Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne

Daiva MurMulaitytė. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 105 Daiva MurMulaitytė Lithuanian Language Institute doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2022.95.05 Laminate and its related words General Lithuanian language dictionary Key words: vocabulary, lexicon, semantic structure, vocabulary article, filiation, necessity. annotation Judging by the usage on the Internet, laminate and its co-root words laminuoti, laminavimas, laminuotas, ‑a and others are often used not only as terms in texts in certain fields (construction and repair, woodworking, textiles, dentistry, cosmetology) - they are abundant in general everyday usage. Although most of these words are not new words (already in the last decade of the last century some were provided by Lithuanian dictionaries of international words, various encyclopedias), in the general dictionaries of the Lithuanian language laminatas and laminuoti appeared only a year ago – in the eighth edition of the current Lithuanian language dictionary, published in 2021. The article discusses the semantic structure, morphological characteristics and presentation of the words laminatas, laminuoti and other words of this nest, formed on the basis of research of lexicographic sources and usage in Lithuanian language. Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. abStract judging by the usage on the internet, laminatas ‘laminate’ and its cognates lami nuoti ‘to laminate’, laminavimas ‘lamination’, laminuotas, ‑a ‘laminated’, etc. not only are frequently used as terms in the texts of certain fields (construction and repair, wood processing, textiles, aesthetic dentistry, cosmetology) but are also abundantly used in general everyday usage. Although most of them are not neologisms (in the last decades of the last century, some of them were provided by Lithuanian dictionaries of international words and various encyclopedias), the words laminatas and laminuoti appeared in the general dictionaries of the Lithuanian language just a year ago – in the 8th edition of the dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian language (dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, 2021). the article discusses the semantic structure of laminatas, laminuoti, and other words of this family, based on research on the lexicon of the family. The relevance of this study is formed by the need to respond to changes in usage (spread, frequency, semantic, constructive changes of 106 bEndrinĖ kaLba | 95 graphic sources and their usage in the Lithuanian language, as well as the morphological characteristics of some of them. as a result of this research, the dictionary entries of mentioned words in the dictionary of the standard lithuanian language (Bend rinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas) are presented. ĮvadaS The General Lithuanian Language Dictionary (bLkž) is a normative publication for the general public, which provides the vocabulary that functions in the current period, shows the correct use of words of general language. It is prepared “taking into account the constantly changing situation of the language, the new needs of the knowledge society and the use of the prestigious language, the latest results of the research and reikštą kitų žodynų bei rengiamų šio žodyno tekstų kritiką“1. taigi, skaistandardization of the general language, published or otherwise patytojas nefiksuotą leksiką. Lamin šaknies žodžiai (laminatas, laminuoti ir kt.) benbLkž must find and relevant sufficiently frequently used elsewhere in the few dictionaries of the Lithuanian language so far have not been provided or provided, in today’s eyes, not very accurately in terms of semantics and usage (see more in section 1.5). the mentioned related words, etc.) more accurately and detailed root laminwords present bLkž. The object of the study is the loan word laminate and its derivative words laminuoti, laminavimas, laminuotas, ‑a, laminatė. The aim of the study is to analyze these words semantically, morphologically, constructively and create their lexicographic articles. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to compare the presentation of these words in Lithuanian and other languages lexicographic sources and databases, to investigate their usage and frequency on the Internet, to clarify the semantic and constructive relationships of these words, to investigate their semantic structure and to perform filiation2, as well as to formulate definitions of lexical meanings. To solve these problems, semantic and word formation analysis, analytical, descriptive, comparative and computational methods were used. 1 https://ekalba.lt/bendrinesįlietuviuukalbosązodynas/apie/bLk%c5%bd%20bendros%20 % c5%bEinios%20apie%20%c5%bEodyn%c4%85 (accessed October 15, 2022). 