„Žodžių darybos vedlio‟ plėtros gairės

Daiva MurMulaitytė. Žodžių darybos vedlio plėtros gairės 87 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas oRciD id: orcid.org/0000-0003-3826-7272 Research fields: word formation, morphemics, lexicography, lexicology. Doi: doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2023.96.05 Development guidelines1 ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: sinchroninė žodžių daryba, naujadara, darybos priemonė, duomenų bazės struktūra, gramatika. The article is intended to introduce the need and possibilities of the development of Word Formation Wizard (WFW). discusses some of the emerging problems that will inevitably arise when applying this noun construction guide to the word formation data of other parts of the language. The first possibility of the development of the database is to use the existing database structure, to fill the dictionary with new data, for example, examples of derivatives about derivatives usage, new creation iš fundamentaliųjų lietuvių kalbos žodžių darybos veikalų, taip pat pastabomis tendencies, etc. Another possibility is to modify the database structure, if necessary, to collect different data than previously envisaged. The words of different parts of the language (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) differ in the structure of the noun data, noun categories (which have them), so the unadjusted structural model of noun construction would probably not be suitable for describing the construction of other parts of the language. Among other things, in the case of adjective formation, additional problems would arise due to the inconsistent application of the principle of synchronicity when describing it in grammar. abstRact the study aims to introduce the need and opportunities for the development of that will inevitably arise when adapting this noun formation manual to word formation data from other the Word Formation Guide (WFg). it discusses some of the emerging problems parts of speech. the first option for the development 1 article was prepared on the basis of the presentation read at the 58th international scientific conference of Prof. Arturs Uozols Grammar and Wordmaking (Gramatika un vārddarināšana), held in Riga, University of Latvia, on March 16-17, 2023. 88 benDRinė kaLba | 96 of the WFg is to use the existing structure of the database to add new data, for example, examples of derivatives and compounds from fundamental works on word formation in Lithuanian, as well as comments on the usage of derivatives and compounds, new word formation tendencies, etc. Another option is to modify the structure of the database of the WFg when it becomes necessary to collect data that are different from what has been foreseen so far. Words from the various parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) differ in the data structure of their formation, word formation categories, among other things, so an unmodified structural model for describing the formation of nouns from other parts of the language would probably not work. in addition, the data on the derivation of adjectives would pose additional problems, as the principle of synchronicity has been inconsistently applied in grammar to describe it. ĮvaDas Word Formation Guide (WGF) is a digital guide to the synchronous conjugation of Lithuanian nouns, one of the services of the Lithuanian language resource information system E. kalba (https://ekalba.lt/). This system was developed at the Lithuanian Language Institute in 2018–2021, after modernizing and expanding the previously used Lithuanian language resources information system Lkiis. ZDv is one of the innovations of the system, which together with Language Advice forms the group of electronic services E. patarimai. This handbook is intended to provide a quick and concise introduction to Lithuanian noun construction methods and the basic laws of their construction, as described in the grammar of the second half of the 20th century. It was created based on the descriptions of noun construction in the two grammar books – Contemporary Lithuanian Language and Academic Lithuanian Language – by systematizing the information provided in them in several main aspects (features of the means of construction and the basis, meaning of construction, etc.). These grammar sets out the long-researched and generalized situation of synchronous noun construction – the first volume of the academic grammar was published in 1965, and the fourth edition of the Contemporary Lithuanian Grammar in 2006, but the latter, at least on noun construction, essentially provides the same information in abbreviated form as the academic Lithuanian grammar. However, there are opportunities to reflect the features of the newer, contemporary state of Lithuanian language and modernization. The aim of the article is to introduce the possibilities of development of RD and the emerging problems that will arise when undertaking it. To this end, the structure of the LD Daiva MurMulaitytė. Žodžių darybos vedlio plėtros gairės 89 data is analyzed, its suitability, modification and adaptation to new data, the tendencies of Lithuanian lexical renewal and their reflection in the existing database, the specificity of word formation data of other language parts (adjectives, verbs, adverbs). analytical, synchronous word formation analysis, descriptive methods are used. 1.At the beginning – very briefly about the possibilities of data search and the resulting directions of Žinyno PLėtRos gaLimybės