Astrologinių pavadinimų rašymas spausdintuose leidiniuose

76 GENERAL LANGUAGE | 95 RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ Lithuanian Language Institute doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2022.95.01 WRITENING OF ASTROLOGICAL NAME IN PRINT PUBLICATIONS KEY WORDS: writing, astrological names, capital letter. ANNOTATION The article continues the research on the writing of astrological names. In the previous issue of Common Language, we examined their writing tendencies on astrology websites, but here we focus on writing in printed publications, the usual medium of common language functioning. By selecting 10 books on astrology, the aim is to convince the universality of writing tendencies that have emerged on the basis of online usage, and at the same time to deepen the analysis of determining factors. ABSTRACT The paper continues the research of writing astrological names. After examining the tendencies of their writing on astrology websites, the focus here is given on writing in printed publications, which are the usual environment for the functioning of the standard language. Based on 10 books on astrology, the aim is to assess the extent to which astrological names writing tendencies are common to websites and printed publications, and at the same time to deepen the analysis of the factors that determine it. INTRODUCTION In the previous issue of General Language, the article Writing astrological names on astrology websites (Vaskelaitė 2021) drew attention to a completely uncovered subject – the writing of astrological names (hereinafter – ALP). It has been shown that many ALPs tend to function as checks, but their writing fluctuates. However, the writing tendencies in that article are examined only on the basis of astrology websites on the Internet. And for online usage, as her research shows (e.g.: Miliūnaitė 2008, 2010, 2018; Tamulionienė 2015) and it is not difficult to convince from the usage itself, this idea is being implemented in this article – it will examine the writing of ALP in printed publications, namely in books on the subject of astrology. There are Ramune Vaskelaite. Writing of astrological names in printed publications 77 is often characterized by certain peculiarities: insufficient or complete non-editing of the language, spelling errors, non-proofreading, etc. Therefore, although the analysis was carried out only on those websites that are not on the edge of common language use1, it suggests that the universality of the tendencies identified could be better confirmed only by examining ALP writing elsewhere, for example in printed publications, which are the usual medium of common language functioning. different types of these books: some are of a guidebook nature, covering many astrological concepts, others are more focused on the interpretation of the signs of the Zodiac. However, there are not many of the former, and some of the latter also include concepts, so both types of publications will be included in the analysis. In total, 10 books are accepted, of which four are prepared in Lithuanian and six are translated. Books in this field are translated into Lithuanian not only from English, so three translations from German, one from French and two from English are selected for analysis. They are all listed in the list of sources. Publications are taken not only the latest, but also the previous period. More precisely, it covers a period of 22 years: from 1998, when Erika Sauer’s Great Book of Horoscopes was published, until 2020, when Loreta Stonkutė’s Astrology Textbook was published. Language norms and their codification are changing, so otherwise choosing such a short period of time would be tricky, because the usage of previous years may not be relevant in terms of current general language norms. But the codification of the ALP writing has not changed, and the norms of the spelling level are generally considered more stable than those of other language levels (see Pupkis 1980: 23), probably because of this they are not often changed2. 1 In a comprehensive monograph by Rita Miliūnaitė on the language of the Internet, it is mentioned that the Internet is splitting into two centers – the restricted usage, where more attention is paid to security and reliability (online media, banking, online commerce, etc.), and the free usage (social networks, blogs); common language is used and more cared for in the first (Miliūnaitė 2018: 139). In presenting such a conditional division, websites as a genre were not mentioned, but just by selecting astrology websites for the article printed in the previous issue of General Language it was clear that according to the observance of general language norms astrology websites on the Internet are not equal. 2 In the set of updated spelling rules (Vladarskienė, Zemlevičiūtė 2022) the provisions of the spelling rules that were in force until then are retained. This is also stated in the commentary: “The approved updated spelling rules contain the provisions of the existing rules, they do not change them substantially (with one other exception), but they are corrected or supplemented in those cases that have not yet been regulated” (K). 78 GENERAL LANGUAGE | 95 The author has reviewed that the rules for writing real names are established in the spelling and punctuation of the Lithuanian language (Vaskelaitė 2021: 5–10), and her 2nd revised edition was published in 1992, so even before Erika Sauer’s Great Book of Horoscopes appeared. A new set of spelling standards – Rasuolė Vladarskienė and Palmira Zemlevičiūtė’s Lithuanian Spelling: Rules, Comments, Tips was published just in 2022, so later than the latest (2020) source will be analyzed in this article. Therefore, if there is an ideal correspondence between the codified norms and the actual usage, the ALP should be written the same in all the books selected for analysis, especially since they are edited by language editors, as is usual for publications published by publishers. Language editors are listed in all sources selected for analysis. However, there cannot be a correspondance between the codified norms and the actual use in this case simply because the ALP writing norms are not codified. In the 1992 edition of the Lithuanian language spelling and punctuation edition, the rules for writing real names are established, but they are oriented to groups of naming objects, and such a group as ALP is not distinguished and such names are not mentioned among the distinguishing groups, therefore it remains unclear according to which of the formulated rules for writing real names to write ALP. This uncertainty has already been raised and identified as a factor of fluctuations in usage (Vaskelaitė 2021). However, except for the names of zodiac signs, ALP are not mentioned in the new set of spelling rules (Vladarskienė, Zemlevičiūtė 2022), so the question of their writing remains relevant – both from the point of view of codification and language use practice. Therefore, it is decided to examine it further, now based on the material of printed publications. The analysis should be relevant not only for ALP, but also for the codification and usage practice of proper names in general. The author has already pointed out that in Lithuanian linguistics the terms name and surname are used quite differently – both synonymously and as different terms, making the distinction on unequal grounds (Vaskelaitė 2021: 3–4)3. 