that I drew that German then! "Krč" (in Croatian). 175) Those Gaspadorians, having raised a good vanta to that German for this and thrust him several times in the ass, threw him out of the door to LMD (see vanta). There are examples of usage in the dictionary that show that some Lithuanians and Germans (more often German women) maintained friendly relations, but there are 30 not many such examples: 176) And when the German girls started to get more excited about them, they started to lipšniuotis Sln (see lipšniuotis). 177) Vokytė smaigstė, kad ans su jaja šoktum J (see smaigstyti). 29 Šiuose palyginimuose galima įžiūrėti neprotingo, nederamo elgesio fiksavimą, orumo trūkumą ir pan., However, specialists in Lithuanian folk tales could say a more detailed word about them. 30 For at least somewhat more friendly relations with German men, see examples 237, 238. Danuta Liutkevičienė. German in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary | 24 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 178) Lithuanian patriot and such a German girl pampered by her parents beautifully sang together J. Mik (b. 1 German). Tiriamoji medžiaga liudija, kad lietuvių pataikavimas vokiečiams, stengimasis jiems to please was 31 considered a reprehensible thing: 179) He was fighting with those Germans for a dog Brž (see dog). 180) After fleeing from the Lithuanians, he limps for the Germans (having become Germanized, he accommodates the Germanizers) prš (see limping). 181) Now he is bending there against the Germans, as if it could not be otherwise, I. Simon flies into their back (see back). 182) Those verstaskūriai da uglier than the German Smln himself (see verstaskūris). However, from the examined examples it is clear that the majority of Lithuanian 183–186 pavyzdžius), nenorėjo su jais turėti jokių reikalų net ir tada, kai vokiečiai, atrodytų, Germans did not like (see examples 187–188) the Lithuanians. 32 183) The donkey washed out his own houses, which seemed to them to have been destroyed by the Christian Germans S. Dauk (see destroyed). 184) Old messengers with ancient words will cleanse our land from the spirit of the Gudes and Germans A. Baran (see message 2). 185) You didn't say that Lithuanians hate Germans, because their family wants to be the best in the world Jrk51 (see 1 German). 186) Motriškosios už gudą, lenką ar vokytį tekėti už visų didžiausią sau gėdą turėjo S. Dauk (1 turn). 31 The same attitude towards those complaining to the Germans can also be seen in the small folklore, cf. “Expressed hatred, unwillingness to help the enemy: if you help the German, you will lie in the cold ground” (Anglickienė 2000b: 27). 32 Šie du sakiniai iliustruoja ir toliau straipsnyje nagrinėjamus teigiamus vokiečių bruožus. DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Vokietis Lietuvių kalbos žodyno pasaulėvaizdyje | 25 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 187) That dog was good, but mother still didn't like it, who had white paws Ms (v. fit). 188) The German woman cleans the spoons – the old lady doesn't like to eat P. Cvir (see clean). The following sentences were found in LKŽ, which show that Lithuanians did not expect anything good from the Germans: 189) Can a German give something to a Lithuanian man I. Simon (see Lithuanian). 190) Let the Germans print these letters, so that they can extort money from us, lure Zem (see extortion). 1.5. Character and appearance of Germans in LKŽe From the illustrative examples in the LKŽ it can be concluded that Lithuanians attributed to Germans a wide variety of negative qualities (see example 191). The 33 Germans seemed stupid to them (see. 192–193 examples), angry (see examples 194–195), puffed up (see examples 196–197), picky (see example 198), liars (see example 199): 191) Donelaitis with his chaižus hexameters painted the greed, disgust, and folly of German nobles rš (see chaižus). 192) Stupid as a German in the afternoon (afternoon St) Vlkv (see 1 German). M. (v. 1 German). 193) Aklas vokietis (kvailas, kuris vokiškai temoka) B, B270,346, MŽ468, N, Sch113, 194) Pasiuto kaip vokti po pietų Plik, Akm, Sd (see pasiusti). 195) The German floats, curses in all kinds of languages, even frogs are afraid to appear on the surface of the water 1 (German). 196) Puffed up, self-centered, like a real vokites Lk (see self-centered). 33 It is remarkable that this did not only seem to Lithuanians. In French, Italian and Danish, the word for German also means fool. This shows that the Lithuanian opinion was not subjective (Anglickienė 2006: 18). Danuta Liutkevičienė. The German in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary | 32 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 This is the picture of the Germans that can be formed from the illustrative examples in the LKŽ alone, even if we do not know the historical facts. First of all, the Germans were enemies. 