Tradiciniai ir netradiciniai Rytų Lietuvos oikonimai

162 GENERAL LANGUAGE | 95 KAZIMIERAS GARŠVA Lithuanian Language Institute doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2022.95.07 TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL THE REPUBLIC OF EASTERN LITHUANIA KEY WORDS: eastern Lithuania, oikonimai, traditional forms, slaved oikonimai. ANNOTATION The article examines how Lithuanian traditional forms of eastern Lithuanian oikonimų differ from later non-traditional Slavic forms. The regional differences of the names are indicated and data are provided according to the daryba, the slavinimą in the villages from Šalčininkai to Daugpilis. There are five ways to glorify Lithuanian oikonimai. ABSTRACT The article examines the differences between the traditional Lithuanian forms of Eastern Lithuanian oikonyms and the later non-traditional Slavic forms. Regional differences and numbers of oikonyms according to formation, slavization in counties from Šalčininkai to Daugavpils are presented. There are five ways of slavicization of oikonyms of the Lithuanian language. INTRODUCTION On October 28, 2013, after the registration in the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania of the National Minorities Bill No. 13-335-01 and the Law No. 13-337-01 on the Amendment of Articles 7, 14, 17 of the Law on the State Language of the Republic of Lithuania, the State Lithuanian Language Commission declared that these provisions would violate the status of Lithuanian as a state language. In 2022, a similar draft of the National Minorities Act was to be submitted again, according to which “traditional names of residential areas, street names, topographical signs can be written in the language of the national minority in addition to the state language by the decision of the institution represented by the relevant municipality”. The names of Vilnius and Šalčininkai districts of these municipalities have long been written in two languages. Kazimierz GARSZWA. Traditional and non-traditional eastern Lithuanian oikonimai 163 The aim of this article is to determine which eastern Lithuanian oikonimai are traditional (authentic) and which are non-traditional (unauthentic). The objectives of the article are to investigate the origin and composition of traditional eastern Lithuanian oikonimų, to identify the most important criteria for distinguishing traditional and non-traditional oikonimų, more important regional differences of eastern Lithuanian toponymy, which can help distinguish traditional toponymy from non-traditional. The author is preparing a monograph on this topic, so more detailed literature, development of the ethnic composition of eastern Lithuania, glorification of place names, overview of the origin of the Christian name book, tables of the structure of the oikonimų by villages, etc. are not published here. This would duplicate the author’s other works and unreasonably distract from the main issues raised here. In order to distinguish Lithuanian traditional namebooks from non-Lithuanian namesbooks, it is not necessary to explain in more detail all possible developments of these words, etymology hypotheses, all the more so that without detailed historical sources, their summaries and preparatory works this is difficult, often even impossible to do. In his explanations of the origin of the Oykonim, the author refers not only to personal names, but also to common words from which these names may have originated. Occasionally, the oikonimes in question may have originated directly from common words (not through personal nouns). When the meaning of oikonimo for Lithuanians, Baltists is clear without comment (the word is in the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary (DLKŽ 1972)), the etymology of oikonimo is usually not detailed. The main source of the article is a dictionary of names of places of residence (oikonimi) in eastern Lithuania occupied by Poland in 1920–1939, with normalized Lithuanian and former Polish forms, written by Antanas Salis and published with difficulties by a group of Lithuanianists in 1944 (Salys 1983). Place names were verified 