iR iššūkiai formation search – by means of production and by meaning. In the first case, the tool can be rezultatus2. atsižvelgiant į darinių formą ir semantiką, numatytos dvi insearched using the derivative classification scheme or in the tool box (first selecting its type), and it is also possible to immediately search for a specific tool by entering it or its fragment in the tool search box. will be selected a list of working instruments corresponding to the search criteria, and after selecting the desired instrument, its description will open (or one of the descriptions presented in separate "cards"). descriptions contain information about the characteristics of the foundation and the tool, the course of work, examples of derivatives and other. the second direction of the search for the means of production is semantic. This direction is followed if you are interested in the semantics of works or lexical semantics, i.e. data on categories of works, meanings of works or semantic characteristics, then you search by selecting from the lists in the corresponding cells. information can be searched by several criteria, this is basically the purpose of advanced search, which allows you to choose a variety of combinations of search criteria. also very useful, that it is possible to narrow, refine the search, searching again in the already obtained results. For example, after choosing the means of construction of local names (there are 61) and seeing that these names can be based on the base words of different parts of the language, it is possible to continue to be interested only in those made from verbs – by additionally indicating this part of the language of the base words, see murmulaitytė 2022: 9–12. In the E-language Help section you can also see short videos that visually answer the basic questions of data search in the Word formation wizard: how to choose the search direction according to the word formation tool; how to select the direction of the search according to the (work) meaning; how to filter the list by work tool; how to perform a quick search; how to perform a detailed search (https://ekalba.lt/ekaLba%20Pagalba; accessed 2023-11-05). 90 genDRinė kaLba | 96 now the list of constructs will be narrowed to 18. finally it is possible to find out that only five constructs, with which place names are made from verbs, are good – they have the characteristic of a construct, according to which the search is still refined. are the suffixes -ykla (ice rink), -ynas (vineyard), -ynė (snow hill), -uma (desert) and the ending -a (pier)3. 2. there are two possibilities for the development of VD. The first is to fill the guidebook with new data using the existing data structure, the second is to modify the database structure if it is necessary to collect data other than the data provided so far. 2.1.In the first case, we are thinking of examples of derivatives – words made with the means of making described in this manual. Figure 1 shows examples of stitches made from adjectives and nouns – previously fixed and newly created. Examples of derivatives are active references to lexicographic sources (if the derivative is given in the Common Lithuanian language, you can look at the definition of the lexical meaning of that derivative. at the moment, the examples of žodyne (bLkŽ), Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne (DLkŽ8e) ar Lietuvių kalbos žodyne (LkŽe), naujadaras – Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne (nD)), t. y. paspaudus mėlynai parašytą ir pabrauktą darinį, atveriamas jo straipsnis kuriame nors iš šių lietuvių kalbos žodynų arba duomenyne, ir ZDv derivatives from the grammar are given only as much as is necessary to illustrate the laws of the verb, to show the course of the word. In the near future, it is expected to generate all remaining examples of new words from grammar and fundamental word formation works (urbutis 1961a, b; keinys 1975, 1979, 1980, 1983; Paulauskienė 1994; Pakerys 1994 and others), as well as the most typical new words from the Lithuanian language new words database. The latter is constantly being filled in, so the JD could ideally be filled in parallel. Therefore, by consistently accumulating earlier synchronous, fixed until the beginning of the 21st century, derivatives and new ones in the dictionary, a considerable accumulation of them should be formed and an opportunity to clarify the production of a specific product should arise – when looking for information about the production of one or another word, a description of its production means is opened, from which it is possible to find out the method of production of the product, the category of the product, the meaning of the product, the basis of the product and 3 such versatility of the search is perhaps more useful for researchers of word production, but it is also needed by text creators or editors, when looking for production synonyms, more diverse means of expression, etc. Daiva MurMulaitytė. Žodžių darybos vedlio plėtros gairės 91 the characteristics of the tool and others. The latter circumstance, related to the interpretation of the construction of specific words, is particularly useful and important not only in teaching or learning word construction, but also in its study, thus not only for the general public, but also for language and construction researchers. 