2 Filiation – breakdown of the lexicographical structure of a word. It is important to determine how many meanings the title word of the dictionary article has, how they are related to each other and how they should be arranged in the article, how their specificity should be noted (jakaitienė 2005: 90–91). Daiva MurMulaitytė. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 107 near the main goal ferry and a side. bLkž wanted to open the door of the creative kitchen and show the scenario of the emergence of the dictionary article – one of the possible, because each lexicon has its own characteristics, depending on which the progress, order and scope of the toliau straipsnyje apžvelgiamas žodžio laminatas ir keleto kitų tos pačios dictionary work differs3. presentation of root words in various se šaltiniuose (žodynuose, enciklopedijose, duomenų bazėse), vartosena lexicographical and terminological Internet sources4, the issues of filiation and morphology are discussed. At the end, the results of the research are summarized by creating vocabulary articles of the examined words. 1. Laminal root words in LECSICOUS GRAPHIC and TERMINOGRAPHIC source languages 1.1. The Lithuanian general encyclopedias consulted by the encyclopedia contain two of the words in question – laminatas and laminavimas, and one of them – Soviet Lithuanian Encyclopedia (tLE) – explains both terms in one article (see table 1). It shows how the conception of these concepts has changed from 1980 to 2007 in the most recently published universal Lithuanian encyclopedia (vLE), where two laminate and three laminavimas lexicons are distinguished, wood, textile and paper lamination is more clearly distinguished, and floor covering production is also mentioned as a possibility of using laminate – with laminates in this field the current general public, judging by the usage of the discussed words on the Internet, is now perhaps most familiar5. 3 for example, an example of a different scenario could be the case of the word kontuzija, about which bLkž editor-in-chief danutė Liutkevičienė read a presentation iv at the lexicographers’ workshop, held at the Lithuanian Language Institute on 11 May 2022. It discussed the situation when various sources about the explanatory reality provide contradictory information (examples from 20 sources, including dictionaries of other languages), and drew attention to the varying spelling: kontuzija and kontūzija (for more, see murmulaitytė 2022: 27–28). 4 online sources to browse Google search engine in June-November 2022. 5 vLEe articles of the words laminatas and laminavimas are identical to those in the paper version of this encyclopedia, except for minor corrections (instead of the abbreviations spec., kt., b‑vė, etc., the unabbreviated words are used). 108 Main Language | 95 TABLE 1. Laminuoti (from Lithuanian lamiuoti) is the process of lamination of žodis apibrėžtis šaltinis a sheet of paper or fabric impregnated with synthetic resins. resins surfaces of wood materials (↑laminating), they are used in sports. for ship comprise 50-70 % of dry r by weight. usually impregnated with melamine hulls, gliders, radio and electronic printed circuit board substrates. formaldehyde, sometimes polyester resins. Laminates are used for finishing (1980) decoration of laminate materials or products ↑ laminates. light-resistant, chemically resistant, harder and stronger vimas The laminated surface is glossy or matt, than mos chipboard or fibreboard with a density > 720 kg/m3. they are laminated in hot presses at a temperature of kitomis medžiagomis apdailintą. dažniausiai laminuoja140-180 °C and a pressure of 1,5-2,5 mPa, so that the laminate adheres to the surface to be painted and the resins contained therein polymerise or polycondense. Laminated chipboard has been produced in Lithuania since 1976 by Kazlų Rūdos experimental woodworking plant. laminate coating of laminate materials or articles (coating with a two-layer sheet of paper or fabric impregnated with synthetic resins and dried). Laminated chipboard has been produced in woodworking plant; Lithuania since 1976 by Kazlų Rūdos experimental 1.9 million were produced in 1984. m2. tLE ii lami-1. Laminated sheet material made of paper, (1986) wood fibre, glass fibre or fabric impregnated and dried finishing surfaces of wood materials or products. used with synthetic resins vLE vii natas. usually impregnated for gliders, hulls of sports boats, flooring, printed circuit boards. 2. Laminated product consisting of rečiau poliesterinėmis ar kt. dervomis, kurios sudaro layers of fabric, knitted or non-woven material bonded together or permanently bonded by a polymer film. with alkyd, 50-70% of the dry laminate mass. suitable for (2007) Daiva MurMulaitytė. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 109 žodis apibrėžtis šaltinis lamina-1. finishing of wood materials or articles ↑laminating in hot (140–180 °C in the oven) pressing (1.5–9 mPa) in presses. such 1. freq. laminated wood panels, plywood. It is laminated The laminate adheres to the painted surface by polymerizing resins. The laminated surface is glossy or matte, resistant to light, mechanical impact, harder and stronger than finished with other materials. Laminated chipboard has been produced in Lithuania since 1976 by Kazlų Rūdos Wood Combine (since 1995 by Girių Bizonas). 2. Production of a layered product (↑laminate 2) by allowing a pack of layers of textile materials between hot rollers (calandre). the product is compressed and glued or joined with a polymer film. Lamination improves the thermal properties of the material, obtaining waterproof, rigid materials, which are used to insulate light outerwear. 3. covering a book folder, cover, postcard, document or other image with a thin transparent film. The film is laminated by special machines by gluing (the glue-coated print with the film is passed between the hot calender shafts, which press it to the print) and by bonding (the thermoplastic film heated by infrared radiation and which has begun to melt is pressed to the print by hot shafts). It gives the print mirror gloss, strength, brightens colors, protects against environmental influences, mechanical damage, counterfeiting. lavsan, acetate, polyethylene, polyamide and other synthetic films are used. vLE vii (2007) 1.2. glossaries According to the Lithuanian term bank (tb) data (accessed on 19 September 2022), laminate, laminated, ‑a and lamination are recorded in four glossaries and three standards (see table 2). these words and compounds with them are terms of textile (clothing), woodworking industry, chemical fields. 110 bEndrinĖ kaLba | 95 TABLE 2. Laminavimas root terms in the Lithuanian term bank laminate terminas Sritis apibrėžtis šaltinis textile Product of the laminating process: industrial layered product of fabric, knitted or non-woven material permanently bonded with a film. attž laminate clothing Material of clothing or other articles, such as leather, fabric or other, which is coated with a different, thinner, single or multi-layered material to vary or improve its properties. origin: lat. lamina – plate, strip. aatž laminate chemistry two-layer or multi-layer chtaž sheet composite. laminate a standard or more layers of material, polyester film. product consisting of two e.g. polyurethane foam and Paper that is coated with a 12481:2004 laminate and coated or bonded film or aluminium foil. with one or more other materials, such as polyethylene LSt En a1:2009* laminates of 4151:2004+ wood Laminated glued wood products, e.g. glued beams of boards, of narrow (7 mm or less) of slabs and shell or otherwise glued together; laminated heat-pressed gos, pavyzdžiui, getinaksas, teksmediatolite, decorative paper plastic, etc. amtž * LSt En 415a1:2004+a1:2009 Safety of packaging machines. Part 1. Terminology and classification of packaging machines and related equipment (not binding) (http://terminai.vlkk.lt/paieska?search=po pieriaus+laminatas&limit=15; accessed September 19, 2022). Daiva MurMulaitytė. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 111 terminas Sritis apibrėžtis šaltinis laminatetextiles Compilation of calendaring, glues, etc. Lamination is laminate. Laminated vimas industry by aimed at improving the thermal gluing materials together by thermal properties of materials, making them waterproof, stiffening, etc. attž laminaapgara Coating of flat materials (leather, fabrics, knitted or thermal calendaring, transparent or crocheted fabrics, etc.) by bonding or otherwise, e.g. polymer, film to improve its thermal, insulation, aesthetic and other properties. aaž laminachemija finishing laminate or polymer laminating shaft. laminaterdization sstandaand metrology Adhesion of transparent material to one or both sheets of paper to paviršių, siekiant jį sutvirtinti ir approtect against damage. LSt iSo 5127:2008 Lamination Standardizatir pikliu tion cija ir meLamination, when materials stick together due to chemical action. Note: cellulose acetate film is often laminated by exposure to a solvent – acetone. LSt iSo 5127:2008 thermal lamination standardization and methodology Lamination, when mos by heating and materials bond-LSt iSo pressing. 