3 Here, in the rules for writing symbolic names, the term names is used, here referring to symbolic names and names of literal meaning (VZ 2004). In the works of lexicology, a distinction is made between the names of living objects and the names of inanimate objects (Jakaitienė 2010: 269–270). In the new set of spelling rules, names and surnames are as if tried to be distinguished according to whether a related word is used, but at the same time it is noted that the difference in the meaning of the name and the surname is conditional and that in common language the meanings of the name and the surname are very closely related, partly coinciding (Vladarskienė, Zemlevičiūtė 2022: 96). Ramune Vaskelaite. Writing of astrological names in printed publications 79 In this article, one term is chosen, namely astrological names, abbreviated as ALP. It will cover astrological names, spelled or not spelled, including individual names (the term name will only be used if it is used in the source). It is customary to divide real names into literal names and symbolic names (written in quotation marks)4, but the latter will not be included, especially since symbolic ALPs are almost not used, as can be seen from the websites and from the sources selected for this work. The aim of the thesis is to analyze ALP writing tendencies in astrological publications and to assess how much they correspond to the tendencies and their factors highlighted on the basis of online usage. Thus, the starting point of this analysis is the previous analysis, which highlighted that some ALPs are written only in capital letters, while the writing of others fluctuates. Accordingly, the ALP will be examined in this article: in the first chapter, only the ALP with capital letters will be discussed, i.e. cases of non-variant writing, and in the second – cases of fluctuating ALP writing. Both will be compared with the web-based writing cases and this should highlight the similarities or differences in the writing tendencies in the writing sites and publications, and at the same time confirm or reject the web-based conclusions about the determinants of ALP writing tendencies, as well as add new insights to the analysis. As it turns out, the main methods of this work will be analysis and comparison, and generalizations will be made by applying synthesis. 1. NON-VARIANT WRITING From astrology websites, the names of the zodiac signs and planets emerged as completely non-capitalized in terms of capitalization. Although the online language usage environment may be characterized by the already mentioned characteristics, it is seen that the names of these two groups are written in capital letters only on the websites, even if they, like other ALP, do not mention capitalization of real names. The names of the zodiac signs are widely used in all 10 publications, and here too they are written only in capital letters, so it will be enough to give only one other example: 4 The new set of spelling rules also distinguishes between mixed proper names – names of mixed structure, which consist of both literal meanings and a symbolic name, e.g., Alytus plaukimo klubas „Dzūkijos vandenis“ (Vladarskienė, Zemlevičiūtė 2022: 96). 80 GENERAL LANGUAGE | 95 When Pisces speaks, it is difficult to interfere TT 270; In any case, Taurus, Aries and Scorpios are the most child-bearing signs of the Zodiac AKK 38; By the way, Stalin (Sagittarius) began his preparation for his terrible career in the monastery of theological sciences TT 168; From here came the names of the signs of the Zodiac: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces FAQ 22. In publications, the names of the zodiac signs are also used in two meanings: they are used to name parts of the zodiac and at the same time – certain generalized types of character or behavioral characteristics, which in Western astrology are determined by the part of the zodiac in which the Sun was at the time of birth (see Vaskelaitė 2021: 19). But the form of the letter is not a means of differentiating these two meanings. For example, the capital is used both in the sentence When the Moon is in Taurus, very sensitive throat <...> MP 85, where the part of the Zodiac is mentioned where the Moon is in certain periods, and in the sentence Then Taurus feels that he lived not in vain AKK 37, where the person born when the Sun is in the sign of Taurus is mentioned, or more precisely – the generalized type of people born at that time. The meanings, as in the websites, are sometimes differentiated by syntactic means, for example, the part of the Zodiac is named by a two-word compound (It is very good if the flowers of this herb are collected when the Moon is in the sign of Taurus MP 85), and the type, especially in the publications of the earlier period, by noun compounds (It must be admitted that men-Lions behave like true gentlemen DHK 111; Man-Aries is a good worker DHK 49) or otherwise (Due to this quality, people born under the sign of Taurus are reliable and prudent companions DAŽ 64; The state of the soul is always a priority for the Cancer-man TT 140). However, these syntactic ways of differentiating meanings are often not applied, and both the part of the Zodiac and the type are a single word name, e.g. : The Sun enters the first sign of the Zodiac – Aries TT 95 and Aries’ weakest place is the head DAŽ 57; At the moment Saturn is in Capricorn, so almost all Capricorns this time is very difficult AV 354 The names Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces are written in capital letters only, both as alone and in combinations of words. The names of the planets are written in capital letters, just like on the websites. Planets are also one of the main objects of astrology, so their names are particularly common in publications, e.g. : Thus Mercury rules the sign of Virgo, Jupiters – the sign of Pisces Z 77; The favorable position of Jupiter meant honor and wealth, the same as Saturns – unlimited power in the beginning, and then – the