Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne

DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2022.95.05 LAMINATE AND ITS DERIVATIVES IN THE DICTIONARY OF THE STANDARD LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE KEYWORDS: dictionary, lexeme, semantic structure, dictionary entry, derivational family, sub-sense. ANNOTATION Judging from their use on the internet, laminate and its derivatives to laminate, lamination, laminated, among others, are frequently used not only as terms in texts from particular fields (construction and renovation, wood processing, textiles, dentistry, cosmetology), but are also abundant in general everyday usage. Although most of these words are not neologisms (some were already included in Lithuanian dictionaries of foreign words and various encyclopedias in the last decades of the previous century), laminate and to laminate appeared in general Lithuanian-language dictionaries only a year ago—in the eighth edition of the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian, published in 2021. Based on lexicographic sources and studies of usage in Lithuanian, the article discusses the semantic structure and morphological characteristics of laminate, to laminate and other words in this derivational family, and presents their treatment in the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language. ABSTRACT Judging by the usage on the Internet, laminatas ‘laminate’ and its cognates laminuoti ‘to laminate’, laminavimas ‘lamination’, laminuotas, –a ‘laminated’, etc. not only are frequently used as terms in the texts of certain fields (construction and repair, wood processing, textiles, aesthetic dentistry, cosmetology) but are also abundantly used in general everyday usage. Although most of them are not neologisms (in the last decades of the last century, some of them were provided by Lithuanian dictionaries of international words and various encyclopedias), the words laminatas and laminuoti appeared in the general dictionaries of the Lithuanian language just a year ago – in the 8th edition of the Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language (Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, 2021). The article discusses the semantic structure of laminatas, laminuoti, and other words of this family, based on research on the lexico- DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 105 graphic sources and their usage in the Lithuanian language, as well as the morphological characteristics of some of them. As a result of this research, the dictionary entries of the mentioned words in the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language (Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas) are presented. INTRODUCTION The Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language (BLKŽ) is a normative publication intended for the general public, presenting vocabulary in use today and illustrating the correct usage of words in the standard language. It is compiled “with due regard to the constantly changing language situation, the new needs of the knowledge society and of prestigious language use, the latest results of research into and standardization of the standard language, and criticism of other dictionaries and drafts of this dictionary, whether published or expressed in other ways”1. Thus, readers should also find in BLKŽ relevant vocabulary that is used fairly frequently but has not yet been recorded elsewhere. Words with the lamin- root (laminatas, laminuoti, etc.) have either not been included in general Lithuanian dictionaries to date or have been included, viewed from today's perspective, with less than precise treatment of their semantics and usage (see Section 1.5 for more details). The relevance of the study lies in the need to respond to changes in usage (the spread and frequency of the related words mentioned above, changes in their semantics and formation, etc.) by presenting words with the root lamin- in BLKŽ more accurately and comprehensively. The subject of the study is the loanword laminatas and the words in its derivational family: laminuoti, laminavimas, laminuotas, -a, laminatė. The aim is to examine these words semantically, morphologically, and derivationally, and to create their lexicographic entries. To achieve this aim, the study compares how these words are presented in Lithuanian and other languages' lexicographic sources and databases, investigates their usage and its frequency on the internet, identifies semantic and derivational relationships among them, examines their semantic structure and establishes their filiations2, and formulates definitions of their lexical meanings. The methods used to address these tasks were semantic and word-formation analysis, as well as analytical, descriptive, comparative, and quantitative methods. 1 https://ekalba.lt/bendrinės-lietuvių-kalbos-žodynas/apie/BLK%C5%BD%20Bendros%20%C5%BEinios%20apie%20%C5%BEodyn%C4%85 (accessed October 15, 2022). 2 Filiation is the division of a lexicographic word's structure. It is important to establish how many meanings the headword of a dictionary entry has, how they are related to one another and should be arranged in the entry, and how their specific features should be marked (Jakaitienė 2005: 90–91). 106 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 95 Alongside the main aim, a secondary one was also set. The intention was to open the doors to the BLKŽ's creative workshop and show how a dictionary entry comes into being—a possible scenario, since each lexeme has its own characteristics, on which the lexicographer's workflow, sequence of tasks, and scope depend3. The article next reviews how the word laminatas and several other words with the same root are presented in various lexicographic and terminographic sources (dictionaries, encyclopedias, databases), and how they are used in online sources4; it also discusses questions of filiation and morphology that have arisen. Finally, the results of the study are summarized and the dictionary entries created for the words examined are presented. 1. LAMIN-ROOT WORDS IN LEXICOGRAPHIC AND TERMINOGRAPHIC SOURCES 1.1. Encyclopedias The Lithuanian general encyclopedias consulted include two of the words under discussion—laminatas and laminavimas—and in one of them, the Encyclopedia of Soviet Lithuania (TLE), both concepts are explained in a single article (see Table 1). It shows how the understanding of these concepts changed between 1980 and 2007. The most recently published Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia (VLE) distinguishes two lexemes of laminatas and three of laminavimas, more clearly differentiates the lamination of wood, textiles, and paper, and also mentions flooring manufacture as a possible use of laminate—a field whose laminates, judging from the online use of the words under discussion, the general public today is probably most familiar with5. 3 For example, the case of the word kontuzija could illustrate a different scenario. BLKŽ editor-in-chief Danutė Liutkevičienė gave a presentation about it at the 4th Lexicographers’ Workshop, held at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language on 11 May 2022. It discussed a situation in which various sources provide contradictory information about the concept being defined (examples were drawn from 20 sources, including dictionaries of other languages), and drew attention to spelling variation: kontuzija and kontūzija (for more detail, see Murmulaitytė 2022: 27–28). 4 Online sources were searched using the Google search engine from June to November 2022. 