51 They attacked the Lithuanians with the largest troops since long ago and spared no lives. This was done using a wide variety of weapons – daggers, rifles, grenades, machine guns, mortars, planes. One could make a cautious assumption that in many cases the Germans might have been technically superior (in terms of military equipment) to their opponents, because the Investigated material mentions that the Germans fought not only with the Lithuanians, their lietuvių ginklų LKŽe pavyzdžiuose minima kur kas mažiau. enemies were the Americans, and the Germans fought among themselves as well. So the buvo ir prūsai, latviai, estai, rusai, lenkai, anglai, danai, norvegai, belgai, prancūzai, Germans were a very warlike nation. The examples in the LKŽ also record Lithuanian areas, whose inhabitants encountered Germans, first of all these were the inhabitants of Lesser Lithuania and Žemaitija, later the Germans spread throughout Lithuania – along the Nevėžis, Nemunas, Užnemunė, towards Šiauliai, Pasvalys, Ukmergės and so on. As illustrative sentences in the LKŽe show, the Germans both when passing through Lithuania and after staying for a longer time (and in Lesser Lithuania these two nations lived next to each other) abused the Lithuanians – they took away livestock, grain, feed, food, took trees and other property to Germany. And if they did not take away, then they destroyed Lithuanian property – houses, bridges, mills were burned, crops were destroyed, livestock were shot and slaughtered, neither dogs nor bees were spared. The local inhabitants were burdened with various obligations, taxes, were forced to work in Germany, spared neither small children nor people left behind. 51 Perhaps it is worth reminding once again that we are talking here about the image recorded in one specific dictionary, which in individual cases does not necessarily coincide with the historically documented reality or with the images reflected in other sources. DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Vokietis Lietuvių kalbos žodyno pasaulėvaizdyje | 33 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 For these reasons, the Lithuanians were afraid of the Germans and hid from them. Germans seemed to Lithuanians to be cruel, angry, arrogant, picky, liars, but sometimes – stupid, unpleasant, usually obese, with big bellies. German also seemed unsightly and incomprehensible to Lithuanian ears. All these illustrative examples are the most in the LKŽ. However, this worldview has another side, it tells a lot about Lithuanians themselves. The research material shows that the Lithuanians resisted the conquerors Germans as much as they could, in earlier times they fought with them fiercely, sparing their lives, in later times, when they had to surrender, they hid their property, did not surrender to the occupiers at least in their hearts – they hated the Germans, despised them, mocked them and condemned the tribesmen who fought with the enemy. On the other hand, Lithuanians also saw positive traits of Germans, although the illustrative material in the dictionary is much less (just over 60 illustrative examples). The Germans were not only soldiers, but also craftsmen, traders, who introduced the Lithuanians to some previously unknown things – some crafts, ready-made clothes, saccharine, Christmas trees, etc. They were hard-working, caring, sometimes festive, repaying good for good, and their women were beautiful and adorned. The language of the writings recorded in the LKŽ shows that they were also a nation of scientists, writers and musicians. Thus, the picture of the German, reflected in the illustrative examples of the LCŽ, is ambiguous, but much more often it is negative than positive. Of course, it should be borne in mind that when writing the dictionary in Soviet times, due to censorship, the selection of some illustrative examples could be biased. It is likely that in the times of independence the evaluation of people of this nationality would be more often positive than negative, as evidenced by other studies of the concept GERMANY reviewed in the introductory notes of this article. Danuta Liutkevičienė. German in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Dictionary | 34 SOURCE LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, t. 1–20, 1941–2002 (elektroninis variantas), vyr. red. G. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2005. Online access: www.lkz.lt. LITERATŪRA Anglickienė Laimutė 2000a: Kitataučiai lietuvių folklore: daktaro disertacijos santrauka, Kaunas. Anglickienė Laimutė 2000b: Vokietis lietuvių tautosakoje. – Liaudies kultūra 2(71), 25–27. Anglickienė Laimutė 2005: Etnonimų vartojimo lietuvių kalboje ir folklore ypatumai. – Vārds un tā pētišanas aspekti 9, 7–17. Anglickienė Laimutė 2006: Kitataučių įvaizdis lietuvių folklore, Vilnius: Versus Aureus. Anglickienė Laimutė 2007: Tautosaka apie kitataučius: etnostereotipų ir siužetų migracija. – Rytų Europos kultūra migracijos kontekste: tarpdalykiniai tyrimai, Vilnius: Versus aureus, 445–454. Bandoriūtė Salomėja 2015: Tradicinis anekdotas: iš ko juokėsi XIX a. pabaigos–XX a. vidurio lietuvis. – Tautosakos darbai 49, 105–122. Baranauskas Tomas, Zabiela Gintautas 2016: Saulės mūšio pėdsakų paieškos, Vilnius: Lietuvos archeologijos draugija. Butkus Alvydas 1995: The Lithuanian Nicknames of Ethnonymic Origin. – Indogermanische Forschungen, Berlin: Walter De Gruyter & Co, 223–228. Butkus Alvydas 2009: Nominacija ir identitetas: habilitacijos procedūrai teikiamų mokslo darbų apžvalga, Kaunas. DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Vokietis Lietuvių kalbos žodyno pasaulėvaizdyje | 35 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Gritėnienė Aurelija 2016: Šermukšnio vaizdinys „Lietuvių kalbos žodyne“. – Tautosakos darbai 52, 85–104. Gritėnienė Aurelija 2017: Žodyno vaizdinys „Lietuvių kalbos žodyne“. – Bendrinė kalba 90, 1–19. Prieiga internete: http://www.bendrinekalba.lt/?90. Gudavičius Aloyzas 2000: Etnolingvistika, Šiauliai: Šiaulių universiteto leidykla. Gudavičius Aloyzas 2011: Reikšmė – sąvoka – konceptas ir prasmė. – Res humanitariae 10, 108–119. Jasiūnaitė Birutė 2010: Šventieji ir nelabieji frazeologijoje ir liaudies kultūroje, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. Jasiūnaitė Birutė 2018: Lietuvių velniavardžiai, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. Kaubrys Saulius 2011: Pasiklydę tarp savęs ir įverčių: 1918–1940 m. Lietuvos vokiečių įvaizdžio klausimu. – Istorija 4(84), 15–25. Kravcova Liudmila 2013: Šiuolaikinės rusų kalbos asmenis įvardijantys daiktavardžiai kaip pasaulėvaizdžio atspindys (pagal „XXI amžiaus aiškinamąjį rusų kalbos žodyną. Aktuali leksika“): daktaro disertacijos santrauka, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. LKK: Lietuvių karas su kryžiuočiais, red. J. Jurginis, Vilnius: Mintis, 1964. Lukošiūtė Ieva 2012: Kultūriniai stereotipai Lietuvių pasakojamuose anekdotuose: žydas, čigonas, vokietis. – Jaunųjų mokslininkų darbai 1(34), 160–166. Nikžentaitis Alvydas 1998: Das Bild der Deutschen und Deutschlands in Litauen während der Zwischenkriegszeit. – Die deutsche Volksgruppe in Litauen und im Memelland während der Zwischenkriegszeit und aktuelle Fragen des deutsch-litauischen Verhältnisses, Hamburg, 237–253. Papaurėlytė-Klovienė Silvija 2010: Kaimyninių tautų atstovai ir jų nacionalinio charakterio specifika lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje. – Lietuvių kalba 4, 1–9. Prieiga internete: http://www.lietuviukalba.lt/index.php/lietuviu-kalba/article/view/27. DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Vokietis Lietuvių kalbos žodyno pasaulėvaizdyje | 36 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Rutkovska Kristina, Smetona Marius, Smetonienė Irena 2017: Vertybės lietuvio pasaulėvaizdyje, Vilnius: Akademinė leidyba. Savukynas Virginijus 2012: Istorija ir mitologijos: tapatybės raiškos XVII–XIX amžiaus Lietuvoje, Vilnius: Idėjos ir komunikacija. Senvaitytė Dalia 2004: Etninių stereotipų kaita: tautybės studentų akimis. – Tiltai 4 (29), 123–129. Umbrasas Alvydas 2019: Terminologija Lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Terminologija 26, 162–183. Vėlius Norbertas 1986: Chtoniškasis lietuvių mitologijos pasaulis, Vilnius: Vaga. Vengrytė-Janavičienė Edmunda 2004: Kitataučiai lietuvių liaudies talalinėse. – Tautosakos darbai 27, 57–63. VLEe: Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija: elektroninis variantas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras, 2018. Prieiga internete: https://www.vle.lt. Zabarskaitė Jolanta 2010: Politinis pasaulėvaizdis didžiajame „Lietuvių kalbos žodyne“ (valstybė, įstatymas, valdžia). – Parlamento studijos 9, 126–143. Prieiga internete: http://www.parlamentostudijos.lt/Nr9/9_kalba_1.htm. Zabarskaitė Jolanta 2012: Kitoks didžiojo „Lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ skaitymas: Adalbertas Bezzenbergeris, marios, pamarys, pamariškis. – Mažoji Lietuva: paribio kultūros tyrimai, sud. G. Blažienė, N. Morozova, J. Zabarskaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 239–271. Zybertienė Evelina 2006: Lietuvos vokiečiai lietuvių etninės kultūros erdvėje. – Tiltai 3, 