5127:2008 laminavitextilės attž mo mašina industry Equipment for the laminated clothing doubled production of laminates. leather, from the shoe with a thin polymer side the sole is covered protective film. aatž laminated wood inner laminated timber, cubeboard industry rio inner which may be glued or not glued. made of strips of bark not thicker than 7 mm arranged at the edges, amtž 112 Main Language | 95 1.3. tarptautinių žodžių žodynai in all four Lithuanian dictionaries of international words (tžž 1985, 2000, 2001, 2013) three words of the word nest in question – laminatas, laminuoti and laminatorius. they are interpreted basically the same everywhere, perhaps only laminated definitions in the latest of these dictionaries (tžž 2013) are significantly refined (see Figure 1). laminates · multi-layer sheet material from sintet. resin-impregnated and dried paper or fabric (tžž 1985, 2001, 2013); · multilayer sheet material of paper or fabric impregnated with synthetic resins and dried (tžž 2000) for laminating · finishing wood materials or products with laminates (tžž 1985, 2001); apdailinti medienos medžiagas arba gaminius laminatu ar polimerine film (tžž 2013); · finish wood products or wood with laminates (tžž 2000) laminãtors · device for allowing rigid paper or cardboard between the shafts to be denser and more glossy (tžž 1985, 2001, 2013); · device for allowing rigid paper or cardboard to pass between the shafts in order to make it denser and shiny (tžž 2000) 1 Fig. Laminatas lizdo words in Lithuanian international word dictionaries 1.4. lexicographic sources of foreign languages The presentation of the vocabulary in question in linguistic dictionaries and encyclopedias of foreign languages – English, Latvian, Russian – was also studied (aHdEL, ccaLd, cEd, md, mWd, oaLd, oEd, WmWd; LEv, LPE, PLSv, Sv; nSiS, nSZ and others), but the description of this part of the work could be the subject of a separate publication and a detailed review and analysis of these sources, in order not to excessively expand the scope of this article, has been abandoned here. In a very general way, it can only be said that the data of these lexicographic sources were extremely useful in explaining the concepts of laminate and lamination procedure, in making the filiations of the examined lexicons and in creating definitions of words and their necessary meanings. It should be noted Daiva MurMulaitytė. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 113 that in non-lexicographic sources of Latvian and Russian languages (i.e., various special texts of the respective fields on the Internet) these concepts are often explained much more understandably than in the dictionaries and encyclopedias that have been looked at and which are already somewhat behind in terms of usage. English dictionaries also record such lexicons that seem not to be typical of the other languages mentioned, for example, the verb laminate with the meanings ‘to split or be split into thin sheets’ (cEd); ‘to separate into laminae’; ‘to split into laminae’ (WnWd); ‘to separate into laminae’; ‘to divide into laminae’ (mWd), ‘to divide into thin layers’; ‘to split into thin being layers or sheets’ (aHd) (liet. ‘pa(si)dalinti į (plonus) sluoksnius, atskirti ar separated by layers’); noun laminate meaning ‘the blade is suitable for cutting plastics or laminates’ (oaLd) etc. 1.5. Explanatory dictionaries of Lithuanian language 1.5.1. The Lithuanian language dictionary (LKŽ) “is a complete source of the Lithuanian language lexicon of the 16th–20th centuries. it is no longer supplemented and updated with new language facts” – published in the Lithuanian Language Resources Information System e. kalba6. The paper Lkž was finished in 2002, the 7th volume (l–mėlti) was published in 1966. At that time, in the 1860s, laminavimas and other words in question, if they were used, were apparently too narrowly used to be included in a large dictionary (at least in Lithuania, laminated furniture, documents and teeth were certainly not an everyday reality, and therefore the words to name or describe them were also not common in everyday usage). However, in Lkž Papildymų kartoteka7 (Lkž Ppk) there is one card of the verb laminuoti abstract (verb name) laminavimas, which gives an example of usage from the 1970s printed media: of all the methods of finishing of particle boards, lamination is the most widely used (mokslas ir technika, 1976, 12, 56). 6 https://ekalba.lt/lietuviuukkalbosązodynas (accessed September 26, 2022). 7, when preparing the electronic version of the revised Lkž (2005), only those words that were previously used in illustrative examples of usage, but were by mistake not raised as headings, were raised as new headings. other new words from Lkž Ppk not included (https:// ekalba.lt/lietuviuukkalbosezzodynas/apie/Lk%c5%bde%20bendros%20%c5%bEinios%20 apie%20%c5%bEodyn%c4%85; accessed September 26, 2022). 