5 The entries for laminatas and laminavimas in the online VLE are analogous to those in the printed version of the encyclopedia, except for non-substantive editorial corrections (abbreviations such as spec., etc., b-vė and the like are replaced with unabbreviated words). DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Laminatas ir jo gimin iški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 107 TABLE 1. Words with the lamin- root in Lithuanian general encyclopedias Word Definition Source laminatas multilayer sheet material made of paper or fabric impregnated with synthetic resins and dried. Resins constitute 50–70% of the dry mass. Melamine-formaldehyde resins are most commonly used for impregnation, and polyester resins sometimes. Laminates are used to finish the surfaces of wood-based materials (↑Lamination); they are used in the hulls of sports boats and gliders, and as substrates for printed circuits in radio and electronic devices. LTE VI (1980) laminavimas finishing wood-based materials or products with ↑ laminates. A laminated surface is glossy or matt, resistant to light and chemical effects, and harder and stronger than one finished with other materials. Particleboard or fibreboard, with a volumetric mass of > 720 kg/m3, is most commonly laminated. The boards are laminated in hot presses at a temperature of 140–180 °C and a pressure of 1.5–2.5 MPa, so that the laminate adheres to the surface being finished and the resins it contains polymerize or polycondense. In Lithuania, laminated particleboard has been manufactured since 1976 by the Kazlų Rūda Experimental Wood Products Combine. laminavimas covering wood materials or products with laminate (a multilayer sheet material made from paper or fabric impregnated with synthetic resins and dried). In Lithuania, laminated particleboard has been produced by the Kazlų Rūda Experimental Wood Products Combine since 1976; in 1984, 1.9 million m2 were produced. TLE II (1986) laminate 1. A multilayer sheet material made from paper, wood fibre, glass fibre, or fabric impregnated with synthetic resins and dried. It is most commonly impregnated with alkyd resins, and less often with polyester or other resins, which make up 50–70% of the dry mass of the laminate. Suitable for finishing the surfaces of wood materials or products. Used in the manufacture of gliders, sports boat hulls, floor coverings, and printed circuit boards. 2. A layered product made of layers of fabric, knitted material, or nonwoven material bonded together or joined with a durable polymer film. VLE VII (2007) 108 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 95 Word Definition Source lamination 1. Finishing wood materials or products with ↑laminates 1. Wood panels and plywood are most commonly laminated. Lamination is carried out by the hot-pressing method (at 140–180 °C) in presses (1.5–9 MPa). The laminate adheres to the surface being finished as the resins polymerize. The laminated surface is glossy or matte, resistant to light and mechanical impact, and harder and stronger than surfaces finished with other materials. In Lithuania, laminated particleboard has been produced since 1976 by the Kazlų Rūda Wood Combine (since 1995, the private limited company Girų bizonas). 2. Production of a layered product (↑laminate 2) by passing a bundle of textile material layers between heated rollers (a calender). The product is compressed and bonded or joined with a polymer film. Lamination improves the thermal properties of the material, producing waterproof, stiff materials used to insulate lightweight outerwear. 3. Covering an image on a book folder, cover, postcard, document, etc., with a thin transparent film. Lamination is performed using special machines, either by bonding the film (the print coated with adhesive and the film are passed between the hot rollers of a calender, which press it onto the print) or by heat-sealing (a thermoplastic film, heated by infrared radiation and beginning to melt, is pressed against the print by hot rollers). It gives the print a mirror-like gloss and durability, enhances its colours, and protects it from environmental effects, mechanical damage, and counterfeiting. Lavsan, acetate, polyethylene, polyamide, and other synthetic films are used. VLE VII (2007) 1.2. Terminology dictionaries According to the data of the Terminology Bank of the Republic of Lithuania (TB) (accessed on 19 September 2022), laminatas, laminuotas, -a and laminavimas are recorded in four terminology dictionaries and three standards (see Table 2). These words and terms formed with them belong to the fields of textiles (clothing), the woodworking industry, and chemistry. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 109 TABLE 2. Lamin-root terms in the Terminology Bank of the Republic of Lithuania Term Field Definition Source laminatas textile industry Product of the lamination process: a layered product made of fabric, knitwear, or nonwoven material permanently bonded to a film. ATTŽ laminatas clothing Material of clothing or other products, e.g., leather, fabric, or another material, whose surface is coated with a different, thinner material consisting of one or more layers, to vary or improve its properties. Origin: Latin lamina – a plate, a strip. AATŽ laminatas chemistry A two-layer or multilayer sheet composite. ChTAŽ laminate standardization and metrology A product consisting of two or more layers of material, e.g., polyurethane foam and polyester film. LST EN 12481:2004 paper laminate standardization and metrology Paper that is coated with or bonded to one or more other materials, e.g., polyethylene film or aluminium foil. LST EN 415-1:2004+ A1:2009* laminates wood industry Laminated glued-wood materials, such as beams glued together from boards, panels glued together from narrow (7 mm or less) battens and veneer, etc.; materials laminated under heat and pressure, such as getinax, textolite, decorative paper laminate, etc. AMTŽ * LST EN 415-1:2004+A1:2009 Safety of packaging machines. Part 1. Terminology and classification of packaging machines and related equipment (withdrawn) (http://terminai.vlkk.lt/paieska?search=popieriaus+laminatas&limit=15; accessed 19 September 2022). 110 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 95 Term Field Definition Source laminating textile industry Formation of laminate. Laminating is carried out by bonding materials together by thermal calendering, with adhesives, etc. The aim of laminating is to improve the thermal properties of materials, make them waterproof, stiffen them, etc. ATTŽ laminating clothing Coating the surface of a flat material (leather, fabric, knitwear, etc.) with a transparent or other, usually polymer, film by adhesive bonding or thermal calendering, in order to improve its thermal, insulating, aesthetic, and other properties. AATŽ laminating chemistry Finishing with laminate or polymer film. ChTAŽ laminating standardization and metrology The adhesion of a transparent material to one or both surfaces of a sheet of paper in order to strengthen it and protect it from damage. LST ISO 5127:2008 solvent laminating standardization and metrology Laminating in which materials adhere as a result of chemical action. Note: Cellulose acetate film is often laminated by treating it with a solvent—acetone. LST ISO 5127:2008 thermal laminating standardization and metrology Laminating in which materials are bonded by heating and applying pressure. LST ISO 5127:2008 laminating machine textile industry A device for producing laminates. ATTŽ laminated leather clothing Bonded leather, coated on the flesh side with a thin polymer protective film. AATŽ laminated board wood industry An interior layer of layered timber whose core is made from veneer strips, no more than 7 mm thick and arranged edgewise, which may or may not be glued together. AMTŽ DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 111 1.3. Foreign-language dictionaries Visuose keturiuose žiūrėtuose lietuviškuose tarptautinių žodžių žodynuose (TŽŽ 1985, 2000, 2001, 2013) pateikiami trys aptariamojo žodžių lizdo žodžiai – laminatas, laminuoti ir laminatorius. Visur jie aiškinami iš esmės vienodai, gal tik laminuoti apibrėžtis naujausiame iš šių žodynų (TŽŽ 2013) yra reikšmingai patikslinta (plg. 1 pav.). laminātas a multilayer sheet material made from paper or fabric impregnated with synthetic resins and dried (TŽŽ 1985, 2001, 2013); a multilayer sheet material made from paper