121–137. Gauta 2020 11 20 Priimta 2020 12 21 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Vokietis Lietuvių kalbos žodyno pasaulėvaizdyje | 37 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 GERMAN IN THE WORLDVIEW OF THE DICTIONARY OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE Summary The image of the German in the eyes of a Lithuanian has been scrutinised by ethnologists, folklorists, historians, linguists. However, their studies in that regard have so far omitted our largest linguistic tract, the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, which can be approached as some kind of a chronicle covering material from our first writings dated 1547 until 2001. A semantic analysis of roughly 650 illustrative examples associated with the German has revealed a very thorough, many-sided image of how Lithuanians have looked at Germans – their neighbours, sometimes close, sometimes not so – since ancient times until the end of the 20th century. This image is not just some biased opinion of a group of people: it consists of information that can be found in written texts, various dialects across Lithuania, and at different times. Of course, individual illustrative sentences recorded from the lips of living people are subjective and often emotional; however, taken together, they form an accurate homogeneous worldview. That Lithuanians knew Germans very well, has evidence in the ample quantity of headwords available in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language: with reference to Germans, such words total a massive 52. These words not always have to do with nationality: sometimes they can also refer to the devil or a mushroom, a dance or a gingerbread cookie, and so on. To begin with, according to the Dictionary, Germans were always enemies. Their cohorts would assault Lithuanians since ancient times, sparing no lives. They would do so DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Vokietis Lietuvių kalbos žodyno pasaulėvaizdyje | 38 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 with a variety of weapons, from rams to bayonets to rifles, grenades, machineguns, mortars, and airplanes. Germans would not only fight with Lithuanians alone: they also had enemies in Prussians, Latvians, Poles, Englishmen, Norwegians, Belgians, Frenchmen, Americans; Germans were not immune to in-house squabble either. Among the Lithuanian people, it was the residents of Lithuania Minor and Samogitia that first came into contact with Germans; later, Germans spread all over Lithuania. Both as they marched across Lithuania and having settled there for an extended stay, Germans would do Lithuanians harm, taking away their livestock, grain, feed, food, shipping timber and other property off to Germany. What they would not take, they would destroy out of spite: houses, bridges, mills would be burned down, crops trampled, livestock shot or slaughtered; neither dogs nor bees would be spared. The people would be burdened by various obligations, even taken away to work in Germany, sparing neither the children nor the sick. As a result, Lithuanians feared Germans and would try not to attract their unwanted attention. Lithuanians considered Germans a cruel, evil, arrogant, picky, lying bunch, but sometimes they would be regarded as foolish, unsightly, often fat and pot-bellied. The German language would ring foul and incomprehensible to the Lithuanian’s ear as well. Lithuanians would oppose Germans for as much as they could, fighting them ferociously in the old times without sparing their own lives; later, when they were forced to surrender to such power, they would secretly stash their property away, harbouring resistance towards the invaders, if only in their hearts: Germans would be hated, despised, mocked; fellow Lithuanians who made bedfellows with the enemies, frowned upon. On the other hand, Lithuanians saw positive traits in Germans as well, even though material pointing to that is much scarcer. In addition to warriors, Germans were craftsmen, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Vokietis Lietuvių kalbos žodyno pasaulėvaizdyje | 39 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.09 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 merchants who introduced Lithuanians to some of the things the country had never known before. They were hard-working, careful, and sometimes welcoming; they would return favours and their women were pretty and well-dressed. The language of texts recorded in DLLe shows that it was a nation of scholars, writers, musicians. KEYWORDS: dictionary, semantics, illustrative example, worldview, German. DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]