2.2. substantial new information can be provided in the comments fields. Notes are intended for information that, due to its specificity, does not fall into other data fields, they can explain, for example, cases of atypical work or draw attention to other important points. Notes can be of two types – 1 Fig. Examples of verbs from adjectives and nouns 92 benDRinė kaLba | 96 individual description and general, suitable for several of a certain work monės aprašams. kol kas šiais pastabų laukais taip pat naudotasi minimaliai, tik prireikus atkreipti dėmesį į kokį gramatikose pastebėtą ypatumą, galimą prekeleriopą work interpretation or so. For example, most of the place names with the suffix -uma are made from qualitative adjectives – dykuma (from dykas, -a), sausuma (from sausas, -a), žemumumas (from žemas, -a). However, there are other words made from words of other parts of the language (aplinkuma is based on the adverb around or the objects are given tavardžiu aplinka, dauguma – prieveiksmiu daug, plakuma ‘plakamoji dalgio dalis, dalgio ašmenys’ ir šakuma – atitinkamais veiksmažodžiais). tokie in a separate description of this suffix, and this atypicalness of the action is explained in the note to the description, there it is written – „atypical derivatives (based not on adjectives)“ (see fig. 2). where it is necessary to emphasise points common to several descriptions of the same measure, they shall be listed in the field for general comments. antai mėsos 2 Fig. atypical suffix -uma2 derivative description note of names suffix -iena ZDv Daiva MurMulaitytė. Žodžių darybos vedlio plėtros gairės 93 has three descriptions, depending on the part of the language of the reference word. The derivatives of this category are usually made from nouns (e.g.: beef – from bull, pork – from pig, struts – from ostriches), less often – from adjectives (cold meat – from cold, -a, fresh – from fresh, -ia), from verbs more well-known is probably only slaughter. The third description of this suffix also mentions a different interpretation of the latter vedic action (that it can be considered not the name of meat, but the name of the result of the action). There are also two general notes providing information relevant to all three descriptions on the sources of bą su šia priesaga bei tokių darinių santykį su norma, duodamos nuorofish names (see Figure 3). also in the comments fields you can provide information about the latest research results, draw attention to emerging new trends in work. For example, to a new, probably already separate, type of action of the suffix -iena (cf. newspaper, digital, internet, document, word and other fixed nD new actions), see -iena1 3-th type Fig. 4. 3 Figure description and general notes (fragment of description of the suffix -iena3 3) 94 common language | 96 -iena1 wordWordProperties userTypes 1.: bdv. new, old 2nd ed. moon 3.? : dkt. newspaper, forum, digital, news, millionaire (2022: 280–282) -one2seater PaVassessments : dkt. Potato, flax -iena3 meat styles 1.: dkt. beef, pork; salmon, fish, mushroom, rock, wood 2.: Bdv. Cold, fresh 3.: vks. slaughter 4 Pav. Attention to these adverbs was drawn more seriously at the beginning of this century (e.g., in Jurgita Mikelionienė’s (2002: 75–76) article on analogy in the construction of words in Lithuanian), so enough time has already passed to be able to reasonably see the changes in the construction with this suffix. In the latest work of Rita Miliūnaitė (2022: 280–282) such new forms are carefully assigned not to the names of the possessors of the noun property but to the names of the possessors of the noun property (hence, to another category of form, and thus to another, homonymous suffix), although the first of such new forms is considered to be newspaper-tiena, judging from the contexts of use (associations with nutrition, drinks), undoubtedly based on the analogy of the word šaltiena (see Figure 5). Elsewhere, for example, in the dissertation of Agnė Aleksaitė (2022: 89–90), the new name newspapertiena, along with a number of other derogatory names, usually related to the media, is conditionally assigned to the category of meat names. Perhaps, in the case of the new type, it would still be necessary to look for more precise formulations of the meaning of the work, which might help to more precisely assign these new works to one or another category of work mentioned. and, of course, it must be borne in mind that not one, but three homonymous suffixes are evaluated. Another example is the meaning of names according to the difference in sex of animals of the same sex, but also individuals. For example, with kyčiai. naujieji priesagos -inas ir galūnės -ė vediniai pavadina ne tik prie- Daiva MurMulaitytė. Žodžių darybos vedlio plėtros gairės 95 the suffix -inas make auklinas, barakudinas, fyfinas, undinas, žvaigždinas or with the ending -ė – executioner, priestess, narcise, light, soldier, wise woman, etc. (see Figure 6). therefore, not only these innovations, but also a note on the new tendency of the work should be included in the JD, 3. The main aim of ŽDv, as stated susijusį su pakitusia darybos reikšme. in its introduction, is to help the mountains when they want to name new concepts bos vartotojams pasirinkti tinkamiausius žodžių darybos būdus ir priemocoming into the Lithuanian language and create new words4. For such users, the most relevant information should be noun construction information – probably, first of all they would be concerned to make 4 https://ekalba.lt/zodziu-darybos-vedlys/apie/%c5%bDDv%20%c5%bDod%c5% bei%c5% b3%20darybos%20vedlys%20(%c5%bDDv) (žiūrėta 2023 11 23). Fig. 5 Example of the use of the new newspaper (nD) 102 