120 bEndrinĖ kaLba | 95 The pupils suitable to illustrate several lexems are discarded, only those that allow clearly to distinguish the meanings or needs, i.e. exactly correspond to the definition of one of the lexems, are presented. In the case of the filiation of laminate and its related words, the following points must be taken into account: 1) the mentioned several areas of use of these words; 2) laminate can be referred to as both raw material and product (the result of lamination)18; 3) the essential semantic is ‘layers’. With regard to the latter, it should be recalled that laminate is derived from the English word laminate ‘laminated material’; rolled metal’ (aLkž), which in turn is based on the Latin word lamine ‘plate, strip’ (LtE 1980: 344, cf. aatž). When presenting the morphological data of the words in question, several questions arose: which part of the language should be marked by the word laminuotas, ‑a in the article – an adjective or a participle (1) and which genus and which number of noun (laminatas, laminatai, laminatė, laminatės) should be used in the normative dictionary for the dental term, which is used to name a certain dental plaque (2). (1) laminuotas, ‑a by origin is an inactive participant of the past perfect tense, i.e. a verb form made with the transitive suffix -tas, ‑a. at first glance it resembles adjectives with the suffix ‑(i)uotas, ‑a, e.g.: privilegijuotas, ~a ‘who has privileges’: ~a klasė, partija ar rezervuotas, ~a 1. ‘paž liktas atsargai’: ~a place. 2. ‘sanctified’: r. attitude (dLkž8). when such characteristics синтагматических и парадигматических характеристик, поскольку они имеют спектр закрепленных общественной практикой контекстов употребления и вступают в собственные антонимические и синонимические отношения <…>, ни на основании грамматических особенностей <…>. Это обстоятельство вынуждает рассматривать любые семантические модификации слова как его самостоятельные ЛСВ, хотя и разной maturity, functional activity and substantive relevance” (olchovskaja 2011: 78–79; for more on multi-meaning in lexicography, see olchovskaja 2013 and the reference there). According to aloyzas gudavičius, “[b]ecause the meaning itself has no strict boundaries, the presentation of polysemantic words in dictionaries is not consistent. due to the ambiguity of the meaning boundaries, there are frequent instances of different treatment of words of the same or similar content in the glossaries, resulting in an uneven number of meanings. even more often the semantic structure of equivalent words in different languages is presented differently” (gudavičius 2013: 71). 18 pp. laminate n. 1. ‘a laminated product, such as plywood’; 2. ‘a thin sheet of material, or the material itself, such as plastic, used to laminate something’ (aHdEL); ‘a product made by laminating’ (mWd). Daiva MurMulaitytė. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 121 džiai turi giminiškų daiktavardžių, su kuriais galėtų būti susiję ir tiesioginės of semantic motivation (and which can be used in the definitions of their meanings), their work, looking at the form alone, could be interpreted in two ways. These adjectives could be considered derivatives of the suffixes ‑(i)uotas, ‑a, whose base words are the nouns privilege and reserve. It would be more difficult to explain their semantic motivation and the meaning of the action (although these nouns are or can be used in formulating the definitions of the privileged, ‑a, reserved, ‑a meanings of adjectives). As is known, each compound belongs to some type (category) of compound, so it must correspond to a typical model of compound formation (jakaitienė 1988: 88). that is, it has the same action as other derivatives of the same type (category). noun suffixes ‑(i)uotas, ‑a adjectives, belonging to the adjective construction category of internal attributes, indicate the abundance of the attribute, e.g. speitaita ‘su dideliais speigais’ žiema (dLkg 2006: 199; cf. Lkg 1965: 563)19. žodžio privilegijuotas, ‑a in the meaning of action, if we consider it made from a noun, there is no possessed property of the plurality of the semas, it is possible to be privileged with one privilege. also reserved, ‑a is simply ‘having a reserve, a reserve’, not necessarily a large reserve. Therefore, according to the semantics of the construction, privileged, ‑a and reserved, ‑a are probably not adjectives of the suffix ‑(i)uotas, ‑a, but passive participants of the past tense, i.e. the verbs privileged ‘to (with) grant exclusive rights, privileges’, reserved ‘to reserve’ forms. also the word laminuotas, ‑a, whose construction cannot be interpreted ambiguously simply because there is no noun that could go with its base word (the noun laminatas has the morpheme ääatė, which does not have laminuotas, ‑a). It cannot therefore be considered a prepositional adjective, neither in form nor in meaning. There are quite a lot of such obviously verb-based words dLkž8: koncentruotas, ~a 1. ‘focused’: k. strike. 2. ‘Concentrated’ means a solution. 