or fabric impregnated with synthetic resins and dried (TŽŽ 2000) laminuōti to finish wood materials or products with laminates (TŽŽ 1985, 2001); to finish wood materials or products with laminate or polymer film (TŽŽ 2013); to finish wood products or timber with laminates (TŽŽ 2000) laminator a device for passing stiff paper or cardboard between rollers to make it denser and glossier (TŽŽ 1985, 2001, 2013); a device for passing stiff paper or cardboard between rollers to make it denser and glossy (TŽŽ 2000) FIG. 1. Words in the laminate family in Lithuanian foreign-language dictionaries 1.4. Lexicographic sources in foreign languages The study also examined the treatment of the lexicon under discussion in linguistic dictionaries and encyclopedias in foreign languages—English, Latvian, and Russian (AHDEL, CCALD, CED, MD, MWD, OALD, OED, WMWD; LEV, LPE, PLSV, SV; NSIS, NSZ, etc.). However, describing that part of the work could be the subject of a separate publication, and, to avoid unduly expanding the scope of this article, a detailed review and analysis of these sources has been omitted here. It can be said, very generally, that data from these lexicographic sources proved particularly useful for clarifying the concepts of laminate and the lamination process, for carrying out filiations of the lexemes under examination, and for formulating definitions of the words and their sub-senses 112 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 95 laminate (Lith. laminuoti) is recorded with the meanings ‘to split or be split into thin sheets’ (CED); ‘to separate into laminae’; ‘to split into laminae’ (WNWD); ‘to separate into laminae’; ‘to divide into laminae’ (MWD), ‘to divide into thin layers’; ‘to split into thin layers or sheets’ (AHD) (Lith. ‘to divide oneself/be divided into (thin) layers, to separate or be separated into layers’); the noun laminate has the meaning ‘the blade is suitable for cutting plastics or laminates’ (Lith. ‘a knife for cutting plastic or laminate’) (OALD), and so on. 1.5. Explanatory dictionaries of the Lithuanian language 1.5.1. Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language The Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽ) “is a closed lexical source for Lithuanian from the 16th to the 20th centuries. It is no longer supplemented with new language data or updated,” states the Lithuanian Language Resources Information System E. kalba6. The printed LKŽ was completed in 2002; volume 7 (L–mėlti) was published in 1966. At that time, in the 1960s, laminavimas (lamination) and the other words under discussion, if they were used at all, were apparently too limited in use to warrant inclusion in the large dictionary (at least in Lithuania, laminated furniture, documents, and teeth were certainly not an everyday reality, and so the words used to name or describe them were likewise not common in everyday usage). However, the LKŽ Supplementary Card File7 (LKŽ PpK) contains one card for the deverbal noun (action noun) laminuoti laminavimas, with an example of usage from print media in the 1970s: Of all the methods for finishing particleboard, the most widely used is lamination (layering) (Mokslas ir technika, 1976, 12, 56). 6 https://ekalba.lt/lietuviu-kalbos-zodynas (accessed September 26, 2022). 7 When preparing the electronic version of the revised LKŽ (2005), only those words that had previously appeared in illustrative usage examples but had mistakenly not been included as headwords were added as new headwords. Other new words from the LKŽ PpK were not included (https://ekalba.lt/lietuviu-kalbos-zodynas/apie/LK%C5%BDe%20Bendros%20C5%BEinios%20 about%20C5%BEodyn%C4%85; accessed September 26, 2022). DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 113 1.5.2. Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas The 7th edition of the Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, published in 2012 (DLKŽ₇; updated version – 2017), included an appendix of new words from the forthcoming BLKŽ, while in the 8th printed edition, published in 2021, this appendix was supplemented with another two hundred neologism entries⁸, including these two: laminate noun (2) 1. A multilayer sheet material used to cover surfaces. 2. Removable dental veneers that cover the front surface of the teeth; lamin|ate, ~ates, ~ated, verb to finish materials or products with laminate (sense 1) or polymer film. For now, the DLKŽ is the only completed normative dictionary of the standard Lithuanian language. Since there is a great and constant need for such a work, it is reissued every few years, updating, refining, and supplementing existing data in certain respects (standardization, stress marking, the presentation of place names, etc.)⁹; however, new vocabulary is not reflected in this dictionary to the extent required¹⁰. In order to update the DLKŽ headword list at least partially, so that its data would not fall too far behind actual usage, it was decided to provide the aforementioned supplements of new words. However, the data for these are taken from another normative dictionary of the standard language, the BLKŽ, which is still in preparation. These two lexicographic sources differ substantially in methodology, scope, etc. One of the main differences is that the BLKŽ is continually updated: inaccuracies and proofreading errors are corrected, and changes in the norm, innovations in usage, and the like are taken into account. Consequently, the same dictionary entry may change over time¹¹. This is also what happened to the words in the laminatas word family discussed here. The DLKŽ₈ included the initial versions of two dictionary entries, which had been prepared for the BLKŽ before their later final editing. As work on the BLKŽ continued, with a particular focus on editing the corpus under the letter L, and closer examination was given to the everyday use of these terms (which, among other things, had become more established), it became clear that their treatment should be considerably more comprehensive and precise. When preparing the electronic version of the DLKŽ₈ (DLKŽ₈ₑ; 2021), the words from the supplement were incorporated into the main dictionary corpus, so they can be found alphabetically in the headword list.8 9 For the history and differences between editions of DLKŽ, see https://ekalba.lt/dabartines-lietuviu-kalbos-zodynas/apie/D%C5%BD%20Apie%20%C5%BEodyn%C4%85 (accessed October 10, 2022). For differences in the treatment of new words in lexicographic sources for new words and the standard language, and for the inclusion of new words in the BLKŽ, see Murmulaitytė 2016.10 11 For this reason, as with any electronic source, it is important to indicate the access date when using BLKŽ (https://ekalba.lt/bendrines-lietuviu-kalbos-zodynas/apie/BLK%C5%BD%20Bibliografinis%20apra%C5%A1as; accessed September 26, 2022). 114 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 95 1.6. Lithuanian Neologism Database In the Lithuanian Neologism Database (ND), the only word listed from the lamin- root is laminatė. The words laminatas, laminuoti, laminavimas had already been recorded in one of ND’s reference sources—the TŽŽ published in 2001; as mentioned, the LKŽ PpK also has index cards for the noun laminavimas, so under the data-selection methodology used by ND, these words are not considered neologisms. The entry for laminatė states that it is a second-accent-pattern noun, a borrowing (from English laminate), with the form variant laminatas. Its meaning is ‘a thin plate attached to the teeth for aesthetic dental restoration, altering the shape of a tooth’. Its field of use is medicine (health). The word is not codified, and the status of the variant has not been determined. Usage examples come from texts published in 2009–2015 in online and print media, electronic communication, and various internet sources. The borrowing venyras (form variant viniras, from English veneer) is also recorded with the same meaning. The neologism laminatė was added to ND on August 11, 2015; the information was updated on May 3, 2022.12 2. LAMIN- ROOT WORDS IN THE CORPUS OF CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIAN AND USAGE ON THE INTERNET Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyne (DLKT, kurtas 1998–2013 m.) fiksuota aštuonių lamin- šaknies žodžių – laminatas, laminatė, laminatorius, laminavimas, laminuoti, laminuotas, -a, nelaminuotas, -a, įlaminuotas, -a – vartosena (jos statistiką žr. 3 lentelėje). Matyti, kad dažniausiai vartojamas būdvardis / dalyvis laminuotas, -a (dėl leksemos kalbos dalies žr. 4 sk.). Šiuo aspektu gerokai atsilieka daiktavardžiai laminavimas ir laminatas bei veiksmažodis laminuoti, o kitų šios šaknies žodžių fiksuoti tik pavieniai pavartojimo atvejai. Aptariamųjų žodžių galima rasti visose tekstyno dalyse, daugiausia publicistikoje, dar administracinėje literatūroje. Panagrinėjus šaltinių datas paaiškėjo, kad jų chronologija apima 1990–2008 m. (įskaitytinai). Bene seniausias DLKT fiksuotas šaknies lamin- žodžio pavartojimo atvejis yra iš 1990 m. Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės dokumentų: Lietuvos Respublikos Aukščiausiosios Tarybos deputato pažymėjimas yra 75x110 mm dydžio kortelė, laminuota plėvelė13. Apskritai visi žodžio laminuotas, -a pavyzdžiai, fiksuoti administracinėje literatūroje, yra iš XX a. tekstų. 12 https://ekalba.lt/naujazodziai/laminat%C4%97?paieska=laminat%C4%97&i=3567304e-93a8-461a-a6f7-0901dc36e319 (accessed 16 June 2022). DLKT and various internet sources were consulted in June–October 2022. The language, spelling, and punctuation of the cited usage examples are not corrected here or elsewhere in the article.13 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 115 TABLE 3. Lamin- root word occurrences in the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Word Forms Corpus sections* Total G N A P S laminate 6 3 4 2 19 0 28 female laminate 1 1 laminator 2 2 lamination 4 4 28 32 to laminate 8 0 1 6 9 0 16 laminated, -a 18 6 11 25 104 1 147 unlaminated, -a 2 4 2 laminated, -a 2 1 1 2 Total forms 43 Total occurrences 10 16 41 164 1 232 * Conventional labels for corpus sections: G – fiction, N – nonfiction, A – administrative texts, P – journalism, S – spoken language. TABLE 4. Lamin- root word forms in the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Word Forms laminate laminate, laminate, laminate, laminates, laminates laminate (feminine) laminated (inflected form) laminator laminator, laminators lamination lamination, of lamination, for lamination, lamination to laminate to laminate, laminates, we laminate; laminated, laminated, laminated, laminated; while laminating laminated, -ed* laminated, laminated, laminated, to laminate, for laminated, of laminated, in laminated, for laminated, laminated, by laminated, of laminated; the laminated, the laminated, the laminated, of the laminated, of the laminated, by the laminated 116 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 95 Word Forms unlaminated, -ed unlaminated, of unlaminated laminated-in, -ed laminated-in, of laminated-in * The forms of the adjective / participle laminated, -ed are presented alphabetically in the table, without distinguishing gender and case, but with pronominal forms listed separately. Statistics for homographs (e.g., laminuotas—genitive singular and nominative plural feminine; laminuotą—accusative singular feminine and masculine; laminuotų—genitive plural feminine and masculine; laminuotųjų—pronominal genitive plural feminine and masculine, etc.) was not calculated separately, as it would not be accurate: some DLKT concordances do not make it possible to determine precisely which form of a word is being used. Laminuoti homographs (the infinitive and the masculine nominative plural of the adjective / participle) can be identified precisely, so their statistical data have been duly included in the statistics for the respective words—the verb and the adjective / participle. In theory, one of the homographs laminuotų (as well as įlaminuotų and nelaminuotų) is the third-person form of the indicative, but no such forms were recorded in the DLKT, so all recorded instances were assigned unambiguously to the corresponding adjectives / participles. Table 4 shows the exact forms in which laminatas and its cognates are recorded in the DLKT. We can see that the verb occurs in several forms, as do the participles and the gerund, while the adjectives occur in pronominal forms. Variety of forms is one indicator that a word is widespread. For instance, only one form each is recorded in the DLKT¹⁴ for the dental term laminatė and the term used in two fields laminatorius; the prefixed adjectives / participles nelaminuotas, –a and įlaminuotas, –a occur in two forms each. And the words with the highest number of recorded occurrences—namely, the adjective / participle laminuotas, –a, the nouns laminatas and laminavimas, and the verb laminuoti (see Table 3)—also display greater variety of forms. It was precisely these words that it was decided to include in the BLKŽ, based, among other selection criteria, on these two usage indicators. Some older examples of usage from the last century show efforts to explain terms with the lamin- root that may not yet have been familiar or were used more narrowly, e.g., The issue of replacing vehicle passports remains unresolved, since these documents are laminated (covered with laminates), and replacing one would cost about 12 litas per person, according to J. Razma (Lietuvos aidas, 1996), or to indicate their unusualness by putting them in quotation marks, e.g., <...> booth fitting-out (con- 14Aesthetic filling with the help of laminates and veneers is widely used (Sveikata, 1995); Those who wish will be able to quickly make business cards and advertising brochures; there is a laminator, a document-binding machine (Ūkininko patarėjas, 2002), and This year we plan to launch a new project—we will set up a laminator that will produce laminated tiles (Verslo žinios, 2008) (DLKT, accessed July 2022). DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 117 figuration): contemporary design, light colors are used, the walls are covered with polyvinyl chloride film, “laminate” or are made of stainless steel (Statyba ir architektūra, 1995). One usage example—Blades are increasingly made not only of stainless steel (stainless, inox), but also of layered steel (laminated steel) (Kauno diena, 1999)—shows that laminated, when referring to steel, is translated into Lithuanian as sluoksniuotas (layered); cf. on 4 November 2022, the Google search engine found 1,663 instances (115 unique) of one form of the term laminuotas plienas, the singular nominative. A study of online usage showed that the words under discussion have recently been used abundantly and widely; the Google search engine found tens and hundreds of thousands of instances on Lithuanian-language web pages (all forms of the nominal words were searched15; for the verb, the search covered as wide a range as possible of forms that occur frequently). For example, on 6 November 2022, the most instances were found for the action noun laminavimas (841,000); a large proportion of the sources, perhaps even more than a third, were not longer continuous texts, but advertisements and service listings, in which the word is used in the singular nominative form. Somewhat fewer, but still numerous, instances were found for the word laminatas (681,000); the vast majority of contexts concerned floor covering. The adjective (or participle) laminuotas, –a was not far behind in frequency (575,000). It is noteworthy that its feminine form is used twice as often, possibly owing to the popularity of the same laminuotos grindų dangos (laminated floor covering) and the large number of advertisements and listings for the object denoted by this phrase. Besides floors, countertops, glass, foam rubber, paper bags, certificates, maps, fabrics, and other things can be laminated; the word has broad semantic combinability. The verb laminuoti has even broader semantic combinability (nearly 14,000 instances16): texts were found about processing not only floors in this way, but also furniture, paper (mostly documents), glass, plastic, hardened graphite, woven and nonwoven materials, teeth, eyelashes, hair, and other things. The search engine Google found about 120,000 instances of the term laminate (cf. June 2022 15 For example: “laminated” OR “of laminated” OR “to laminated” OR “laminated” OR “with laminated” OR “by laminated” OR “laminatedly” OR “of laminated” OR “with laminated” OR “laminated” OR “for laminated” OR “in laminated” OR “laminated” OR “laminated” OR “laminatedly” OR “laminatedly” OR “in laminated” OR “for laminated” OR “with laminated” OR “in laminated”. 