80 years ago by professional Lithuanian linguists, taking into account the language of the local inhabitants, historical documents and standardized. Due to the war and occupation, the records of the register have not been preserved. There is no detailed survey of the local population, no historical knowledge of older forms of oikonimų. This article describes in detail the origin, motivation, and development of eastern Lithuanian oikonimies: Lithuanian oikonimies roots, enriched oikonimies, suffixes, prefixes, language contacts. A total of 7,455 forms of oikonimų were studied. These are the forms of the names of 3720 settlements between Zarasai and Varėna that survived 100 years ago or less: 3720 of them were written in Lithuanian and 3735 in Polish. A small part of oikonimų repeats, because occasionally the same name was written not only the village (city), but also the nearby old 164 GENERAL LANGUAGE | 95 manor, palivark, etc. The Polish-language oikonimes of eastern Lithuania in the dictionary have been insufficiently used and commented on so far. The Lithuanian-language oikonimes of eastern Lithuania have been included in the Lithuanian Language Institute's place names database and are mentioned in the Lithuanian Place Names Dictionary. The research uses area, comparative, descriptive scientific methods. The author is looking for new methods and data to investigate the traditional names of eastern Lithuania and tries to improve the methodology used by onomastics authorities. The article differs from the valuable dissertation of colleague Marija Razmukaite (1998) in that both works use different sources, different research objects, methods. The author used more extensively the methods of general linguistics, dialectology, sociolinguistics. M. Razmukaitė’s dissertation examines not the eastern, but the whole of Lithuania’s oikonimes and they are taken from another source – the Lithuanian SSR Administrative-Territorial Division Handbook (LATSŽ), which reflects the situation 50 years later, when some oikonimes had disappeared. The administrative division also differed: in 1972 there were smaller administrative units – districts – instead of villages. Until now, no scholars have studied the Polish-written place names of eastern Lithuania in more detail, nor have they compared them with authentic Lithuanian place names. The authors were encouraged to start and continue this work by the article of Aleksandrs Vanags (1993). The Lithuanian place names dictionary should be published in 12-15 volumes, but so far only 4 volumes have been printed, so it is not possible to mention other volumes in the article. The article examines the situation of eastern Lithuania because the fate of the eastern part of Lithuania in 1920 was different from that of the rest of the Republic of Lithuania and the Republic of Latvia. On 9 October 1920, eastern Lithuania was occupied by Poland, and this was confirmed by the so-called Polish Peace Treaty with Russia and Ukraine in Riga on 18 March 1921. For 19 years, the former centre of the Lithuanian state with its long-standing historical capital Vilnius had no state Lithuanian language and suffered the greatest oppression: Lithuanian schools, reading rooms, organizations, newspapers were closed, personal names and place names continued to be glorified, Lithuanians were forcibly turned into Poles and imprisoned and killed for disobedience (see RL 1980; Zinkevičius 1993, 2013; Maceika 2020). Forcible Polishization and Slavification can only be partly called language contacts. In most of the Lithuanian language area, the nomenclature of living Baltic languages has been Slavicized more because the official language of writing in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) since the 14th century has been the office Slavic language. After the Union of Lublin in 1569, Polish became the official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This article examines as the main scientific perspectives Kazimierz GARSZWA. Traditional and non-traditional toponyms of eastern Lithuania The area of 165 Lithuanian ethnic lands, which was occupied by Poland in 