3. ‘sodd rintas’: ~a ore. 4. ‘nutrient-rich’ means feed; neraliuotas, ~a šnek. ‘unable to act properly’: Jos tokios ~os20; matuotas, ~a ‘reasonable’: ~a išvada; pavėluotas, ~a ‘not done on time, late appeared’: P. dar‑ 19 Cf. adjective adjectives, which denote a slightly strengthened characteristic of the object marked by the base word. these are usually made from adjectives denoting colours and have little difference in meaning from the base words, e.g., rainy skirt (ibid.). 20 Cf. the presentation in Luke, from which the transfer of meaning is better visible (although the two meanings are not formally separated): neraliuotas, -a adj. (1) ‘not knowing how to behave properly’: Galvijas neraliúotas (not trained at all, not accustomed; he has not even been raliuotas by a shepherd) j.jabl. the other thing of that girl is that these verb forms are conjugated and the part of speech is not marked because it is indicated by the two given endings” (dLkž8 Xii). dictionary to the supplement to the paper dLkž8 (electronic – body) will be added the new word karamelizuotas, ‑a language part certificate has: kara me lizúotas, ~a bdv. (1) ‘covered with heated sugar glaze’21. When analyzing examples of the use of the word tokios daba neraliúotos šln. 122 Main Language | 95 bas. P. the appearance of the work; refined, ~a 1. ‘cleaned’: r. sugar. 2. prk. ‘įmant rus; a selection; ‘educated’: r. skonis. ~os ways; stylized, ~a ‘made by applying stylization’; važiuotas, ~a ‘travelling on a chassis’: The full path on this basis bLkž is given the participle form laminuoti, which is given in the article of this verb in illustrative examples of use, and the subjunctive participle ~s and peasants, etc. laminuotas, ‑a, it is clear that there is a clear distinction between adjective (a) and verb (b) būtent taip – kaip būdvardžiai – nuo seno pateikiamos dLkž. „būdvardžiams use, the latter characterized by maintained syntactic control (what?): (a) in the kitchen: no bLkž antraštinių žodžių kalbos dalys žymimos nuosekliai, todėl iš šio synthetic countertops and laminate boards; Tetra top packaging made of laminated paper and plastic is also widely used. building materials: laminated double-glazed glass with self-cleaning film; laminated posters of famous people; laminated keyboard stickers; 6 popular misconceptions about panel and laminated plywood houses; special Classen underlay for vinyl and laminate floors; triFlunex is an almost white powder packed in laminated sachets in cardboard boxes. three reasons for the appearance of cracks in glued laminated timber houses; drill for drilling blind holes in wood and laminates; (b) plastic laminated card; the above-mentioned Verkhovna Rada deputy’s card is a 75x110 mm card laminated with a film; felt and felt-lined fabrics, covered, coated or laminated with rubber, leather or other material, mainly used for heating tapes; panels laminated with glass felt on both sides; external building shell two-layer imitation film laminated profiles; paper laminated with protective, matte or glossy laminate; textile fabrics impregnated, coated, covered or laminated with plastics; we sell slabs laminated with oak bark or decorative panels with them; material similar to others but laminated with reinforced aluminium foil, i.e. with a vapour-retardant layer, etc. as&i=dc0747fau982aa48b5a8bd7aab067a5a68ae0 (accessed 22 September 2022). stiklas laminuotas pusiau veidrodine plėvele; langai pagaminti iš medžio 21 https://ekalba.lt/dabartineslietuviukalboszodynas/karamelizuotas?paieska=karamelizuot Daiva MurMulaitytė. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 123 laminuotas, ‑a, which is given in a separate article (see Figure 2). (2) dLkž8 shows that initially the term in the medical field, naming the aesthetic dental device – a certain thin ceramic plate attached to the front surface of the tooth, was given in the masculine form – laminate. However, this time, after examining the usage, it became clear that this form is practically not used22, the laminate is used in almost all contexts of aesthetic dentistry, usually in the plural (because it occurs mostly when talking about such a treatment in general, the whole, and not the lamination of one specific tooth) – laminates. it is the only new word in the laminų root word nest, therefore it is presented only in nd and dLkž8, in previously published encyclopedias and dictionaries this concept has not yet been explained23. so bLkž, unlike dLkž8, it was decided to give the feminine noun laminatė. Lema is in the singular form, because this noun is not plural, the laminate can be covered and one tooth (see Figure 2). 