16 Indeed, of all possible verb forms, only those thought most likely to be used were searched: laminuoja, laminavo, laminuodavo, laminuojant, laminuokite, and so on. 118 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 95 (June) more were found—160,000—mostly in advertisements for dental services, and this word is predominantly used in the plural. A search was also conducted for prefixed verbs and other theoretically most likely derivatives, e.g., laminuotojas, -a, įlaminuoti, perlaminuoti and so on; their usage is still rare, ranging from a few dozen instances (perlaminuoti—56) to a few thousand (įlaminuoti—2,510). 3. SEMANTICS AND ETYMOLOGY OF LAMINATAS In order to explain a word’s meaning in a dictionary properly—that is, fully, adequately, and intelligibly—its paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations are studied, and the semantic components of its meaning are established on that basis (Jakaitienė 2005: 83). Once it has been determined that a neologism (or simply a word not yet included in a dictionary) is polysemous, the formation of its semantic structure requires that its lexemes be ordered appropriately, shades of meaning identified, and subsenses distinguished; definitions should be precise (clear enough, but not overloaded with information) and illustrated with unambiguous examples of usage. In practice, the semantic structure of a word is “assembled” in the reverse order: first, a sufficient number of usage examples are collected, reviewed, and classified; the relations among the lexemes (meanings and subsenses) are then established on the basis of this classification, after which their definitions are formulated. Usage instances, sentences, and longer texts often arise that are equally suitable for illustrating more than one lexeme of a polysemous word. In such cases, where possible, the definitions of those lexemes are revised and specified, or the semantic structure of the word is refined, in an effort to distinguish shades of meaning17. Illustrative usage ex- 17 There are also other approaches to subsenses and their derivation. For example, in Aleksandra Olkhovskaya’s view, any semantic variant of a word should be considered an independent lexical-semantic unit (that is, a separate meaning), even though it may differ in maturity, functional activity, and relevance of content. Cf.: “Разумеется, возникновение данных понятий в теории лексикографии и их востребованность в области практического лексикографирования имеют рациональную и достаточно существенную каузацию – дело в том, что семантические единицы, составляющие содержание многозначного слова, неравноценны по своим статусным характеристикам, и, соответственно, среди понятий, необходимых лексикографу, должны быть и такие, с помощью которых он мог бы отразить в словарной статье разные статусы данных семантических единиц <...>. Однако <...> подзначения / оттенки значений <...> ничем не отличаются от полноценных лексических значений – ни на основании предметно-вещественного содержания, ибо так называемые оттенки значения соответствуют собственному фрагменту действительности, о чем свидетельствует наличие в словарных статьях толкования каждой филиации, ни на основании DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Laminatas ir jo giminiski žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 119 amples suitable for illustrating several lexemes are omitted; only those that clearly distinguish meanings or subsenses, that is, precisely match the definition of a particular lexeme, are presented. Of laminate and its cognates, the following points should be taken into account in establishing their filiation: 1) the several areas of use of these words mentioned above; 2) laminate can refer both to a raw material and to a product (the result of lamination)18; 3) the essential seme is ‘layers’. Regarding the latter, it should be recalled that laminate derives from the English word laminate ‘layered material; rolled metal’ (ALKŽ), which in turn is based on the Latin word lamine ‘plate, strip’ (LTE 1980: 344, cf. AATŽ). 4. QUESTIONS CONCERNING MORPHOLOGICAL DATA When presenting morphological data on the words under discussion, several questions arose: which part of speech should be indicated in the entry for the word laminuotas, -a—an adjective or a participle (1)—and which gender and number of the noun (laminatas, laminatai, laminatė, laminatės) should be used in the normative dictionary for the dental term denoting a particular kind of dental veneer (2). (1) Laminuotas, -a is, by origin, a passive past simple participle, that is, a verb form made with the inflectional suffix –tas, -a. At first glance, it resembles adjectives with the suffix –(i)uotas, -a, cf.: privilegijuotas, ~a ‘having privileges’: ~a class, party or rezervuotas, ~a 1. ‘set aside’: ~a place. 2. ‘reserved’: R. attitude (DLKŽ8). When such adjecti- syntagmatic and paradigmatic characteristics, since they have a range of contexts of use established by social practice and enter into their own antonymic and synonymic relations <...>, nor on the basis of grammatical features <...>. This circumstance compels us to treat any semantic modifications of a word as its independent lexical-semantic variants, albeit of varying degrees of maturity, functional activity and semantic relevance” (Olchovska-ja 2011: 78–79; for a fuller discussion of polysemy in lexicography, see Olchovskaja 2013 and the references cited there). According to Aloyzas Gudavičius, “[s]ince meaning itself has no strict boundaries, the treatment of polysemous words in dictionaries is likewise inconsistent. The indeterminacy of meaning boundaries often leads to cases in which explanatory dictionaries treat words of the same or analogous content differently, presenting different numbers of meanings. Even more often, the semantic structures of equivalent words in different languages are presented differently” (Gudavičius 2013: 71). 18 Plg. laminate n. 1. ‘a laminated product, such as plywood’; 2. ‘a thin sheet of material, or the material itself, such as plastic, used to laminate something’ (AHDEL); ‘a product made by laminating’ (MWD). 120 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 95 ves have related nouns with which they might also be connected by direct semantic motivation (and which may be used in defining their meanings), their formation, judged solely by form, could be interpreted in two ways. The adjectives mentioned could be considered derivatives formed with the suffix -(i)uotas, -a, based on the nouns privilegija and rezervas. It would be more difficult to explain their semantic motivation and derivational meaning (although these nouns can be, or are, used in formulating definitions of the meanings of the adjectives privilegijuotas, -a, rezervuotas, -a). It is well known that every derivative belongs to some derivational type (category), and thus must conform to a typical model of derivative formation (Jakaitienė 1988: 88). Consequently, it has the same derivational meaning as other derivatives of that type (category). Denominal adjectives with the suffix -(i)uotas, -a, belonging to the derivational category of inherent-quality adjectives, denote an abundance of a quality, e.g., speiguota ‘with severe frosts’ žiema ‘winter’ (DLKG 2006: 199; cf. LKG 1965: 563)19. The derivational meaning of privilegijuotas, -a, if it is considered to be derived from a noun, does not contain the semantic feature of possessing an abundance of the quality; one can be privileged by having even a single privilege. Similarly, rezervuotas, -a simply means ‘having a reserve, a stock’, and the reserve need not be large. Thus, from the perspective of derivational semantics, privilegijuotas, -a and rezervuotas, -a are more likely not adjectives formed with the suffix -(i)uotas, -a, but passive past participles, i.e. forms of the verbs privilegijuoti ‘to grant exceptional rights or benefits’ and rezervuoti ‘to set aside’. The same applies to the word under discussion, laminuotas, -a, whose derivation cannot be interpreted in two ways, if only because there is no noun that could serve as its base (the noun laminatas contains the morpheme -at-, which laminuotas, -a does not). Thus, it cannot be considered a prefixal adjective, either in form or in meaning. The eighth edition of DLKŽ records quite a few such words of clearly verbal origin: koncentruotas, ~a 1. ‘concentrated’: K. smūgis ‘blow’. 