1919-1939 and in which the entire toponymy was then written in the Polish state language. Another area of Baltic languages is the remaining territory of Lithuania and the adjacent areas of Latvia and Gudija with ethnic Lithuanian lands. The distribution of the Oikonimi suffix in this area is comparable to its distribution in eastern Lithuania. The percentage is determined by dividing the number of households with the suffix -iškvalsčiai by the total number of households in the municipality. Some historical documents indicate that the names of places of residence used by a larger number of multilingual people were officially slaverized first, while Lithuanian forms of the surnames of the inhabitants, even names, microtoponims were occasionally preserved. For example, in the Vilnius economic inventory of 1622 (LVIŠ 2014: 70–128) the surnames Drutelaytis „Drūtelaitis“, Rugielis „Rugelis“, the names Jonas, Jurgis, Norvilų palivarko forest Plinakolnis „Plynakalnis“, Mėdininkų single-family home (užusienis, zascianek) Rukłaycis „Ruklaitis“ (LVIŠ 2014: 98, 126) were written. ORIGIN AND COVENANT OF THE OIKONIMI Most of the normalised and published Lithuanian oikonimes of each village are Lithuanian forms, while the Polish-written oikonimes were variedly slavised (see Salys 1983: 571–667 for examples of place names). Of the traditional place names of eastern Lithuania written in Polish, more than half (except for Rudamina) remained of Lithuanian origin until 1940: in Maišiagalos vald 88.4%, Dūkšto – 81.9%, Nemenčinės – 76.3%, Ignalinos – 74.8%, Švenčionėlių – 74.3%, Rūdiškių – 70.4%, Jašiūnų – 68.6%, Trakai – 68.5%, Paberžės – 67.4%, Šumsko – 66.7%, Riešės – 60.1%, Eišiškių – 58.4%, Turgelių – 52.1%, Mickūnų – 51.0%, Rudaminos – 39.3%. A more extensive analysis of oikonimų and more examples on this topic are presented in another article by the author (Garšva 2022: 4–10). Oikonymes written in Polish letters often follow the rules of Vilnius and Southern Altay dialects: the consonant l is firmed, the diphthongs am, an, em, en are pronounced um, un, im, in. The roots of words that completely coincide with Lithuanian are part of Lithuanian and help to study the traditional Lithuanian vocabulary. Lithuanian oikonymic roots (stems) used in the Lithuanian language area with later added Slavic suffixes, prefixes or oikonymic roots (stems) translated into Slavic languages with preserved Lithuanian suffixes 166 GENERAL LANGUAGE | 95 (with prefixes) is the substrate of Lithuanian language. Lithuanian oikonimes written in Polish are considered to be of Lithuanian origin if they have at least one Lithuanian part of the oikonimic verb. The Lithuanian-written oikonymies are considered to be Lithuanian-written when most of their parts (root, suffix, prefix, ending) are of Lithuanian origin, i.e. they are phonetically, adjectively and lexically integrated into the Lithuanian language. In 1939-1945, place names were well standardized and, after gathering sufficient data, only a few of their forms might be justified for correction. There were five ways of Slavification of oikonimi – from the replacement of one word morpheme to the translation into Polish or the complete replacement of the word motivation and form with a Slavic word (similar to the one in the Karaliaučius region in 1946). Thus, the Lithuanian name book, which had first come under direct Polish administration and was specially bent, was written in Polish letters and was divided into five types: 1) completely authentic (see Ankštà, in dialect Unkštà – Polish Unkszta; Duąblė, in dialect Duąbla – Dumbła, etc.); 2) partially enslaved, by replacing the vowels, consonants, endings, suffixes, prefixes, roots of the oikonimi (cf. Grąžtẽliai, in dialect Gruštẽliai – Grusztele; Grúodžiai – Grodze); 3) exalted (Mekaen – Miechowo); 4) translated (Nângkiemis – Nowosiółki; Obelynė – Jablonówka; Paąžuoliaė – Poddębie; Pabéržė – Podbrzezie); 5) changed (Perūenai – Dąbrowo) (all these oikonimai are from Paberžės parish of Vilnius district). Slavicizing oikonimi, the suffix -iškskaityti decreased from 6 per cent (Ignalinos r.) to 13.8 per cent (Vilnius r.), prefix