5. other Laminan rootES words based on already prepared dictionary articles, articles of other root laminan words and compounds formed with them will be created. So far, bLkž has not included more words of this constructive nest, mostly made with prefixes or suffixes, e.g.: laminuotojas, ėa, laminatinis, ‑ė, įlaminuoti, išlaminuoti, perlaminuoti, užlaminuoti, laminatorius. The use of these derivatives is not yet sufficiently common. (in addition, until the dictionary article for the base verb laminuoti was created, it was not possible to properly present its prepositional derivatives, because the semantic structure and filiation of the latter are based on the meanings of the base word and their interrelationships). With the terms eyelash and eyebrow lamination, it is the opposite – word combinations are used quite often in texts in the field of cosmetology, but only 22. See the results provided by the search engine Google on October 30, 2022 (when searching for the exact phrase, only the singular form of the denominator): dental laminates – 604, dental blakstienų laminavimas, laminuotos blakstienos ir pan. grožio industrijos, laminates – 20,200. 23 See the Russian dictionary of new words, which includes the new vocabulary of the last decade of the 20th century (nSZ), which lists only the word laminate, which has the meanings of building material and protective film, and its derivative laминатный, ‑ая. dental plate is called laminaty in Russian, but this word is not included in the dictionary of new words of the period. 124 bMain Language | 95 This selection criterion is not sufficient to be included in this dictionary. It is not yet clear which of the above mentioned compounds – process or result – is to be included, and how to relate it to the base verb laminuoti. With it, these word combinations are undoubtedly connected by the main semantic ‘layers, layering’ of the verb laminuoti, ‑a or laminavimas, which are related to the beauty of eyelashes, eyebrows), but so far bLkž has not (siekiant blakstienas padaryti riestesnes, tankesnes, ilgesnes, laminuojant jos presented such a verb lexicon that could directly support these laminuotas, ‑a or laminavimas lexicons related to the beauty of eyelashes, eyebrows. some examples of usage found indicate that the laminate can be not only flooring, fabrics, paper, teeth, eyelashes, but also something else. For example, this is shown by the example found by dLkt: <...> one gas or vapor to pass, another to retain and thus ensure the longest shelf life of the product. This is achieved by laminating polymeric materials, i.e. making multilayer materials (films, bottles, jars), as well as coating materials by spraying or other methods (Science and Life, 1996; underlined in citation – aut. cit.). the examination of the semantics and the rate of use of such cases would also be carried out only after sufficient samples of use have been collected and after it has been confirmed that the use is not rare, occasional and, of course, normative. aPibEndrinimaS After getting acquainted with the presentation of the laminų root words in Lithuanian and foreign lexicographic sources (dictionaries and general encyclopedias, as well as databases), after examining their current usage, interneto šaltiniuose, išsprendus kilusius semantikos ir morfologijos duomainly issues of art presentation, the following dictionary articles of the words laminatas, laminuoti, laminavimas and laminuotas, ‑a were created (Figure 2). laminates dkt. (2) 1. laminated sheet material of paper, wood fibre, glass fibre or fabric impregnated with synthetic resins and dried: laminate-coated chipboard. laminate is used for finishing cotton products. laminate adheres to the surface by polymerizing resins. The most frequently laminated table surfaces of laminates are the edge plate material used to coat the surfaces: laminate resistance [briaũnos]. | laminuojant (1 r.) padaryta sluoksniuota būsto ar baldų apdailos classes. Daiva MurMulaitytė. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 125 assortment of laminates. to lay the laminate. Grinding deñgti [isklóti] laminates. laminate is one of the most popular floor coverings, usually consisting of four layers – base, base, decorative, protective. the thickness of the laminate boards can vary from six to twelve millimeters. How do I put laminate on a tile? laminate is perfect for finishing concrete slabs. 2. an object made of such a laminated material (laminate 1 r.) and covered with such a material (table top, floor, stairs, etc.): the care of the laminate is not complicated. On the plastic wheels of the chair it is necessary to attach softening – to protect the laminate from scratching. by following the care recommendations, you will enjoy your laminate for many years. Butè all rooms are laminate, in the kitchen and bathroom are ceramic tiles (around the floor). the laminate appeared cracks. 