2. ‘thickened’: K. tirpalas ‘solution’. 3. ‘enriched’: ~a rūda ‘ore’. 4. ‘containing many nutrients’: K. pašaras; neraliuotas, ~a colloq. ‘not knowing how to behave properly’: Jos tokios ~os20; pamatuotas, ~a ‘well-founded’: ~a išvada ‘conclusion’; paveiluotas, ~a ‘done late, appearing belatedly’: P. dar- 19 Cf. denominative adjectives denoting a slightly intensified quality of an object expressed by the base word. These are generally formed from color adjectives and differ little in meaning from their base words, e.g., rainuotas ‘striped’ sijonas ‘skirt’ (ibid.). 20 Cf. the entry in LKŽe, which shows the semantic shift more clearly (although the two meanings are not formally distinguished): neraliuotas, -a adj. (1) ‘not knowing how to behave properly’: Galvijas neraliuotas (completely untrained, unaccustomed; he has not yet even had a shepherd to teach him) J. Jabl. Tos mergos tokios daba neraliuotos ‘Those girls nowadays are so ill-mannered’ Šln. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 121 lished. P. work’s appearance; rafinuotas, ~a 1. ‘refined’: R. sugar. 2. figurative ‘sophisticated; select; cultivated’: R. taste. ~os manners; stilizuotas, ~a ‘made using stylization’; važiuotas, ~a ‘traveling by vehicle’: The road is full of vehicles and pedestrians, etc. Another point is that these verbal forms have become adjectivized and have long been presented precisely in this way—as adjectives—in DLKŽ. “The part of speech is not indicated for adjectives, since it is shown by the two endings provided” (DLKŽ₈ XII). In BLKŽ, the parts of speech of headwords are marked consistently; consequently, the neologism karamelizuotas, -a, which entered the supplement to the printed DLKŽ₈ (and the corpus of the electronic edition) from this dictionary, is labelled for part of speech: karameli- zúotas, ~a adj. (1) ‘coated with a glaze of heated sugar’21. Analysis of examples of the use of the word laminuotas, -a shows that adjectival use (a) and verbal use (b) are clearly distinguishable; the latter retains syntactic government (what?): a) in the kitchen—no synthetic countertops or laminated boards; “Tetra Top” packages, made of laminated paper and plastic, are also widely used; building materials: laminated double glazing with a self-cleaning film; posters of famous people laminated; laminated keyboard stickers; six popular misconceptions about panel and laminated plywood houses; special Classen underlay for vinyl and laminate floors; TriFlunex is an off-white powder packed in laminated sachets placed in cardboard boxes; three causes of cracks in glued laminated timber houses; a drill for drilling blind holes in wood and laminated materials; b) a card laminated with plastic; the aforementioned certificate of a Supreme Council deputy is a card measuring 75x110 mm, laminated with film; felt and fabrics with felt backing, coated, covered or laminated with rubber, leather or another material, are most often used for carding strips; boards laminated on both sides with glass felt; double glazing in the outer building envelope laminated with a semi-reflective film; windows made from profiles laminated with wood-effect film; paper laminated with a protective, matte or glossy laminate; textile fabrics impregnated, coated, covered or laminated with plastics; we sell beads laminated with oak veneer or finishing panels with them; a material similar to KT, but laminated with reinforced aluminium foil, i.e. a vapour-impermeable layer and so on. 21 https://ekalba.lt/dabartines-lietuviu-kalbos-zodynas/karamelizuotas?paieska=karamelizuotas&i=dc0747fa-982a-48b5-8bd7-b067a5a68ae0 (accessed September 22, 2022). 122 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 95 On this basis, BLKŽ distinguishes the participial form laminuoti, which is given in the entry for this verb and in illustrative usage examples, and the adjectivized participle laminuotas, -a, which is presented in a separate entry (see Fig. 2). (2) It can be seen from DLKŽ8 that at first the term from the field of medicine, denoting an instrument of aesthetic dentistry—a certain thin ceramic plate attached to the front surface of a tooth—was given in the masculine form, laminatas. However, examination of current usage revealed that this form is practically unused22; in almost all aesthetic dentistry contexts, laminatė is used, usually in the plural (because references are mostly to this treatment method in general, or to the set of veneers, rather than to the laminating of one specific tooth)—laminatės. This is the only neologism in the lamin- word family, and therefore it is included only in ND and DLKŽ8; the concept had not yet been explained in older encyclopedias and dictionaries23. Thus, unlike DLKŽ8, BLKŽ has decided to include the feminine noun laminatė. The lemma is in the singular because this noun is not plural-only; a single tooth can also be covered with a veneer (see Fig. 2). 5. OTHER WORDS WITH THE LAMIN- ROOT On the basis of the dictionary entries already prepared, entries will be created for other words with the lamin- root and for compounds formed with them. For now, no more words from this derivational family have been included in BLKŽ, most of them formed with prefixes or suffixes, e.g.: laminuotojas, -a, laminatinis, -ė, įlaminuoti, išlaminuoti, perlami­nuoti, užlaminuoti, laminatorius. Nor have the word combinations laminuotos blakstienos (antakiai), blakstienų (antakių) laminavimas and others been included. Usage of these derivatives is not yet frequent enough. (Moreover, until a dictionary entry had been created for the base verb laminuoti, it was not possible to properly present its prefixed derivatives, since their semantic structure and derivational relationships depend on the meanings of the base word and the connections among them.) The situation is the opposite with terms for eyelash and eyebrow lamination: word combinations such as blakstienų laminavimas, laminuotos blakstienos and the like are used quite frequently in texts on the beauty industry and cosmetology, but one 22 Cf. results returned by the Google search engine on October 30, 2022 (searching for the exact phrase, in the singular nominative form only): dantų laminatai — 604, dantų laminatės — 20,200. 23 Cf. the Russian dictionary of neologisms, covering new vocabulary from the last decade of the 20th century (NSZ), which includes only lamunam, meaning a building material and protective film, and its derivative lamunamnyj, -aja. In Russian, the dental veneer is also called lamunam, but this word is not included in the dictionary recording neologisms from the period in question. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Laminatas ir jo giminiski žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 123 this selection criterion alone is not sufficient for them to be included in this dictionary. For now, it is unclear which of the above combinations—one denoting the process or the other the result—should be included, and how it should be linked to the base verb laminuoti. The combinations are, of course, connected to it by the core seme ‘layers, layering’ (to make eyelashes curlier, thicker, and longer, they are treated in succession with several nourishing, strengthening, and other cosmetic products during lamination); however, BLKŽ does not yet include a verb lexeme that could directly serve as the basis for the related laminuotas, –a or laminavimas lexemes concerning the beautification of eyelashes and eyebrows. Some examples found in usage show that it is not only floor coverings, fabrics, paper, teeth, and eyelashes that can be laminated, but other things as well. For instance, this is illustrated by an example found in DLKT: <...> one allows gases or vapors to pass through, the other retains them, thereby ensuring the product’s longest possible shelf life. This is achieved by laminuojant polymer materials, i.e., by making multilayer materials (films, butelius, indelius), as well as coating materials by spraying or other methods (Mokslas ir gyvenimas, 1996; emphasis added in the quotation—author’s note.). The semantics and usage norms of such cases would also be investigated only after a sufficient number of usage examples had been collected and it had been established that the usage is not rare or incidental and, of course, is normative. SUMMARY After examining how words with the lamin- root are presented in Lithuanian and foreign-language lexicographic sources (dictionaries and general encyclopedias, as well as databases), analyzing their current usage, primarily in online sources, and resolving questions that arose concerning the presentation of semantic and morphological data, the following dictionary entries were created: laminatas, laminuoti, laminavimas ir laminuotas, –a (Fig. 2). laminãtas noun (2) 1. A layered sheet material made from paper, wood fiber, glass fiber, or fabric impregnated with synthetic resins and dried: A chipboard panel faced with laminate. Laminate is suitable for finishing the surfaces of wood-based materials or products. The laminate bonds to the surface as the resins polymerize. Countertops and their edges [rims] are most often laminated with high-pressure laminates. | a layered sheet material made by lamination (sense 1), used for covering the surfaces of buildings or furniture: Laminate resistance classes. 124 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 95 Range of laminates. To lay laminate. To cover [line] the floor with laminate. Laminate is now the most popular flooring, usually consisting of four layers—the backing, core, decorative, and protective layers. Laminate board thickness can range from six to twelve millimeters. How do you join laminate and tile? Laminate is ideal for finishing concrete stairs. 2. an object (countertop, floor, stairs, etc.) made of such a layered material (laminate, sense 1) or covered with it: Laminate care is not complicated. Padding should be attached to the castors of plastic chairs to protect the laminate from scratches. Follow the care recommendations and you will enjoy your laminate for many years. There was laminate in all the rooms, except for the kitchen and bathroom, which had ceramic tiles (of flooring). Cracks appeared in the laminate. 3. a layered textile product made of layers of fabric, knitted or nonwoven material that have been bonded together or joined with a durable polymer film: Jackets made from three-layer laminate are durable and intended for adverse weather and environmental conditions. The middle layer of this fabric is laminate, which is waterproof and breathable. 4. a thin transparent film used for protective or aesthetic purposes to cover images on documents and other paper products: Transparent adhesive laminates. Print on laminate. On request, we laminate printed photo posters with a glossy or matte laminate. The surface of an identity card is covered with embossed laminate. Most digital images found online are protected by laminate. The pages in a pet passport containing information stored on the microchip will be covered with laminate. The watermark beneath the laminate layer is optically distorted, so on the paper we see only dark or light patches. laminatė noun (2) a thin, nonremovable ceramic plate attached to the front surface of a tooth to conceal aesthetic defects: Temporary [permanent] laminate veneer. A tooth covered with a porcelain veneer. Teeth restored [renewed] with veneers. Each veneer is made individually, taking into account the intended color, shape, relief, and gloss. In what cases is it appropriate to use dental veneers? Teeth covered with veneers are no different from your natural teeth, so their care is the same. laminuoti, laminuoja, laminavo verb (what, with what) 1. to make layers of one or more materials adhere across their surfaces using glue, high pressure, heat, or another method: Lamination is performed by bonding materials thermally or with adhesive. The double-layered glass is laminated with a semi-mirror film. | usually, to finish wood-based materials or products with laminates (sense 1): Laminate the doors with this special film. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 125 FIG. 2. Lamin-root word entries in the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian 126 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 95 As mentioned, BLKŽ is continually supplemented and revised in response to changes in usage, so these dictionary entries may change in the future. They may also be refined if entries are added to the dictionary for prefixed verbs derived from laminuoti, as well as for other derivatives formed from the lamin- root words already included. ŠALTINIAI AATŽ – Aiškinamasis aprangos terminų žodynas: daugiau kaip 6000 terminų lietuvių, anglų, vokiečių, prancūzų ir rusų kalbomis, aut.: S. A. Ratautas, E. Strazdienė, A. Gulbinienė, Kaunas: Technologija, 2014. AHDEL – The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Prieiga internete: https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q (žiūrėta 2022 m. birželio mėn.). ALKŽ – Anglų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas. Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/anglu-lietuviu-kalbu-zodynas/ (žiūrėta 2022 liepos mėn.). ATTŽ – Aiškinamasis tekstilės terminų žodynas: su vokiečių, anglų, prancūzų ir rusų kalbų atitikmenimis, aut.: R. Čiukas, J. Katunskis, A. Kaulakienė ir kt., Kaunas: Technologija, 2001. BLKŽ – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (rengiamas), vyr. red. D. Liutkevičienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/bendrines-lietuviu-kalbos-zodynas (žiūrėta 2022 m. liepos mėn.). CCALD – Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Prieiga internete: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english (žiūrėta 2022 m. birželio mėn.). CED – Collins English Dictionary. Prieiga internete: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english (žiūrėta 2022 m. birželio mėn.). ChTAŽ – Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas, aut.: K. Daukšas, J. Barkauskas, V. Daukšas ir kt., 2-asis patais. ir papild. leid., Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2003. DLKT – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/tekstynas (žiūrėta 2022 m. birželio–rugpjūčio mėn.). DLKŽ – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, vyr. red. S. Keinys, 8-as patais. ir papild. leid., Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2021. DLKŽ₈ₑ – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, vyr. red. S. Keinys, 8-as patais. ir papild. leid., Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2021 (elektroninis variantas). Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/dabartines-lietuviu-kalbos-zodynas (žiūrėta 2022 m. birželio mėn.). LEV – Lielā enciklopēdiskā vārdnīca, Rīga: Jumava, 2003. Prieiga internete: https://tezaurs.lv/ (žiūrėta 2022 m. birželio mėn.). DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 127 LKŽ VII – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 7 (L–melti), ats. red. J. Kruopas, Vilnius: Mintis, 1966. 