fall down. They also function mostly as singulars, and the use of such Ramune Vaskelaite. The writing of astrological names in printed publications 81 cases of toimo as It is believed that there are means to restore man's activity - it is necessary to strengthen his ties with the Martian planet TT 64 rarely occurs. It has already been written that in astrology the planet is considered both the Sun, which in astronomy is called a star, as well as the Moon, which in astronomy is called the Earth’s satellite, and it has been pointed out that these different points of view do not determine the differences in writing – the Sun and the Moon are also written as the names of astrological planets (Vaskelaitė 2021: 13–14). The material of publications fully confirms this, for example. : In fact, children feel very well those adults who have a strong Sun, with them they always want to play AV 65; There are people whose horoscope Moon is stronger than the SunTT 38. Other celestial bodies, other than planets, are rarely mentioned on astrology websites or in printed publications, and if they are mentioned, their names are written only in capital letters, such as asteroid names: But astrologers knew Chiron as early as the 3rd century BC 35; When Proserpina squared Pluto (1933–1934), the world was threatened with annihilation AV 166. Planets and zodiac signs are also mentioned in publications, as well as on websites, as real celestial bodies and thus as astronomical objects, e.g. : Moons – Earth’s satellites TT 39; Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun DHK 219; The constellations of the zodiac rise in the sky in the following order: Aries, Taurus, Gemini <...> Z 24. Since the norm of writing astronomical names, unlike ALP, is codified by providing for their capitalization, in the previous work it was discussed that this factor could contribute to the consistency of writing names of planets and Zodiac signs in astrological texts (see Vaskelaitė 2021: 5–10). However, it has already become clear from the texts of the websites that they mention the celestial bodies not only in an astronomical but also in a mythological sense (Vaskelaitė 2020: 12), so the factor of writing consistency may be not only the codification of the writing norm or writing tradition of astronomical, but also mythological names. The close interrelationship between astrology and mythology is also evident from the publications. For example, Jupiter is described as the largest planet in the Solar System, and as the highest god of the sky in Roman mythology, the god of storms, whose equivalent in Greek mythology is Zeus (AV 85), Saturn – as the protector of time and agriculture in Roman mythology, Chronos in Greek mythology (AV 42), Venus – as the Roman goddess of love, passion and gardens, the Greek Aphrodite (AV 31), etc. Even mythological counterparts in other cultures are named, such as Shiva (TT 72) corresponding to the vibration of Uranus in Indian culture, the Lithuanian counterpart of Jupiter, Thunderbolt, the Scandinavian Thor (TT 85) and so on. In one publication, where the signs of the zodiac are discussed as archetypes, it is stated 82 GENERAL LANGUAGE | 95 and the mythological equivalents of the signs of the Zodiac, for example, the Parabrahma incarnating Aries in Indian symbolism (TT 98). Names of such deities or other beings are written only with the great one, such as You – the knight of truth, fighting against evil forces and injustice like Prometheus <...> AKK 102, the mythological symbol of Mercury – the nymph Maya MP 19 or the energy of Taurus is related to the goddess Lakshmi, the wife of god Vishnu AV 55, including those that coincide with the names of planets or other celestial bodies, e.g. : In Roman mythology this is the god Saturn, he was the patron of time and agriculture AV 42; in Roman mythology Mercury is the god of trade, eloquence, travelers, commerce AV 79; God Mars was the god of spring, agriculture, and therefore war AV 25. The Sun and the Moon are no exception – not only these names, but also their equivalents in other cultures are written only in capital letters, e.g. : Therefore, he is often depicted as the sun god, for example, Mithra TT 16; the Greek goddess of the moon was Selena AV 48; in India the moon god is Soma or Chandra AV 48. The spelling of the names of mythological creatures is codified, also with capitalization, and these names have a long tradition of use, which should be no less a factor of consistency in the spelling of these ALPs than the spelling of astronomical names. However, it has already become clear from astrology websites that the meaning of ALP does not coincide with either astronomical or mythological names, and does not necessarily coincide with the definition (Vaskelaitė 2021: 11–22)5. In astrological texts, both the planets and the signs of the zodiac are mostly discussed not in an astronomical or mythological sense, but in an astrological sense – as certain symbols, or more precisely, as clusters of symbolic meanings. In publications, this symbolism is particularly widely interpreted, e.g. : In astrology, the planet Jupiter symbolizes happiness in a broad sense. He is the great benefactor. Wisdom, religiousness and ideal, but also honor and wealth DHK 231; In astrology, Venus, like the Greek goddess with the same name, is a symbol of love, sexuality, harmony and beauty DHK 223; Taurus symbolizes fertilization and creation TT 114; After all, Cancer is a symbol of closeness, warmth and good spiritual well-being AKK 58. Thus, symbolism may also be a factor in supporting the consistency of the spelling of these names. This assumption, not formulated by examining the ALP writing on astrology websites, would be encouraged by the writing of Eastern astrology titles used in publications. The differences in the meanings of ALP and astronomical names are revealed in the author’s article on astrological terms (Vaskelaitė 2020). True, it mainly deals with general ALPs. Ramune Vaskelaite. The writing of astrological names in printed publications 83 developing Western astrology, and the use in publications is more. In one of them it is stated that it is much more difficult to set out the basic principles of Chinese astrology than the principles of Western astrology, because Chinese astrology was influenced by different philosophical religious systems, nature religions professed by many nations living in China, so that astrology is not homogeneous (DAZ 166)6. One of the oldest mentions of a system based on the Moon's travel is: The Moon travels in sections of the trajectory, or Moon houses, which also have animal names: Crocodile, Dragon, Badger, Fox, Dog, Hare, Rat, Leopard, Tiger, Pig, etc. (DAZ 172–176). Obviously, animal names are symbols, and the capitalization of these ALPs is probably due to the need to distinguish them from generic animal names. In the major, it is written in sequence, e.g., From the foggy plains The rat will rise to the light-brighted heights <...