benDRinė kaLba | 96 ambrazas saulius 2011: The development of adjective construction, vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. ambrazas vytautas, sližienė nijolė, valeckienė adelė 1974: Some issues of Lithuanian language morphology. – Baltistica 10(2), 177–186. barauskaitė Dalia 1985: Verb analysis of words, Šiauliai: Šiaulių Preikšo pedagoginis institutas. DLkg 2006: Modern Lithuanian Grammar, red. v. ambrazas, 4-as patais. edition, vilnius: institute of science and encyclopedia publishing. Džežulskienė judita 2001: Personal names expressed by verb-moving nouns (substantiva mobilia). – Acta linguistica lituanica 44, 55–69. girdenis aleksas, Žulys vladas 1973: Lithuanian grammar, i, ii, rec. – Baltistica 9(2), 203–214. jakaitienė evalda 1973: Verb construction (Vedic verbs), vilnius: vilniaus v. kapsuko universiteto leidybinis skyrius. kazlauskas jonas 1965: scientific grammar of Lithuanian language (rec.: Lithuanian grammar 1, ed. k. ulvydas, vilnius: mintis, 1965). – Pergalė 10, keinys stasys 1975: Prepositional creation of Lithuanian terms. – 172–176. Lithuanian Linguistics Questions 16, 7–56. keinys stasys 1979: Final forms of Lithuanian terms. – Lithuanian Linguistics Issues 19, 155–183. keinys stasys 1980: Prepositional construction of Lithuanian terms. – Works of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences. a Series 4(73), 69-83. keinys stasys 1983: Lithuanian compound terms. – Lithuanian Linguistics Questions 22, 70–123. keinys stasys 1999: Common Lithuanian Wordmaking, Šiauliai: Šiaulių University Press. kuosienė monika 1986: Morphological analysis, Šiauliai: Šiaulių k. Preikšo pedagoginis institutas. Lke 2008 – Lietuvos kalbos enciklopedija, par. k. morkūnas, red. v. ambrazas, 2-as patiksl. and supplement. edition, vilnius: institute of science and encyclopedia publishing. Lkg 1965: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1: Fonetika ir morfologija (daiktavardis, būdvardis, skaitvardis, įvardis), vyr. red. k. ulvydas, vilnius: mintis. Lkg 1971: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 2: Morfologija (veiksmažodis, prieveiksmis, dalelytė, prielinksnis, jungtukas, jaustukas, ištiktukas), vyr. red. k. ulvydas, vilnius: a thought. "Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, sud. P. kniūkšta, Kaunas: šviesa, 1998. Daiva MurMulaitytė. Žodžių darybos vedlio plėtros gairės 103 mikelionienė jurgita 2002: analogija lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryboje. Potenciniai ir okaziniai dariniai. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 46, 73–80. miliūnaitė Rita 2022: Variating and new phenomena of Lithuanian language at the beginning of the 21st century: systematics and directions of change, vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. Doi: https://doi.org/10.35321/e-pub.42.lietuviu-kalbos-pokyciai. murmulaitytė Daiva 2022: Word formation guide for the general public and specialists. – Lithuanian zurnalai.vu.lt/lietuviu-kalba/article/view/31437/30396. Pakerys antanas 1994: Akcentologija 1: Daiktavardis ir būdvardis, kaunas: language 17, 8–24. Website: http://www. light. Paulauskienė aldona 1983: Lithuanian language morphology outline, kaunas: šviesa. 1994: Morphology of the Lithuanian language. Vilnius: Vilnius University of Science and Technology, 2001. Paulauskienė aldona 2007: Lithuanian language morphology basics, kauurbutis vincas 1961a: Modern Lithuanian language nas: technologija. ending nouns. – Linguistics 3, 27–60. Online access: https://www.zurnalai.lt. vu.lt/kalbotyra/article/view/18523/17723 (accessed October 2023). urbutis vincas 1961b: Formation of compound nouns in contemporary Lithuanian language. – Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: State Publication of Political and Scientific Literature, 65–121. valeckienė adelė 1998: Functional grammar of Lithuanian language, vilnius: institute of science and encyclopedia publishing. received 27 November 2023 Adopted 2023 12 06 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ tHe guiDeLines FoR tHe DeveLoPment oF tHe WORD FORMATION GUIDE summary the digital Lithuanian noun synchronic word formation manual Žodžių darybos vedlys (Word Formation guide, WFg) is one of the e-services of the Lithuanian Language Resources information system E. kalba (e-Language). this manual is designed primarily to help language users to create new words. the data collected in the WFg allows us to choose the most appropriate patterns and means of noun formation, for it is nouns that are needed, as often as not, to name new the second option for the development of the WFg is to modify the structure of the database if it becomes necessary to collect data different from what has been foreseen so far. 104 benDRinė kaLba | 96 concepts coming into the Lithuanian language. in the future, it would be worth extending the WFg to make it even more valuable, both to the general public and to researchers in the field of word formation. there are two possible ways to develop the WFg. the first option is to add new data – firstly, examples of derivatives and compounds – to the manual using the existing data structure. at the moment, the amount of such examples provided is just enough to illustrate the patterns of word formation and show the process of it. as the number of derivatives and compounds in the manual grows, so will the likelihood of finding out the formation of a particular word of interest. the WFg will likely be used even more widely and frequently as a result. a lot of new information can be