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Jakaitienė Evalda 1988: Leksinė semantika, Vilnius: Mokslas. LKG I – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1: Fonetika ir morfologija, vyr. red. K. Ulvydas, Vilnius: Mintis, 1965. Murmulaitytė Daiva 2016: Naujažodžių duomenyno leksika pakeliui į Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyną. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 75, 46–66. Murmulaitytė Daiva 2022: Konferencijos, renginiai [IV leksikografų dirbtuvių apžvalga]. – Gimtoji kalba 7, 26–29. Olchovskaja Aleksandra 2011: Leksičeskaja mnogoznačnost’ v aspekte slovarnoj leksikologii. – Lingua mobilis 1 (27), 74–91. Prieiga internete: DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Laminatas ir jo giminiski žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 129 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/leksicheskaya-mnogoznachnost-v-aspekte-slovarnoy-leksikologii/viewer (žiūrėta 2022 m. spalio 27 d.). Olchovskaja Aleksandra 2013: Lek­sičeskaja mnogoznačnost’ v obščelingvističeskom i leksikografičeskom rassmotrenii. Dissertacija na soiskanie učënoj stepeni kandidata filologičeskich nauk (na pravach rukopisi), Moskva. Prieiga internete: https://www.dissercat.com/content/leksicheskaya-mnogoznachnost-v-obshchelingvisticheskom-i-leksikograficheskom-rassmotrenii/read (žiūrėta 2022 m. spalio 27 d.). Gauta 2022 11 07 Priimta 2022 12 27 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ LAMINATAS AND ITS COGNATES IN THE DICTIONARY OF THE STANDARD LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE S u m m a r y The Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language (DSLL) is a normative source of the current lexis, which is continuously updated and corrected according to changes in usage and norms. It includes neologisms that have become naturalized in the language, as well as words that have appeared in the past but have not yet been recorded in other dictionaries. This is the case with laminatas ‘laminate’ (n.) and its cognates, which existed as terms in texts in several fields (wood processing, textiles) already at the end of the last century. They have been recorded in some lexicographic sources of the Lithuanian language (dictionaries of international words, encyclopaedias, the Catalog of New Additions of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language) but not in the general dictionaries. Laminatas and laminuoti ‘to laminate’ appeared only in the 8th edition of the Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language (2021), in a special appendix of new words compiled after selecting several hundred dictionary entries from the still-to-be-written DSLL. As the semantics of the question words evolved, the number of fields of use increased (e. g. aesthetic dentistry), and it became necessary to revise the dictionary entries that had been written for a long time in the DSLL. In addition to laminatas and laminuoti, it is planned to add the widely used laminavimas ‘lamination’, laminuotas, -a ‘laminated’ (adj.), and laminatė ‘dental laminate’. The most important and biggest work was to get their semantic structures right, to identify their meanings and subsenses, and their interrelationships. The basic semantic component of meanings ‘sheet, layer’ was established. The specificity of the semantics of the group of question words is that laminatas can refer to both raw materials and finished products, especially in texts in the woodworking field. 130 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 95 Besides complex filiation, some of the words under study raised questions of morphological features, such as the part of speech (adjective or participle) of laminuotas, –a, and the gender and number form of the lemma of the term of dentistry (laminatas, laminatai, laminatė or laminatės). After reviewing the representation of lamin- root words in Lithuanian and foreign lexicographic sources (dictionaries and encyclopaedias, databases), examining the usage in Internet sources and the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, and discussing the aforementioned issues of their morphology, the article presents five dictionary entries – laminatas, laminuoti, laminavimas, laminuotas, –a, and laminatė – reflecting the current usage of these words. These are the most recent entries in the DSL, but in the future, as new cognates (e. g. laminuotojas, –a, laminatinis, –ė, įlaminuoti, išlaminuoti, perlaminuoti, užlaminuoti, laminatorius, etc.) and word combinations with them (e. g. blakstienų (antakių) laminavimas ‘eyelash/brow lamination’) are added to the dictionary, the current dictionary entries may be supplemented and (or) corrected. KEYWORDS: dictionary, lexeme, semantic structure, dictionary entry, filiation, subsense. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius [email protected] DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ LAMINATAS IR JO GIMINIŠKI ŽODŽIAI BENDRINĖS LIETUVIŲ KALBOS ŽODYNE S a n t r a u k a Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (BLKŽ) – nuolat pildomas ir pagal vartosenos bei normos pokyčius koreguojamas norminamasis dabartinės leksikos šaltinis. Jame pateikiami ir kalboje įsitvirtinantys naujažodžiai bei seniau atsiradę, bet kituose žodynuose dar nefiksuoti žodžiai. Taip atsitiko su žodžiu laminatas ir jo bendrašakniais žodžiais, kurie kaip terminai buvo vartojami kelių sričių (medienos apdirbimo, tekstilės) tekstuose jau praeito amžiaus pabaigoje ir buvo fiksuoti kai kuriuose lietuvių kalbos leksikografiniuose šaltiniuose (tarptautinių žodžių žodynuose, enciklopedijose, Lietuvių kalbos žodyno Papildymų kartotekoje), tačiau ne bendruosiuose žodynuose. Laminatas ir laminuoti atsirado tik 8-ajame Dabartinės lietuvių DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 131 kalbos žodyno leidime (2021 m.), specialiame naujažodžių priede, sudarytame atrinkus kelis šimtus žodyninių straipsnių iš dar rašomo BLKŽ. Ilgainiui plėtėsi aptariamųjų žodžių semantika, daugėjo vartojimo sričių (pvz., odontologija), tad senokai rašytus BLKŽ žodyninius straipsnius iškilo reikalas koreguoti. Be jau teiktų laminatas ir laminuoti, numatyta įtraukti taip pat plačiai vartojamus laminavimas, laminuotas, -a ir laminatė. Svarbiausias ir didžiausias darbas buvo tinkamai suformuoti jų semantines struktūras, tiksliai nustatyti reikšmes ir poreikšmius bei jų tarpusavio ryšius. Nustatyta pagrindinė ‘sluoksnių’ sema. Nagrinėtos žodžių grupės semantikos ypatumas yra tai, kad laminatas gali reikšti ir žaliavą, ir gatavą produktą, ypač medienos apdirbimo srities tekstuose. Be sudėtingos fili acijos, kai kurie iš tiriamųjų žodžių kėlė ir morfologinių ypatybių klausimų, reikėjo apsispręsti dėl žodžio laminuotas, -a kalbos dalies (būdvardis ar dalyvis) ir odontologijos termino lemos giminės ir skaičiaus formos (laminatas, laminatai, laminatė ar laminatės). Straipsnyje apžvelgus lamin- šaknies žodžių pateikimą lietuviškuose ir užsienio leksikografijos ir terminografijos šaltiniuose (žodynuose, enciklopedijose, duomenų bazėse), ištyrus vartoseną interneto šaltiniuose ir Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyne, aptarus minėtus jų morfologijos klausimus, pristatyti penki dabartinę šių žodžių vartoseną atspindintys žodyniniai straipsniai – laminatas, laminuoti, laminavimas, laminuotas, -a ir laminatė. Taip šie žodžiai pastaruoju metu pateikti BLKŽ, tačiau ateityje, įtraukiant į žodyną naujų giminiškų žodžių (pvz.: laminuotojas, -a, laminatinis, -ė, įlaminuoti, išlaminuoti, perlaminuoti, užlaminuoti, laminatorius ir kt.) ir žodžių junginių su jais (pvz., blakstienų (antakių) laminavimas), dabartiniai žodyniniai straipsniai gali būti pildomi, tikslinami. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: žodynas, leksema, semantinė struktūra, žodyninis straipsnis, filiacija, poreikšmis. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius [email protected] 132 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 95