> FAZ 178. Like the Western Zodiac, the Chinese Zodiac also uses the names of the parts of the zodiac as a character type, and in such cases there is a need to name a symbolic and real animal. It is written with a capital letter, e.g. : The mysterious Chinese astrology will tell you if you are a brave Tiger, a faithful Dog, a slow, calm Taurus or a cheerful Monkey 165; Among this type of Snakes there are a lot of art experts and museum employees FAQ 201; For Chinese people it is always a great joy when a Hare is born in the family FAQ 198; Get them out, Pig RVA 7; If your child is a Dragon, he will like to command <...> RVA. In one publication, the Chinese and Western zodiac signs are combined, which highlights the common capitalization of names, e.g. : You are Aries according to Western astrology and Tigeraccording to Chinese astrology RVA; All Snakes are very beautiful, but the one with Taurus horns is so rare and exotic that it is even difficult to tell RVA. Since the Chinese calendar years are also named after animals, two-word years are used, and when writing them, as with the two-word names of the Western zodiac signs (Gemini, Pisces, etc.), the capital letter is retained, e.g. : However, if your business partner was born in the year of the Rabbit, it is a completely different matter <...> RVA 10; For example, the year 1999 (Year of the Cat) was celebrated on February 16; 2000 (Year of the Dragon) – February 5; 2001 (Year of the Snake) – 24 January; 2002 (Horse) – summer6 “If we take a closer look at a few Chinese astrological books, we will notice that they are markedly different from each other” (FAZ 166). 7 Due to the specific nature of this publication, pages are not always cited and will not be cited when citing this publication. 84 COMMON LANGUAGE | 95 rio 12 day MP 24. By the way, as symbols one and the other names are described and directly: Eastern astrology is directly related to the year of your birth and 12 animals. Western astrology, the pioneers of which were the Babylonians, is also based on 12 symbols, but here everything depends on the month of your birth RVA 12. In the Avesta8 the names of animals (and other spirits) are used for the days of the lunar month, thus the two-word names of the days are mentioned, and when writing them the capital is also retained, e.g. : It was on Rooster's Day that Pythagoras kept silence AV 235; Let's say a man was born on Leopard's Day <...> AV 332. Another publication lists the totems and antitotems of the Zoroastrian horoscope, and this mention also shows capitalization: Cobra, Werewolf, Toad, Fly, Snake, Squirrel, Mole, Rat, Tapeworm, Jumper G 149–150. And if the peculiarities of the parts or character types of the Western or Eastern Zodiac are revealed by comparison with an animal or object in question, the name of that animal or object is written in lowercase, cf. : Your Moon is in the sign of Scorpio, and your vessel – quiet and mysterious <...> and the Scorpio Zodiac sign is associated with the voracious – scorpion AKG 208; The need for independence forces the Leo to protest against the will of society, old traditions. But the lion is the ruler of the beasts, not of men TT 172. Or here, describing the Day of the Leopard according to the tradition of the Avesta, it is written: The Day really reflects the leopard in the jump AV 231, describing the Day of the Fountain – As a fountain splashes upward its own water, so a man on this day raises what lies in it itself AV 237. Thus, capitalization in these cases is a necessary means of assigning meanings, and probably that is why capitalization is so consistent. However, most of the other ALPs have greater or lesser fluctuations. 2. FLOWING WRITING The ALP writing on the websites revealed three-fold fluctuations – related to the limit of proper and generic names, the expected stylistic writing possibilities and the codification ambiguities. Of course, the fluctuation in the spelling of a particular name can be determined by several factors. Thus, first we will discuss the ALP according to the factors that have emerged in the websites, and in the summary section we will look for the interrelationships or commonalities of the factors. The Avesta is a collection of ancient Persian religious texts. Five books have survived, including Zarathustra's hymns, cosmogonic myths, prayers to deities, hymns to the elements of nature, etc. (VLEe). In astrological texts, Avesta is referred to as Persian astrology. Ramune Vaskelaite. Writing of astrological names in printed publications 91 The writing of the names of another ALP group also highlights the Vibrations, although on the basis of websites they were hardly highlighted. It has only been guessed that capitalization may be characteristic of the names of horoscope points (Vaskelaitė 2021: 17), and publications, especially from the earlier period, really highlight this tendency. In these cases, both the Ascendant and the Descendant are written in capital letters, e.g. : The most important ecliptic point of the horoscope is the Ascendant DHK 40; The horizontal axis passes through the Ascendant and Descendant DHK 270; The first house begins at the point of entry, which is particularly significant and therefore called the Ascendant, abbreviated Asc, Latin aescendum means rising DA 152; Its peak is called the Descendant, abbreviated DC, Latin descendere means descending DA 152. In some publications, the term Aspects is used in capital letters to refer to the general angle between the planets, e.g. : Before we have started to examine all the details about the solar horoscope with the characteristics of the twelve types of Zodiac and discuss planets, Ascendants, Aspects and houses (residences), we would like to give some tips on how to make a horoscope DHK 43; Conjunction is an Aspect when the constellations have the same length <...