subordinates decreased from 1.3 per cent (Ignalinos r.) to 9.3 per cent (Vilnius r.), Lithuanian compound oikonimi – from 2.9 per cent (Šalčininkų r.) to 4.5 per cent (Trakai r.). In the study of oikonymies, it was found that in the districts of Šalčininkai, Trakai, Vilnius the suffix -iškoikonimai with the ending -ės was widespread, and from Pabrada to Zarasai and in the ethnic Lithuanian lands in Latvia, Gudija – with the ending -ė. In the area of the Republic of Lithuania north of Pabrada the suffix -iškoikonimai with the ending -ė accounted for 28.9 per cent, with -ės – 2.3 per cent. ; suffixes -iškokonimų with the endings -iai and -is was about 2 percent. Kazimieras Būga, Janas Safarevičius, Aleksandras Vanagas, Zigmas Zinkevičius and other scholars maintained the oikonimus with the suffix - as Lithuanianisms and believed that the Lithuanian language would have disappeared recently in those areas (cf. Safarewicz 1956: 15–60; RL 1980: 164–169; Zinkevičius 2013: 221–246, 258–259, 267). According to the following data, the names of all villages show the area inhabited by Lithuanians: In Ignalina village with the suffix -43.7% of the population were Lithuanians. Kazimierz GARSZWA. Traditional and non-traditional names in eastern Lithuania 167 names written in Lithuanian and 35.6% in Polish, in Maišiagalos and Mickūnų parishes – 34.8% each (Polish – 29% and 26.7%), in Paberžės parish – respectively 31.9% and 25.8%, Nemenčinės – 30% and 23.1%, Trakai – 29.6% and 17%, Dūkštas – 29.5% and 23.8%, Švenčionėliai – 25% and 17.4%, Jašiūnai – 23% and 15.7%, Rudaminos – 21% and 6.2%, Šumsko – 17.9% and 12.8%. At the time, 26% of these households lived in Varėna. According to the elimination of the suffix -iškokinimų in Polish records, three groups of villages were formed: 15-12% of the remaining villages with the suffix -iškokinimų were in Rudamina, Trakai villages, 10-7% – Švenčionėliai, Ignalina, Mickūnai, Nemenčinė, 6-4% – Paberžė, Maišiagalos, Dūkšto, Šumsko villages. These differences do not reflect regional differences, but the artificial glorification of oikon. The structure of the Oikonimai shows that there were indeed old Lithuanian ethnic lands here, where Lithuanian was spoken and the traditional Lithuanian names were preserved. Oikonimų with suffix -is decreased from north to south (with some exception – Vilnius district). This is confirmed by the data published in 1974 (LATSŽ 1974: 42–365): in the then Zarasai district 37.2 per cent of the names with the suffix -iškwere recorded, Ignalina – 33.7, Švenčionys – 28, Vilnius – 31.6, Trakai – 25, Šalčininkai – 22.5 per cent. Going from east to west, the number of oikonimai with suffix is even less than from north to south: in Utena district there were 27.7 per cent of such oikonimai, in Vilkaviškis – 18.2 per cent, in Klaipėda – 7.4 per cent. In the northern part of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a territory was formed where oikonimai with the suffix -išk was particularly widespread. Now that area belongs to three states – Lithuania, Latvia and Gudija (Belarus). By the special spread of the suffix -ing of oikonimi, at least three lines can be drawn. Even more than 50% of all the names with the suffix - occurred in the present Daugavpils district between Skrudēlyne (official Skrudalienas) and Demene (Būga 1961: 565). The second area, where more than 30% of the oikonimis had the suffix -išk-, extended from Daugavpils to Vilnius (cf. Būga 1961: 565–568; Zeps 1984: 86–560; Salys 1983: 571–660). The third area with 20% (and somewhat more) of settlements with the suffix - was defined by the line Bebrinė (official Bebrene, Alūksne district), Malinova (Daugavpils district), Breslauja, Šalčininkai, Utena (Būga 1961: 565–568; Salys 1983: 571–670; Adamkovich 2013: 100). 