provided in the comment fields. comments are designed for information that, due to its specificity, is not covered by other data fields, and can be used to explain, for example, cases of atypical word formation, or to draw attention to other important issues such as the latest research, emerging new word formation tendencies, recommendations on language norms, etc. an unmodified structural model of noun formation to describe the formation of other parts of speech (adjectives, verbs, adverbs) would probably not work. the current list of word formation categories could perhaps be supplemented in some cases (word formation categories are different for different parts of speech). However, for verbs, a single data field for derivational meaning data would probably no longer suffice: there are group derivational meanings widely used alongside categorical derivational meanings in the descriptions of verb formation. Words in different parts of the language differ in the structure of their formational data; for example, verbs have some suffixal variations. some challenges will probably also arise because grammar does not always closely follow principle of synchronicity in its description of the formation of adjectives. However, word formation data for various parts of speech would be useful not only for the practical needs of society, but also for Lithuanian words and the systematic relationships between the means of formation, and perhaps predict the tendencies and perspectives of the development of word formation. scientific research as well. collecting and structuring these data in one source would make it possible to see a more general picture of the formation of KEYWORDS: synchronic word formation, new word formation, means of word formation, structure of database, grammar. Daiva MurMulaitytė. Žodžių darybos vedlio plėtros gairės 105 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Summary of guidelines digital noun formation guide for the current Lithuanian language The Word Formation Guide (WGF), as one of the services of the Lithuanian language resource information system E. kalba, was created primarily to help language users who want to form new words. The accumulated data allows to choose the most appropriate noun formation methods and means, because nouns are most often needed, for example, to name new concepts coming into Lithuanian language. However, with a view to the future, it would be appropriate to expand the WS to make it even more useful – both for the general public and for word formation researchers. there are two possibilities for the development of the LD. The first is to fill the guide with new data using the existing data structure. new data consists primarily of samples of formations. at the moment they are presented only as much as necessary to illustrate the laws of the work, to show the progress of the work. As the number of constructions in the dictionary increases, the probability of finding out the construction of a particular word will also increase. it is likely that the use of the GD will be even more widespread and frequent for this reason. a significant amount of new information can be provided in the fields for comments, both in the individual description of the instrument and in the general descriptions if there are several descriptions. Notes are intended to provide information that, due to its specificity, does not fall into other data fields, they can be used to explain, for example, cases of atypical work or to draw attention to other important things – recent research, emerging new trends in work, standardization recommendations, etc. The second possibility of the development of the database – to modify the database structure if it is necessary to collect data other than the data provided for so far. The structural model of noun construction without adjustment would probably not be suitable for describing the construction of other parts of speech (adjectives, verbs, adverbs). In some cases, it might be sufficient to supplement the current list of categories of use, since the categories of use of the above-mentioned parts of the language are different (adjectives are not divided into categories of use at all). However, one data field would probably no longer be sufficient for presenting the meanings of verb constructions – in the descriptions of verb constructions, group construction meanings are widely used in addition to categorical ones. words of different parts of speech differ in the structure of the creation data, for example, verbs have a number of suffix variants. A considerable challenge should be some inconsistent observance of the principle of synchronicity when describing the construction of adjectives in grammar (e.g. endings of verbs with consonant formants). however, the data on the composition of various parts of speech, after the development of the ZDv, would be useful not only for practical societies after the 106 benDRinė kaLba | 96 necessary, but also for scientific research, because by collecting and structuring them in one place, it would be possible to see a more general picture of Lithuanian word formation, systemic relationships of word formation means, and perhaps to predict the trends and prospects of word formation change. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: sinchroninė žodžių daryba, naujadara, darybos priemonė, duomenų bazės struktūra, gramatika. Daiva muRmuLaitytė Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro vileišio g. 5, Lt-10308 Vilnius [email protected]