> DHK 39; The mutual harmony, complementation or tension between the Sun and the Moon in astrology is defined by certain rules, the so-called teaching about Aspects MP 12. It is true that the small letter is also used here, but from the large one publication even writes the names of aspects types, e.g. : Limit yourself at the beginning of your studies to the major aspects – Trigon, Sextile, Quadrant, Opposition and Conjunction 161; If, for example, the Moon forms a Conjunction with the Descendant, it is considered a particularly strong aspect 162. The names of other elements of the horoscope are also written from capital, e.g. : This deviation is known as Orbis FAQ 157. As mentioned, not all publications are of a guide nature, so not all of them use such terms, but in general it is clear that capitalization of the names of the horoscopic elements is widespread in astrological publications. In the case of a horoscope, even words such as ecliptic, horizon or others, e.g. : We only need to know how far it is from the zero point of the Ecliptic, i.e. what longitude DAŽ 158; When making a birth horoscope, it is important to know the values of the geographical longitude and latitude of the birthplace, so that on the Meridian, crossing the sign of the Zodiac or the Ecliptic, it is possible to determine the corresponding time of birth MediumaCoeli DHK 270; The first house, like the next six, is below the Horizon. The seventh begins in Horizon West 152. 92 GENERAL LANGUAGE | 95 This writing is more typical of the earlier period (1998 and 1999)12, and it seems to indicate a shift from it to writing in lowercase. However, these cases can hardly be regarded as a process of transformation of a proper name into a generic one. On the one hand, when discussing this process, names that have lost their individual meaning are usually mentioned, for example, personal names (donkihot, donjuan, braille), names of mythological creatures (fortuna, flora, fauna), animal names (brisius) (Vladarskienė, Zemlevičiūtė 2022: 81), and these words are names that have no individual meaning. This would further accentuate the tendency to capitalize the names of astrological objects, as with the names of astronomical objects. Otherwise, even if such writing is more pronounced in the publications of the earlier period, there are also cases of fluctuation in the newer ones. Here, in the 2020 Astrology textbook, there is also written so much What is the ascendant? AV 176, However, the greatest influence on the appearance has the ascendant AV 264, as well as AV 265, AV 266, AV 267, AV 268, AV 269, AV 270, AV 271, AV 272, AV 273, AV 274, AV 275, AV 276, AV 277, AV 278, AV 279, AV 280, AV 281, AV 282, AV 283, AV 284. And conversely – in the publications of the previous period there are cases of writing in minor, e.g. : Geminis can be quiet, closed in on themselves, if their Sun stands alone, and the Moon and the ascendant are in the sign of Capricorn FAST 53; This supposed path of the Sun astrologer calls ecliptic DHK 21; It is very important, in which sign of the Zodiac is the conjunction DHK 276. This would make it more difficult to write the ALP. The provision that terms should be written in lowercase is formulated only in the new set of spelling rules (Vladarskienė, Zemlevičiūtė 2022: 105–106). On the other hand, the relationship between the term and the real name (real name) is not only not discussed in the spelling rules, but also not named. In the previous work, after drawing attention to the spelling of two combinations of words naming the points of the horoscope, which are used as unadapted Latinisms, and the close connection of astrological terminology with Latin, it was speculated that the Latin tradition of writing names in texts of a cohesive or non-cohesive nature may have an influence on the use of capital letters (Vaskelaitė 2021: 18). These Latinisms are also used in publications, e.g. : Many astrologers consider Medium Coeli (abbreviated MC) the second most important thing after the Ascendant <...> DHK 269; Mars and Medium Coeli make it easy to reach the goal of DHK 295. In one of the publications pa12 And it could be concluded that it is quite old, because capital letters are written many such names and in the Astrology of Saulė Katiliūtė-Jonienienė, published in 1994, e.g. : The Ascendant in Cancer describes the people of Lithuania; it is family, emotional, in combination with Aquarius – friendly A 108; When calculating the horoscope time, for a person born in the south, below the Equator, use the same formula A 101. This publication is not included among the sources selected for analysis because only those sources were selected where the language editor is mentioned. Ramune Vaskelaite. The writing of astrological names in printed publications 93 also provides the Latin name of another horoscope point: The point of life (ParsVitae) from the moment of birth begins its path from the zero degree of Aries <...> AV 218. However, the publications also use Lithuanian or non-Lithuanian equivalents of these Latinisms. It can be seen that when mentioning equivalents of Lithuanian origin, only the first word is capitalized or even both words are written in lowercase, e.g. : The tenth peak of the house (dwelling) is called MC or Medium Coeli, the middle of the sky, and the peak of the fourth house (dwelling) in front of it – IC or Imum Coeli, i.e. the bottom of the sky. However, non-Lithuanian equivalents are written only in capital letters, e.g. : Thus, the Medium Coeli is the Zenith on the sky arch perpendicularly above our DHK 269; For example, at noon it is at the Zenith above our birthplace on the great declination (otherwise called the Meridian), which passes through the poles and precisely this Zenith DHK 269; The opposite MC point is called the Imum Coeli (abbreviated IC) or Nadyru DHK 270. This suggests that the influence on the writing may be largely not only the tradition of writing Latin names, but also the tendency to write the names of the horoscope points or the ALP in other languages, especially since many astrology books are translated. Of course, this assumption would require a separate investigation to confirm or reject. A more obvious example of a proper name becoming generic is the name Ephemeris Tables. These are tables showing the exact position of the planets in the Zodiac each day (FAQ 158). The official two-word name is written with the first word capitalized. But there is also a one-word name, and it is written in small letters, e.g. : To find out the position of the planets, we need special tables called ephemeris, from which we can find out the corresponding stellar time DHK 44. However, there are also fluctuations, e.g. : The constellations, seen from Earth, form angles with each other, which can be measured in degrees, minutes and seconds using the Ephemeris DHK 273. However, the use of this name is rather rare, because the object named after it – a tool used by astrologers to create horoscopes – becomes obsolete. Today horoscopes are made by astrological programs. 