168 GENERAL LANGUAGE | 95 Such data on the names of traditional Lithuanian places of residence show that the peculiarities of the Lithuanian language partly increased from Šalčininkai, Vilnius towards Švenčionys, i.e. from the area of the ethnic Lithuanian lands of Aukštaitija, which were most Slavicized in the 18th–20th centuries, towards the areas of Lithuanian language that have remained uninterrupted to this day. From south to north, the Lithuanianness of the Polish-written oikonimi (their roots, prefixes, and partly suffixes) gradually increases. How much differs only the suffix -prevalence, which also depends on the location of the region. In Pabradės vald, as elsewhere, there are oikonimi, which originated from Lithuanian common words or from Lithuanian surnames based on common words. This is often the case, especially with nicknames, which are later legalized as surnames. Such origins are also found in the local names of the parish of Pabrada: Bendróvė (Bindrawe, from Lithuanian bendróvė ‘common meadow, which everyone mows together and then shares the hay’; about 150 such place names have been recorded), Darėniai (Darynie, from Lithuanian darinỹs ‘thing made or formed; such a sour meal; broken canvas’, dariniaė ‘paint; what is done, painted’), Gùžiai (Guże, from Lithuanian *gùžis > *Gùžis, cf. gùžas ‘1. eagles; 2. rise, tuber, bump’), Kópta (Kapta, cf. lietuvių kópta ‘bridge, passage; dock; kupa’ Švnč, kóptai ‘stairs, stairs; scaffolding about a house being built’ LKŽ 1962: 350), Móliai (Male, from Lithuanian mólis > cf. Mólis), Skadžiai (Skardzie, from Lithuanian skadžius ‘candininkas’, skardùs ‘loud, sounding’ > Skadžius LPŽ 1989: 731, skadis ‘slope’), Speñglas (Spingla, from the lake name Speñglas, cf. speñgti ‘to sound, buzzing in the ears; thuggling’), Vebliaė (Weble, from Lithuanian veblỹs ‘sweep’, personal name *Veblỹs). In the village of Pabrada there were also the villages of Bałajcie, Bolesławowo and Balule. There were a few Baláits in Lithuania, Baliùliai were alone. Microtoponyms may be related to lit. balà ‘slippery place; swamp, marsh; klanas’, and the aforementioned oikonime originated from the personal name Baliùlis. Some of the Lithuanian oikonims originated not from personal names that had not yet become surnames, but from common words. The older locations of the centre of the state are documented in historical sources as early as the 14th century (Dievẽniškės, Eėšiškės, Mẽdininkai and others – see Vanagas 1993: 35–39). The first mention of the Mẽdininkai in the Crusader chronicles dates back to 1320, so they settled at least in the 13th century, perhaps even earlier. The names of Lithuanian inhabitants may have begun to form only after 200-300 years. The name of the 16th-century author is unknown, but it appears to be the name of a nobleman. Most Lithuanian peasant names appeared in the 18th century (LKE 2008: 398–399). A further factor in determining the origin of a personal name and a personal noun is its prevalence. Most of the aforementioned oikonimų are prevalent even not all Kazimierz GARSZWA. Traditional and non-traditional names of eastern Lithuania 169 in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but only in ethnic Lithuanian lands. For example, the surname Bčius > Bčis in the 20th century was written in northern Lithuania on the border with Latvia (LPŽ 1985: 2182), where the vowel i is translated as ẹ in the declination position, cf. "B'Day - "Beautiful, Beautiful, Beautiful"". "Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit", d.d. gal. "Bẹjč's "Bičiùs" and that reminds me of Bčius. Bėčius is written in the same western part of the Lithuanian Ziemgala, where the vowel ojn is rarely translated as āė. Similar names were recorded in southeastern Lithuania, where such names were not preserved: Bčiai (Pabradės, Vepriai district), Bėčiónys, Bčiakelniai (Šalčininkų, Ignalina district). The origin of this name is difficult to prove, as its connection with northern Lithuania is doubtful. In Švenčionėliai parish, the roots of Lithuanian words were reflected in the oikonymes Bùrbos (Polish: Burby < Bùrba < burbti; the eastern Highlander ending -os is preserved in the dgs. noun ending), Dėm (Demo from the river name Dēm < Lithuanian: dėm ‘dirty place’ (LVŽ 2014: 202), Garnỹs (Giernie < garnỹs ‘smaller bird than the eagles’ > personal name Garnỹs; if the oikonyme had come from the surname, it would rather be *Garnąškė), Lūšnià (Łusznia, plg. lūšnà ‘poor find’), Sùtrė (Sutryszki < Highlander