3. layered textile product made of layers of fabric, knitted or non-woven material bonded together or permanently bonded by a polymer film: jackets with three-layer laminates are known for their durability in adverse weather conditions. the middle layer of this fabric – laminate, which is water resistant and conductive to air. 4. a thin transparent film intended for protective or aesthetic purposes to cover images in documents, etc. paper products: transparent adhesive laminate. Pressure-resistant laminate. Printed photo posters are laminated with glossy or matte laminates. The individual pages of the personal identity card are covered with a relief laminate. most of the digital images contained in the laminate should be protected. The pages of the pet passport containing the information on the microchip will be laminated. The watermark on the laminate layer is optically distorted and we see a dark or light spot on the paper. laminãtė dkt. (2) a non-removable thin ceramic plate attached to the front surface of the tooth to hide its aesthetic defects: temporary [permanent] laminate. Porcelain laminate covered teeth. laminãted restored [updated] dandy. Each laminate is produced individually, taking into account the intended print, shape, relief and gloss. In what cases is it appropriate to use dental laminates? Dentures covered with laminates are no different from natural teeth, so their care is the same. laminate, laminate, laminate vksm. (what, with what) 1. to do with glue, high pressure, heat or otherwise planar joining of layers of one or more materials: laminavimas is done by gluing materials together by thermal means, klijuojas. double-layered glass laminated with half-mirror film. | ppr. finishing wood materials or products with laminates (1 r.): laminate the door with this special film. 126 bEndrinĖ kaLba | 95 2. do allowing the textile layers package between the hot shafts, connecting the ar suklijuojant juos polimerine plėvele: laminúojant gẽrinamos mẽdžiagos thermal self. The material is non-permeable, rigid and laminated. all zippers are laminated and therefore water-resistant. 3. coated with polyester or similar film to protect against damage, moisture, improve (e.g. image on paper) properties: some documents are prohibited to be laminated. the document is covered with a transparent or coloured moisture-resistant film and thus protected from accidental damage. During cold laminating, the printing does not lose its original softness and elasticity. we laminate all these sixty centimeters wide, unlimited length prints. laminavimas dkt. ppr. vns. (1) 1. → laminate 1: Lamination of wood chipboard. This fiber product is a product of the lamination process. 2. → laminating 2: laminating machine. Polymer films are one of the most commonly used textile laminating materials. lamination – a way to improve the thermal properties of the material, to obtain waterproof, rigid materials. 3. → laminating 3: hot [cold] laminating. Paper laminating film [vokẽlis]. The process whereby a paper document is covered with an adhesive film on one or both sides is called laminating. laminated, laminated bdv. (1) 1. made by laminating (1 r.): laminated floor covering. laminated chipboard – one of the cheaper types of flooring. the film on the glass (glass layers) prevents the cracking laminated glass from collapsing. 2. made of laminate (1 r.), covered with laminate: laminated timber. laminate flooring. How to care for laminate countertops? 3. made by lamination (2 r.), covered with a special film or similar: laminated fabrics. disposable laminated waterproof overall made of polypropylene, coated with polyethylene. The ski boot pockets have laminated, waterproof zippers. The outer fabric of this jacket is laminated – a waterproof, breathable membrane is glued to it. | made using laminate (3 r.): laminated jacket. such laminated stems will be perfectly suited to the tree. 4. protective coated with a thin transparent adhesive film: most laminated documents are waterproof, tear-resistant. The guests were presented with laminated banknotes of the new series. • plg. laminate 3. 2 Pav. As mentioned above, bLkž is constantly being updated and corrected in the General Lithuanian Daiva MurMulaitytė. Laminatas ir jo giminiški žodžiai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 127 Language Dictionary in response to changes in usage, so these lexicographic articles may change in the future. It is likely that they can be corrected by introducing in the dictionary articles of prepositional verbs derived from laminuoti, as well as other derivatives made from the already presented laminų root words. šaLtiniai 2014. aHdEL – the american Heritage dictionary of the english language. aHdEL – lietuvių, anglų, vokiečių, prancūzų ir rusų kalbomis, aut.: S. a. ratautas, the american Heritage dictionary of the english language. aHdEL – the american Heritage dictionary of the english language. aHdEL – the american Heritage dictionary of the english language. aHdEL – the american Heritage dictionary of the english language. 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