2.2. Stylistic writing factor Already the analysis of astrology websites has highlighted such a characteristic feature of astrology texts as the use of capital letters for stylistic reasons, i.e. capital letters are used for words whose significant concepts are given special significance or respect (Vaskelaitė 2021: 28–31). In the publications also many cases of 94 COMMON LANGUAGE | 95 of them, when the majority is written out of such incentives, e.g. : A child is born when Destiny turns on the cosmic clock MP 128; We must accept the judgment of the Higher Beings Z 48; In the view of medical astrology, a person is a particle of the microcosm, living according to the laws of Karma and Macrocosm MP 106; Seeing the wisdom of Jupiter, the people around him regard him as their Teacher and authority AV 83; We have one Mother, one Homeland and one Sun in the sky... TT 25. This feature of astrological texts led to the assumption that the stylistic writing factor may have an influence on the writing tendencies of at least some ALPs, and the tendency to write in publications would confirm this assumption. Here and in publications the Sun or the Moon are mentioned not only as astrological, but also as the most important planets (for example, Astrologers are constantly confronted with the mysterious influence of the Moon on human feelings. Since ancient times it has been assigned to one of the two main planets of the lights (the other is the Sun DHK 215), which may also contribute to the capitalization of these words. The factor of respect probably contributes to the tendency to write Earth in the major. The possibility of stylistic writing contradicts the possibility of actual words becoming generic, and this would also explain why the latter is difficult to apply in astrological texts. Some words are capitalized, perhaps purely for the stylistic factor of writing. For example, in one book Heaven is written this way: When a child first gathers, Heaven puts a seal on his etheric body and sets a horoscope, in which the whole destiny is written Z 16. The word Universe seems to have no special astrological meaning, probably that’s why it is written in lowercase more often than the Sun, Moon or Earth (e.g.: Man formed together with the universe Z 23; Love is the main “currency” of the universe AV 63), but there are many cases of writing in uppercase, e.g. : Can you feel oneness with the Universe AV 159; Do you not feel, standing under the starry sky, that you are a tiny part of a mighty Universe? TT 11; But man is a large, living organism, i.e. A particle of the universe. In order to be happy and healthy, he must learn to conform to the cosmic rhythm, the laws of Universal Harmony MP 4. It is often used to describe space, nature, and the universe. : People living on Earth naively think that there is no life in the Cosmos, there are no intelligent beings MP 18; What a distant and mysterious is this blinking Cosmos world TT 11; The main Cosmos element – the sign of the Zodiac MP 106; Because Nature is our great teacher AKK 34; We are all particles of Nature, the Universe, the Cosmos MP 4. In one publication, even the word stars is written in capital letters (e.g., Sun, Moon and Stars). The currents of the magnetic fields of the stars, passing through the body of the newborn, for lifetime arrange electrons and Ramune Vaskelaite. The writing of astrological names in printed publications 95 protons in the atoms of body, blood and bone MP 95), although elsewhere it, like a constellation, planet or asteroid, functions as a generic, cf. : One who has a cluster of stars in one of the signs of Water, can successfully follow the path of the chosen profession <...> DHK 34. The possibility of stylistic writing in publications applies not only to words, but also to their combinations, e.g. : It is associated with the Cosmic Fire MP 125; Already in the first month in the baby, who has neither face nor limbs, the heart beats, determining his Life Path MP 125; Let your thoughts be about the Cosmic Love MP 128 – and your baby will be visited by harmony MP 128. It is true that they are not written the same way – the capital letter of the others starts only the first word, e.g. : That is why Aries is called the Lighthouse AV 106; such are assisted by the Higher Force TT 282. Such uneven writing emerged also from astrology websites (Vaskelaitė 2021: 30–31), and at the same time normative ambiguities and inequalities emerged (8–10). However, various mythological and biblical names are also used extensively in the publications, so it is not so easy to determine in which case the capital letter is used for stylistic reasons, and in which case – because of the application of the mythological rule of writing a name or title. For example, the writing of the word Chaoas sas is most likely encouraged by the latter factor (for example, so the myths proclaim that the world arose from Chaos, and life was born in water TT 278), but, for example, the writing of Kosmos or Universe in the greatest may be motivated by either one or the other factor. 2.3. Variations related to codification ambiguities The variations in ALP spelling discussed so far and their factors are mainly related to the first word of the name. However, the tendencies reviewed in the previous article have highlighted that astrological texts are also characterized by fluctuations related to the spelling of other ALP words. It became clear that when writing names in a few words, there is a vacillation as to which rule of writing real names to apply. There it is outlined that in the spelling and punctuation of the Lithuanian language, which provides the spelling norms, two basic rules were provided: the first word (and the proper words that enter it) is capitalized and each name word is capitalized (see Vaskelaitė 2021: 5–10). The criterion for their application is the named object: most names should be written in the first way (e.g. Great Northern War, New Year, Mother's Day), and the names of persons and mythological creatures, animals, geographical, topographical and astronomical objects in the second (e.g. : 96 GENERAL LANGUAGE | 95 The Great Wheels of the Ring, The Way of the Birds)13. This principle remains valid in the updated spelling rules – in the spelling of the Lithuanian language by R. Vladarskiene and P. Zemlevičiūtė. From the work of codification it would be possible to conclude that the general rule of capitalising the first word is more universal, while capitalising each word is an exception for certain groups of names, although the motive for this is unclear. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, God the Father, Zeus the Thunderlord, Anyway, when naming groups of names written according to one or another rule, the ALP group is not mentioned in the codification works, so it is not clear which rule to apply. In an earlier article based on astrology websites, the author described this as the ambiguity of codification, more precisely – the lack of codification of ALP writing, and assessed this as a possible factor of fluctuations in the writing of keyword names (Vaskelaitė 2021). These fluctuations were particularly highlighted by two groups of names, namely the composite names of horoscope points corresponding to the single words Rahu and Ketu, which are written both Rising Karmic Moon Node, Descending Karmic Moon Node, and Rising Karmic Moon Node, Descending Karmic Moon Node, as well as Rising Karmic Moon Node, Descending Karmic Moon Node (Vaskelaitė 2021: 14–18), and the names of the years according to the Chinese calendar, which are written both Year of the White Metallic Bull and Year of the Metalic White Bull (Vaskelaitė 2021: 27). In the publications, the names of the years of the pairs of words according to the Chinese calendar do not occur (only the two words mentioned: Year of the Rabbit, etc.), and the names of the pairs of words corresponding to Rahu and Ketu are used. It is true that their spelling would highlight the fluctuation due to the first word of the name, plg. : Until karmic maturity a person is advised to live according to his personal Ketuuv (descending karmic lunar node) in the horoscope <...> AV 223 and the Day, when the Moon passes through The descending node, which many consider unhappy MP 159, Leaned to the side of the flowing node, a person can deny his accumulated experience, his roots MP 158, Therefore, the movement upwards – according to the flowing and downwards – according to the descending has acquired a karmic interpretation MP 157. However, these terms are not used in all publications, and those used are also abbreviated, as the examples show, so it may be that the cases of distinct spelling of other names highlighted by websites are not due to these circumstances. 13 The Recommendation on Capitalization of Certain Religious Names, Terms and Names (VLKK 2004) reviewed in the article would indicate that according to the latter rule, most religious names, e.g. : New Testament, Good News, Vetus Latina, Sacrament of the Eucharist, First Communion (Vaskelaitė 2021: 5–10). Ramune Vaskelaite. Writing of astrological names in printed publications 97 However, in publications more Rahu and Ketu equivalents are used synonymously, and in writing them the inconsistencies become evident. The usage pair northern lunar node and southern lunar node, indeed, also only indicates the fluctuation of the first word, cf. : These intersection points are called the Southern setting Moon node (or karmic planet Ketu) and the Northern rising Moon node (or karmic planet Rahu) AV 168 and the Moon nodes move counterclockwise: the northern Moon node (the point closest to the North Pole) is also called the rising one, or Rahu, and the southern one (the point closest to the South Pole) – the setting one, or Ketu AS. However, the second word of another pair of Rahu and Ketu correspondences is written differently, cf. : There are ascending Moon nodes called Dragonhead, and descending – Dragontail DAŽ 51, 12in which house we may find the mafia; Dragontail here, and Pluto in Cancer crossing Mars in Libra A 109 and Dragontail. The dominance of the head indicates evolution, a difficult path of spiritual development, and Dragontail, on the contrary, rolling down, soul involution MP 157–158. This vacillation may be related to the uncertainty about the exception for a relative word provided for in the codification. For the rule of writing real names, which provides capitalization of each word, also provides that the relative word that is part of the name should be written in lowercase, for example, Blue Sea of Peace. Thus, it is correct to write the Great Wheels of the Ring, the Way of the Birds, but the North Star, the Andromeda Nebula, the Curonian Spit, because the sea, the star, the Spit are related words, and the Wheels, the Path are not, although both are common words (see Vaskelaitė 2021: 7). Writing Dragon's Head one place, Dragon's Head elsewhere could indicate difficulty in distinguishing a related word from a generic one. However, the other two-word names used do not seem to indicate such difficulties. The second word of the often used name Moon node is not capitalized. From chapter 1 it was clear that there is no hesitation in writing two-word names of zodiac signs (Virgo sign, etc.), as well as names of periods according to eastern traditions (Year of the Fox, Day of the Leopard, etc.). The names of the astrological periods are used more frequently in publications, and their relative word is also written in lowercase, e.g. : Before the Fish era, the Avinoer era was marked by the religion of Moses, before it the Bull era – Egyptian, Babylonian religions Z 107; In the astrological calendar, particular attention is paid to the lunar days, the interpretation of which is currently widely spread through books and various publications MP 45; Its basis consists of Solar YearsMP 19. 98 GENERAL LANGUAGE | 95 It is not clear, however, whether these names are written according to the rule providing an exception for a related word or according to the general rule of first-word spelling, since the spelling of two-word names according to both rules coincides, and this was seen in the previous article as a factor in their relatively consistent spelling (Vaskelaitė 2021: 27). Which of the two rules applies, would not allow to determine not only periods, but also horoscope points or figures writing two-word names, for example, in J. Assange’s horoscope we see the Great Triangle of red lines that connect Venus, Mars and Proserpine AV 202, the particularly sensitive planet of the Taurus square, which is at the top of the right angle AV 388, this is the so-called Fixed Cross AV 73, in astrology is calculated Life Point G 49, look for people who have in their horoscope the formula of Love AV 375, look for couples who have the stamps of Luck or Unluck AV 375, especially the writing of single-word names of horoscope points (Ascendant, Aspect, Nadir, etc.), because the writing of single-word names according to both rules also coincides. The oscillation between the two rules was only highlighted by the longer names used on the websites, such as Rising Karmic Moon Node and Rising Karmic Moon Node. If there is any confusion, it is the writing Dragon Head, but the Great Triangle or the Seal of Happiness may be due to it. Since Rahu and Ketu are named not only as horoscope points, but also as fictitious (non-existent) planets and are interpreted in astrological texts also from an astronomical point of view, the previous work suggests that the writing of Rahu and Ketu pairs of words in capital letters may be encouraged by the analogy of writing astronomical names. Astronomical interpretation