sùtras ‘liquid dirt, liquid manure’, Šakaliaė (Szakale > Šakalỹs < šakalỹs ‘small bed’). In the Pabradės valsčius, the enriched oikonimes Didžiãlaukė – Dziedzielówka, Gùgaraistis – Gugorojście, Káistupis – Kajstupie, Skaščstašilis – Skajstoszyle have been preserved, while in the former Švenčionėliai valsčius, Aukštãgiris is written Auksztogira (a correct reconstruction into Lithuanian would be Aukštagirià; the root of the word aukštis also correctly written), Jaunãdaris – Jawnodary, Júodaupis – Jodoupie, Kirtakõjis – Kiertukaje. In the official Polish language of that time, Lithuanian enriched oikonimes were also presented in five ways. In the first case, Lithuanian oikonimes were presented most accurately, and it was often possible to understand and reproduce the authentic Lithuanian form without special preparation and comparison with the Lithuanian form, cf. : Kajstupie – Káistupis; Auksztogira – Aukštãgiris. In the second way, one of its components (first or second) was more and easier to adapt to the Polish phonetic pronunciation. Its meaning in Polish remains incomprehensible, and in Lithuanian it is easier and more accurate to understand the “Polish” form by comparing it with the Lithuanian form, cf. : Kiełnobrydzie – Kálnabridžiai Nmč; Dziedzielówka (for those who know the Dzūkian dialect the first part is easy to reproduce) – Didžiãlaukė Pbrd. The third group includes the following oikonymes, the first or second component of which is translated into Polish: Žaliãklonis Jšn – Zielonokłań, Auksz- 170 GENERAL LANGUAGE | 95 todwory – High Court Msgr. The Lithuanian vowel a corresponds to the Polish vowel o, the Lithuanian vowel o corresponds to the Polish and other Slavic a, so the component -kłan in Lithuanian corresponds to klon-, and the Slavic component dworati corresponds to the Lithuanian dvar-. In the fourth group of composed oikonymies, only one word component remains clearly understood by any language, for example, Lēepalaukis Nmč – Lipoławki. The first component (lip(a)) is more understandable to Slavs (but can also be "translated" by Lithuanians), and the second component (ławk(a)) is not present in common Lithuanian and Polish languages. The fifth group of compound oikonyms consists of newer names, both components of which were easy to translate into Polish, cf. In the village of Święcioły (and in most other villages) Nạkim became Nowosiólki, Nạlaukis – Nowy Dzial (Nowopole) and so on. There are also certain laws for the glorification of place names: the officials could at least partially "unify" them, therefore the place names in different villages are glorified equally. There is a great variety of agricultural crops. Among them were many common Lithuanian word roots and Lithuanian suffixes. In Pabradės valsčius, the entirely Lithuanian words (with a shortened ending, sometimes with an adapted vowel) were Ąžuolųškiai (Užaliszki), Bùrbliškės (Burbliszki), Čýpliškės (Cypliszki), Eitėniškės (Ajtuniszki), Guõbiškiai (Gobiszki), Liaudėškės (Laudyszki), Melenėškės (Mieleniszki), Purvinėškiai (Purwiniszki), Šárkiškės (Szarkiszki), Šeršùliškės (Szerszuliszki), Šukėliškės (Szukieliszki), Važėliškės (Ważeliszki). Some of these names are derived from the Latin words for the same thing: -a, -ae, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-, -ae-. The newly added suffix -isk-. Compared to the suffix -išk-, all other suffixes of oikonimų (-el-, -ėn-, -yn-, -in-, -on-, -ūn-, -uand others) are much more rare, cf. : Žardẽliai (Żardele) and others ; Argirdnai (Orgirdans), Noselnai (Nasielans), Maleiknai (Małejkians), Skirlnai (Skirlanes); Avietỹnė (Malinowka), Klevỹnė (Klonówka), Žvyrỹnė (Żwirynie); Oszarynie, Karklina, Lipowo, Mieszkrynka, Nowicze, Szaszkinie, Trakinie, Unguryno; Arniónys (Orniany), Mečiónys (Mieczanka); Kločienai (Kłaczuny), Magunnai (Maguny); "Obejucie", "Trabucie". In Švenčionėliai parish, similar adverbs were used in the following oikonimes: Pempẽlė (Pimpełka), Žirnẽliškė (Żarnoliszki); Dubinlė (Dubinela), Kampuotlė (Kompocie), Miežionliai (Mieżanele); Dotinnai (Datuniany), Drūstnai (Druściany), Laužnai (Łowżyany); Dėlỹnė (Dolina), Kumelỹnė (Kumielino),