is also given in publications, e.g. : The lunar nodes are not celestial bodies; are the points at which the AS of the orbits of the Moon revolving around the Earth and the Earth revolving around the Sun intersect; When the Moon's orbit crosses the Earth's orbit, the Moon's orbital plane is lower than the Earth's orbital plane, and the Earth's orbital plane is higher than the Moon's orbital plane. Landing – Landing, take-off – Take-off MP 159. Thus, the analogy of writing astronomical names can also be applied to the writing of Rahu and Ketu equivalents such as Dragon's Head, Dragon's Tail. However, the publications would also reveal another factor – the application of the mythological name rule. In two publications, these names are directly linked to mythology. One states that the Dragon is a mythological symbol taken from the Eastern astrological schools by Western astrology (MM 157–158), and the other explains that they are parts of the demon body according to Indian mythology: Ketu – the demon body, Ramune Vaskelaite. Writing astrological names in printed publications 99 Rahu – his head (AV 168)14. Thus, when writing these two names, one may try to apply the rule of writing not astronomical, but mythological names, which does not provide an exception for the relative word, cf. : God the Father, Zeus Thunderlord, Santa Claus (LKRS 1992: 60–62)15. Especially because of another pair of points in the horoscope, which is also interpreted mythologically, the two-word names are written the same way, e.g. : In astrology these two pluses are symbolised by two planets – White Moon (Selene) and Black Moon (Lilit) MP 140; Man serves evil, and at the return of the Black Moon he receives reward MP 144; The Greek goddess of the Moon was Selena. Her name is now associated with the White Moon AV 4816. True, their second word is the capitalized name in astrological texts. But the two-word names of totems and antitotems are also written in this way (Golden-horned Deer, Mountain Ram, White Bear, Brown Bear, Scarlet Toad, Jungle Cat, Cat Mantis, Black Widow, etc. G 148–150) or the name Gorgone Medusa is used in another publication (e.g., Symbol – the goddess Gorgone, who gave birth to Gorgonea Medusa MP 39). Thus, when writing Dragon's Head, Dragon's Tail can apply the rule of writing names of mythological creatures. However, the spelling of other mythological creatures consisting of two or more words varies. There are many reasons for confirming the connection between the Great Mother Goddess and the Moon MP 42, but even in the same publication it is written that the Wild Lion is the symbol of the Great Mother in TT 166, and the nature of Pisces is linked to the archetype of the Great Mother in TT 283, also cf. : In mythology this role is played by the Heavenly Father, in different countries differently called TT 232; in Esoteric tradition this mighty man is a great fighter with the Black Dragon <...> T 114. There are also different names for the objects, e.g. : Gemini, the third sign of the Zodiac, also symbolizes the phase of the cosmic process – the Wheel of Change, i.e. the moment when the pure creative force splits into two parts so that one becomes dominant, and the other is broken into many different phenomena 14 In the myth of the beating of the Milky Ocean, this demon stole the drink of immortality, managed to sip it, but seeing this, Vishnu threw his weapon and cut off his head. After the death of the king, the reign of his sons continued until his death in 1168. 15 It remains unchanged even in the updated spelling rules: the names of deities, mythological beings and religious figures (Aphrodite, Hades, Urania, God the Father), as well as secondary or metaphorical ones, such as the Lamb of God, the Good Shepherd, the Blessed Mother of God, Mary, Zeus the Thunderlord, are written in capital letters (Vladarskienė, Zemlevičiūtė 2022: 78–79). 16 Selena is named as a character of ancient mythology (MP 6, 37), and Lilith as a female demon, and also Adam’s first wife (MP 142). 100 GENERAL LANGUAGE | 95 TT 124, It depends only on man himself, on his purity, what fruit he will take from the Tree of Knowledge AV 232 and the Book of Genesis reports that the Garden of Eden, Paradise, was planted with all kinds of trees, but only two are mentioned: the Tree of Life and the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil Z 65, The Primordial Ocean, or World Ocean, is the cradle of mankind TT 278. The spelling norm for mythological creatures is codified by capitalizing each word, so spelling such as Heavenly Father or Great Mother would indicate the difficulties of its application. However, only the spelling of names has been codified, and mythological objects, like astrological objects, do not mention the spelling of real names when they are codified, so variations in their spelling may be caused by the lack of codification. The recommendation concerning capitalization of some religious names, terms and names (VLKK 2004) only covers the capitalization of religious names, and, as already discussed in the previous work (see Vaskelaitė 2021: 89), it also creates ambiguities. Publications on astrology highlight the close interrelationship between astrological and mythological names, so this ambiguity of codification may also contribute to the fluctuations in ALP writing. SUMMARY The analysis of ALP writing based on printed publications substantially confirms the tendencies that emerged from the analysis of astrology websites. This suggests that these tendencies are determined by characteristics of the non-online language environment, such as spelling, proofreading errors, non-editing, insufficient editing, etc. By confirming these predispositions, the material of the publications also confirms the conclusions about predisposition factors based on online usage, and at the same time allows the analysis of factors to deepen. And from this data source it becomes clear that the writing of part of the ALP does not cause fluctuations. These are the names of the zodiac signs and planets widely used in astrological texts: Gemini, Cancer, Leo, etc. ; Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, etc. Although their syntactic variants occur, they are considered established in terms of capitalization. Since these names have both astronomical and astrological equivalents, the tradition or codification of the writing of astronomical and mythological names may be considered a factor in establishing them. However, the publications, highlighting the names characteristic of the Eastern astrological traditions (Haz, Snake, Pig, etc.), highlight another factor determining the consistency of writing – the distinctive function performed by the letter shape.